High-yield tree-shaped culture method for carya illinoensis

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of carya illinoensis cultivation. The invention discloses a high-yield apocarya tree shape culture method, which achieves the purpose of high-yield tree shape rapid forming by fixing a trunk 1-2 years after planting fruiting large container seedlings, culturing a first layer of branches, controlling a first layer of main and lateral branches 3-4 years after planting, culturing a second layer of branches, controlling the first and second layers of main and lateral branches 5-6 years after planting, and culturing a third layer of branches. The tree shape culture period is shortened, and the high yield of carya illinoensis fruits is accelerated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of thin-shell pecan cultivation, and particularly relates to a high-yield tree-shaped cultivation method for thin-shell pecan. Background Art

[0002] The thin-shelled walnut belongs to the tall tree species. Its growth characteristics are strong trunk and obvious apical dominance. It is difficult to form yield in a short period of time and the fruiting period is relatively late.

[0003] At present, in the cultivation of thin-shell pecans, the cultivation of fruit-bearing trees mostly adopts the trunk layering type. Usually 1-1.5 meters is a fruiting layer, and through manual pruning of 2-3 layers, the early preliminary fruiting tree shape is formed. This pruning method has good ventilation and light transmission of the tree body, beautiful tree shape, large fruiting area and high yield. It is suitable for places with good growth conditions and varieties with strong trunks. However, this pruning method cultivates the main branches in layers, resulting in slow formation of high-yield trees, late fruiting, low early yields, and a long period of economic benefits of fruit trees, which is not conducive to the promotion and application of the thin-shell pecan industry.

[0004] Pruning method for open-hearted trees: Do not cultivate obvious main branches, aiming at more branches and more fruiting branches. This method can quickly shape the tree, enter the fruiting period earlier, and is easy to control. It is more suitable for open-hearted varieties planted in areas with poor soil conditions. The problem is that the crown is formed too early, the ventilation and light transmission are poor, and the development of the crown is restricted, which has an irreversible impact on the later yield. Summary of the invention

[0005] In order to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a method for cultivating high-yield tree shapes of thin-shell pecans, by which the purpose of rapid shaping of high-yield tree shapes is achieved, the tree shape cultivation cycle is shortened, and the high yield of thin-shell pecan fruits is accelerated.

[0006] In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0007] A high-yield tree-shaped cultivation method for thin-shell pecans comprises the following steps:

[0008] (1) After 1 to 2 years of planting, the main trunk is established and the first layer of branches is cultivated;

[0009] (2) After 3 to 4 years of planting, control the first layer of main and side branches and cultivate the second layer of branches;

[0010] (3) After 5 to 6 years of planting, control the first and second layers of main side branches and cultivate the third layer of branches.

[0011] Furthermore, in step (1), the first layer of branches and the thin-shelled pecan container seedlings have been promoted to a height of 150 cm to 180 cm when they are transplanted, and the main trunk is established by tying with bamboo poles. The first layer of branches and some new branches are topped, shortened, removed, etc. to form a preliminary fruiting tree shape; and side branches such as diseased and weak branches, crossed branches, overlapping branches, and parallel branches are cut off in the winter of the first year after transplanting.

[0012] Furthermore, in step (2), in the spring of the third year after the thin-shelled pecans were planted, all the sprouts of the first layer of branches were wiped out, the branches sprouted in the spring of the second year were cut off, and 3 to 5 sprouts in different directions were retained 60 cm to 70 cm above them; in summer, the first layer of main branches were topped, the main and side branches with vigorous growth were shortened, and the side branches such as crossing branches, competing branches, overlapping branches, and co-growth branches were cut off; in autumn and winter, the side branches on the first layer of branches reserved as fruiting branches were pulled to leave space for the upper and lower side branches to grow.

[0013] Furthermore, in step (2), in the spring of the fourth year, the sprouts below the first layer of branches and between the second layer of branches and the first layer of branches are removed. 2 to 3 sprouts 70 cm to 80 cm above the second layer of branches and in different directions are retained. In summer, the main and side branches are topped, and the first layer of stronger main branches are shortened and the redundant side branches are cut off. In autumn and winter, the height of the steel mesh is adjusted according to the angle of 45° to 55° between the second layer of main branches and the main trunk, and the opening angle of the main branches is fixed.

[0014] Furthermore, in step (3), in the spring of the fifth year after the thin-shelled pecans were planted, all the sprouts below the second layer of branches were wiped out, the branches sprouted in the spring of the fourth year were cut off and 3 to 4 sprouts in different directions were retained at 60 cm to 70 cm above them, and the upper branches and upper buds of the first and second layers of main and side branches were retained to strengthen the backbone branches, so as to facilitate the later sprouting of fruiting branches; in summer, the first and second layers of side branches were pinched, the main and side branches with vigorous growth were shortened, and the main and side branches with weaker growth, i.e., backbone branches, were retracted; in autumn and winter, the side branches on the second layer of branches reserved for fruiting branches were pulled to leave space for the growth of the upper and lower side branches; the stronger branches in the third layer of branches were shortened, and the weaker branches were retracted.

[0015] Furthermore, in step (3), in the spring of the sixth year, all sprouts on the main trunk are removed, and the first and second layers of backbone branches are pinched off; in summer, the first and second layers of nutrient branches are cut back and thinned out, and the thin and weak branches and fruitless branches in the 2-3 year old branchlet groups are thinned out; the medium-sized fruiting branch groups are greatly cut back to promote branching; in autumn and winter, the height of the steel mesh is adjusted according to the angle of the third layer of main branches to the main trunk of 30° to 45°, and the opening angle of the main branches is fixed.

[0016] Beneficial effect: Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are: the present invention uses large container seedlings with fruit bearing to build a garden, and can cultivate branches with a reasonable three-layer structure and optimized spatial layout after 6 years of planting, which can accelerate the formation of target trees, shorten the cultivation cycle, make the branches of fruit trees properly dense, the ventilation and light conditions are good, and the fruit branches are abundant, so as to realize the early fruiting and high yield of thin-shell pecans in advance.

[0017] The invention combines the advantages of the trunk layered tree shape and the open-heart tree shape, cultivates in stages on the basis of the trunk layered tree shape, takes appropriate pruning measures, adjusts the tree structure, and quickly shapes the tree shape, thereby achieving the purpose of shortening the cultivation period of the high-yield tree shape of thin-shell pecan, optimizing the tree branch space, making the branches properly dense, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, promoting early fruiting and high yield of the tree, and improving the early fruiting and high yield of thin-shell pecan. The invention is conducive to the promotion and industrial development of thin-shell pecan. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The technical solution of the present invention is described in detail below through specific examples, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the examples. The test materials used in the following examples, unless otherwise specified, were purchased from commercial channels.

[0019] Embodiment 1: A method for cultivating high-yield tree-shaped pecans, the method being achieved by the following steps:

[0020] 1. Planting for 1 to 2 years to determine the main trunk and cultivate the first layer of branches

[0021] The main purpose of pruning young thin-shelled pecan trees is to cultivate the main trunk and the first layer of branches. When the thin-shelled pecan seedlings are planted in the nursery, the first layer of branches has been promoted at a height of 160 cm, and the main trunk is established by tying with bamboo poles. The first layer of branches and some new branches are pressed, shortened, and removed to form the initial fruiting tree shape. In the winter of the first year after planting, sick and weak branches, cross branches, overlapping branches, and parallel branches are cut off.

[0022] In the spring of the second year, remove all sprouts below 160cm high on the trunk, and retain three sprouts 90cm above the existing branches and in different directions. In summer, pinch off the top and shorten the branches to promote the growth of the trunk. In winter, set up several slender cement vertical stakes on both sides parallel to the planting direction of pecans, and tie steel bars on them. The steel bars are crisscrossed to form small grids with a spacing of 20 to 30cm, and the steel mesh is laid flat on the first layer of branches. According to the angle of 75° between the first layer of main branches and the trunk, adjust the height of the steel mesh, and then use nylon rope to pull the trunk to the target angle and tie it firmly to the nearby steel bars.

[0023] 2. After 3-4 years of planting, control the first layer of main branches and cultivate the second layer of branches

[0024] In the spring of the third year after the thin-shelled pecans were planted, all the sprouts of the first layer of branches were wiped out, the branches that sprouted in the spring of the second year were cut off, and four sprouts in different directions were retained 70 cm above them, that is, the distance between the second layer of branches and the first layer of branches was 160 cm; in summer, the first layer of main branches were topped, the main and side branches with vigorous growth were shortened, and the cross branches, competing branches, overlapping branches, and parallel branches were cut off. In autumn and winter, the side branches on the first layer of branches reserved for fruiting branches were pulled to leave space for the growth of the upper and lower side branches.

[0025] In the spring of the fourth year, remove the sprouts below the first layer of branches and between the second layer of branches and the first layer of branches. Keep 3 sprouts 80cm above the second layer of branches and in different directions. In summer, pinch the main and side branches, shorten the first layer of strong main branches and cut off the redundant side branches. In autumn and winter, adjust the height of the steel mesh and fix the opening angle of the main branches according to the 55° angle between the second layer of main branches and the main trunk, which is conducive to the overall spatial layout of the tree.

[0026] 3. After 5-6 years of planting, control the first and second layers of main branches and cultivate the third layer of branches

[0027] In the 5th to 6th year after the planting of thin-shell pecans, the first and second layers of branches have taken shape. In the later stage, the focus is on cultivating the third layer of branches, promoting the growth of the first and second layers of fruiting branches and the outward growth of the main branches to achieve the purpose of crown expansion.

[0028] In the spring of the fifth year after the thin-shelled pecans were planted, all the sprouts below the second layer of branches were wiped out, the branches that sprouted in the spring of the fourth year were cut off, and four sprouts in different directions were retained 70 cm above them, that is, the distance between the third layer of branches and the second layer of branches was 150 cm. The upper branches and upper buds of the first and second layers of main and side branches were retained to strengthen the backbone branches, so as to facilitate the later sprouting of fruiting branches. In summer, the first and second layers of side branches were pinched, the main and side branches with vigorous growth were shortened, and the main and side branches with weaker growth, i.e., backbone branches, were retracted; in autumn and winter, the side branches reserved for fruiting branches on the second layer of branches were pulled to leave space for the growth of the upper and lower side branches. The stronger branches in the third layer of branches were shortened, and the weaker branches were retracted.

[0029] In the spring of the sixth year, all buds on the trunk are removed, and the first and second layers of backbone branches are pinched; in summer, the first and second layers of nutrient branches are cut back and thinned, and the weak branches and fruitless branches in the 2-3 year old branch group are thinned out. The medium-sized fruiting branch group is greatly cut back to promote branching; in autumn and winter, the height of the steel mesh is adjusted according to the 30° angle between the third layer of main branches and the trunk, and the opening angle of the main branches is fixed.

[0030] Comparative Example 1

[0031] The following steps are used to prune thin-shelled pecans for the main trunk layered tree shape:

[0032] The first year of shaping and pruning: When establishing the garden, you should choose strong seedlings with a ground diameter of about 1.5cm. After planting, the height of the trunk should be set at 60-80cm. Keep 3-4 buds near the height of the trunk to germinate transitional nutrient branches. Other shade buds should be removed in time. In July, choose the strongest neutral branch as the central trunk. Other branches should be topped or cut short in June-August to control the growth of side branches and concentrate nutrients for the height and thickness of the trunk.

[0033] Second year shaping and pruning: When the central trunk reaches 1.6-2.0m in height, cut the trunk for the second time; at a height of 1.5-1.8m, cultivate 3-4 permanent large side branches, and when they are long enough, cut them short at 1.0m from the trunk. If they are less than 1.2m, leave them until the next year for cutting;

[0034] The third year of shaping and pruning: one month after the branches sprout, when the new shoots of the year grow to more than 50cm, each new shoot is pinched. Around mid-to-late June, 3-4 tender shoots will grow from each branch, i.e. the fruiting branches of the fourth year. The central trunk is about 1.5m away from the first round of permanent side branches, and is cut again in autumn to promote the growth of the second round of permanent side branches;

[0035] Pruning in the fourth year: As most of the first-layer fruiting branches have bloomed and borne fruit, the fruiting branches will stop growing branches; for those branches that have not bloomed and borne fruit, those with strong growth should be topped in late May; when the central trunk grows to 1.5-1.8m, it should be pruned to promote the germination of the third-layer side branches;

[0036] The fifth year of shaping and pruning: The pruning targets are those strong branches that have not bloomed and borne fruit, as well as the second-layer side branches. In late May, the tops should be carefully pinched, and those that have grown too vigorously should be cut short to promote the formation of fruit-bearing mother branches in the second half of the year. At the same time, those weak branches and overlapping branches should be cut off from the base;

[0037] Shaping and pruning in the sixth year: At this time, the thin-shelled pecan tree has basically transformed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. In addition to pinching and scissoring some strong branches in late May, it is also necessary to prune and pull the dense branches to allow them to grow into open spaces. Diseased and insect-infested branches, dry branches, and overlapping branches should be cut off from the base in autumn to facilitate wound healing. At this time, the thin-shelled pecan tree has basically formed an ideal trunk layered shape of 5-6m in height.

[0038] The transitional nutrient branches left over from the first year are now bearing fruit. If the upper crown has no effect on them, they can be retained; or they can be removed from the main trunk.

[0039] Comparative Example 2

[0040] Open-heart pruning method for thin-shelled pecans: After planting, set the trunk to a height of 1.2-1.5m. In the second year, select 3-4 branches and do not cultivate obvious main branches. Cut the branches short to promote secondary branches. Starting from the third year, measures such as pinching and pressing are mainly used to promote the growth of fruiting branches. This method can enter the fruiting period earlier, but the yield will be limited in the later period.

[0041] By comparing Example 1 with the comparative example in terms of tree cultivation cycle and fixed 8-year average yield, the conclusions are shown in the following table:

[0042] Comparison of thin-shell pecan yield under different pruning methods

[0043]

[0044] It can be seen from the above table that the tree shape cultivation method of the present invention can make the fruiting branch groups evenly distributed and increase the fruiting area; can reasonably adjust the relationship between the fruiting branch groups and the main and side branches to increase the number of fruits; can make full use of light, greatly increase the effective conversion of photosynthesis, and improve the quality of fruits; can shorten the cycle of high-yield tree shape cultivation after orchard establishment, and accelerate the realization of early fruiting and high yield.

[0045] As described above, although the present invention has been shown and described with reference to specific preferred embodiments, it should not be construed as limiting the present invention itself. Various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A high-yield tree-shaped cultivation method for thin-shelled pecans, characterized in that: The steps include: (1) After 1 to 2 years of planting, the main trunk is established and the first layer of branches is cultivated; (2) After 3 to 4 years of planting, control the first layer of main and side branches and cultivate the second layer of branches; (3) After 5 to 6 years of planting, control the first and second layers of main side branches and cultivate the third layer of branches.

2. The method for cultivating high-yield tree-shaped pecans according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (1), the first layer of branches and the thin-shelled pecan container seedlings are promoted to a height of 150 cm to 180 cm when they are planted out of the nursery, and the main trunk is established by tying with bamboo poles. The first layer of branches and some new branches are topped, pruned, removed, etc. to form a preliminary fruiting tree shape; and side branches such as diseased and weak branches, crossed branches, overlapping branches, and parallel branches are cut off in the winter of the first year after being planted out of the nursery.

3. The method for cultivating high-yield tree-shaped pecans according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (2), in the spring of the third year after the thin-shelled pecans were planted, all the sprouts of the first layer of branches were wiped out, the branches sprouted in the spring of the second year were cut off, and 3 to 5 sprouts in different directions were retained at 60 cm to 70 cm above them; in summer, the first layer of main branches were pinched, the main and side branches with vigorous growth were shortened, and the side branches such as the crossing branches, competing branches, overlapping branches, and co-growing branches were cut off; in autumn and winter, the side branches on the first layer of branches reserved as fruiting branches were pulled to leave space for the growth of the upper and lower side branches.

4. The method for cultivating high-yield tree-shaped pecans according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step (2), in the spring of the fourth year, remove the sprouts below the first layer of branches and between the second layer of branches and the first layer of branches. Keep 2 to 3 sprouts 70 cm to 80 cm above the second layer of branches and in different directions. In summer, pinch the main and side branches, shorten the first layer of strong main branches, and cut off the redundant side branches; in autumn and winter, adjust the height of the steel mesh according to the angle of 45° to 55° between the second layer of main branches and the main trunk, and fix the opening angle of the main branches.

5. The method for cultivating high-yield tree-shaped pecans according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (3), in the spring of the fifth year after the thin-shelled walnuts were planted, all the sprouts below the second layer of branches were wiped out, the branches sprouted in the spring of the fourth year were cut off and 3 to 4 sprouts in different directions were retained at 60 cm to 70 cm above them, and the upper branches and upper buds of the first and second layers of main and side branches were retained to strengthen the backbone branches, so as to facilitate the later sprouting of fruiting branches; in summer, the first and second layers of side branches were pinched, the main and side branches with vigorous growth were shortened, and the main and side branches with weaker growth, i.e., backbone branches, were retracted; in autumn and winter, the side branches on the second layer of branches reserved for fruiting branches were pulled to leave space for the growth of the upper and lower side branches; the stronger branches in the third layer of branches were shortened, and the weaker branches were retracted.

6. The method for cultivating high-yield tree-shaped pecans according to claim 5, characterized in that: In step (3), in the spring of the sixth year, all buds on the main trunk are removed, and the first and second layers of backbone branches are pinched off; in summer, the first and second layers of nutrient branches are cut back and thinned out, and the thin and weak branches and fruitless branches in the 2-3 year old branchlet groups are thinned out; the medium-sized fruiting branch groups are greatly cut back to promote branching; in autumn and winter, the height of the steel mesh is adjusted according to the angle of the third layer of main branches to the main trunk of 30° to 45°, and the opening angle of the main branches is fixed.

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