Silicon-carbon negative electrode material, preparation method thereof, negative electrode sheet and lithium-ion battery

Abstract

The present invention relates to the technical field of lithium-ion battery negative electrode materials, and more specifically, to a silicon-carbon negative electrode material, a preparation method thereof, a negative electrode sheet, and a lithium-ion battery. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material comprises a composite fiber, the composite fiber comprising a core layer and a carbon coating layer; the core layer has a porous structure, the core layer comprising a carbon skeleton and a silicon material; in the cross section of the composite fiber, the area of ​​the porous structure is S 孔 , the area of ​​silicon element is S 硅 , the area of ​​carbon element is S 碳 , 0.5≤S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 )≤2. The silicon material in the core layer can provide higher gram capacity, and the carbon skeleton can provide mechanical strength and enhance the material's conductivity. The core layer has a porous structure, which can provide a buffer space when the silicon material is charged, improving cycle performance. The carbon coating layer can effectively reduce the specific surface area of ​​the material, preventing direct contact between the silicon material and the electrolyte, and improving the initial coulombic efficiency. Satisfying the relationship ensures that the silicon material has sufficient buffer space, which can further improve cycle performance.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of lithium-ion battery negative electrode materials, and in particular to a silicon-carbon negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof, a negative electrode sheet and a lithium-ion battery. Background Art

[0002] With the development of the new energy industry, people are placing increasingly stringent demands on the energy density of lithium batteries. The capacity development of graphite, the traditional lithium-ion anode material, has approached its theoretical capacity, and there is an urgent need to develop new anode materials to meet the demand for high energy density. Silicon anode materials have the advantages of ultra-high theoretical capacity, wide availability, and low toxicity, making them the most promising next-generation lithium-ion battery anode materials.

[0003] However, as an intrinsic semiconductor, silicon has extremely low electrical conductivity. Furthermore, during the insertion and extraction of lithium ions, the massive volume expansion of silicon can lead to the fragmentation of the active material, the constant cracking and repair of the solid electrolyte membrane, and the peeling of the current collector layer. This results in poor cycling performance and low initial Coulombic efficiency for silicon-based batteries, hindering their large-scale development.

[0004] In view of this, the present invention is proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The first object of the present invention is to provide a silicon-carbon negative electrode material, wherein the core layer includes a carbon skeleton and a silicon material, wherein the silicon material can provide a higher gram capacity, the carbon skeleton can provide a certain mechanical strength and enhance the conductive properties of the material, and the core layer has a porous structure, which can provide a buffer space when the silicon material is charged, reduce internal stress, prevent material pulverization, and improve cycle performance; the shell carbon coating layer outside the core layer can effectively reduce the specific surface area of ​​the material, avoid direct contact between the silicon material and the electrolyte, and improve the first coulomb efficiency; the silicon-carbon negative electrode material satisfies the relationship 0.5≤S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 )≤2, ensuring sufficient buffer space for the silicon material, which is conducive to further improving cycle performance while balancing capacity and initial Coulombic efficiency. This solves the problems of low silicon conductivity and structural collapse caused by volume expansion during charge and discharge, which lead to poor cycle life and low initial Coulombic efficiency.

[0006] The second purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing silicon-carbon negative electrode materials. A large number of pores are constructed inside the material through a template method, which can provide an effective buffer space for the expansion of the silicon material during the charging process, thereby improving the material pulverization problem caused by the silicon material circulation process; at the same time, a carbon layer is provided to coat the porous carbon silicon, which can effectively reduce the specific surface area of ​​the material, reduce the occurrence of side reactions in contact with the electrolyte, and improve the first coulombic efficiency of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

[0007] A third object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode sheet having a long cycle life, high capacity, high first coulombic efficiency, and good rate performance.

[0008] A fourth object of the present invention is to provide a lithium-ion battery having excellent electrochemistry, good cycle performance, high gram capacity and first coulombic efficiency, and good rate performance.

[0009] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose of the present invention, the following technical solutions are adopted:

[0010] The present invention first provides a silicon-carbon negative electrode material, which comprises a composite fiber, wherein the composite fiber comprises a core layer and a carbon coating layer coated on the outer surface of the core layer; wherein the core layer has a pore structure, and the core layer comprises a carbon skeleton and a silicon material dispersed in the carbon skeleton; in the cross section of the composite fiber, the area of ​​the pore structure is S 孔 , the area of ​​silicon element is S 硅 , the area of ​​carbon element is S 碳 , then 0.5≤S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 )≤2.

[0011] Furthermore, the average diameter of the composite fiber is 0.5 to 3 μm.

[0012] Furthermore, the average length of the composite fiber is 0.8 to 10 μm.

[0013] Furthermore, the ratio of the average diameter to the average length of the composite fiber is 0.2 to 0.7.

[0014] Furthermore, the average diameter of the core layer in the composite fiber is 0.3 to 2.5 μm.

[0015] Furthermore, the average diameter of the core layer accounts for 50% to 95% of the average diameter of the composite fiber.

[0016] Furthermore, the specific surface area of ​​the silicon-carbon negative electrode material is 40 to 50 m 2 / g.

[0017] Furthermore, the average pore diameter of the pore structure is 50 to 100 nm.

[0018] Furthermore, a scanning electron microscope is used in conjunction with an energy spectrometer to obtain the S 孔 The S was obtained by cross-sectional SEM testing and in-situ EDS testing. 硅 and the S 碳 .

[0019] The present invention further provides a method for preparing the silicon-carbon negative electrode material, comprising the following steps: mixing a carbon source, a silicon source, a pore-forming agent and a solvent to obtain a core layer spinning solution; mixing a carbon source and a solvent to obtain a shell layer spinning solution; coaxially electrospinning the core layer spinning solution and the shell layer spinning solution and then drying them to obtain a precursor material with a core-shell structure; carbonizing the precursor material to obtain a silicon-carbon composite fiber material; mixing the silicon-carbon composite fiber material with an etching solution and etching it to obtain the silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

[0020] Furthermore, the carbon sources in the core layer spinning solution and the shell layer spinning solution are each independently selected from at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene imine, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyglycolic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polybutylene succinate, cellulose, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, chitin, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, lecithin, silk protein, zein and wheat protein.

[0021] Furthermore, the silicon source includes Si, SiO x , at least one of silicon alloy, silane coupling agent, silicone oil, liquid silicone rubber and silicone resin.

[0022] Furthermore, the pore-forming agent includes at least one of zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide and nickel oxide.

[0023] Furthermore, the median particle size of the pore-forming agent is 20 to 50 nm.

[0024] Furthermore, the solvent includes at least one of CH2Cl2, hexafluoroisopropanol, CHCl3, trifluoroacetic acid, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol and 4-methylmorpholine-N-oxide.

[0025] Furthermore, the mass ratio of the carbon source, the silicon source, the pore-forming agent and the solvent in the core layer spinning solution is 1:0.05-0.1:0.1-0.3:5-30.

[0026] Furthermore, the mass ratio of the carbon source to the solvent in the shell spinning solution is 1:5-30.

[0027] Furthermore, the inner diameter of the inner layer of the coaxial spinning needle used for the coaxial electrospinning is 0.2-1 mm, and the inner diameter of the outer layer is 1.3-1.7 mm.

[0028] Furthermore, the etching solution includes at least one of hydrochloric acid solution, sulfuric acid solution, acetic acid solution and nitric acid solution.

[0029] Furthermore, the voltage of the coaxial electrospinning is 13-20 kV, and the propulsion rate is 0.01-0.1 mm / min.

[0030] Furthermore, the carbonization temperature is 650-850° C., the holding time is 3-8 hours, and the heating rate is 2-10° C. / min.

[0031] Furthermore, after the carbonization, the silicon-carbon composite fiber material is ball-milled for 5 to 60 minutes.

[0032] Furthermore, the etching time is 12 to 24 hours.

[0033] The present invention further provides a negative electrode sheet comprising the silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

[0034] The present invention also provides a lithium-ion battery comprising the negative electrode sheet.

[0035] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0036] (1) The silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided by the present invention, the core layer of the composite fiber includes a carbon skeleton and a silicon material, wherein the silicon material can provide a higher gram capacity, and the carbon skeleton can provide a certain mechanical strength and enhance the conductive properties of the material. At the same time, the core layer has a porous structure, which can provide a buffer space when the silicon material is charged, reduce internal stress, prevent material pulverization, and improve cycle performance. In addition, the carbon coating layer of the composite fiber can effectively reduce the specific surface area of ​​the material, avoid direct contact between the silicon material and the electrolyte, and improve the first coulomb efficiency. Furthermore, the present invention controls the silicon-carbon negative electrode material to satisfy the relationship 0.5≤S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 )≤2, that is, controlling the ratio of pore volume to silicon and carbon elements, as well as the uniformity of distribution of pores, silicon materials and carbon materials in the composite fibers, can ensure that the silicon material has sufficient expansion buffer space, effectively reduce internal stress, and thus further improve the cycle performance of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

[0037] (2) The silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided by the present invention can improve the electrical conductivity of the silicon material and reduce the internal resistance of the battery cell by compounding the silicon material with the carbon material and wrapping the silicon material in a conductive carbon skeleton, thereby improving the rate performance of the battery cell.

[0038] (3) The silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided by the present invention can effectively shorten the migration path of lithium ions within the material by controlling the ratio of the average diameter to the average length of the composite fiber.

[0039] (4) The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided by the present invention uses a template method to construct a large number of pores within the material, which can provide an effective buffer space for the expansion of the silicon material during the charging process, thereby improving the material pulverization problem caused by the silicon material cycle process. At the same time, the provision of a carbon layer to coat the porous carbon silicon can effectively reduce the specific surface area of ​​the material, reduce the occurrence of side reactions in contact with the electrolyte, and improve the initial coulombic efficiency of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the specific embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0041] Figure 1 This is a schematic structural diagram of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided by the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] The technical scheme of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following described embodiments are part of embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments, and are only used to illustrate the present invention, and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention. Based on the embodiments in the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Those who do not specify specific conditions in the embodiments are carried out according to normal conditions or the conditions recommended by the manufacturer. Those whose reagents or instruments are not specified by the manufacturer are conventional products that can be purchased commercially.

[0043] Unless otherwise specified, in the present invention, terms such as "first aspect," "second aspect," "third aspect," and "fourth aspect" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor as implicitly indicating the importance or quantity of the technical features indicated. Furthermore, terms such as "first," "second," "third," and "fourth" serve only as non-exhaustive enumeration and description, and should not constitute closed-ended limitations on quantity.

[0044] Unless otherwise specified, the terms "include" and "comprising" used in the present invention may be open-ended or closed-ended. For example, "include" and "comprising" may mean that other components not listed may also be included or that only the listed components are included.

[0045] Unless otherwise specified, in the present invention, "one or more" or "at least one" refers to any one, any two, or any two or more of the listed items. Among them, "several" refers to any two or any two or more.

[0046] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a silicon-carbon negative electrode material, comprising a plurality of composite fibers, wherein the composite fibers are in a linear, strip, or cylindrical shape.

[0047] like Figure 1 The figure shows a schematic diagram of the structure of a silicon-carbon negative electrode material. The composite fiber includes a core layer and a carbon coating layer coated on the outer surface of the core layer. In other words, the carbon coating layer is the outer layer, or shell layer.

[0048] Among them, see Figure 1 , the core layer has a porous structure, that is, the core layer has a plurality of pores.

[0049] See also Figure 1 The core layer includes a carbon skeleton and silicon material uniformly dispersed within the carbon skeleton. That is, the core layer is a porous composite layer containing carbon and silicon. It is understood that the carbon skeleton and silicon material are uniformly distributed, and the silicon material may also be dispersed on the outer surface of the carbon skeleton.

[0050] On the cross section of the composite fiber, the area of ​​the pore structure is S 孔 , the area of ​​silicon element is S 硅 , the area of ​​carbon element is S 碳 , then S 孔 、S 硅 and S 碳 Satisfy the following relationship: 0.5≤S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 )≤2. Among them, S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 ) includes, but is not limited to, any one of 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, and 2, or a range of values ​​between any two of them. It will be understood that the area of ​​the carbon element here is the sum of the carbon area in the core layer of the cross section and the carbon area in the carbon coating layer.

[0051] That is, the composite fiber is subjected to a cross-sectional SEM test, and the pore cross-sectional area observed under the cross-sectional electron microscope is S 孔 The area of ​​silicon element observed by EDS is S 硅 The area of ​​carbon element observed by EDS is S 碳 Understandably, S孔 、S 硅 and S 碳 The units are the same.

[0052] The core layer of the silicon-carbon anode material provided by the present invention comprises a carbon skeleton and a silicon material. The silicon material provides a higher specific capacity, while the carbon skeleton provides mechanical strength and enhances the material's conductivity. Furthermore, the core layer has a porous structure that provides a buffer space during charging of the silicon material, reducing internal stress, preventing material pulverization, and improving cycle performance.

[0053] In addition, the carbon coating of the composite fiber can effectively reduce the specific surface area of ​​the material, avoid direct contact between the silicon material and the electrolyte, and improve the initial Coulombic efficiency.

[0054] Furthermore, the present invention controls the silicon-carbon negative electrode material to satisfy the relationship 0.5≤S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 )≤2, that is, controlling the ratio of pores, silicon elements and carbon elements, as well as the uniformity of the distribution of pores, silicon materials and carbon materials in the composite fibers, can ensure that the silicon material has sufficient buffer space, thereby further improving the cycle performance of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material, while also taking into account the capacity and first coulombic efficiency of the material.

[0055] In addition, the present invention can improve the electrical conductivity of the silicon material and reduce the internal resistance of the battery cell (battery) by compounding the silicon material with the carbon material and wrapping the silicon material in a conductive carbon skeleton, thereby improving the rate performance of the battery cell (battery).

[0056] In some specific embodiments, the average diameter of the composite fiber is 0.5-3 μm, including but not limited to any one of 0.5 μm, 1 μm, 1.5 μm, 2 μm, 2.5 μm, and 3 μm, or a range between any two of them.

[0057] In some specific embodiments, the average length of the composite fiber is 0.8 to 10 μm, including but not limited to any point value of 0.8 μm, 1 μm, 2 μm, 3 μm, 4 μm, 5 μm, 6 μm, 7 μm, 8 μm, 9 μm, and 10 μm, or a range value between any two of them.

[0058] In some specific embodiments, the ratio of the average diameter to the average length of the composite fibers is 0.2 to 0.7, including but not limited to any one of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.65, and 0.7, or any range therebetween. This range can effectively shorten the migration path of lithium ions within the material.

[0059] In some specific embodiments, the average diameter of the core layer in the composite fiber is 0.3 to 2.5 μm, including but not limited to any one of 0.3 μm, 0.365 μm, 0.4 μm, 0.45 μm, 0.5 μm, 0.6 μm, 0.8 μm, 1 μm, 1.3 μm, 1.5 μm, 1.8 μm, 2 μm, 2.2 μm, and 2.5 μm, or a range between any two of them. This is beneficial for improving the cycle performance, capacity, and first coulombic efficiency of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

[0060] In some specific embodiments, the average diameter of the core layer accounts for 50% to 95% of the average diameter of the composite fiber, including but not limited to any one of 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 55%, 58%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%, or any range therebetween. This is beneficial for improving the cycling performance, capacity, and first coulombic efficiency of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

[0061] In some specific embodiments, the specific surface area of ​​the silicon-carbon negative electrode material is 40 to 50 m 2 / g, including but not limited to 40m 2 / g、41m 2 / g、42m 2 / g、43m 2 / g、45m 2 / g、46m 2 / g、48m 2 / g, 50m 2 A suitable specific surface area can balance the first coulombic efficiency and electrochemical reaction activity.

[0062] In some specific embodiments, the specific surface area of ​​the silicon-carbon negative electrode material can be controlled by the heating rate and holding time of the carbonization process.

[0063] In some specific embodiments, the average pore size of the pore structure is 50-100 nm, including but not limited to any one of 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, and 100 nm, or any range therebetween. This helps provide sufficient expansion buffer space for the silicon material after charging.

[0064] In some specific embodiments, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used in conjunction with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) to obtain the SEM cross-sectional images. 孔 The S was obtained by cross-sectional SEM testing and in-situ EDS testing. 硅 and the S 碳 .

[0065] That is, the S 孔 The S is obtained by computer calculation through cross-sectional SEM test. 硅 and the S 碳 The results are obtained by computer calculation through cross-sectional SEM testing combined with EDS testing. It is understood that a scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used in conjunction with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and an EDS test can be performed in situ after the SEM test is completed.

[0066] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing the silicon-carbon negative electrode material, comprising the following steps:

[0067] The carbon source, silicon source, pore-forming agent and solvent are mixed evenly to obtain a core layer spinning solution.

[0068] The carbon source and the solvent are mixed evenly to obtain a shell spinning solution.

[0069] The core layer spinning solution and the shell layer spinning solution are coaxially electrospun. Specifically, the core layer spinning solution is injected into the inner layer of the coaxial spinning needle, i.e., the inner layer sprays the core layer spinning solution, and the shell layer spinning solution is injected into the outer layer of the coaxial spinning needle, i.e., the outer layer sprays the shell layer spinning solution. After spinning is completed, the precursor material having a core-shell structure is dried to obtain a linear precursor material. In other words, the material formed after the shell layer spinning solution is dried is in the outer layer, and the material formed after the core layer spinning solution is dried is in the inner layer.

[0070] The precursor material is carbonized and cooled to obtain a silicon-carbon composite fiber material.

[0071] The silicon-carbon composite fiber material is mixed with an etching solution and etched, so that the etching solution reacts with the pore-forming agent and / or the material formed after the pore-forming agent is carbonized (for example, metal oxide is decomposed into a metal element at high temperature) to form a porous structure, which is then filtered, washed, and dried to obtain the silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

[0072] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided by the present invention is to construct a carbon-coated porous silicon carbon fiber structure by coaxial electrospinning, and to construct a large number of pore structures inside the carbon composite fiber by template etching. These pore structures can provide more buffer space for the volume expansion of silicon, and timely release the internal stress caused by the volume expansion of silicon to prevent the material from pulverizing. At the same time, the mechanical strength of the material can be further enhanced by carbon coating, ensuring that the internal stress of the silicon-based material during the charge and discharge process is released in time, as well as the mechanical strength of the fiber material, ensuring the integrity of the active material during the charge and discharge process, and improving the cycle life and first coulomb efficiency of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material and the battery prepared therefrom. In addition, the presence of silicon material improves the gram capacity of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material and the battery prepared therefrom.

[0073] In some specific embodiments, the carbon sources in the core layer spinning solution and the shell layer spinning solution are independently selected from at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene imine, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyglycolic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polybutylene succinate, cellulose, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, chitin, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, lecithin, silk protein, zein and wheat protein, for example, one, two, three or more of them are selected.

[0074] In some specific embodiments, the silicon source includes Si (silicon), SiO x At least one of (silicon oxide), silicon alloy, silane coupling agent (organic silicon chemical reagent), silicone oil, liquid silicone rubber and silicone resin, for example, one, two, three or more thereof are selected.

[0075] Among them, silicone oil includes silicone grease, silicone emulsion, silicone surfactant and the like.

[0076] In some specific embodiments, the Si comprises nano-silicon with a particle size of 50 to 150 nm.

[0077] In some specific embodiments, the pore-forming agent includes at least one of zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, and nickel oxide, for example, one, two, three, or more thereof.

[0078] In some specific embodiments, the median particle size Dv50 of the pore-forming agent is 20 to 50 nm, including but not limited to any one of 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, and 50 nm, or a range between any two of them.

[0079] In some specific embodiments, the solvent includes at least one of CH2Cl2 (i.e., dichloromethane), hexafluoroisopropanol, CHCl3 (i.e., chloroform), trifluoroacetic acid, dimethylformamide (i.e., N,N-dimethylformamide), dimethylacetamide (i.e., N,N-dimethylacetamide), tetrahydrofuran, acetone, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol and 4-methylmorpholine-N-oxide, for example, one, two, three or more thereof are selected.

[0080] In some specific embodiments, the mass ratio of the carbon source, the silicon source, the pore-forming agent and the solvent in the core layer spinning solution is 1: 0.05-0.1 (for example, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08 or 0.09): 0.1-0.3 (for example, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18, 0.20, 0.23, 0.25 or 0.27): 5-30 (for example, 10, 15, 20 or 25).

[0081] In some specific embodiments, the mass ratio of the carbon source to the solvent in the shell spinning solution is 1:5 to 30, for example, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:25 or 1:30.

[0082] In some specific embodiments, the inner diameter of the inner layer of the coaxial spinning needle used for the coaxial electrospinning is 0.2 to 1 mm (e.g., 0.21 mm, 0.28 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, or 0.9 mm), and the outer layer inner diameter is 1.5 to 1.7 mm (e.g., 1.3 mm, 1.35 mm, 1.4 mm, 1.45 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.53 mm, 1.55 mm, 1.58 mm, 1.60 mm, 1.62 mm, 1.65 mm, or 1.68 mm). It is understood that by regulating the outer and inner layer inner diameters of the coaxial spinning needle, the ratio of the core layer to the carbon coating layer can be controlled.

[0083] In some specific embodiments, the etching solution includes at least one of a hydrochloric acid solution, a sulfuric acid solution, an acetic acid solution, and a nitric acid solution.

[0084] In some specific embodiments, the molar concentration of the etching solution is 0.5 to 3 mol / L, for example, 1 mol / L, 1.5 mol / L or 2 mol / L.

[0085] It is understood that the voltage and propulsion rate can affect the size of the precursor material and the silicon-carbon composite fiber material. In some specific embodiments, the voltage of the coaxial electrospinning is 13 to 20 kV, including but not limited to any one of 13 kV, 14 kV, 15 kV, 16 kV, 17 kV, 18 kV, 19 kV, and 20 kV or a range between any two thereof; the propulsion rate of the coaxial electrospinning is 0.01 to 0.1 mm / min, including but not limited to any one of 0.01 mm / min, 0.02 mm / min, 0.03 mm / min, 0.04 mm / min, 0.05 mm / min, 0.06 mm / min, 0.07 mm / min, 0.08 mm / min, 0.09 mm / min, and 0.1 mm / min or a range between any two thereof.

[0086] In some specific embodiments, the carbonization temperature is 650-850°C, including but not limited to any one of 650°C, 660°C, 680°C, 700°C, 720°C, 730°C, 750°C, 780°C, 800°C, 830°C, and 850°C, or a range between any two of them.

[0087] In some specific embodiments, the carbonization holding time is 3 to 8 hours, including but not limited to any one of 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, and 8 hours, or a range between any two of them.

[0088] In some specific embodiments, the carbonization heating rate is 2 to 10°C / min, including but not limited to any one of 2°C / min, 3°C / min, 4°C / min, 5°C / min, 6°C / min, 7°C / min, 8°C / min, 9°C / min, and 10°C / min, or a range between any two of them.

[0089] In some specific embodiments, after carbonization, the silicon-carbon composite fiber material is ball-milled for 5 to 60 minutes, including but not limited to any one of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes, or any range therebetween. It is understood that the carbonized product has a network structure, and ball milling can separate and break long fibers into fibers of appropriate lengths.

[0090] In some specific embodiments, the etching time is 12 to 24 hours, including but not limited to any one of 12 hours, 13 hours, 15 hours, 18 hours, 20 hours, 22 hours, and 24 hours, or a range between any two of them.

[0091] In some specific embodiments, the method for preparing the core layer spinning solution includes: first mixing the carbon source and the solvent and ultrasonically dispersing for 10 to 60 minutes, then stirring for 20 to 48 hours to form a uniform solution, then slowly adding the silicon source and the pore-forming agent thereto, stirring for 1 to 4 hours and ultrasonically dispersing for 30 to 90 minutes, and circulating the stirring for 1 to 4 hours and ultrasonically dispersing for 30 to 90 minutes at least three times to obtain a stable core layer spinning solution.

[0092] In some specific embodiments, the method for preparing the shell spinning solution includes: mixing a carbon source and a solvent and ultrasonically mixing them for 10 to 60 minutes, and then stirring them for 20 to 48 hours to obtain a stable shell spinning solution.

[0093] In some specific embodiments, during the coaxial electrospinning process, aluminum foil is used as a receiver. After the coaxial electrospinning is completed, the aluminum foil with the precursor material having a core-shell structure is removed and placed in a vacuum drying oven at 50-70°C for 10-18 hours. Thereafter, the electrospinning membrane on the aluminum foil is torn off, which is the precursor material having a core-shell structure. It is understandable that by using a coaxial electrospinning needle, injecting the core layer spinning solution into the inner layer of the needle, and injecting the shell layer spinning solution into the outer layer of the needle, a core-shell structure in which the outer layer covers the inner layer and is linear can be obtained.

[0094] In some specific embodiments, the obtained precursor material is placed in a crucible and carbonized in a tube furnace under an inert gas atmosphere.

[0095] In some specific embodiments, stirring is performed during the etching process.

[0096] In some specific embodiments, the washing and drying steps include: washing with deionized water at least three times, and then drying in a vacuum drying oven at 180-200° C. for 6-12 hours.

[0097] In a third aspect, the present invention provides a negative electrode sheet comprising the silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

[0098] The negative electrode sheet has a long cycle life, high capacity, high first coulombic efficiency and good rate performance.

[0099] Optionally, the negative electrode sheet further includes at least one of a binder and a conductive agent, which is not limited in the present invention.

[0100] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a lithium-ion battery comprising the negative electrode sheet.

[0101] The lithium-ion battery has excellent electrochemistry, good cycle performance, high gram capacity and first coulombic efficiency, and good rate performance.

[0102] Optionally, the lithium-ion battery further includes a positive electrode sheet, a separator and an electrolyte, which is not limited in the present invention.

[0103] The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the examples, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following examples are merely illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Where specific conditions are not specified in the examples, the methods were performed according to conventional conditions or the conditions recommended by the manufacturer. Where the manufacturers of the reagents or instruments are not specified, they are all commercially available conventional products.

[0104] Example 1

[0105] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment includes the following steps:

[0106] (1) Preparation of core layer spinning solution: Take 1g of polyacrylonitrile (carbon source), add it to 10g of N,N-dimethylformamide (solvent), ultrasonically disperse it for 10min, and then stir it for 24h to form a uniform solution. Then slowly add 50mg of nano-silicon (silicon source) and 100mg of zinc oxide nanopowder (pore-forming agent, median particle size is 30nm) into it, and repeat stirring for 1h and ultrasonic dispersion for 30min (stirring for 1h and ultrasonic dispersion for 30min, cycle 3 times) to obtain a stable core layer spinning solution. That is, the mass ratio of carbon source, silicon source, pore-forming agent and solvent in the core layer spinning solution is 1:0.05:0.1:10.

[0107] (2) Preparation of Shell Spinning Solution: 0.5 g of polyacrylonitrile (carbon source) was added to 10 g of N,N-dimethylformamide (solvent) and ultrasonically dispersed for 10 min. The solution was then stirred for 24 h to obtain a stable shell spinning solution. Specifically, the mass ratio of carbon source to solvent in the shell spinning solution was 1:20.

[0108] (3) Coaxial electrospinning: The core layer spinning solution and shell layer spinning solution were added to the core layer and shell layer syringes, respectively. A coaxial spinning needle (the inner diameter of the coaxial spinning needle was 0.21 mm and the outer diameter was 1.3 mm) was connected. Aluminum foil was used as a receiver. The coaxial electrospinning voltage was set to 16 kV and the propulsion rate was set to 0.1 mm / min. Coaxial electrospinning was performed. After completion, the aluminum foil was removed and placed in a vacuum drying oven at 60°C for 10 h. The electrospun membrane on the aluminum foil was then torn off to obtain a precursor material with a core-shell structure.

[0109] (4) Carbonization: The precursor material obtained in step (3) was placed in a crucible, heated to 700°C at a heating rate of 2°C / min in a tube furnace under an inert gas atmosphere, and then kept warm for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the product was taken out and ball milled for 10 minutes to obtain silicon-carbon composite fiber material powder.

[0110] (5) Etching: The silicon-carbon composite fiber material powder obtained in step (4) was placed in a 1 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution (etching solution), stirred and etched for 12 h, then filtered and washed three times with deionized water, and then placed in a vacuum drying oven and dried at 200 ° C for 6 h to obtain a silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

[0111] The silicon-carbon negative electrode material prepared in this embodiment includes composite fibers, the average diameter of the composite fibers is 0.83 μm, the average length is 1.28 μm, and the ratio of the average diameter to the average length is 0.65. The composite fibers include a core layer and a carbon coating layer coated on the outer surface of the core layer. The core layer has a pore structure with an average pore diameter of 32 nm. The core layer includes a carbon skeleton and silicon material dispersed in the carbon skeleton. The average diameter of the core layer is 0.6 μm, and the average diameter of the core layer accounts for 72.2% of the average diameter of the composite fibers. The composite fibers were subjected to SEM testing, and the area of ​​the pore structure observed under cross-sectional SEM was S 孔 The area of ​​silicon element observed by EDS is S 硅 The area of ​​carbon element observed by EDS is S 碳 , S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 )=0.5. The specific surface area of ​​silicon-carbon negative electrode material was tested and its specific surface area was 40m 2 / g.

[0112] Example 2

[0113] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (1), the mass of the zinc oxide nanopowder is replaced with 200 mg, that is, the mass ratio of the carbon source, silicon source, pore-forming agent and solvent in the core layer spinning solution is 1:0.05:0.2:10.

[0114] Example 3

[0115] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (1), the mass of the zinc oxide nanopowder is replaced with 300 mg, that is, the mass ratio of the carbon source, silicon source, pore-forming agent and solvent in the core layer spinning solution is 1:0.05:0.3:10.

[0116] Example 4

[0117] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (1), the mass of nano-silicon is replaced with 100 mg, that is, the mass ratio of the carbon source, silicon source, pore-forming agent and solvent in the core layer spinning solution is 1:0.1:0.1:10.

[0118] Example 5

[0119] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (1) and step (2), polyacrylonitrile is replaced by polyethyleneimine of equal mass, respectively.

[0120] Example 6

[0121] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (1), the nano-silicon is replaced by a silane coupling agent of equal mass in terms of silicon element.

[0122] Example 7

[0123] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (1), the median particle size of the zinc oxide nanopowder is 50 nm.

[0124] Example 8

[0125] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (1), the zinc oxide nanopowder is replaced with an equal mass of copper oxide.

[0126] Example 9

[0127] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that, in step (3), the inner diameter of the inner layer of the coaxial spinning needle is 1 mm, and the inner diameter of the outer layer is 1.7 mm.

[0128] Example 10

[0129] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (3), the coaxial electrospinning voltage is 20 kV and the propulsion rate is 0.05 mm / min.

[0130] Example 11

[0131] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that, in step (4), the carbonization parameters are: heating to 800°C at a heating rate of 5°C / min and then keeping warm for 6 hours.

[0132] Example 12

[0133] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this embodiment is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that, in step (5), the silicon-carbon composite fiber material powder is placed in a 1 mol / L acetic acid solution and stirred and etched for 15 hours.

[0134] Comparative Example 1

[0135] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this comparative example is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (1), no zinc oxide nanopowder is added.

[0136] Comparative Example 2

[0137] The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided in this comparative example is basically the same as that in Example 1, except that in step (1), the mass of the zinc oxide nanopowder is replaced with 500 mg, that is, the mass ratio of the carbon source, silicon source, pore-forming agent and solvent in the core layer spinning solution is 1:0.05:0.5:10.

[0138] The indicators of the silicon-carbon negative electrode materials prepared in each embodiment and each comparative example are shown in Table 1. Among them, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is combined with the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) to obtain the SEM through cross-sectional SEM testing. 孔 , S was obtained by cross-sectional SEM test and in-situ EDS test 硅 and S 碳 .

[0139] Table 1 Physical and chemical indicators of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials prepared in each embodiment and each comparative example

[0140]

[0141]

[0142] Experimental example

[0143] The silicon-carbon negative electrode materials prepared in each embodiment and each comparative example were used as active materials, and were added to the solvent NMP in a mass ratio of active material: PVDF: conductive agent = 91.6:6.6:1.8 to prepare a slurry. The slurry was coated on a Cu foil current collector, dried, and rolled twice with a pressure of 15t. Then, a cutting machine was used to cut small discs with a diameter of 16mm, and vacuum dried at 110°C for 1h to obtain a negative electrode sheet. Each negative electrode sheet was assembled into a button battery in sequence with a separator, a lithium sheet, nickel foam, and an electrolyte. After being placed at a high temperature of 45°C for 12h, the electrochemical properties of each button battery (first effect, cycle, rate, and gram capacity test) were tested using a blue electric test cabinet. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0144] Among them, the electrochemical performance test method is as follows:

[0145] Initial charge and discharge coulombic efficiency test: Place the assembled button cell on the test cabinet and clamp it. Discharge at 6mA to 5mV (discharge capacity C1). Let it rest for 5 minutes, then charge at 6mA to 0.8V (charge capacity C2). Initial charge and discharge efficiency = C1 / C2 × 100%.

[0146] Cycle 500 capacity retention test: discharge at 6mA to 0.05V, let it sit for 5min. Then charge at 6mA to 0.05V, let it sit for 5min, and perform the cycle test. The discharge capacity of the second cycle is C3, and the discharge capacity of the nth cycle is C n , capacity retention rate = C n / C3×100%.

[0147] 4C discharge capacity retention rate test: (1) Discharge at 6mA to 0.05V and let it sit for 5 minutes. Then charge at 6mA to 0.05V and let it sit for 5 minutes. Repeat 4 cycles and take the average discharge capacity of the last three cycles as C4mAh. (2) Charge at C4mA to 0.8V and let it sit for 5 minutes. Then discharge at C4mA to 0.05V and let it sit for 5 minutes. The discharge capacity is recorded as AmAh. Then charge at C4mA to 0.8V and let it sit for 5 minutes. Discharge at 4C4mA to 0.05V and let it sit for 5 minutes. The discharge capacity is recorded as BmAh. 4C discharge capacity retention rate = B / A×100%.

[0148] Gram capacity test: Weigh the negative electrode material minus the current collector weight (m). Discharge at 6 mA to 0.05 V and let it rest for 5 minutes. Then charge at 6 mA to 0.05 V and let it rest for 5 minutes. Repeat four cycles. Take the average of the last three cycles and record it as C5. Gram capacity = C5 / m.

[0149] Table 2 Electrochemical test results of each button battery

[0150]

[0151]

[0152] It can be seen from Table 1 that the silicon-carbon negative electrode materials prepared in various embodiments have excellent cycle performance, and have high gram capacity, high first coulombic efficiency and high rate performance.

[0153] However, since Comparative Example 1 does not have a porous structure, the cycle performance is significantly reduced and the rate performance is also reduced.

[0154] Comparative Example 2 does not satisfy the relationship 0.5≤S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 )≤2, resulting in a significant decrease in cycle performance and a decrease in the first coulombic efficiency.

[0155] It can be seen that the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided by the present invention can provide a buffer space for silicon expansion, thereby improving the cycle performance; and the silicon-carbon negative electrode material has high capacity, high first coulombic efficiency and high rate performance.

[0156] Although the present invention has been illustrated and described using specific embodiments, it should be appreciated that the above embodiments are merely intended to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention rather than to limit them. Those skilled in the art should understand that the technical solutions described in the above embodiments may be modified, or some or all of the technical features thereof may be replaced by equivalents, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate from the essence of the corresponding technical solutions within the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, this means that all such replacements and modifications within the scope of the present invention are included in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A silicon-carbon negative electrode material, characterized in that: The silicon-carbon negative electrode material comprises a composite fiber, wherein the composite fiber comprises a core layer and a carbon coating layer coated on the outer surface of the core layer; Wherein, the core layer has a porous structure, and the core layer includes a carbon skeleton and silicon materials dispersed in the carbon skeleton; In the cross section of the composite fiber, the area of ​​the pore structure is S 孔 , the area of ​​silicon element is S 硅 , the area of ​​carbon element is S 碳 , then 0.5≤S 孔 / (S 硅 +S 碳 )≤2; The ratio of the average diameter to the average length of the composite fiber is 0.3 to 0.

7.

2. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material according to claim 1, characterized in that: At least one of the following conditions is met: (1) The average diameter of the composite fiber is 0.5 to 3 μm; (2) The average length of the composite fibers is 0.8 to 10 μm.

3. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The average diameter of the core layer in the composite fiber is 0.3 to 2.5 μm.

4. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The average diameter of the core layer accounts for 50% to 95% of the average diameter of the composite fiber.

5. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific surface area of ​​the silicon-carbon negative electrode material is 40 to 50 m 2 / g.

6. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material according to claim 1, characterized in that: At least one of the following conditions is met: (1) The average pore diameter of the pore structure is 50 to 100 nm; (2) Scanning electron microscope and energy spectrometer are used together to obtain the S 孔 The S was obtained by cross-sectional SEM testing and in-situ EDS testing. 硅 and the S 碳 .

7. The method for preparing the silicon-carbon negative electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: The steps include: A carbon source, a silicon source, a pore-forming agent and a solvent are mixed to obtain a core layer spinning solution; a carbon source and a solvent are mixed to obtain a shell layer spinning solution; the core layer spinning solution and the shell layer spinning solution are coaxially electrospun and then dried to obtain a precursor material having a core-shell structure; carbonizing the precursor material to obtain a silicon-carbon composite fiber material; The silicon-carbon composite fiber material is mixed with an etching solution and etched to obtain the silicon-carbon negative electrode material.

8. The method for preparing the silicon-carbon negative electrode material according to claim 7, characterized in that: At least one of the following conditions is met: (1) The carbon sources in the core layer spinning solution and the shell layer spinning solution are each independently selected from at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene imine, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyglycolic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polybutylene succinate, cellulose, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, chitin, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, lecithin, silk protein, zein and wheat protein; (2) The silicon source includes Si, SiO x , at least one of silicon alloy, silane coupling agent, silicone oil, liquid silicone rubber and silicone resin; (3) the pore-forming agent comprises at least one of zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide and nickel oxide; (4) The median particle size of the pore-forming agent is 20 to 50 nm; (5) the solvent comprises at least one of CH2Cl2, hexafluoroisopropanol, CHCl3, trifluoroacetic acid, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol and 4-methylmorpholine-N-oxide; (6) The mass ratio of the carbon source, the silicon source, the pore-forming agent, and the solvent in the core layer spinning solution is 1:0.05-0.1:0.1-0.3:5-30; (7) The mass ratio of the carbon source to the solvent in the shell spinning solution is 1:5 to 30; (8) The inner diameter of the inner layer of the coaxial spinning needle used in the coaxial electrospinning is 0.2 to 1 mm, and the inner diameter of the outer layer is 1.3 to 1.7 mm; (9) The etching solution includes at least one of hydrochloric acid solution, sulfuric acid solution, acetic acid solution and nitric acid solution; (10) The voltage of the coaxial electrospinning is 13 to 20 kV, and the propulsion rate is 0.01 to 0.1 mm / min; (11) The carbonization temperature is 650-850°C, the holding time is 3-8h, and the heating rate is 2-10°C / min; (12) After the carbonization, ball milling the silicon-carbon composite fiber material for 5 to 60 minutes; (13) The etching time is 12 to 24 hours.

9. A negative electrode sheet, characterized in that: The method comprises the silicon-carbon negative electrode material according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

10. A lithium ion battery, characterized in that: Comprising the negative electrode sheet as claimed in claim 9.

Images