Ternary additive for electrolyte of battery comprising negative electrode containing silicon oxide and battery comprising same

Abstract

Disclosed are a ternary additive for an electrolyte of a battery including a negative electrode containing silicon oxide and a battery including the same. A lithium ion cycling battery includes a negative electrode and an ion conductive electrolyte. The negative electrode includes an electroactive material including a silicon oxide-based material. The electrolyte comprises an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and a ternary additive system comprising a phosphite compound, a borate compound, and a sulfate compound.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a circulating lithium ion battery pack. Background Art

[0002] The information provided in this section is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the present disclosure. To the extent described in this section, the work of the presently named inventors and aspects of the description that may not otherwise constitute prior art at the time of filing are neither explicitly nor implicitly admitted to be prior art against the present disclosure.

[0003] The present disclosure relates to electrolytes for batteries that circulate lithium ions, and more particularly, to additives for electrolytes for batteries that include a negative electrode containing silicon oxide.

[0004] Lithium batteries are used in a wide variety of electronic devices, and due to their high energy density and power density, lithium batteries are promising candidates for meeting the requirements of electric vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles. Secondary lithium batteries typically include a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte that provides a medium for the conduction of lithium ions between the negative electrode and the positive electrode during discharge and charging of the battery. The electrolyte can be formulated to exhibit certain desired properties, including high ionic conductivity, a high dielectric constant (related to a high ability to dissolve salts), good thermal stability, a wide electrochemical stability window, the ability to form a stable ion-conducting solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the surface of the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode, and chemical compatibility with other components of the battery. Summary of the invention

[0005] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a battery pack for circulating lithium ions includes a negative electrode and an electrolyte in physical contact with the negative electrode. The negative electrode includes an electroactive material including a silicon oxide-based material. The electrolyte includes an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and a ternary additive system, wherein the ternary additive system includes a phosphite compound, a borate compound, and a sulfate compound.

[0006] The phosphite compound may consist of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite.

[0007] The borate compound may consist of lithium bis(oxalato)borate or lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate.

[0008] The sulfate compound may consist of 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide.

[0009] The ternary additive system may comprise greater than or equal to about 0.3 wt % to less than or equal to about 9 wt % of the electrolyte.

[0010] The phosphite compound may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte. The borate compound may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte. The sulfate compound may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte.

[0011] The electroactive material may constitute greater than or equal to about 90 wt % to less than or equal to about 99 wt % of the negative electrode. The electroactive material may include a silicon oxide-based material and a carbon-based material.

[0012] The silicon oxide based material may include lithiated silicon oxide Li y SiO x , where x is greater than zero and less than or equal to 2, and y is greater than zero and less than or equal to 1.

[0013] The carbon-based material may include graphite.

[0014] The silicon oxide-based material may constitute greater than or equal to about 10 wt % to less than or equal to about 30 wt % of the electroactive material. The carbon-based material may constitute greater than or equal to about 70 wt % to less than or equal to about 90 wt % of the electroactive material.

[0015] During initial charging of the battery, at least one of the phosphite compound, the borate compound, or the sulfate compound may decompose and form a solid electrolyte interface on the surface of the electroactive material, the solid electrolyte interface isolating the electroactive material from physical contact with the electrolyte. During subsequent cycles of the battery, the solid electrolyte interface may prevent chemical reactions between the electroactive material and the electrolyte.

[0016] The inorganic lithium salt may include lithium hexafluorophosphate.

[0017] The organic solvent may comprise a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.

[0018] The electrolyte may further include a second additive including fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), or a combination thereof.

[0019] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a battery pack for circulating lithium ions includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode spaced apart from the positive electrode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte providing an ion conduction path for transporting lithium ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode includes a lithium transition metal oxide. The negative electrode includes an electroactive material comprising a silicon oxide-based material. The electrolyte includes an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and a ternary additive system. The organic solvent includes a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. The lithium salt includes lithium hexafluorophosphate. The ternary additive system includes tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, and 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide.

[0020] Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte. Lithium bis(oxalato)borate may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte. 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte.

[0021] The electroactive material may constitute greater than or equal to about 90% to less than or equal to about 99% by weight of the negative electrode. The electroactive material may include greater than or equal to about 10% to less than or equal to about 30% lithiated silicon oxide and greater than or equal to about 70% to less than or equal to about 90% carbon-based material.

[0022] Lithiated silicon oxide can be represented by the formula Li y SiO x Denotes where x is greater than zero and less than or equal to 2, and y is greater than zero and less than or equal to 1. The carbon-based material may include graphite.

[0023] The lithium transition metal oxide may be selected from lithium nickel manganese aluminum oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese aluminum oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and combinations thereof.

[0024] The electrolyte may further include a second additive including fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), or a combination thereof.

[0025] The present invention discloses the following embodiments:

[0026] 1. A battery pack for circulating lithium ions, the battery pack comprising:

[0027] a negative electrode comprising an electroactive material comprising a silicon oxide-based material; and

[0028] an electrolyte in physical contact with the negative electrode, the electrolyte comprising:

[0029] Organic solvents;

[0030] lithium salts; and

[0031] A ternary additive system comprising a phosphite compound, a borate compound and a sulfate compound.

[0032] 2. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein the phosphite compound consists of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite.

[0033] 3. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein the borate compound consists of lithium bis(oxalato)borate or lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate.

[0034] 4. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein the sulfate ester compound consists of 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide.

[0035] 5. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein the ternary additive system constitutes greater than or equal to about 0.3 wt % to less than or equal to about 9 wt % of the electrolyte.

[0036] 6. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein the phosphite compound constitutes greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte, the borate compound constitutes greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte, and the sulfate compound constitutes greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte.

[0037] 7. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein the electroactive material constitutes greater than or equal to about 90 weight percent to less than or equal to about 99 weight percent of the negative electrode, and wherein the electroactive material comprises a silicon oxide-based material and a carbon-based material.

[0038] 8. The battery pack of embodiment 7, wherein the silicon oxide-based material comprises lithiated silicon oxide Li y SiO x , where x is greater than zero and less than or equal to 2, and y is greater than zero and less than or equal to 1.

[0039] 9. The battery pack of embodiment 7, wherein the carbon-based material comprises graphite.

[0040] 10. The battery pack of embodiment 7, wherein the silicon oxide-based material constitutes greater than or equal to about 10 weight percent to less than or equal to about 30 weight percent of the electroactive material, and wherein the carbon-based material constitutes greater than or equal to about 70 weight percent to less than or equal to about 90 weight percent of the electroactive material.

[0041] 11. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein during initial charging of the battery pack, at least one of the phosphite compound, the borate compound, or the sulfate compound decomposes and forms a solid electrolyte interface on the surface of the electroactive material, wherein the solid electrolyte interface isolates the electroactive material from physical contact with the electrolyte, and wherein during subsequent cycles of the battery pack, the solid electrolyte interface prevents chemical reactions between the electroactive material and the electrolyte.

[0042] 12. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein the inorganic lithium salt comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate.

[0043] 13. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein the organic solvent comprises a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate and / or ethyl methyl carbonate and / or diethyl carbonate.

[0044] 14. The battery pack of embodiment 13, wherein the electrolyte further comprises a second additive, the second additive comprising fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), or a combination thereof.

[0045] 15. A battery pack for circulating lithium ions, the battery pack comprising:

[0046] a positive electrode comprising a lithium transition metal oxide;

[0047] a negative electrode spaced apart from the positive electrode, the negative electrode comprising an electroactive material comprising a silicon oxide-based material; and

[0048] an electrolyte providing an ion-conducting path for transporting lithium ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the electrolyte comprising:

[0049] an organic solvent comprising a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate;

[0050] A lithium salt comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate; and

[0051] A ternary additive system comprising tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide.

[0052] 16. The battery pack of embodiment 15, wherein the tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite constitutes greater than or equal to about 0.1 weight percent to less than or equal to about 3 weight percent of the electrolyte, the lithium bis(oxalato)borate constitutes greater than or equal to about 0.1 weight percent to less than or equal to about 3 weight percent of the electrolyte, and the 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide constitutes greater than or equal to about 0.1 weight percent to less than or equal to about 3 weight percent of the electrolyte.

[0053] 17. The battery pack of embodiment 1, wherein the electroactive material constitutes greater than or equal to about 90 weight percent to less than or equal to about 99 weight percent of the negative electrode, wherein the electroactive material comprises greater than or equal to about 10 weight percent to less than or equal to about 30 weight percent lithiated silicon oxide and greater than or equal to about 70 weight percent to less than or equal to about 90 weight percent carbon-based material.

[0054] 18. The battery pack of embodiment 17, wherein the lithiated silicon oxide is of the formula Li y SiO x Denotes, wherein x is greater than zero and less than or equal to 2, and y is greater than zero and less than or equal to 1, and wherein the carbon-based material comprises graphite.

[0055] 19. The battery pack described in embodiment 1, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide is selected from lithium nickel manganese aluminum oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese aluminum oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide and combinations thereof.

[0056] 20. The battery pack of embodiment 15, wherein the electrolyte further comprises a second additive comprising fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), or a combination thereof.

[0057] Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, claims and drawings.The detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0058] The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and accompanying drawings, in which:

[0059] Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of a motor vehicle powered by a battery pack including a plurality of battery modules.

[0060] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 Schematic cross-sectional view of a portion of one of the battery modules of FIG. 1 , the battery module comprising a plurality of battery cells in a stacked arrangement.

[0061] Figure 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a cycling lithium ion battery including a negative electrode comprising silicon oxide and an electrolyte comprising a ternary additive system.

[0062] Figure 4 is a graph of capacity retention (%) vs. cycle number for full cells including a baseline electrolyte (dashed line) and an electrolyte containing DTD (solid line).

[0063] Figure 5is a graph of capacity retention (%) vs. cycle number for full cells including a baseline electrolyte (dashed line) and an electrolyte containing TMSPI (solid line).

[0064] Figure 6 is a graph of capacity retention (%) vs. cycle number for full cells including a baseline electrolyte (dashed line) and an electrolyte containing TMSPI and LiBOB (solid line).

[0065] Figure 7 is the potential (V vs.Li / Li + ) vs. Capacity (Ah), which depicts the charge and discharge curves of the first cycle of a full cell including an electrolyte comprising a ternary electrolyte system.

[0066] Figure 8 is a graph of charge capacity ratio (%) vs. cycle number of a full battery including an electrolyte comprising a ternary electrolyte system.

[0067] Fig. 9 is a graph of state of charge (%) vs. charging time (minutes) of a full battery including an electrolyte comprising a ternary electrolyte system.

[0068] Fig.10 is the potential (V vs.Li / Li + ) vs. Capacity (Ah), which describes the charging curve of a full cell including an electrolyte comprising a ternary electrolyte system.

[0069] Fig.11 is a graph of discharge capacity retention (%) vs. cycle number of a full cell including an electrolyte comprising a ternary electrolyte system.

[0070] Among the drawings, reference numerals may be repeated to identify similar and / or identical elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0071] The ternary additive system disclosed herein can be used in the electrolyte of a battery pack that circulates lithium ions to help improve its electrochemical performance. The ternary additive system comprises a phosphite compound that improves the battery pack capacity retention rate, a borate compound that helps to suppress the increase in the internal resistance of the battery pack, and a sulfate compound that suppresses the volume change and / or expansion of the battery pack. The ternary additive system can be particularly used in the electrolyte of a battery pack containing a negative electrode containing silicon oxide.

[0072] Figure 1A motor vehicle 2 is shown powered by an electric motor 4 that draws electrical energy from a battery pack 6 that includes one or more battery modules 8. The battery modules 8 may be electrically coupled together in a series and / or parallel arrangement to meet the desired capacity and power requirements of the electric motor 4. The vehicle 2 may be a fully electric vehicle and may be powered solely by the electric motor 4, or the vehicle 2 may be a hybrid electric vehicle and may be powered by both the electric motor 4 and an internal combustion engine (not shown).

[0073] like Figure 2 As shown, each battery module 8 includes one or more electrochemical cells or batteries 10 that circulate lithium ions. In practice, the batteries 10 in the battery module 8 are often assembled in the form of a stack of layers, including a negative electrode layer 12, a negative electrode current collector 13, a positive electrode layer 14, a positive electrode current collector 15, and a separator layer 16. Each battery 10 is defined by a negative electrode layer 12 and a positive electrode layer 14, which are separated from each other by a separator layer 16. The negative electrode layer 12 is disposed on and electrically connected to the negative electrode current collector 13, and the positive electrode layer 14 is disposed on and electrically connected to the positive electrode current collector 15. As shown in FIG. Figure 2 As shown, for efficiency, the layers may be stacked so that some of the negative electrode current collectors 13 and the positive electrode current collectors 15 are double-sided and include negative electrode layers 12 or positive electrode layers 14 on both sides thereof. In this arrangement, adjacent negative electrode layers 12 and positive electrode layers 14 share a single negative electrode current collector 13 or positive electrode current collector 15.

[0074] Figure 3 An electrochemical cell or battery 20 that cycles lithium ions is described. The battery 20 can generate an electrical current during discharge that can be used to power a load device (e.g., the motor 4), and can be recharged by connection to a power source. Figure 1 and 2 Similar to the battery pack 10 shown in FIG. 1 , in various aspects, the battery pack 20 can be used to power the electric motor 4 of the motor vehicle 2. Additionally or alternatively, the battery pack 20 can be used in other transportation applications (e.g., motorcycles, boats, tractors, buses, motorbikes, mobile homes, campers, tanks, and aircraft), and can be used to power fixed and / or portable electronic devices, components and devices, and the fixed and / or portable electronic devices, components and devices are used in a wide variety of other industries and applications, including industry, residential and commercial buildings, consumer products, industrial equipment and machinery, agricultural or farm equipment and heavy machinery, as non-limiting examples.

[0075] The battery 20 includes a negative electrode 22, a positive electrode 24, a separator 26, and an electrolyte 28 that permeates the negative electrode 22, the positive electrode 24, and the separator 26. The negative electrode 22 is disposed on a negative electrode current collector 30, and the positive electrode 24 is disposed on a positive electrode current collector 32. In practice, the negative electrode current collector 30 and the positive electrode current collector 32 are electrically connected to a power source or load 34 (e.g., the motor 12) through an external circuit 36. The negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24 are designed to establish an electrochemical potential difference between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24 when the battery 20 is at least partially charged. During discharge of the battery 20, the electrochemical potential established between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24 drives a spontaneous redox reaction within the battery 20 and the release of lithium ions and electrons at the negative electrode 22. The released lithium ions move from the negative electrode 22 to the positive electrode 24 through the separator 26 and the electrolyte 28, and move from the negative electrode 22 to the positive electrode 24 through the external circuit 36 ​​(generating current). After the negative electrode 22 has been partially or completely depleted of lithium, the battery 20 may be charged by connecting the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24 to a power source 34, which drives a non-spontaneous redox reaction within the battery 20 and the release of lithium ions and electrons from the positive electrode 24. Repeated discharge and charge of the battery 20 may be referred to herein as a "cycle," wherein a full charge event followed by a full discharge event is considered a full cycle.

[0076] Negative electrode 22 is porous and includes an electrochemically active (electroactive) material, a conductive agent, and an optional polymer binder. In various aspects, the electroactive material may be in the form of particles, and the electroactive material particles may at least partially define a plurality of open pores and may provide negative electrode 22 with a porosity of greater than or equal to about 20% to less than or equal to about 50%, or optionally less than or equal to about 40%. Negative electrode 22 may have a porosity of greater than or equal to about 1.3 grams per cubic centimeter (g / cm 3 ), or optionally about 1.4 g / cm 3 To less than or equal to about 2g / cm 3 , or optionally about 1.5 g / cm 3 density.

[0077] The electroactive material of the negative electrode 22 can store and release lithium ions by undergoing a reversible redox reaction with lithium during charging and discharging of the battery 20. The electroactive material can constitute greater than or equal to about 90% by weight to less than or equal to about 99% by weight of the negative electrode 22. The electroactive material can provide greater than or equal to about 3.5 milliampere-hours per square centimeter (mAh / cm 2 ), or optionally about 5.5 mAh / cm 2 , to less than or equal to about 7.5 mAh / cm 2 , or optionally about 8 mAh / cm 2The surface capacity was measured at room temperature (e.g., about 25 degrees Celsius, ℃) at a 0.1C rate.

[0078] The electroactive material of the negative electrode 22 includes a silicon oxide-based material. For example, the electroactive material may include silicon oxide SiO x , where x is greater than zero (0) and less than or equal to 2. In various aspects, the electroactive material may include lithiated silicon oxide Li y SiO x , where x is greater than zero (0) and less than or equal to 2, and y is greater than zero (0) and less than or equal to 1. The silicon oxide-based material may constitute greater than or equal to about 10 wt % to less than or equal to about 70 wt %, or optionally less than or equal to about 30 wt % of the electroactive material of the negative electrode 22.

[0079] In addition to silicon oxide-based materials, the electroactive material may include a lithium intercalation host material. Examples of lithium intercalation host materials include carbon-based materials, such as graphite, graphene, and / or carbon nanotubes. For example, the electroactive material of the negative electrode 22 may include a silicon oxide-based material and a carbon-based intercalation host material. In various aspects, the electroactive material of the negative electrode 22 may include lithium silicon oxide and graphite. Carbon-based materials (e.g., graphite) may constitute greater than or equal to about 30% by weight of the electroactive material of the negative electrode 22, or optionally about 70% by weight to less than or equal to about 90% by weight.

[0080] The conductive agent provides high conductivity to the negative electrode 22, for example, by forming a strong conductive network throughout the negative electrode 22. The conductive agent is electrochemically inert and does not reversibly react with lithium during charging and discharging of the battery 20. The conductive agent may include carbon-based materials, metals, and / or conductive polymers. Examples of conductive carbon-based materials include carbon black (e.g., acetylene black, and / or ), graphite, graphene (e.g., graphene nanosheets), carbon nanotubes (e.g., single-walled and / or multi-walled carbon nanotubes), and / or carbon fibers (e.g., carbon nanofibers). Examples of conductive metal particles include powdered copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, and / or alloys thereof. Examples of conductive polymers include polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, and / or polypyrrole. The conductive agent may constitute greater than 0% by weight, or optionally about 0.5% by weight, to less than or equal to about 7% by weight, or optionally about 5% by weight of the negative electrode 22.

[0081] The optional polymer binder provides structural integrity to the negative electrode 22, for example, by creating cohesive forces between the electroactive material and the conductive agent. Examples of polymer binders include polyimide (PI), polyamic acid, polyamide, polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polychlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), nitrile rubber (NBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA), sodium polyacrylate (NaPAA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), sodium alginate (SA), lithium alginate, and / or styrene copolymers (e.g., poly(styrene-butylene / ethylene-styrene), SEBS). The polymer binder may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.5 wt %, or optionally about 1 wt % to less than or equal to about 10 wt %, optionally about 8 wt %, or optionally about 5 wt % of the negative electrode 22.

[0082] The positive electrode 24 can store and release lithium ions during the discharge and charge processes of the battery pack 20. The positive electrode 24 includes an electroactive material that can undergo a reversible redox reaction with lithium at a higher electrochemical potential than the electroactive material of the negative electrode 22, so that there is an electrochemical potential difference between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24. For example, the positive electrode 24 may include an electroactive material that can fully perform lithium insertion and deintercalation, alloying and dealloying, or plating and stripping. In one form, the electroactive material of the positive electrode 24 may include an intercalation host material that can undergo reversible insertion or insertion of lithium ions. In this case, the electroactive material of the positive electrode 24 may include a lithium transition metal oxide. For example, the electroactive material of the positive electrode 24 may include a layered oxide represented by the formula LiMeO2, a layered oxide represented by the formula Li 1-x Me 1+xIn another form, the electroactive material of the positive electrode 24 may include a conversion material including a component that can undergo a reversible electrochemical reaction with lithium, wherein the component undergoes a phase change or a crystal structure change accompanied by a change in oxidation state. In this case, the electroactive material of the positive electrode 24 may include sulfur, selenium, tellurium, iodine, a halide (e.g., fluoride or chloride), a sulfide, a selenide, a telluride, an iodide, a phosphide, a nitride, an oxide, an oxysulfide, an oxyfluoride, a sulfur fluoride, a sulfur fluoride oxyfluoride, or lithium and / or a metal compound thereof. Examples of suitable metals included in the conversion material of the electroactive material of positive electrode 24 include iron, manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt.

[0083] In some embodiments, the electroactive material of the positive electrode 24 may include a lithium transition metal oxide selected from the group consisting of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese aluminum oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium nickel cobalt manganese aluminum oxide (NCMA), and lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP). For example, the electroactive material of the positive electrode 24 may include LiNi x CoMnAlO2(x≥0.8), LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O2(x≥0.8), LiNi x Mn 1-x O2(x≥0.8), LiNi x MnAlO2 (x ≥ 0.8) and / or LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.03 Al 0.02 O2. The lithium transition metal oxide may exhibit a crystalline layered structure, an amorphous rock salt structure and / or a crystalline rock salt structure.

[0084] The electroactive material of positive electrode 24 may be mixed with a conductive agent and an optional polymer binder. The conductive agent and polymer binder in positive electrode 24 may comprise substantially the same materials and may be present in substantially the same amounts as described above with respect to negative electrode 22.

[0085] The ratio of the areal capacity of negative electrode 22 to the areal capacity of positive electrode 24 (N / P ratio) may be greater than or equal to about one (1) to less than or equal to about 1.2. In various aspects, the N / P ratio may be about 1.1.

[0086] The separator 26 physically and electrically isolates the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24 from each other while allowing lithium ions to pass through. The separator 26 has an open microporous structure and may contain organic and / or inorganic materials. For example, the separator 26 may include a polymer or a combination of polymers. For example, the separator 26 may include one or more polyolefins, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) and / or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In one form, the separator 26 may include a laminate of polymers, such as a laminate of PE and PP. In various aspects, the separator 26 may include a ceramic coating (not shown) disposed on one or both sides thereof. In this case, the ceramic coating may include particles of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and / or silicon dioxide (SiO2).

[0087] The negative electrode current collector 30 and the positive electrode current collector 32 are conductive and provide electrical connections between the external circuit 36 ​​and their corresponding negative electrode 22 and positive electrode 24. In various aspects, the negative electrode current collector 30 and the positive electrode current collector 32 can be in the form of a non-porous metal foil, a perforated metal foil, a porous metal mesh, or a combination thereof. The negative electrode current collector 30 can be made of copper, nickel, or alloys thereof, stainless steel, or other suitable conductive materials. The positive electrode current collector 32 can be made of aluminum (Al) or another suitable conductive material.

[0088] The electrolyte 28 is ionically conductive and provides a medium for conducting lithium ions between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24. In the assembly, the battery 20 is infiltrated with the electrolyte 28 so that the electrolyte 28 is in direct physical contact with the negative electrode 22, the positive electrode 24, and the separator 26. For example, the electrolyte 28 can penetrate the open pores of the negative electrode 22, the positive electrode 24, and the separator 26. The electrolyte 28 is formulated to provide enhanced cycling stability for the battery 20 during initial charging and / or cycling of the battery 20, for example, by inhibiting undesirable reactions between the electrolyte 28 and other components of the battery 20 (e.g., the electroactive materials of the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24), and by promoting the in-situ formation of a solid electrolyte interface on the surface of the electroactive material of the negative electrode 22. The electrolyte 28 includes an organic solvent, a lithium salt, a ternary additive system, and an optional second additive.

[0089] The organic solvent may include a non-aqueous aprotic organic solvent. For example, the organic solvent may include alkyl carbonate, aliphatic carboxylic acid ester, γ-lactone or a combination thereof. In many aspects, the organic solvent may include a mixture of alkyl carbonate, such as a mixture of cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate. Examples of cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and combinations thereof. Examples of linear carbonates include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and combinations thereof. Examples of aliphatic carboxylic acid esters include methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate and combinations thereof. Examples of γ-lactones include γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone and combinations thereof.

[0090] The organic solvent may constitute greater than or equal to about 70% by weight to less than or equal to about 90% by weight of the electrolyte 28. The volume ratio of cyclic carbonate to linear carbonate in the organic solvent may be greater than or equal to about 2:8 (cyclic carbonate: linear carbonate=2:8) and less than or equal to about 4:6 (4:6). In many aspects, the volume ratio of cyclic carbonate to linear carbonate in the organic solvent may be about 3:7. In many aspects, the organic solvent may include a mixture of ethylene carbonate (cyclic carbonate) and dimethyl carbonate (linear carbonate). In this case, ethylene carbonate may constitute greater than or equal to about 20% by weight or optionally about 25% by weight to less than or equal to about 40% by weight or optionally about 35% by weight of the electrolyte 28. In many aspects, ethylene carbonate may constitute about 30% by weight of the electrolyte 28. Dimethyl carbonate may comprise greater than or equal to about 45 wt % or optionally about 50 wt % to less than or equal to about 70 wt %, optionally about 65 wt %, or optionally about 60 wt % of electrolyte 28. In various aspects, dimethyl carbonate may comprise about 55 wt % of electrolyte 28.

[0091] The lithium salt is soluble in the organic solvent and provides a passage for lithium ions to pass through the electrolyte 28. The lithium salt may include an inorganic lithium salt, an organic lithium salt, or a combination thereof. Examples of inorganic lithium salts include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl4), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium thiocyanate (LiSCN), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB(C6H5)4), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB(C2O4)2) (LiBOB), lithium difluorooxalatoborate (LiBF2(C2O4)), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3), lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl imide (LiN(CF3SO2)2), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiN(FSO2)2) (LiFSI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and combinations thereof. The lithium salt may be dissolved in the organic solvent at a concentration of greater than or equal to about 0.5 molar, or optionally about 0.6 molar and less than or equal to about 2.0 molar, or optionally about 1.5 molar. In various aspects, the lithium salt may be dissolved in the organic solvent at a concentration of about 1 molar. The lithium salt may constitute greater than or equal to about 5 wt % to less than or equal to about 20 wt % of the electrolyte 28. In various aspects, the lithium salt may include LiPF6.

[0092] The ternary additive system comprises a combination of three compounds that together provide enhanced cycling stability for the battery pack 20. In particular, the ternary additive system comprises a phosphite compound, a borate compound, and a sulfate compound. The ternary additive system may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.3 wt %, or optionally about 1.5 wt % to less than or equal to about 9 wt %, or optionally about 5 wt % of the electrolyte 28.

[0093] The phosphite compound is formulated to provide enhanced capacity retention for the battery 20, for example, by promoting the formation of a solid electrolyte interface on the surface of the electroactive material of the negative electrode 22 during initial charging and / or cycling of the battery 20. The phosphite compound may include tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TMSPI). The phosphite compound may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt %, or optionally about 0.5 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt %, or optionally about 2 wt % of the electrolyte 28. In some aspects, the phosphite compound may constitute about 1 wt % of the electrolyte 28.

[0094] The borate compound is formulated to help maintain good ionic conductivity between the negative electrode 22 and the positive electrode 24, for example, by inhibiting decomposition of organic solvents and / or lithium salts in the electrolyte 28, which can help inhibit an increase in the direct current internal resistance (DCIR) of the battery 20. The borate compound can include lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB(C2O4)2) (LiBOB) or lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate LiBF2(C2O4)() (LiDFOB). The borate compound can constitute greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt %, or optionally about 0.5 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt %, or optionally about 1.5 wt %, of the electrolyte 28. In various aspects, the borate compound can constitute about 1 wt % of the electrolyte 28.

[0095] The sulfate compound is formulated to inhibit gas generation within the battery pack 20 and thereby inhibit volume increase and / or expansion of the battery pack 20. The sulfate compound may include 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide (DTD). The sulfate compound may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.1% by weight, or optionally about 0.5% to less than or equal to about 3% by weight, or optionally about 1.5% by weight of the electrolyte 28. In various aspects, the sulfate compound may constitute about 1% by weight of the electrolyte 28.

[0096] The optional second additive may be formulated to help form a solid electrolyte interface on the surface of the electroactive material of the negative electrode 22 during the initial charge and / or cycling of the battery pack 20. The optional second additive may include fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), or a combination thereof. The optional second additive may constitute greater than or equal to about 1% by weight of the electrolyte 28, or optionally about 2% by weight to less than or equal to about 5% by weight, or optionally about 4% by weight. Fluoroethylene carbonate may constitute greater than or equal to about 1% by weight to less than or equal to about 3% by weight of the electrolyte 28. Vinylene carbonate may constitute greater than or equal to about 0.5% by weight to less than or equal to about 2% by weight of the electrolyte 28.

[0097] experiment

[0098] Full pouch cells including a negative electrode and a positive electrode infiltrated with electrolyte were assembled and evaluated using a galvanostatic charge and discharge protocol. The negative electrode comprised a mixture of 20 wt% lithium silicon oxide (LSO) and 80 wt% graphite with a capacity of about 5.5 mAh / cm 2 The surface capacity and 1.6g / cm 3 The positive electrode includes LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.03 Al 0.02 O2 (LiNCMA), with a surface capacity of about 5 mAh / cm2 , and the pressed density is 3.4g / cm 3 . A benchmark electrolyte was prepared, comprising a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), with a mass ratio of EC:DMC of 3:7, a concentration of 1 molar LiPF6, 2 wt% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and 1% vinylene carbonate (VC). For comparison, an electrolyte was prepared by adding the following to the benchmark electrolyte: 1 wt% DTD (DTD-electrolyte), 1 wt% TMSPI (TMSPI-electrolyte), or 1 wt% TMSPI and 1 wt% LiBOB (TMSPI-LiBOB-electrolyte). An electrolyte according to an embodiment of the present disclosure was prepared by adding 1 wt% TMSPI, 1 wt% LiBOB, and 1 wt% DTD (ternary electrolyte) to the benchmark electrolyte. The battery had a capacity of about 2 ampere-hours (Ah) and a voltage range of about 2.5 volts (V) to about 4.2V.

[0099] Full pouch cells including the baseline electrolyte, DTD-electrolyte, TMSPI-electrolyte, TMSPI-LiBOB-electrolyte were charged and discharged at room temperature (e.g., 25° C.) at a constant current. The cells were charged to a potential of about 4.2V using a constant current and constant voltage (CCCV) scheme at a constant current using a 1C charge rate, and then charged at a 4.2V constant voltage until the current reached C / 20. The cells were then discharged to 2.5V at a constant current using a 1C discharge rate.

[0100] Figure 4 200 vs. 100 cycles for cells including a baseline electrolyte (dashed line) and a DTD-electrolyte (solid line). Figure 4 As shown, after 500 cycles, the battery containing DTD-electrolyte (~86.1%) has a higher capacity retention than the battery containing the baseline electrolyte (~84.9%). In addition, the battery containing DTD-electrolyte (~3.6%) has a lower volume expansion or swelling than the battery containing the baseline electrolyte (~6.4%).

[0101] Figure 5 200 vs. 100 cycles for cells including a baseline electrolyte (dashed line) and a TMSPI electrolyte (solid line). Figure 5 As shown, after 500 cycles, the cells containing TMSPI-electrolyte (-87%) have higher capacity retention than the cells containing the benchmark electrolyte (-84.8%).

[0102] Figure 6200 vs. 100 cycles of cells including a baseline electrolyte (dashed line) and a TMSPI-LiBOB-electrolyte (solid line). Figure 6 As shown, after 500 cycles, the battery containing TMSPI-LiBOB-electrolyte (~86.4%) has a higher capacity retention than the battery containing the benchmark electrolyte (~84.8%). In addition, the direct current internal resistance (DCIR) of the battery containing TMSPI-LiBOB-electrolyte (DCIR=about 45.7 ohms) is substantially lower than that of the battery containing the benchmark electrolyte (DCIR=about 118.4 ohms).

[0103] The full-pouch cell containing the ternary electrolyte was charged and discharged at room temperature (e.g., 25° C.) under constant current. The negative electrode contained a mixture of 40% by weight lithium silicon oxide (LSO) and 60% by weight graphite, with a capacity of about 5.5 mAh / cm 2 The surface capacity and 1.45g / cm 3 The positive electrode contains LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.03 Al 0.02 O2 (LiNCMA), with a surface capacity of about 5 mAh / cm 2 , and the pressed density is 3.3g / cm 3 Using a constant current and constant voltage (CCCV) protocol, the battery was charged at a constant current using a C / 3 charge rate to a potential of about 4.2 V, and then charged at a 4.2 V constant voltage until the current reached C / 20. The battery was then discharged to 2.5 V using a C / 3 discharge rate at a constant current. The battery had a capacity of about 3.7 Ah and a voltage range of about 2.5 V to about 4.2 V.

[0104] Figure 7 is the potential (V vs.Li / Li + ) 300 vs. Capacity (Ah) 400, which depicts the charge curve 310 and discharge curve 320 for the first cycle of a full cell containing a ternary electrolyte. Figure 7 As shown, the battery including the ternary electrolyte exhibits a high coulombic efficiency (CE) of about 100% after the first cycle. The full battery including the ternary electrolyte has a discharge capacity of about 3.69 Ah, an average discharge voltage of about 3.5 V, a mass of about 41.23 g, a volume of about 16.7 milliliters (mL) at 0% state of charge (SOC), a volume of about 17.7 mL at 100% SOC, a high gravimetric energy density (GED) of about 312.6 watt-hours / kilogram (Wh / kg), and a high volumetric energy density (VED) of about 728.1 watt-hours / liter (Wh / L) at 100% SOC.

[0105] Figure 8 is a graph of the charge capacity ratio (%) 500 (as a percentage compared to the charge capacity at a C / 3 charge rate) vs. the number of cycles 600 for a full cell including a ternary electrolyte at different charge rates. The CCCV scheme is used to charge the cell at a constant current using a C / 10 charge rate for cycles 1-3, a C / 3 charge rate for cycles 4-6, a 1C charge rate for cycles 7-9, a 2C charge rate for cycles 10-12, a 3C charge rate for cycles 13-15, and a C / 3 charge rate for cycles 16-18. Figure 8 As shown, even after three consecutive cycles of charging at a 3C charge rate, the battery is able to recover its full charge capacity at a C / 3 charge rate.

[0106] Fig. 9 Graph of state of charge (%) 700 vs. charging time 800 (min) for a full cell including a ternary electrolyte. The cell was charged to a potential of about 4.2 V using a CCCV scheme at a constant current using a 3C charging rate, followed by a 4.2 V constant voltage charge until the current reached C / 20. Fig. 9 As shown, the full battery including the ternary electrolyte has a fast charging capability and reaches about 84% SOC in only 20 minutes.

[0107] Fig.10 is the potential (Vvs.Li / Li + )900 vs. Capacity (Ah)1000, which depicts the charging curve of a full battery including a ternary electrolyte. The battery was charged to a potential of about 4.2V at a constant current using a direct current fast charge (DCFC) scheme using a series of charge rates (i.e., 3C, 2.5C, 2C, 1.67C, 1.33C, and 1C). Fig.10 As shown, using the DCFC solution, the battery is able to reach its full charge capacity (about 3.7Ah).

[0108] Fig.11 1100 vs. 1200 cycles of a full cell including a ternary electrolyte. The DCFC scheme is used to charge the cell to a potential of about 4.2V using a 1C charge rate at a constant current, and then charge at a 4.2V constant voltage until the current reaches C / 20. The cell is then discharged to 2.5V using a 1C discharge rate at a constant current. Every tenth (10 th ) cycles, charging and discharging the battery at a constant current using a 0.333C charge rate. Fig.11 As shown, even after 230 cycles using the DCFC regimen, the battery still retained 95% of its original discharge capacity.

[0109] The foregoing description is essentially only illustrative, and is by no means intended to limit the present disclosure, its application or use. The broad teachings of the present disclosure can be implemented in various forms. Therefore, although the present disclosure includes specific examples, the true scope of the present disclosure should not be so limited, because after studying the drawings, the specification and the appended claims, other modifications will become apparent. It should be understood that, without changing the principles of the present disclosure, one or more steps in the method can be performed in different orders (or simultaneously). In addition, although each of the embodiments is described above as having certain features, any one or more of those features described with respect to any embodiment of the present disclosure can be implemented in the features of any one of the other embodiments and / or combined with the features of any one of the other embodiments, even if the combination is not explicitly described. In other words, the described embodiments are not mutually exclusive, and the arrangement of one or more embodiments to each other remains within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0110] The terms used herein are only for describing exemplary embodiments and are not intended to be limiting. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, as used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" may be intended to also include plural forms. The terms "comprise", "include", "cover" and "have" are compatible, and therefore specify the presence of the features, elements, compositions, steps, integers, operations and / or components, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and / or their groups. Although the open-ended terms "comprise", "include", "include" and "have" should be understood as non-limiting terms for describing and claiming the various embodiments described herein, in some respects, the term may be understood as alternatively being a more restrictive and limited term, such as "consisting of" or "consisting essentially of". Thus, for any given embodiment that recites compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and / or method steps, the present disclosure also specifically includes embodiments consisting of or consisting essentially of such recited compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and / or method steps. In the case of "consisting of", alternative embodiments exclude any additional compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and / or method steps, while in the case of "consisting essentially of", any additional compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and / or method steps that materially affect the basic and novel characteristics are excluded from such embodiments, but any compositions, materials, components, elements, features, integers, operations, and / or method steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics may be included in the embodiments.

[0111] Any method steps, processes, and operations described herein should not be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the order discussed or illustrated, unless expressly identified as an order of performance. It is also understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed unless otherwise specified.

[0112] When a component, element, or layer is referred to as being "on," "engaged," "connected," or "coupled" to another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected, or coupled to the other component, element, or layer, or there may be intervening elements or layers. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on," "directly engaged," "directly connected," or "directly coupled" to another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a similar manner (e.g., "between" versus "directly between," "adjacent" versus "directly adjacent," etc.). As used herein, the term "and / or" includes a combination of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0113] Although the terms first, second, third, etc. can be used to describe various steps, elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections in this article, unless otherwise specified, these steps, elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms can only be used to distinguish a step, element, component, region, layer or section from another step, element, component, region, layer or section. Unless the context clearly indicates, terms such as "first", "second" and other numerical terms do not imply order or sequence when used in this article. Therefore, the first step, element, component, region, layer or section discussed below can be referred to as the second step, element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teaching of exemplary embodiments.

[0114] For ease of description, spatial or temporal relative terms, such as "before", "after", "inside", "outside", "below", "beneath", "lower", "above", "upper", etc., may be used herein to describe the relationship of one element or feature to other (one or more) elements or (one or more) features as shown in the drawings. Spatially or temporally relative terms may be intended to encompass different orientations of a device or system in use or operation in addition to the orientation shown in the drawings.

[0115] Throughout this disclosure, numerical values ​​represent approximate measurements or range limits and encompass slight deviations from given values ​​and embodiments having approximately the values ​​mentioned as well as embodiments having exactly the values ​​mentioned. In addition to the working examples provided at the end of the detailed description, all numerical values ​​of (e.g., amounts or conditions) parameters in this specification should be understood to be modified by the term "about" in all cases, regardless of whether "about" actually appears before the numerical value. The numerical values ​​of the parameters in the attached claims should be understood to be modified by the term "about" only when the term "about" appears before the numerical value. "About" means that the numerical value allows a certain slight imprecision (close to the exact value of the value to a certain extent; roughly or reasonably approximate the value; almost). If the imprecision provided by "about" is not otherwise understood in this ordinary meaning in the art, then "about" as used herein refers to at least the deviation that can be caused by the ordinary methods of measuring and using such parameters. For example, "about" can include deviations of less than or equal to 5%, optionally less than or equal to 4%, optionally less than or equal to 3%, optionally less than or equal to 2%, optionally less than or equal to 1%, optionally less than or equal to 0.5%, and optionally less than or equal to 0.1% in some aspects. Additionally, the disclosure of a range includes disclosure of all values ​​within the entire range and further subdivided ranges, including disclosure of endpoints and sub-ranges given within the range.

[0116] As used herein, the terms "composition" and "material" are used interchangeably to broadly refer to a substance that contains at least a preferred chemical constituent, element, or compound, but unless otherwise indicated, it may also contain additional elements, compounds, or substances, including trace amounts of impurities. An "X-based" composition or material broadly refers to a composition or material in which "X" is the single largest component of the composition or material in terms of weight percent (%). This can include compositions or materials having greater than 50 wt % X, as well as those having less than 50 wt % X, as long as X is the single largest component of the composition or material based on the total weight of the composition or material. When a composition or material is referred to as being "substantially free" of a substance, the composition or material may contain less than 5 wt %, optionally less than 3 wt %, optionally less than 1 wt %, or optionally less than 0.1 wt % of the substance.

[0117] As used herein, the term "metal" may refer to a pure elemental metal or an alloy of an elemental metal with one or more other metals or nonmetallic elements (referred to as "alloying" elements). Alloying elements may be selected to impart certain desired properties to the alloy that are not exhibited by the base metal element.

Claims

1. A battery pack for circulating lithium ions, the battery pack comprising: a positive electrode comprising a lithium transition metal oxide; a negative electrode spaced apart from the positive electrode, the negative electrode comprising an electroactive material comprising a silicon oxide-based material; as well as an electrolyte providing an ion-conducting path for transporting lithium ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the electrolyte comprising: an organic solvent comprising linear carbonates and cyclic carbonates; Wuji lithium salt; and A ternary additive system comprising tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide.

2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite comprises greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte, the lithium bis(oxalato)borate comprises greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte, and the 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide comprises greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt % to less than or equal to about 3 wt % of the electrolyte.

3. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electroactive material constitutes greater than or equal to about 90 weight percent to less than or equal to about 99 weight percent of the negative electrode, wherein the electroactive material comprises greater than or equal to about 10 weight percent to less than or equal to about 30 weight percent lithium silicon oxide and greater than or equal to about 70 weight percent to less than or equal to about 90 weight percent carbon-based material.

4. The battery pack of claim 3, wherein the lithium silicon oxide is of the formula Li y SiO x Denotes, wherein x is greater than zero and less than or equal to 2, and y is greater than zero and less than or equal to 1, and wherein the carbon-based material comprises graphite.

5. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of lithium nickel manganese aluminum oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese aluminum oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and combinations thereof. 6 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises a second additive comprising fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), or a combination thereof.

7. The battery of claim 1, wherein the inorganic lithium salt comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate.

8. The battery of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent comprises a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate.

9. The battery of claim 1, wherein during initial charging of the battery, at least one of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, or 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide decomposes and forms a solid electrolyte interface on the surface of the electroactive material that isolates the electroactive material from physical contact with the electrolyte, and wherein, During subsequent cycling of the battery, the solid electrolyte interface prevents chemical reactions between the electroactive material of the negative electrode and the electrolyte.

10. The battery of claim 1, wherein the negative electrode further comprises a solid electrolyte interface on a surface of the electroactive material, the solid electrolyte interface isolating the electroactive material from physical contact with the electrolyte, and wherein the solid electrolyte interface comprises an electrochemical decomposition product of at least one of tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite, lithium bis(oxalato)borate, or 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide.

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