Facility greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking

Abstract

The invention provides a facility greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting. The facility greenhouse cultivation method comprises the steps of seedling raising, seedbed treatment, field planting, fertilizer and water management, pollination and fruit setting and harvesting, seedlings are moved to an outdoor seedling raising greenhouse for seedling hardening 20-25 days after seedling emergence in the seedling raising period, and the root systems of tomato seedling plants can be developed enough to cope with the violent change of water or fertilizer water in soil after field planting; before tomato seedlings are planted, an organic fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, and a small-high-ridge planting mode is adopted, so that rapid growth of root systems after tomato field planting is promoted, and fruit cracking is reduced; during fertilizer and water management, strictly controlling water, fertilizer and temperature and humidity in a fruiting period in a tomato growing period; tomato fruits are picked when the fruits are 80% mature, full and have certain hardness, the fruit cracking phenomenon is effectively prevented, and the fruit cracking rate of the tomato fruits can be reduced by 10% or above.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, and in particular to a greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking. Background Art

[0002] Tomato, also known as tomato, is an annual herbaceous plant of the Solanaceae family. Antioxidants such as vitamin C and lycopene in tomatoes can remove free radicals in the body and reduce skin damage; organic acids can promote gastric juice secretion and gastrointestinal motility, helping digestion of food; vitamin C can also reduce capillary permeability, reduce blood loss, and protect blood vessel health. Due to its sweet and sour taste, unique flavor, and rich nutritional value, tomatoes have become one of the world's important vegetable crops with high commercial and research value.

[0003] Tomatoes are mainly grown in greenhouses, but during the cultivation process, fruit cracking is particularly prominent, especially for fruit tomatoes. The main reasons for tomato fruit cracking are as follows: (1) Improper variety selection; (2) Improper environmental regulation and cultivation management: Improper management of temperature, water, nutrients and other conditions will lead to tomato fruit cracking; (3) Excessive leaf thinning; (4) Failure to harvest the fruit in time after color change; (5) Improper use of pesticides; (6) Mechanical damage or attack by pests and diseases. When tomato fruits crack, they lose a lot of water, which seriously affects their appearance quality and commercial value. At the same time, cracked fruits will rot due to the invasion of pathogens, resulting in a shortened storage and transportation time, causing serious economic losses to producers. Therefore, choosing a reasonable tomato cultivation method, including greenhouse seedling cultivation, seedbed treatment, plant management, fertilizer and water management, and reasonable selection of harvest period, is crucial to preventing tomato fruit cracking and improving the commercial quality and storage and transportation of tomatoes. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking, and to prevent tomato fruit cracking through reasonable plant management, fertilizer and water management, and reasonable selection of harvest period.

[0005] In order to achieve the above-mentioned object of the invention, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: The present invention provides a greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking, comprising the following steps: (1) Seedling cultivation: Select plump tomato seeds for seedling cultivation. After the seedlings grow 2 to 3 true leaves, thin out the weak seedlings and harden them. (2) Seedbed treatment: Apply organic fertilizer as base fertilizer to the greenhouse, plow the soil, prepare the land, and lay drip irrigation tape; (3) Colonization; (4) Fertilizer and water management: S1. Seedling stage: Apply nitrogen fertilizer 10-15 days after planting, and then apply ammonium sulfate and urea. Use drip irrigation to keep the relative humidity of the soil at 75%-80%. If the tomato plants do not wilt during the first ear of flowers and fruit setting after the seedlings have grown, do not water them anymore. If the plants wilt, water them to relieve the wilt. S2. Flowering period: Use naphthylacetic acid to preserve flowers in winter and spring; S3, Fruiting period: Control the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse, shorten the time of dew on the fruit surface, and reduce the degree and number of tomato fruit cracking; apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers during the fruit expansion period of each bunch, and apply foliar fertilizer before the third bunch bears fruit; S4, color change period: drip irrigation with superphosphate and spraying of foliar fertilizer to alleviate tomato fruit cracking; (5) Pollination and fruit setting; (6) Harvesting: Pick tomatoes when they are 80% ripe to prevent cracking.

[0006] Preferably, the method of hardening the seedlings in step (1) is: 20 to 25 days after the tomato seeds germinate, they should be moved to an outdoor seedling greenhouse for 6 to 8 days of hardening. If there is a lack of water in the seedling stage, water can be supplemented on sunny mornings to ensure that the plant's root system is well developed to cope with the drastic changes in soil moisture or fertilizer water after planting, and reduce the occurrence of fruit cracking.

[0007] Preferably, the amount of organic fertilizer used in step (2) is: 1500-2000 kg / mu of decomposed manure, 300-500 kg / mu of biological organic fertilizer or 50-100 kg / mu of triple compound fertilizer; the manure is one of pig manure, cow manure and chicken manure; the land preparation adopts the method of small raised ridges, with two rows in each ridge as a frame, the ridge width is 80-90 cm and the height is 10-20 cm, which is conducive to the rapid growth of the root system after tomato planting, alleviates the stress caused by changes in soil moisture or fertilizer and water in the subsequent cultivation process, and reduces the occurrence of fruit cracking.

[0008] Preferably, the spacing between the planted plants in step (3) is 25-30 cm, and the distance from the drip irrigation tape is 15-20 cm.

[0009] Preferably, in step (4) S1, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used is 10-15 kg / mu; the amount of ammonium sulfate used is 10-15 kg / mu; and the amount of urea used is 4-5 kg / mu.

[0010] Preferably, in step (4) S3, the greenhouse temperature is 25-30°C, and the relative humidity is ≤50%; the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is 10-15 kg / mu; the foliar fertilizer is potassium dihydrogen phosphate or borax, and the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed once a week, 200 g per mu each time, and the concentration is between 0.2% and 0.3%; the borax is sprayed 2-3 times a week, and the concentration is 0.5%.

[0011] Preferably, the amount of superphosphate in step (4) S4 is 80-100 kg / mu; the foliar fertilizer is a 0.3%-0.5% calcium nitrate aqueous solution or a mixture of calcium nitrate, thioboric acid and water; the volume ratio of calcium nitrate, thioboric acid and water is 20-25 ml: 20-25 ml: 15-20 L.

[0012] The beneficial effects of the present invention compared with the prior art are: (1) During the seedling raising process of the present invention, the seedlings are moved to an outdoor seedling raising greenhouse for hardening 20 to 25 days after emergence, so that the root system of the tomato seedlings is well developed, which is sufficient to cope with the drastic changes in the moisture or fertilizer amount in the soil after planting, thereby reducing the occurrence of fruit cracking.

[0013] (2) During the seedbed treatment period of the present invention, before the tomato seedlings are planted, organic fertilizer is used as base fertilizer and a small raised bed planting method is adopted to promote the rapid growth of the root system after the tomatoes are planted, alleviate the stress caused by changes in soil moisture or fertilizer and water during the subsequent cultivation process, and reduce the occurrence of fruit cracking.

[0014] (3) The fertilizer and water management of the present invention can effectively alleviate tomato fruit cracking by strictly controlling the water and fertilizer during the tomato growth period and the temperature and humidity during the fruiting period.

[0015] (4) During the tomato harvesting period, the tomato fruits are picked when they are 80% ripe, uniform in color, plump and have a certain hardness, which effectively prevents the occurrence of fruit cracking. The fruit cracking rate of fruit tomatoes can be reduced by more than 10%. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative labor.

[0017] Figure 1 The fruit tomatoes are planted according to Example 1 of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as limiting the present invention, but should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention.

[0019] It should be understood that the terms described in the present invention are only for describing special embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention. In addition, for the numerical range in the present invention, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the scope is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between the intermediate value in any stated value or stated range and any other stated value or intermediate value in the described range is also included in the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges can be independently included or excluded in the scope.

[0020] Unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as those generally understood by those skilled in the art. Although the present invention describes only preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the implementation or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials associated with the documents. In the event of a conflict with any incorporated document, the content of this specification shall prevail.

[0021] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the specific embodiments of the present invention description without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. Other embodiments derived from the present invention description will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The present invention description and examples are exemplary only.

[0022] The words “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc. used in this document are open-ended terms, meaning including but not limited to.

[0023] Example 1 Embodiment 1 of the present invention provides a greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking, which specifically comprises the following steps: (1) Facility seedling cultivation: Select plump fruit tomato seeds for germination and sowing. Wrap the fruit tomato seeds with moist gauze and place them in a seed germination box. The temperature is controlled at 28℃ and the humidity is controlled at about 75%. After the seeds turn white, they are sown in a 50-hole plug tray with a planting depth of 1 cm, one seed per hole. After the substrate is covered, the bottom water is poured thoroughly, and the plug tray is moved to the artificial climate room for seedling cultivation. Before germination, the temperature is set to 30℃ during the day and 18℃ at night, and the relative humidity of the air is maintained at 85%; after all the seedlings have emerged, the temperature is appropriately lowered and ventilation is started. The daytime temperature is maintained at about 25℃, and the night temperature is adjusted to 15℃. After the seedlings grow 2 to 3 true leaves, thinning can be carried out to retain strong seedlings and remove weak seedlings. 20 to 25 days after germination, they can be moved to an outdoor seedling greenhouse for 8 days of hardening. When there is a lack of water during the seedling stage, water can be replenished on a sunny morning to ensure that the plant root system is well developed to cope with the drastic changes in the amount of water or fertilizer in the soil after planting, and reduce the occurrence of cracked fruits.

[0024] (2) Seedbed treatment: After hardening the seedlings, fruit tomatoes can be planted in greenhouses. Before planting, the seedbed is deep-plowed. The tillage depth is 30 cm to ensure that the soil is loose enough; pig manure organic fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer, 1500 kg per mu of land is used to improve soil fertility; facility cultivation uses a small high ridge planting method, with two rows per ridge, a ridge width of 90 cm and a height of 20 cm to ensure soil permeability and water retention, and a drip irrigation belt is laid on the ridge. The above methods are conducive to the rapid growth of the root system of fruit tomatoes after planting, alleviate the stress caused by changes in soil moisture or fertilizer and water in the subsequent cultivation process, and reduce the occurrence of cracked fruits.

[0025] (3) Colonization: Before planting the fruit tomato plants, the surface of the bed is covered with mulch, usually silver-gray mulch. For early spring and winter cultivation, white mulch can also be used for multi-layer coverage to keep warm and moisturize, or double-layer shed film can be added in time in the late growth period for anti-freeze and heat preservation. The spacing between the planting plants is 30 cm, and the distance from the drip irrigation belt is 20 cm. The hole depth is similar to the height of the transplanted fruit tomato seedlings. 2,000 seedlings are planted per mu. When transplanting, the roots of the seedlings are completely placed in the hole, and the soil can be filled to compact the hole mouth when the cotyledons are level with the ground. After planting, apply rooting water immediately and ensure that it is watered thoroughly.

[0026] (4) Fertilizer and water management: S1. Seedling stage: 15 days after transplanting, mainly use nitrogen fertilizer. You can choose high-nitrogen quick-soluble compound fertilizer, and apply 15 kg per mu each time. After that, you can apply 1 to 2 times (usually once) according to the growth status of the plant, with an interval of 15 days; as the growth period progresses, use drip irrigation to apply ammonium sulfate, 15 kg per mu each time, and 5 kg of urea per mu. It can be applied 2 to 3 times, with an interval of 10 days, to increase the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Water reasonably during the seedling period after the fruit tomatoes are transplanted to avoid the soil being dry and wet. By adopting the method of "small water and frequent watering", the relative humidity of the soil is maintained at 80%, which can effectively increase the nutrient absorption range. After the seedlings are grown, if the plants do not wilt during the first ear of flowers and fruit setting, do not water them anymore. When the plants wilt, water them to relieve the wilt; S2. Flowering period: In winter and spring, when the temperature is relatively low, you can spray the inflorescence with 4000 times diluted 5% naphthaleneacetic acid solution to protect the flowers. When the temperature is high, you can also spray with a lower concentration or not spray at all. S3. Fruiting period: Control the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse, pay attention to ventilation, the temperature in the greenhouse is 30℃, and the relative humidity should not be higher than 50%. This can shorten the condensation time on the fruit surface and greatly reduce the degree and number of fruit cracking of fruit tomatoes. At the same time, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used should be properly controlled, and potassium fertilizer should be increased. Topdressing is generally carried out during the fruit expansion period of each ear. You can use water-soluble compound fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, with a dosage of 15 kg per mu each time. Before the third ear bears fruit, you can start applying foliar fertilizers. You can spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate fertilizer on the leaves once a week, 200 g per mu each time, with a concentration of 0.3%, to make up for the lack of potassium fertilizer demand of fruit tomato plants. At this time, pay attention to spraying 0.5% borax solution every week, which can be applied 2 to 3 times, which can effectively prevent small and cracked fruit tomatoes. S4. Color change period: Fruit tomato cracking mainly occurs during the color change period. At this time, insufficient supply of calcium and boron can cause fruit cracking. Liquid fertilizer can be applied through drip irrigation, and 100 kg of superphosphate can be applied per mu; foliar spraying can be done by mixing 20 ml of calcium sulfide, 20 ml of boron sulfide, and 15 L of water. Timely supplementation of calcium fertilizer, boron fertilizer, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can effectively alleviate the phenomenon of fruit tomato cracking.

[0027] (5) Plant management: When fruit tomato plants are climbing, they should be supported with racks to prevent them from falling over. Note that part of the stem at the root of the plant should be left crawling on the ground for about 25 cm, and do not pull it all up. Remove old, yellow, and diseased leaves, tidy up branches and remove side branches in time, use single-stem or improved single-stem pruning to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption and increase natural ventilation between plants. During the fruiting period, all the lower leaves should be removed after each bunch of fruit bears fruit. However, in the later stages of cultivation in late autumn and early spring, the bottom leaves can shade the fruit and prevent direct sunlight from shining on the fruit surface, reducing the fruit cracking rate to a certain extent, so they should not be removed too early. Thin out flowers and fruits in time. The first bunch of inflorescence usually has a low fruit set rate and many deformed fruits, so the deformed fruits should be removed in time. The maturity of the first ear of fruit is beneficial to the plant's transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. Therefore, when the first ear of flowers has 2 to 4 flowers, you can use fruit setting agent to spray the flowers to preserve the flowers and fruits. The concentration used is a mixture of fruit tomato fruit setting agent and water in a ratio of 1:8. Choose a sunny morning or evening to spray once, and avoid high temperatures, scorching sun or rainy days to prevent pesticide damage. For large-fruited fruit tomatoes, keep 4 to 5 fruits per ear inflorescence, for medium-fruited fruit tomatoes, keep 6 to 8 fruits per ear inflorescence, and for small-fruited fruit tomatoes, keep all of them appropriately; when cultivated in greenhouses, the top heart leaves of the plants are generally removed after 5 to 6 ears of fruit. When pinching, keep 3 to 4 leaves to prevent excessive growth, and keep the top side branches appropriately.

[0028] (6) Pollination and fruit setting: The pollination rate of the plant can be increased by vibrating the inflorescence with an electric vibrator, and it is best to do this when the weather is clear. Bumblebees can also be placed in the greenhouse when the first ear of inflorescence begins to bloom, with one box for each greenhouse, to increase the fruit set rate through bumblebee pollination. In addition, if the fruit set rate is still low, spraying fruit set spirit can be used to increase the fruit set rate.

[0029] (7) Harvesting: Fruit tomatoes should be picked when they are 80% ripe, that is, when the color is uniform, the fruits are plump and have a certain hardness, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of fruit cracking.

[0030] (8) Compared with the conventional method of growing tomatoes, the fruit cracking rate of the fruit tomatoes of the present invention can be reduced by more than 10%. Figure 1 shown.

[0031] Figure 1 It shows that the cultivation technology of the present invention can effectively reduce the phenomenon of tomato fruit cracking.

[0032] The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention. These improvements and modifications should also be regarded as the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking, characterized in that: The steps include: (1) Seedling cultivation: Select plump tomato seeds for seedling cultivation. After the seedlings grow 2 to 3 true leaves, thin out the weak seedlings and harden them. (2) Seedbed treatment: Apply organic fertilizer as base fertilizer to the greenhouse, plow the soil, prepare the land, and lay drip irrigation tape; (3) Colonization; (4) Fertilizer and water management: S1. Seedling stage: Apply nitrogen fertilizer 10-15 days after planting, and then apply ammonium sulfate and urea. Use drip irrigation to keep the relative humidity of the soil at 75%-80%. If the tomato plants do not wilt during the first ear of flowers and fruit setting after the seedlings have grown, do not water them anymore. If the plants wilt, water them to relieve the wilt. S2. Flowering period: Use naphthylacetic acid to preserve flowers in winter and spring; S3, Fruiting period: Control the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse, shorten the time of dew on the fruit surface, and reduce the degree and number of tomato fruit cracking; apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers during the fruit expansion period of each bunch, and apply foliar fertilizer before the third bunch bears fruit; S4, color change period: drip irrigation with superphosphate and spraying of foliar fertilizer to alleviate tomato fruit cracking; (5) Pollination and fruit setting; (6) Harvesting: Pick tomatoes when they are 80% ripe to prevent cracking.

2. The greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of hardening the seedlings in step (1) is: 20 to 25 days after the tomato seeds germinate, they should be moved to an outdoor seedling greenhouse for 6 to 8 days of hardening. If there is a lack of water in the seedling stage, water can be supplemented on sunny mornings to ensure that the plant's root system is well developed to cope with the drastic changes in soil moisture or fertilizer water after planting, and reduce the occurrence of fruit cracking.

3. The greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking according to claim 1, characterized in that: The amount of organic fertilizer used in step (2) is: 1500-2000 kg / mu of decomposed manure, 300-500 kg / mu of biological organic fertilizer or 50-100 kg / mu of triple compound fertilizer; the manure is one of pig manure, cow manure and chicken manure; the land preparation adopts the method of small raised ridges, with two rows in each ridge as a frame, the ridge surface width is 80-90 cm and the height is 10-20 cm, which is conducive to the rapid growth of the root system after tomato planting, alleviates the stress caused by changes in soil moisture or fertilizer and water in the subsequent cultivation process, and reduces the occurrence of cracked fruits.

4. The greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking according to claim 1, characterized in that: The spacing between the plants in step (3) is 25-30 cm, and the distance from the drip irrigation tape is 15-20 cm.

5. The greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (4) S1, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used is 10-15 kg / mu, and the interval is 10-15 days; the amount of ammonium sulfate used is 10-15 kg / mu, and the interval is 10-15 days; the amount of urea used is 4-5 kg / mu, and the interval is 10-15 days.

6. The greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (4) S3, the greenhouse temperature is 25-30°C, and the relative humidity is ≤50%; the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is 10-15 kg / mu; the foliar fertilizers are potassium dihydrogen phosphate and borax, the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed once a week, 200 g per mu each time, and the concentration is between 0.2% and 0.3%; the borax is sprayed 2-3 times a week, and the concentration is 0.5%.

7. The greenhouse cultivation method for reducing tomato fruit cracking according to claim 1, characterized in that: The amount of superphosphate used in step (4) S4 is 80-100 kg / mu; the foliar fertilizer is a 0.3%-0.5% calcium nitrate aqueous solution or a mixture of sugar alcohol calcium, sulfur boron and water; the volume ratio of the sugar alcohol calcium, sulfur boron and water is 20-25 ml: 20-25 ml: 15-20 L.

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