Keyhole filling method for tubular rotating target after friction stir welding

Abstract

The invention provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target material, which comprises the following steps: a filling plug is plugged into a keyhole after friction stir welding of the tubular rotating target material, the filling plug comprises a plug body and a plug cap, the plug body is arranged in the keyhole, and the plug cap is arranged in the keyhole; a needle-free stirring head is adopted to make contact with the plug cap, and stirring and pressing are conducted for repairing till repairing is completed; wherein the bottom surface of the plug body is a circular plane. The key hole formed in the welding process of the tubular rotating target material can be effectively filled, operation is easy and convenient, the surface of the filled target material is free of defects, and the application prospect is wide.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of welding, and in particular to a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. Background Art

[0002] Friction stir welding (FSW) is a welding process that does not require the addition of any filler material. It uses friction heating to soften the materials being joined so that they fuse together without melting into a liquid state. The two workpieces are butted together, and then a hard rotating tool with a special tip profile (with a stirring pin and a shoulder) is pressed into the joint and moved along its length. The heat generated under the shoulder plasticizes the material without reaching the melting point. The material flows around the rotating stirring pin and consolidates into a uniform mass, forming a strong joint when it cools.

[0003] CN107433388A discloses a tool and method for repairing a keyhole after friction stir welding. A plug with the same diameter as the repair keyhole and a height greater than its depth is selected, and the plug is inserted into the keyhole. The shaft shoulder rotates at high speed and contacts and rubs with the plug and the repair keyhole. The high-speed rotating shaft shoulder presses the keyhole to be repaired and applies a certain upsetting force to the workpiece along the axis of the shaft shoulder. Under the combined action of friction heat and upsetting force, plastic flow occurs in a local area of ​​the keyhole, thereby achieving the effect of repairing the keyhole.

[0004] CN114309916A discloses an insert-type keyhole repair friction stir welding method, step one: processing a metal plate and a polymer plate into required specifications; step two: placing the metal plate and the polymer plate on a welding table with an overlapped joint, and clamping them with a clamp; step three: using a needle-type stirring head, welding the plates with a specified rotation speed, welding speed and first shoulder pressure; step four: after welding, placing a keyhole filler in the keyhole at the end of the weld; step five: using a needle-free stirring head, welding the weld with a specified rotation speed, welding speed and second shoulder pressure.

[0005] However, the above keyhole filling methods are all for planar materials. For tubular materials, new keyhole filling methods need to be developed. Summary of the invention

[0006] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a keyhole filling method for a tubular rotating target after friction stir welding. By designing a filling plug with a specific structure and applying it to the tubular rotating target, it can make up for the existing problem that it is difficult to repair the tubular rotating target after friction stir welding.

[0007] To achieve this object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0008] The present invention provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target, the keyhole filling method comprising the following steps: inserting a filling plug into the keyhole after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target, the filling plug comprising a plug body and a plug cap, wherein the plug body is placed inside the keyhole, and then a needle-free stirring head is used to contact the plug cap and stir and press down to repair until the repair is completed; wherein the bottom surface of the plug body is a circular plane.

[0009] Those skilled in the art know that friction stir welding is a conventional welding method. After welding, the presence of the stirring needle will cause the stirring needle to leave a keyhole on the surface of the tubular rotating target. The presence of this keyhole will affect the overall welding performance, so the keyhole needs to be repaired. However, the current technology is basically for repairing keyholes in flat plates. Researchers have found that conventional technology for repairing keyholes in planes is difficult to adapt to tubular targets.

[0010] Based on this, the present invention adds a plug cap on the basis of a conventional plug head, that is, a plug cap design is added to the upper part of the plug body, and the plug cap is located outside the keyhole during repair. The present invention has found that the design of the plug cap can better fill the keyhole during the repair process, and the material of the plug cap part can also enter the keyhole for repair during the repair process, and the influence on the tubular target material during the repair process can be avoided.

[0011] Furthermore, the present invention supplements the design of the bottom surface of the plug body into a circular plane, which can better fill the blank portion of the keyhole in the tubular target material, thereby obtaining a better repair effect.

[0012] Preferably, the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is larger than the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body.

[0013] Preferably, the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 2-5 mm larger than the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body, for example, it can be 2 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.7 mm, 3 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.7 mm, 4 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.7 mm or 5 mm.

[0014] The present invention preferably has a diameter ratio within the above range, which can avoid a negative impact on the surface of the tubular target when the plug cap is too large, and can also avoid poor keyhole repair performance.

[0015] Preferably, the ratio of the height of the plug cap to the diameter of the tubular rotary target is (0.05-0.1):10, for example, it can be 0.05:10, 0.06:10, 0.07:10, 0.08:10, 0.09:10 or 0.1:10.

[0016] According to the above principle, the material of the plug cap will also enter the keyhole after repair, so the height of the plug cap is also critical to the repair result. Through research, it is found that controlling the height of the plug cap within the above range has an excellent repair effect.

[0017] Preferably, the height of the plug cap is 2-5 mm, for example, it can be 2 mm, 2.4 mm, 2.7 mm, 3 mm, 3.4 mm, 3.7 mm, 4 mm, 4.4 mm, 4.7 mm or 5 mm.

[0018] Preferably, the bottom surface of the plug cap and the upper surface of the plug body are independently flat surfaces.

[0019] Preferably, the plug body has an inverted T-shaped structure, and the inner top angle of the bottom surface of the inverted T-shaped structure is 100-135°, for example, it can be 100°, 104°, 108°, 112°, 116°, 120°, 124°, 128°, 132° or 135°.

[0020] Preferably, the assembly clearance between the plug body and the keyhole is less than 0.1 mm.

[0021] Preferably, the stirring and pressing comprises: firstly performing a first stirring and simultaneously performing a first pressing until the shaft shoulder contacts the surface of the tubular rotating target, then continuing a second stirring and simultaneously performing a second pressing, and finally stopping pressing and only performing a third stirring.

[0022] Preferably, the first stirring rotation speed is 1200-1500r / min, for example, it can be 1200r / min, 1235r / min, 1267r / min, 1300r / min, 1335r / min, 1365r / min, 1400r / min, 1435r / min, 1467r / min or 1500r / min, etc.

[0023] Preferably, the rotation speed of the second stirring is 1100-1400 r / min, for example, it can be 1100 r / min, 1135 r / min, 1165 r / min, 1200 r / min, 1235 r / min, 1265 r / min, 1300 r / min, 1335 r / min, 1365 r / min or 1400 r / min.

[0024] Preferably, the rotation speed of the second stirring is lower than the rotation speed of the first stirring.

[0025] Preferably, the second stirring speed is 50-150r / min lower than the first stirring speed, for example, it can be 50r / min, 62r / min, 73r / min, 84r / min, 95r / min, 106r / min, 117r / min, 128r / min, 139r / min or 150r / min, etc.

[0026] Preferably, the second pressing amount is 1-2 mm, for example, 1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.3 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.7 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.9 mm or 2 mm.

[0027] Preferably, the second pressing speed is 0.1-0.2 mm / min, for example, it can be 0.1 mm / min, 0.12 mm / min, 0.13 mm / min, 0.14 mm / min, 0.15 mm / min, 0.16 mm / min, 0.17 mm / min, 0.18 mm / min, 0.19 mm / min or 0.2 mm / min.

[0028] Preferably, the third stirring speed is 200-250r / min lower than the second stirring speed, for example, it can be 200r / min, 205r / min, 210r / min, 215r / min, 220r / min, 225r / min, 235r / min, 239r / min, 245r / min or 250r / min.

[0029] Preferably, the third stirring speed is 900-1100 r / min, for example, it can be 900 r / min, 920 r / min, 945 r / min, 960 r / min, 980 r / min, 1010 r / min, 1030 r / min, 1050 r / min, 1070 r / min or 1100 r / min.

[0030] Preferably, the third stirring time is 5 to 10 min, for example, it may be 5 min, 5.6 min, 6.2 min, 6.7 min, 7.3 min, 7.8 min, 8.4 min, 8.9 min, 9.5 min or 10 min.

[0031] The present invention preferably adopts the above-mentioned repair parameters, wherein the rotation speed of the first stirring is relatively large, at which time the shaft shoulder is not in contact with the surface of the tubular target material. The use of a relatively large rotation speed can better process the filling plug and improve the processing efficiency; the rotation speed of the second stirring is relatively small, at which time the shaft shoulder has begun to contact the surface of the tubular target material, and it is necessary to further avoid negative impact on the surface of the tubular target material. However, after the downward pressure is controlled, it is necessary to continue to maintain the speed of the third stirring for a period of time. During this period of time, the stirring speed needs to be the minimum, which plays a role in optimizing the surface organization structure. In order to avoid negative impact on the surface of the tubular target material, it is not appropriate to use a relatively large rotation speed.

[0032] Preferably, the material of the filling plug is the same as that of the tubular rotary target.

[0033] The present invention has no special restrictions on the material and diameter of the tubular rotating target in the above process. Any material and diameter that can be used for tubular rotating targets known to those skilled in the art can be used, and can also be adjusted according to the actual process.

[0034] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0035] (1) The keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target provided by the present invention can effectively fill the keyhole after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. After filling, the defect rate at the original keyhole is within 5%, and there is almost no flaw detection on the surface of the tubular rotating target.

[0036] (2) The keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target provided by the present invention is easy to operate and has broad application prospects. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of welding a tubular rotating target and a pipe fitting provided in a specific embodiment of the present invention.

[0038] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the connection between the filling plug and the keyhole provided in Example 1 of the present invention.

[0039] In the figure: 1. tubular rotating target; 2. filling plug; 21. plug cap; 22. plug body; 23. bottom surface of the plug body; 3. pipe fittings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] For the convenience of understanding the present invention, the present invention lists the following embodiments. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments are only to help understand the present invention and should not be regarded as specific limitations of the present invention.

[0041] It should be understood that, in the description of the present invention, the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", etc., indicating the orientation or positional relationship are based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the present invention. In addition, the terms "first", "second", etc. are only used for descriptive purposes, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Therefore, the features defined as "first", "second", etc. may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, "multiple" means two or more.

[0042] It should be noted that in the description of the present invention, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "disposed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two elements. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by specific circumstances.

[0043] For the convenience of experiment, the tubular rotating target material used in the following embodiments and comparative examples is made of pure aluminum tube with a diameter of 40 cm, and the filling plug is made of pure aluminum tube, see Figure 1 The tubular rotating target 1 is welded with the pipe fitting 3, but this does not mean that the present invention is only applicable to tubular rotating targets made of aluminum. Targets made of other materials can also be applicable.

[0044] Example 1

[0045] This embodiment provides a method for filling a keyhole after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. Figure 2 , the keyhole filling method comprises the following steps:

[0046] A filling plug is inserted into the keyhole after the friction stir welding of the tubular rotating target, wherein the filling plug comprises a plug body and a plug cap, wherein the plug body is placed inside the keyhole, and then a needle-free stirring head is used to contact the plug cap and stir and press down to repair until the repair is completed;

[0047] Specifically, the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 2.5 mm larger than the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body (the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 8.5 mm, and the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body is 6 mm), the ratio of the height of the plug cap to the diameter of the tubular rotating target is 0.08:10, the height of the plug cap is 3.2 mm, the bottom surface of the plug body is a circular plane, the radius of the circular plane is 0.02:1 to the radius of the tubular rotating target; the bottom surface of the plug cap and the upper surface of the plug body are each independently a plane, the plug body is an inverted T-shaped structure, and the inner top angle of the bottom surface of the inverted T-shaped structure is 120°; the assembly clearance between the plug body and the keyhole is 0.08 mm.

[0048] The stirring and pressing include: firstly performing a first stirring at 1350 r / min and simultaneously performing a first pressing until the shaft shoulder contacts the surface of the tubular rotating target, and then continuing a second stirring at 1300 r / min and simultaneously performing a second pressing, the pressing amount of the second pressing is 1.5 mm, the pressing speed is 0.15 mm / min, and finally stopping the pressing and only performing a third stirring at 1000 r / min for 8 minutes. The rotation speed of the third stirring is 220 r / min less than that of the second stirring, and the rotation speed of the second stirring is 100 r / min less than that of the first stirring.

[0049] Example 2

[0050] This embodiment provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target, the keyhole filling method comprising the following steps:

[0051] A filling plug is inserted into the keyhole after the friction stir welding of the tubular rotating target, wherein the filling plug comprises a plug body and a plug cap, wherein the plug body is placed inside the keyhole, and then a needle-free stirring head is used to contact the plug cap and stir and press down to repair until the repair is completed;

[0052] Specifically, the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 5 mm larger than the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body (the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 10 mm, and the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body is 5 mm), the ratio of the height of the plug cap to the diameter of the tubular rotating target is 0.05:1, the height of the plug cap is 2.0 mm, the bottom surface of the plug body is a circular plane, and the radius of the circular plane is 0.01:1 with the radius of the tubular rotating target; the bottom surface of the plug cap and the upper surface of the plug body are independently planes, the plug body is an inverted T-shaped structure, and the inner top angle of the bottom surface of the inverted T-shaped structure is 135°; the assembly clearance between the plug body and the keyhole is 0.09 mm.

[0053] The stirring and pressing include: firstly performing a first stirring at 1500r / min and simultaneously performing a first pressing until the shaft shoulder contacts the surface of the tubular rotating target, and then continuing a second stirring at 1400r / min and simultaneously performing a second pressing, the pressing amount of the second pressing is 1mm, the pressing speed is 0.2mm / min, and finally stopping the pressing and only performing a third stirring at 900r / min for 10min. The rotation speed of the third stirring is 250r / min less than that of the second stirring, and the rotation speed of the second stirring is 50r / min less than that of the first stirring.

[0054] Example 3

[0055] This embodiment provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target, the keyhole filling method comprising the following steps:

[0056] A filling plug is inserted into the keyhole after the friction stir welding of the tubular rotating target, wherein the filling plug comprises a plug body and a plug cap, wherein the plug body is placed inside the keyhole, and then a needle-free stirring head is used to contact the plug cap and stir and press down to repair until the repair is completed;

[0057] Specifically, the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 2 mm larger than the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body (the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 7.5 mm, and the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body is 5.5 mm), the ratio of the height of the plug cap to the diameter of the tubular rotating target is 0.1:1, the height of the plug cap is 5.0 mm, the bottom surface of the plug body is a circular plane, and the radius of the circular plane is 0.015:1 to the radius of the tubular rotating target; the bottom surface of the plug cap and the upper surface of the plug body are each independently a plane, the plug body is an inverted T-shaped structure, and the inner top angle of the bottom surface of the inverted T-shaped structure is 100°; the assembly clearance between the plug body and the keyhole is 0.08 mm.

[0058] The stirring and pressing include: firstly performing a first stirring at 1200r / min and simultaneously performing a first pressing until the shaft shoulder contacts the surface of the tubular rotating target, and then continuing a second stirring at 1100r / min and simultaneously performing a second pressing, the pressing amount of the second pressing is 2mm, the pressing speed is 0.1mm / min, and finally stopping the pressing and only performing a third stirring at 1100r / min for 5min. The rotation speed of the third stirring is 200r / min less than that of the second stirring, and the rotation speed of the second stirring is 150r / min less than that of the first stirring.

[0059] Example 4

[0060] The present embodiment provides a method for filling a keyhole after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except that the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 6 mm larger than the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body, that is, the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 12 mm, and no further details are given here.

[0061] Example 5

[0062] The present embodiment provides a method for filling a keyhole after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except that the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 1 mm larger than the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body, that is, the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 7 mm, and no further details are given here.

[0063] Example 6

[0064] This embodiment provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except that the ratio of the height of the plug cap to the diameter of the tubular rotating target is 0.15:10 and the height of the plug cap is 6 mm, and no further details are given here.

[0065] Example 7

[0066] This embodiment provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except that the ratio of the height of the plug cap to the diameter of the tubular rotating target is 0.02:10 and the height of the plug cap is 0.8 mm, and thus will not be described again.

[0067] Example 8

[0068] This embodiment provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except that the third stirring is not performed, and will not be described in detail here.

[0069] Example 9

[0070] This embodiment provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except that the pressing speed of the second pressing is 0.25 mm / min, and will not be described again.

[0071] Example 10

[0072] This embodiment provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except that the pressing speed of the second pressing is 0.05 mm / min, and will not be described again.

[0073] Embodiment 11

[0074] This embodiment provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except that the stirring speed of the second stirring is 1500 r / min, and will not be described again.

[0075] Example 12

[0076] This embodiment provides a keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as that of Embodiment 1 except that the stirring speed of the second stirring is 1000 r / min, and will not be described again.

[0077] Comparative Example 1

[0078] This comparative example provides a keyhole filling method after stir friction welding of a tubular rotating target. The keyhole filling method is the same as Example 1 except that only a plug body is provided but no plug cap is provided, and only the second stirring, the second pressing and the third stirring are performed. No further details are given here.

[0079] Test method: Use ultrasonic wave to detect the defects of keyhole after welding, and detect whether there are flaws on the surface of tubular rotating target.

[0080] The test results of the above embodiments and comparative examples are shown in Table 1.

[0081] Table 1

[0082] Defect rate at keyhole (%) Flaw detection on the surface of tubular rotating target Example 1 2.5 none Example 2 2.3 none Example 3 3.2 none Example 4 2.6 Slight damage Example 5 7.5 Slight damage Example 6 4.3 none Example 7 10.5 none Example 8 6.2 Obvious damage Example 9 3.3 Slight damage Example 10 2.4 none Embodiment 11 2.6 Slight damage Example 12 5.7 none Comparative Example 1 15.4 Obvious damage

[0083] From Table 1 we can see that:

[0084] It can be seen from Examples 1 to 3 that the keyhole filling method after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target provided by the present invention can effectively fill the keyhole after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target, and the defect rate at the keyhole after repair is within 3.2%.

[0085] The present invention illustrates the detailed features of the present invention through the above embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to the above detailed features, that is, it does not mean that the present invention must rely on the above detailed features to be implemented. Those skilled in the art should understand that any improvement to the present invention, equivalent replacement of the technical features selected by the present invention, addition of auxiliary technical features, selection of specific methods, etc., all fall within the protection scope and disclosure scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for filling a keyhole after friction stir welding of a tubular rotating target, characterized in that: The keyhole filling method comprises the following steps: A filling plug is inserted into the keyhole after the friction stir welding of the tubular rotating target, wherein the filling plug comprises a plug body and a plug cap, wherein the plug body is placed inside the keyhole, and then a needle-free stirring head is used to contact the plug cap and stir and press down to repair until the repair is completed; Wherein, the bottom surface of the plug body is a circular plane.

2. The keyhole filling method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The diameter of the circumscribed circle of the lower surface of the plug cap is 2 to 5 mm larger than the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the upper surface of the plug body.

3. The keyhole filling method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The ratio of the height of the plug cap to the diameter of the tubular rotating target is (0.05-0.1):

10.

4. The keyhole filling method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The height of the plug cap is 2-5 mm.

5. The keyhole filling method according to claim 4, characterized in that: The bottom surface of the plug cap and the upper surface of the plug body are independently flat surfaces.

6. The keyhole filling method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The plug body is in an inverted T-shaped structure, and the inner top angle of the bottom surface of the inverted T-shaped structure is 100-135°; Preferably, the assembly clearance between the plug body and the keyhole is less than 0.1 mm.

7. The keyhole filling method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The stirring and pressing comprises: firstly performing a first stirring and simultaneously performing a first pressing until the shaft shoulder contacts the surface of the tubular rotating target, then continuing a second stirring and simultaneously performing a second pressing, and finally stopping the pressing and only performing a third stirring.

8. The keyhole filling method according to claim 7, characterized in that: The first stirring speed is 1200-1500 r / min; Preferably, the second stirring speed is 1100-1400 r / min; Preferably, the second stirring speed is lower than the first stirring speed; Preferably, the second stirring speed is 50-150 r / min lower than the first stirring speed; Preferably, the second pressing amount is 1 to 2 mm; Preferably, the second pressing speed is 0.1-0.2 mm / min.

9. The keyhole filling method according to claim 7, characterized in that: The rotation speed of the third stirring is 200-250 r / min lower than the rotation speed of the second stirring; Preferably, the third stirring speed is 900-1100 r / min; Preferably, the third stirring time is 5 to 10 minutes.

10. The keyhole filling method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: The material of the filling plug is the same as that of the tubular rotary target.

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