Efficient cultivation and harvesting method for camellia oleifera

Abstract

The invention discloses an efficient cultivation and harvesting method for camellia oleifera, and belongs to the technical field of camellia oleifera cultivation. The method comprises the following technical steps: (1) land selection and preparation; (2) variety cultivation; (3) cultivation configuration; (4) planting; (5) tree body management; (6) nutrition regulation and control; (7) managing pollination insects; and (8) fallen seed collection and post-treatment. According to the efficient cultivation and harvesting method for the fragrant flower camellia oleifera, the pollination rate, the fruit setting rate and the oil content of camellia oleifera seeds can be effectively increased, the yield and the quality of the camellia oleifera are improved, efficient harvesting of the camellia oleifera seeds is achieved, the manual harvesting cost is reduced, and the economic benefits of camellia oleifera planting are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of camellia cultivation technology, specifically relating to a method for efficient cultivation and harvesting of fragrant camellia. Background Technology

[0002] Camellia oleifera is a species of camellia in the genus Camellia of the family Theaceae. Camellia The *Camellia short-column* species, named for their faintly fragrant flowers, is the fastest-growing species discovered in the *Camellia* genus and is highly suitable for growth in areas near and south of the Tropic of Cancer in South China. *Camellia oleifera* is easy to cultivate, grows rapidly, has high yields, strong resistance, and excellent oil content, making it a promising candidate for widespread application. However, its promotion and application still face several bottlenecks, such as inconsistent fruit maturity and high harvesting costs. Therefore, researching how to optimize *Camellia oleifera* cultivation and management, improve pollination efficiency, fruit set rate, and seed oil content, while reducing harvesting costs, has become a key issue for improving the quality and efficiency of *Camellia oleifera*.

[0003] Camellia oleifera is a typical insect-pollinated cross-pollinated plant, and its reproductive characteristics show obvious self-incompatibility. The flowering period of Camellia oleifera is mainly concentrated from October to February of the following year, which is the winter season with low temperature. Under this physiological characteristic, the pollination period of a single flower pistil is extremely short, usually only 2 to 3 days. This critical pollination period coincides with the period when the activity of pollinating insects (such as bees) is significantly reduced in winter, resulting in generally low natural pollination efficiency, which ultimately manifests as a low fruit set rate, seriously restricting the increase in Camellia oleifera yield. Studies have found that the main limiting factors affecting the pollination efficiency of Camellia oleifera include: (1) insufficient number of pollinating insects: the scarcity of nectar sources in winter leads to a sharp decrease in the number of pollinating insects; (2) unreasonable cultivation configuration: improper matching of pollinating varieties in the planting area, short flowering period, and poor compatibility; (3) adverse weather interference during the flowering period: low temperature, rain and other unfavorable weather conditions further inhibit the activity of pollinating insects and shorten the duration of pollen viability. These factors combined restrict the improvement of natural pollination efficiency in camellia oleifera, resulting in low fruit set rate and affecting the yield of camellia oleifera.

[0004] In addition, the camellia oleifera fruit development cycle is long, and it takes 12-14 months from pollination to maturity, among which, August-September is the key period of oil formation and accumulation in the fruit. Different varieties have significant differences in maturity period, and early harvesting will reduce the oil quality. The best harvesting period of Xianghua Camellia oleifera is early November to early December, and if the traditional harvesting time is advanced to the frost period, the oil content of the seed kernel will be reduced by about 10%. At present, there are 46 good varieties of Camellia oleifera selected in Guangxi, among which, 17 are Xianghua Camellia oleifera varieties. Different varieties have different maturity periods, and the early fruit peel cracking of individual varieties leads to inconsistent harvesting period, which requires batch harvesting and increases labor cost; even some cracking varieties have seed falling phenomenon, and artificial seed picking is needed in the later period. At present, the harvesting method of Camellia oleifera mainly depends on artificial picking, but there are the following problems: the fruit of Xianghua Camellia oleifera is small, the picking time is long, and the efficiency is low; excessive climbing of branches damages the tree body and affects the flower bud differentiation of the next year; the harvesting cost accounts for a high proportion of the total production cost. Some existing production areas try to use mechanical vibration harvesting or ground net collection to collect fallen fruits, but there are still problems such as poor adaptability and large seed loss. SUMMARY

[0005] In view of the above problems, the present application provides a kind of Xianghua Camellia oleifera efficient cultivation and harvesting method, through variety configuration, planting, tree management, nutrition regulation, pollination insect management and installation collection net etc., can effectively improve the pollination rate of Camellia oleifera, fruit setting rate and tea seed oil content, improve the yield and quality of Camellia oleifera, and realize the efficient harvesting of tea seed, reduce the cost of artificial harvesting.

[0006] The present application is realized by the following technical scheme: A kind of Xianghua Camellia oleifera efficient cultivation and harvesting method, comprising the following steps: (1) site preparation: select the forest land with sufficient light, good drainage, loose soil and slope <25° as planting site; one month before planting, remove weeds and shrubs in the forest land, deep plough the removed forest land to a depth of 35-40 cm, then dig planting holes, and apply 5-8 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0.2-0.4 kg of biological bacterial fertilizer as base fertilizer in each planting hole; (2) cultivation variety: select Xianghua Camellia oleifera excellent clone container seedlings, the container seedling height is ≥50 cm, the ground diameter is ≥0.50 cm, has more than 3 branches, the crown width is more than 20 cm×20 cm, the root system is developed and forms a complete root group; (3) cultivation configuration: divide the Xianghua Camellia oleifera excellent clone container seedlings into main planting varieties and matching planting varieties, the number of main planting varieties accounts for 70-80%, adopt strip wide-narrow row planting mode, and the main planting varieties and matching planting varieties are alternately configured according to the strip, one variety is planted in each strip; (4) Planting: After the container seedlings are taken out of the bags, they are placed in planting holes and straightened, with a 5-10 cm interval between the seedling roots and the base fertilizer, then the soil is layered and compacted, the surface is covered with 8-10 cm of crushed soil and is shaped into a shallow tray-shaped tree pit; after planting, the roots are soaked with enough water, and after the water is fully infiltrated, a reflective film is laid on the surface of the tree pit, and a drip irrigation belt is installed; (5) Tree management: when the plant height is 60 cm, dry, select 3-4 strong and reasonable direction branches at 30 cm from the ground to cultivate as the main branches; 30-40% of the oblique fruiting branches are retained during winter pruning each year, and 1-2% urea is sprayed after removing the inner branches; (6) Nutrient regulation: 0.5-1 kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied per plant before spring shoots, and 0.1-0.2% brassinolide is sprayed; 0.2-0.3% borax and 0.1-0.2% ammonium molybdate solution are sprayed on the leaves at the present budding stage; 0.3-0.5 kg of high-phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and 5-10 g of humic acid are applied per plant at the young fruit stage; 50-100 ppm of ethylene and 3-5% of wood ash leachate are sprayed on the leaves at the fruit ripening stage; (7) Pollination insect management: Chinese bees are released in the camellia forest at 1-2 boxes per 3 mu from October to November, the beehive opening faces south and is equipped with artificial pollen feed; solar-powered vibration frequency insect traps are installed every 15-20 m between the rows to reduce the damage of thrips and tea tortrix to flowers; 0.02-0.04% instant boron and 0.1-0.2% grape sugar are sprayed when it is cloudy and rainy during the flowering period; (8) Seed collection and post-processing: install a collection net in early October, with the opening facing the tree crown and the four corners fixed around the tree crown with PVC pipes; collect tea seeds during the natural maturation period in mid-to-late October, separate the fruit skin and tea seeds during collection, store the tea seeds after drying, and use the fruit skin as a byproduct for further processing; the collection net is retained throughout the year, tea seeds are collected during the harvesting period, and fallen leaves are collected during the growth period as compost raw materials.

[0007] Further, in step (3), the strip-shaped wide-narrow row planting pattern is specifically: narrow row 2.5-3 m, wide row 4-5 m, and plant spacing 2 m.

[0008] Further, in step (3), the container seedlings of the fragrant-flowered camellia excellent clones include Yichen, Anfa, Yilu, Anlin, Yijuan, and Anying; wherein, any one or a combination of two of the early-maturing varieties Yichen, Anfa, and the medium-maturing varieties Yilu and Anlin are used as the main planting varieties, and any one of the late-maturing varieties Yijuan and Anying is used as the companion planting variety.

[0009] Further, in step (5), the girdling is specifically: at the base of the shoot 5-10 cm, 2-3 turns of spiral cutting are made with a girdling knife, the width of a single turn is less than or equal to 2 mm, the depth reaches the xylem but does not hurt the cambium, and the interval between the cuts is 3-5 cm.

[0010] Further, in step (7), the artificial pollen feed is composed of bee pollen and sucrose powder in a mass ratio of 1:1-1.5.

[0011] Further, in step (7), the Chinese bees are 3500-4000 per box.

[0012] Further, in step (8), the collection frequency of tea seeds is: for young trees, collection is carried out every 8-10 days, and for mature trees, collection is carried out every 3-5 days.

[0013] Further, in step (8), the collection net has a size greater than 20-30 cm of the tree crown, and the bottom of the net is 8-10 cm from the ground.

[0014] Further, in step (6), the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer has N:P2O5:K2O=20:10:10, and the high-phosphorus potassium fertilizer has N:P2O5:K2O=10:20:20.

[0015] Further, in step (1), the planting hole has a size of (60-70) cm x (60-70) cm x (60-70) cm.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the advantages and beneficial effects of the present application are: 1. The efficient cultivation and harvesting method of fragrant-flowered oil tea can effectively improve the pollination rate, fruit setting rate and oil content of tea seeds of oil tea, improve the yield and quality of oil tea, realize efficient harvesting of tea seeds, reduce the cost of artificial harvesting, and improve the economic benefits of oil tea planting.

[0017] 2. The present application alternately plants container seedlings of fragrant-flowered oil tea elite varieties (70-80%) and mixed planting varieties in a strip shape, forms an effective cross-pollination system, overcomes the self-incompatibility of oil tea, and improves the success rate of pollination.

[0018] 3、The application adopts wide and narrow row planting mode, the wide row (3-4 m) provides space for tree crown expansion, the narrow row (1.5-2 m) promotes longitudinal growth, improves crown layer structure, improves light energy utilization rate, and the laid light reflecting film can enhance the light intensity under the tree crown, promotes the development of the inner cavity fruiting branch. The wide row is beneficial to the activity of pollination insects such as bees, improves the visiting efficiency, and the strip layout promotes the pollen exchange between varieties, improves the success rate of cross pollination. Moreover, the wide and narrow row has good ventilation conditions, can reduce the occurrence rate of diseases and pests, and is beneficial to the management operation such as artificial pruning, girdling, installation of collection net and the like in the later period.

[0019] 4、The application can effectively improve the yield of oil tea and the oil content of tea seed by stage control in nutrient regulation. High-nitrogen compound fertilizer is applied before spring shoots to increase the spring shoot amount, form more high-quality fruiting branches, and brassinolide reduces the yellowing phenomenon of spring shoots and improves the tree's resistance to diseases and pests; borax is sprayed on the leaves at the present budding stage to promote pollen germination and pollen tube elongation, improve the success rate of pollination and fruit setting rate, and ammonium molybdate promotes flower bud differentiation and improves flower quality, which is beneficial to pollination; high phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is applied at the young fruit stage to accelerate the swelling speed of young fruits, reduce physiological fruit drop, and humic acid improves the utilization rate of available phosphorus and potassium in soil; ethylene is sprayed on the leaves at the fruit ripening stage to promote uniform fruit ripening and oil conversion, improve the oil content of tea seed, and the leaching liquid of wood ash supplements minerals such as potassium and calcium, enhances the toughness of the fruit skin, reduces the fruit cracking, and improves the fullness of tea seed.

[0020] 5、In the tree management, urea is sprayed after the removal of the inner cavity branches to quickly supplement the nitrogen demand after pruning, promote the germination of new shoots, and increase the spring shoot amount. Girdling is performed on the overgrown branches before the flowering period to temporarily block the phloem sieve tubes, accumulate photosynthetic products in the crown, promote flower bud differentiation and young fruit development, and improve the fruit setting rate. Gibberellin is sprayed after girdling to break dormancy, promote the uniform germination of flower buds, improve the concentration of flowering period, facilitate pollination management, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed to supplement phosphorus and potassium elements in the key period of reproductive growth, promote pollen tube elongation, and improve the success rate of pollination.

[0021] 6、The application can improve the pollination success rate of oil tea. The release of Chinese bees can improve the cross-pollination efficiency of oil tea and solve the problem of insufficient natural pollination insects in winter, and the Chinese bees are low-temperature resistant and have good pollination effect. The installation of solar vibration frequency type insect trapping lamp can physically control flower period pests such as thrips and tea tortrix, reduce the occurrence rate of flower period pests, and improve the flower integrity rate; avoid the use of pesticides, and protect the safety of pollination insects. Auxiliary spray of instant boron and glucose on rainy days can make up for the decrease of pollen activity caused by rain, and enhance the stigma receptivity; provide energy substances to maintain the nutrients required for pollen tube elongation.

[0022] 7. In this invention, the tea seeds naturally mature and fall to the ground, resulting in complete oil conversion in the kernels and a high oil content. By using a collection net to receive the naturally fallen seeds, the maturity and quality of the seeds are ensured. Naturally fallen seeds are prevented from contacting soil and becoming moldy or diseased. Long-term manual harvesting is unnecessary, reducing labor input and post-harvest processing costs. Furthermore, the collection net can be reused repeatedly; tea seeds are collected during the harvest season, and fallen leaves are collected during the growing season for composting, making it environmentally friendly. Detailed Implementation

[0023] The present invention will be further described in detail below through embodiments. These embodiments are only used to illustrate the present invention and do not limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0024] Example 1 A highly efficient cultivation and harvesting method for Camellia oleifera includes the following steps: (1) Site selection and land preparation: In 2021, select forest land with sufficient sunlight, good drainage, loose soil and slope <25° as planting site; one month before planting, clear weeds and shrubs in the forest land, and deep plow the cleared forest land to a depth of 40cm, and then dig planting holes with a size of 60cm×60cm×60cm. Apply 5kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0.2kg of biological fertilizer as base fertilizer in each planting hole; (2) Cultivation varieties: Select the superior container seedlings of fragrant camellia oleifera, namely Yichen, Yilu and Yijuan. The container seedlings should be ≥50cm in height, ≥0.50cm in diameter at ground level, have more than 3 branches, and have a crown width of more than 20cm×20cm. The seedlings should have well-developed root systems and form complete root balls. (3) Cultivation configuration: Yichen and Yilu are the main varieties (accounting for 70% of the total number), and Yijuan is the secondary variety. The strip wide and narrow row planting pattern is adopted. Specifically, 4 rows are planted in each strip to form a narrow row with a row spacing of 2.5m. Wide rows with a row spacing of 4m are set between the strips. The plant spacing is maintained at 2m. The main varieties and secondary varieties are alternately configured according to the strips, and one variety is planted in each strip. (4) Planting: After removing the container seedlings from the bag, place them in the planting hole and straighten them. The seedling roots should be 10cm apart from the base fertilizer. Then, fill the soil in layers and compact it. Cover the surface with 10cm of broken soil and trim it into a shallow basin shape. After planting, water thoroughly to settle the roots. After the water has fully penetrated, lay a reflective film on the surface of the basin and install drip irrigation tape. (5) Tree management: the plant height is 60 cm, and 4 strong and reasonable side branches are selected and cultivated as main branches at 30 cm from the ground; 40% of the oblique fruiting branches are reserved during winter pruning every year, and 2% urea is sprayed after removing the inner branches; (6) Nutrient regulation: before the spring shoots, each plant is ditched with 0.5 kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=20:10:10) and sprayed with 0.2% brassinolide; at the present budding stage, the leaves are sprayed with 0.2% borax and 0.1% ammonium molybdate solution; at the young fruit stage, each plant is ditched with 0.5 kg of high-phosphorus potassium fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=10:20:20) and 10 g of humic acid; at the fruit ripening stage, the leaves are sprayed with 100 ppm of ethylene and 3% of wood ash leachate; (7) Pollination insect management: in early November 2023, Chinese bees are released in the camellia forest at 2 boxes (3500 bees per box) per 3 mu, the beehive is south-facing and is provided with artificial pollen feed; a solar-powered vibration frequency insect trap is installed every 15 m between the rows to reduce the damage of thrips and tea tortrix to flowers; 0.04% instant boron and 0.2% glucose are sprayed during the flowering period when it is rainy and cloudy; (8) Seed collection and post-processing: a collection net is installed in early October 2024, the opening of the collection net faces the tree crown, the four corners are fixed with PVC pipes around the tree crown, the net body size is 30 cm larger than the tree crown, and the net bottom is 10 cm from the ground; tea seeds are collected during the natural maturation period in late October 2024, young trees are collected every 8 days, and mature forests are collected every 3 days, the fruit peel and tea seeds are separated during collection, the tea seeds are stored after drying, and the fruit peel is used as a byproduct for deep processing; the collection net is retained throughout the year, tea seeds are collected during the harvesting period, and fallen leaves are collected as compost raw materials during the growth period.

[0025] Example 2 A high-efficiency cultivation and harvesting method of fragrant-flowered camellia includes the following steps: (1) Site selection and land preparation: in 2021, a forest land with sufficient light, good drainage, loose soil, and a slope of less than 25° is selected as the planting site; one month before planting, the weeds and shrubs in the forest land are removed, and the cleared forest land is deep plowed to a depth of 40 cm, then planting holes are dug, the planting hole specification is 65 cm x 65 cm x 60 cm, and 6 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0.4 kg of biological bacterial fertilizer are applied as base fertilizer in each planting hole; (2) Cultivation varieties: Select the superior container seedlings of fragrant camellia oleifera, namely Anfa and Anying. The container seedlings should be ≥50cm in height, ≥0.50cm in diameter at ground level, have more than 3 branches, and have a crown width of ≥20cm×20cm. The seedlings should have well-developed root systems and form complete root balls. (3) Cultivation configuration: Anfa is the main planted variety (accounting for 80% of the quantity), and Anying is the auxiliary planted variety. The strip wide and narrow row planting pattern is adopted. Specifically, two rows are planted in each strip to form a narrow row with a row spacing of 3m. A wide row with a row spacing of 5m is set between the strips. The plant spacing is kept at 2m. The main planted variety and the auxiliary planted variety are configured alternately according to the strips. One variety is planted in each strip. (4) Planting: After removing the container seedlings from the bag, place them in the planting hole and straighten them. The seedling roots should be 5cm apart from the base fertilizer. Then, fill the soil in layers and compact it. Cover the surface with 8cm of broken soil and trim it into a shallow basin shape. After planting, water thoroughly to settle the roots. After the water has fully penetrated, lay a reflective film on the surface of the basin and install drip irrigation tape. (5) Tree management: When the plant reaches a height of 60cm, the trunk is fixed. Four strong and well-positioned lateral branches are selected at 30cm from the ground and trained as main branches. During winter pruning each year, 35% of oblique fruiting branches are retained. After removing the inner branches, 2% urea is sprayed. 14 days before flowering, the vigorous branches are ring-cut. Specifically, 3 rings are made spirally 5cm from the base of the vigorous branch. The width of each ring is ≤2mm. The cuts are made to the xylem but not the cambium. The distance between the cuts is 5cm. After cutting, 3% carbendazim is applied and 40ppm gibberellin and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed. (6) Nutritional regulation: Before the spring shoots, apply 1 kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=20:10:10) and spray 0.2% brassinolide per plant in trenches; during the budding stage, spray 0.3% borax and 0.2% ammonium molybdate solution on the leaves; during the young fruit stage, apply 0.5 kg of high-phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=10:20:20) and 5 g of humic acid per plant in trenches; during the fruit ripening stage, spray 80 ppm ethephon and 5% wood ash leachate on the leaves. (7) Management of pollinating insects: In early November 2023, release Chinese honeybees in the camellia forest at a rate of 1 hive (4,000 bees per hive) / 3 mu, with the hive opening facing south and supplemented with artificial pollen feed; install solar-powered vibration frequency insect-attracting lamps every 20m between rows to reduce the damage of thrips and tea moths to the flowers; spray 0.02% quick-dissolving boron and 0.2% glucose during the flowering period if it is cloudy or rainy; (8) Seed collection and post-processing: Install the collection net in early October 2024, with the opening facing the tree crown. The four corners are fixed with PVC pipes around the tree crown. The size of the collection net body is 25 cm larger than the tree crown, and the bottom of the net is 8 cm away from the ground. Collect tea seeds during the natural maturation period in mid-to-late October 2024. Collect tea seeds every 10 days for young trees and every 5 days for mature forests. Separate the fruit peel and tea seeds during collection. Store the dried tea seeds. The fruit peel is used as a byproduct for further processing. The collection net is kept throughout the year. Collect tea seeds during the harvest period and collect fallen leaves during the growing season as compost raw materials.

[0026] Example 3 A high-efficiency cultivation and harvesting method for fragrant-flowered oil tea, comprising the following steps: 1) Site selection and land preparation: In 2021, select a forest land with sufficient light, good drainage, loose soil, and a slope of <25° as the planting site. One month before planting, remove weeds and shrubs from the forest land, deeply plow the cleared forest land to a depth of 35 cm, then dig planting holes with specifications of 65 cm x 65 cm x 70 cm, and apply 8 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0.3 kg of biological bacterial fertilizer as base fertilizer in each planting hole. (2) Cultivation variety: Select fragrant-flowered oil tea varieties Yichen, Anlin, and Yijuan as container seedlings, with a height of ≥50 cm, a ground diameter of ≥0.50 cm, 3 or more branches, a crown width of ≥20 cm x 20 cm, and developed root systems forming complete root groups. (3) Cultivation configuration: Use Yichen and Anlin as main cultivation varieties (accounting for 75% of the number), and Yijuan as a matching cultivation variety. Adopt a strip-wide row planting pattern, specifically: plant 3 rows in each strip to form narrow rows with a row spacing of 2.5 m, set wide rows with a row spacing of 4 m between strips, maintain a plant spacing of 2 m, and alternate main and matching cultivation varieties in each strip, planting one variety per strip. (4) Planting: After removing the container seedlings from the bags, place them in the planting holes and straighten them, with a 10 cm gap between the seedling roots and the base fertilizer. Then, press the soil in layers and compact it, cover the surface with 8 cm of crushed soil, and shape it into a shallow tray-shaped tree disk. After planting, water thoroughly to fix the roots. After the water has fully penetrated, lay a reflective film on the surface of the tree disk and install a drip irrigation belt. (5) Tree management: Fix the dryness when the plant height is 60 cm, and select 3 strong and reasonable side branches at a distance of 30 cm from the ground to cultivate as main branches. During winter pruning each year, retain 30% of the oblique fruiting branches, remove the inner branches, and then spray 1% urea. 12 days before flowering, perform girdling on the overgrown branches. Specifically, use a girdling knife to spiral cut 3 circles at the base of the overgrown branches, with a single circle width of ≤2 mm, a depth of reaching the woody part without damaging the cambium, and a cutting gap of 3 cm. After cutting, apply 4% carbendazim and spray 45 ppm gibberellin and 0.1% dihydrogen potassium phosphate. (6) Nutrient regulation: Before the spring shoots, each plant is ditched with 0.8 kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P205:K20=20:10:10) and sprayed with 0.1% brassinolide; at the present budding stage, the leaves are sprayed with 0.2% borax and 0.1% ammonium molybdate solution; at the young fruit stage, each plant is ditched with 0.3 kg of high-phosphorus potassium fertilizer (N:P205:K20=10:20:20) and 8 g of humic acid; at the fruit ripening stage, the leaves are sprayed with 50 ppm ethephon and 3% wood ash leachate; (7) Pollination insect management: In early November 2023, Chinese bees are released in the camellia forest at a rate of 2 boxes (3800 bees per box) per 3 mu, with the beehive mouth facing south and artificial pollen feeders; a solar-powered vibration frequency insect trap is installed every 15 m between the rows to reduce the damage of thrips and tea tortricid to flowers; when it rains, 0.03% instant boron and 0.1% glucose are sprayed; (8) Seed collection and post-processing: In early October 2024, a collection net is installed, with the opening facing the tree crown, the four corners fixed with PVC pipes around the tree crown, the net body size 20 cm larger than the tree crown, and the net bottom 10 cm from the ground; in mid-to-late October 2024, during the natural maturation period of the tea seeds, the young trees are collected every 10 days, and the mature forest is collected every 5 days; during the collection, the fruit peel and tea seeds are separated, the tea seeds are dried and stored, and the fruit peel is used as a byproduct for deep processing; the collection net is retained throughout the year, and the tea seeds are collected during the harvesting period, and the fallen leaves are collected as compost raw materials during the growing period.

[0027] Example 4 A high-efficiency cultivation and harvesting method for fragrant-flowered camellia includes the following steps: (1) Site selection and land preparation: In 2021, select a forest land with sufficient light, good drainage, loose soil, and a slope of less than 25° as the planting site; one month before planting, remove weeds and shrubs from the forest land, deeply plow the cleared forest land to a depth of 40 cm, then dig planting holes with specifications of 70 cm x 70 cm x 65 cm, and apply 5 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0.2 kg of biological bacterial fertilizer as base fertilizer in each planting hole; (2) Cultivation variety: Select fragrant-flowered camellia varieties Yilu and Anying, container seedlings with a height of ≥50 cm, a ground diameter of ≥0.50 cm, 3 or more branches, a crown width of ≥20 cm x 20 cm, and developed root systems forming complete root groups; (3) Cultivation configuration: Yilu is used as the main cultivation variety (accounting for 70%), and Anying is used as the matching cultivation variety, with a strip-shaped wide-narrow row planting mode, specifically: 4 rows are planted in each strip to form a narrow row with a row spacing of 2.5 m, a wide row with a row spacing of 4 m is set between the strips, the plant spacing is maintained at 2 m, and the main and matching cultivation varieties are alternately arranged in each strip with one variety per strip; (4) Planting: After the container seedlings are taken out of the bags, they are placed in the planting holes and straightened, with a 10 cm spacing between the seedling roots and the base fertilizer. Then, the soil is layered and compacted, the surface is covered with 10 cm of crushed soil, and the tree disc is shaped into a shallow tray. After planting, the roots are soaked with enough water, and after the water has fully penetrated, a reflective film is placed on the surface of the tree disc, and a drip irrigation belt is installed; (5) Tree management: When the plant height is 60 cm, the main branches are selected and cultivated from 4 strong and reasonable side branches at a height of 30 cm from the ground. During the winter pruning each year, 40% of the oblique fruiting branches are retained, and after the removal of the inner branches, 1% urea is sprayed. 15 days before flowering, the overgrown branches are girdled, specifically: at the base of the overgrown branches, 10 cm from the ground, 3 turns of spiral cutting are made with a girdling knife, with a single turn width of ≤2 mm, reaching the woody part but not damaging the cambium, with a spacing of 3 cm between the cuts. After cutting, 5% of the carbendazim is applied, and 50 ppm of gibberellin and 0.2% of dihydrogen potassium phosphate are sprayed; (6) Nutrient regulation: Before the spring shoots, each plant is applied with 0.5 kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=20:10:10) and 0.2% brassinolide is sprayed; at the present budding stage, 0.3% borax and 0.2% ammonium molybdate solution are sprayed on the leaves; during the young fruit stage, each plant is applied with 0.5 kg of high-phosphorus potassium fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=10:20:20) and 10 g of humic acid; during the fruit ripening stage, 50 ppm of ethylene and 5% of wood ash leachate are sprayed on the leaves; (7) Pollination insect management: In October 2023, Chinese bees were released in the camellia forest at a rate of 1 box (4000 bees per box) per 3 mu, with the beehive mouth facing south and artificial pollen feeders; solar-powered vibration frequency insect traps were installed every 15 m between the rows to reduce the damage of thrips and tea tortrix to flowers; 0.04% instant boron and 0.1% grape sugar were sprayed during the flowering period if it was rainy and cloudy; (8) Seed collection and post-processing: In early October 2024, collection nets were installed, with the opening facing the tree canopy, and PVC pipes were used to fix the four corners around the tree canopy. The size of the net body was 20 cm larger than the tree canopy, and the net bottom was 10 cm from the ground. In mid-to-late October 2024, tea seeds were collected during the natural ripening period, with young trees being collected every 10 days and mature forests being collected every 5 days. During collection, the fruit skin and tea seeds were separated, the tea seeds were dried and stored, and the fruit skin was used as a byproduct for further processing. The collection net was retained throughout the year, tea seeds were collected during the harvesting period, and fallen leaves were collected during the growing season as compost raw materials.

[0028] Comparative Example 1 The difference between Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 is that Comparative Example 1 does not use the wide-narrow row planting pattern in step (3), with a planting row distance of 2 m and a plant distance of 1.5 m, and the rest of the planting methods are the same as those of Example 1.

[0029] Comparative Example 2 The difference between the comparative example 2 and the example 1 is that the comparative example 2 is not subjected to the girdling treatment in the step (5), and is not coated with carbendazim and sprayed with gibberellin and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and the rest of the planting methods are the same as those of the example 1.

[0030] Comparative example 3 The difference between the comparative example 3 and the example 1 is that the comparative example 3 is only applied with high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=20:10:10) 0.5 kg per plant before the spring shoots in the step (6), and high-phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O=10:20:20) 0.5 kg per plant in the young fruit stage, and the rest of the planting methods are the same as those of the example 1.

[0031] Comparative example 4 The difference between the comparative example 4 and the example 1 is that the comparative example 4 is subjected to the artificial picking in the step (8), and the picking time is from the frost to the early November, and the rest of the planting methods are the same as those of the example 1.

[0032] The fresh fruit yield, kernel oil content, oil yield, benefit and labor cost of the above examples and comparative examples are counted, and the results are shown in the following table 1: Table 1 Camellia oleifera fresh fruit yield, kernel oil content, oil yield

[0033] It can be seen from the table 1 that the fresh fruit yield per mu in the example 1 can reach 383.66 kg, the kernel oil content can reach 50.54%, the equivalent fruit oil rate can reach 8.58%, and the picking cost is only 490 yuan. Compared with the comparative examples 1-3, the fresh fruit yield per mu in the example 1 is increased by 26.80%, 16.19% and 20.37% respectively. Compared with the comparative examples 1-4, the kernel oil content in the example 1 is increased by 20%, 14.73%, 18.75% and 27.47% respectively. In addition, compared with the comparative example 4, the picking cost in the example 1 is reduced by 123 yuan. It can be seen that the method of the present application can effectively improve the fruit setting rate and the tea seed oil content, improve the yield and quality of the camellia oleifera, reduce the labor picking cost, and improve the economic benefit of the camellia oleifera planting.

[0034] The above description is only the preferred embodiment of the present application, and is not used to limit the present application, and any modification, equivalent replacement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for efficient cultivation and harvesting of fragrant camellia oleifera, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Site selection and land preparation: Select forest land with sufficient sunlight, good drainage, loose soil and slope <25° as the planting site; one month before planting, clear weeds and shrubs in the forest land, and deep plow the cleared forest land to a depth of 35-40cm, then dig planting holes, and apply 5-8kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0.2-0.4kg of biological fertilizer as base fertilizer in each planting hole; (2) Cultivation varieties: Select excellent clonal container seedlings of Camellia oleifera. The seedlings should be ≥50cm in height, ≥0.50cm in diameter at ground level, have more than 3 branches, and have a crown width of ≥20cm×20cm. The seedlings should have well-developed root systems and form complete root balls. (3) Cultivation configuration: The superior clonal container seedlings of Camellia oleifera are divided into main varieties and supporting varieties. The number of main varieties accounts for 70-80%. The strip wide and narrow row planting mode is adopted. The main varieties and supporting varieties are alternately configured according to the strips, with one variety planted in each strip. (4) Planting: After removing the container seedlings from the bag, place them in the planting hole and straighten them. The seedling roots should be 5-10cm apart from the base fertilizer. Then, fill the soil in layers and compact it. Cover the surface with 8-10cm of broken soil and trim it into a shallow basin shape. After planting, water thoroughly to settle the roots. After the water has fully penetrated, lay a reflective film on the surface of the basin and install drip irrigation tape. (5) Tree management: When the plant reaches a height of 60cm, the trunk is fixed. 3-4 strong and well-positioned lateral branches are selected at 30cm from the ground and trained as main branches. During winter pruning each year, 30-40% of oblique fruiting branches are retained. After removing the inner branches, 1-2% urea is sprayed. 12-15 days before flowering, the vigorous branches are ring-cut. After cutting, 3-5% carbendazim is applied and 40-50ppm gibberellin and 0.1-0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed. (6) Nutritional regulation: Before the spring shoots, apply 0.5-1 kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer per plant in trenches and spray with 0.1-0.2% brassinolide; during the budding stage, spray the leaves with 0.2-0.3% borax and 0.1-0.2% ammonium molybdate solution; during the young fruit stage, apply 0.3-0.5 kg of high-phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and 5-10 g of humic acid per plant in trenches; during the fruit ripening stage, spray the leaves with 50-100 ppm ethephon and 3-5% wood ash leachate. (7) Management of pollinating insects: In October and November, release Chinese honeybees in the camellia oleifera forest at a rate of 1-2 hives per 3 mu, with the hive opening facing south and supplemented with artificial pollen feed; install solar-powered vibration frequency insect-attracting lamps every 15-20m between rows to reduce the damage of thrips and tea tussock moths to the flowers; if it is cloudy or rainy during the flowering period, spray with 0.02-0.04% quick-dissolving boron and 0.1-0.2% glucose. (8) Collection and post-processing of fallen seeds: Install a collection net in early October with the opening facing the tree canopy and fix the four corners to the tree canopy with PVC pipes; collect tea seeds in mid-to-late October when the tea seeds are naturally ripe. When collecting, separate the pericarp and tea seeds. Store the tea seeds after drying and use the pericarp as a by-product for further processing. The collection net is kept year-round; tea seeds are collected during the harvest season, and fallen leaves are collected during the growing season as compost material.

2. The efficient cultivation and harvesting method for fragrant camellia oleifera according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the strip wide and narrow row planting pattern is specifically: narrow row 2.5-3m, wide row 4-5m, and plant spacing 2m.

3. The efficient cultivation and harvesting method for fragrant camellia oleifera according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the superior clonal container seedlings of Camellia oleifera include Yichen, Anfa, Yilu, Anlin, Yijuan and Anying; among them, any one or a combination of two of the early-maturing varieties Yichen and Anfa and the mid-maturing varieties Yilu and Anlin are used as the main varieties, and any one of the late-maturing varieties Yijuan and Anying is used as the supplementary varieties.

4. The efficient cultivation and harvesting method for fragrant camellia oleifera according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (5), the ring cutting is specifically performed by making 2 to 3 spiral cuts at 5 to 10 cm from the base of the vigorous branch, with a single cut width ≤ 2 mm, reaching the xylem but not damaging the cambium, and the cut spacing is 3 to 5 cm.

5. The efficient cultivation and harvesting method for fragrant camellia oleifera according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (7), the artificial pollen feed is composed of bee pollen and sucrose powder mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1 to 1.

5.

6. The method for efficient cultivation and harvesting of Camellia oleifera according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (7), each hive contains 3,500 to 4,000 Chinese honeybees.

7. The efficient cultivation and harvesting method for fragrant camellia oleifera according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (8), the frequency of collecting tea seeds is as follows: once every 8 to 10 days for young trees and once every 3 to 5 days for mature trees.

8. The method for efficient cultivation and harvesting of Camellia oleifera according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (8), the size of the collection net is 20-30cm larger than the tree canopy, and the bottom of the net is 8-10cm from the ground.

9. The method for efficient cultivation and harvesting of Camellia oleifera according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (6), the N:P2O5:K2O ratio in the high-nitrogen compound fertilizer is 20:10:10, and the N:P2O5:K2O ratio in the high-phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is 10:20:

20.

10. The method for efficient cultivation and harvesting of Camellia oleifera according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the planting hole has a size of (60~70)cm×(60~70)cm×(60~70)cm.

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