Electro-optic element with integrated capacitive touch screen functionality

Abstract

An electro-optical element comprising: (i) an electrochromic medium; (a) a substantially transparent first electro-optic conductive layer disposed to one side of the electrochromic medium; (b) a second electro-optic conductive layer disposed to the other side of the electrochromic medium; (c) a capacitive touch screen conductive layer disposed on an opposite side of the first electro-optic conductive layer from the electrochromic medium, the capacitive touch screen conductive layer comprising a pattern and being substantially transparent; (d) a capacitive touch screen insulating layer disposed between the capacitive touch screen conductive layer and the first electro-optical conductive layer; and (e) circuitry configured to (i) drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer and at least one of the first and second electro-optical conductive layers together with a substantially in-phase AC voltage, and (ii) provide an input DC voltage difference between the first and second electro-optical conductive layers that is substantially constant.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to electro-optical elements, and more particularly to electro-optical elements having touch screen functionality. Background Art

[0002] A vehicle may utilize a rearview assembly to provide a view to the rear of the vehicle to an operator or passenger of the vehicle. Historically, such rearview assemblies included a mirror. As various technologies have advanced, such rearview assemblies now sometimes include additional features, such as a display, an electro-optical element, one or more sensors, etc. The electro-optical element may provide a variable perceived reflectivity to reduce glare. It is generally desirable to add capacitive touch screen functionality to the electro-optical element without adding a separate touch screen assembly.

[0003] However, integrating capacitive touchscreen functionality into electro-optical elements presents problems, particularly because electro-optical devices have heretofore typically used direct current (DC), whereas touchscreen devices have heretofore typically used alternating current (AC). Electro-optical devices typically utilize DC structures because they work well with a stable reference potential (such as provided by a DC ground). Placing only the conductive layer of the touchscreen element above the conductive layer of the electro-optical element, separated only by a thin insulating layer, will significantly reduce the sensitivity of the touchscreen functionality because the DC ground of the electro-optical portion guides the electric field emitted by the conductive layer of the touchscreen element. This is particularly true in cases where the substrate covering the conductive layer of the touchscreen element may be significantly thicker than the insulating layer. In addition, the presence of the electro-optical element increases the capacitive load on the touchscreen device, which increases the inherent sensor time constant and, therefore, increases the touchscreen response time. Summary of the invention

[0004] The present disclosure solves these problems using an electro-optical element that includes a first electro-optical conductive layer and a second electro-optical conductive layer and a capacitive touch screen conductive layer to provide both electro-optical and touch screen functions, but has a circuit configured to drive at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer with an AC voltage in phase with the AC voltage driving the capacitive touch screen conductive layer, but with a DC voltage offset between the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer, which allows the electrochromic aspect of the electro-optical device to function as expected. In addition, the circuit effectively decouples the capacitive touch screen conductive layer from ground, which reduces capacitive loading while also providing electrical shielding and improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). One way to achieve this is to electrically isolate the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer at a desired frequency or frequency range. Therefore, based on the impedance change on the capacitive touch screen conductive layer, it is easier to determine the user's touch. Therefore, the touch screen function can be integrated into the electro-optical element without including a touch screen device driven by a voltage source that is completely separate from the electro-optical element.

[0005] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, an electro-optical element includes: (a) an electrochromic medium; (b) a substantially transparent first electro-optical conductive layer, which is disposed to one side of the electrochromic medium; (c) a second electro-optical conductive layer, which is disposed to the other side of the electrochromic medium; (d) a capacitive touch screen conductive layer, which is disposed on an opposite side of the first electro-optical conductive layer from the electrochromic medium, the capacitive touch screen conductive layer including a pattern and being substantially transparent; (e) a capacitive touch screen insulating layer, which is disposed between the capacitive touch screen conductive layer and the first electro-optical conductive layer; and (f) a circuit configured to (i) drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer and at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer together with a substantially in-phase AC voltage, and (ii) provide a DC voltage difference between the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer, the DC voltage difference being substantially constant at all points in time of a sampling time period for a set level of light transmission through the electrochromic medium.

[0006] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, the electro-optical element according to the first aspect further includes: (i) a second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, which is arranged between the capacitive touch screen insulating layer and the first electro-optical conductive layer; and (ii) a second capacitive touch screen insulating layer, which is arranged between the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer and the first electro-optical conductive layer.

[0007] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, the electro-optical element according to any one of the first to second aspects further includes: a first substrate, which is arranged on an opposite side of the first electro-optical conductive layer with the electrochromic medium, and the first substrate includes (i) a first surface, which is away from the first electro-optical conductive layer, and (ii) a second surface, which is facing the first electro-optical conductive layer.

[0008] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, the electro-optical element according to the third aspect also includes a second substrate, which is arranged on the other side of the second electro-optical conductive layer as an electrochromic medium, and the second substrate includes (a) a third surface, on which the second electro-optical conductive layer is arranged; and (b) a fourth surface, which is away from the electrochromic medium, wherein (i) the second substrate is arranged in a substantially parallel and spaced manner relative to the first substrate, so that the second surface of the first substrate faces the third surface of the second substrate, (ii) the electrochromic medium is arranged between the second surface of the first substrate and the third surface of the second substrate, and (iii) the second electro-optical conductive layer is arranged on the third surface of the second substrate.

[0009] According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, an electro-optical element according to any one of the third to fourth aspects is provided, wherein a capacitive touch screen conductive layer, a capacitive touch screen insulating layer, a second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, a second capacitive touch screen insulating layer and a first electro-optical conductive layer are arranged in this corresponding order on the second surface of the first substrate.

[0010] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, an electro-optical element according to any one of the third to fifth aspects is provided, wherein (i) the electrochromic medium comprises a solid composition, and (ii) the second electro-optical conductive layer is disposed on the electrochromic medium, and (iii) the electrochromic medium is disposed between the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer.

[0011] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electro-optical element according to the fourth aspect, wherein the first electro-optical conductive material is disposed on the second surface of the first substrate.

[0012] According to an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, the electro-optical element according to the seventh aspect also includes: a third substrate, the third substrate including a fifth surface facing the electrochromic medium and a sixth surface away from the electrochromic medium, wherein (i) the capacitive touch screen insulating layer is arranged on the fifth surface of the third substrate, the capacitive touch screen conductive layer is arranged on the capacitive touch screen insulating layer, the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer is arranged on the capacitive touch screen insulating layer, and the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer is arranged on the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, and (ii) the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer is an optically transparent adhesive that adheres the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer to the first surface of the first substrate.

[0013] According to a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, the electro-optical element according to the seventh aspect further includes: a third substrate, the third substrate including a fifth surface facing the electrochromic medium and a sixth surface away from the electrochromic medium, wherein (i) an optically transparent adhesive is disposed on the fifth surface of the third substrate, a fourth substrate is disposed on the optically transparent adhesive, a capacitive touch screen conductive layer is disposed on the fourth substrate, a capacitive touch screen insulating layer is disposed on the capacitive touch screen conductive layer, a second capacitive touch screen conductive layer is disposed on the capacitive touch screen insulating layer, a fifth substrate is disposed on the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, and the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer is disposed on the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, (ii) the capacitive touch screen insulating layer is an optically transparent adhesive that adheres the capacitive touch screen conductive layer to the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, and (iii) the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer is an optically transparent adhesive that adheres the fifth substrate to the first surface of the first substrate.

[0014] According to a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electro-optical element according to any one of the first to ninth aspects, wherein the circuit electrically couples the capacitive touch screen conductive layer to at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer.

[0015] According to an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electro-optical element according to any one of the first to tenth aspects, wherein the circuit is not configured to drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer solely with an AC voltage.

[0016] According to a twelfth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electro-optical element according to any one of the first to tenth aspects, wherein the circuit is configured to drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer alone with an AC voltage.

[0017] According to a thirteenth aspect of the present disclosure, an electro-optical element according to any one of the first to twelfth aspects is provided, wherein the circuit is configured so that the capacitive touch screen conductive layer presents an AC voltage that is substantially in phase with an AC voltage that drives at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer.

[0018] According to a fourteenth aspect of the present disclosure, an electro-optical element according to any one of the first to thirteenth aspects is provided, wherein the circuit includes a parallel LC circuit that isolates the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer at a desired frequency or frequency range of the alternating current.

[0019] According to a fifteenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electro-optical element according to the fourteenth aspect, wherein the parallel LC circuit is configured to substantially maximize the load impedance at the first electro-optical conductive layer at a desired frequency or frequency range of the alternating current.

[0020] According to the sixteenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electro-optical element as described in any one of the first to thirteenth aspects, wherein the circuit comprises an inductor which electrically isolates the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer at a desired frequency or frequency range of the alternating current.

[0021] According to a seventeenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electro-optical element according to the sixteenth aspect, wherein the inductor is configured to substantially maximize a load impedance at the first electro-optical conductive layer at a desired frequency or frequency range of the alternating current.

[0022] According to an eighteenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electro-optical element according to any one of the first to seventeenth aspects, wherein the circuit is further configured to drive the second electro-optical conductive layer with an AC voltage.

[0023] According to a nineteenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electro-optical element according to any one of the first to eighteenth aspects, wherein the second electro-optical conductive layer substantially reflects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range.

[0024] According to the twentieth aspect of the present disclosure, a method for operating an electro-optical element includes: the electro-optical element includes a first electro-optical conductive layer, a second electro-optical conductive layer, a capacitive touch screen conductive layer, and a circuit that electrically couples the capacitive touch screen conductive layer to at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer, (a) using an alternating current (AC) voltage to drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer; and (b) using an AC voltage to drive each of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer, the AC voltage is substantially in phase, but has a DC voltage difference that matches and is in phase with the AC voltage driving the capacitive touch screen layer, and is at a frequency or frequency range that electrically isolates the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer.

[0025] These and other features, advantages and objects of the present disclosure will be further understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art with reference to the following description, claims and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] In the attached picture:

[0027] Figure 1A is a cross-sectional elevation view of the electro-optical element of the present disclosure, the cross-sectional elevation view showing a capacitive touch screen conductive layer, a first electro-optic conductive layer, a second electro-optic conductive layer, and an electrochromic medium all disposed between a first substrate and a second substrate;

[0028] Figure 1B is a cross-sectional elevation view of another electro-optical element of the present disclosure, the electro-optical element being Figure 1A The electro-optical element is similar to, but does not have a second substrate;

[0029] Figure 1C is a cross-sectional elevation view of yet another electro-optical element of the present disclosure, the cross-sectional elevation view showing (i) a first substrate and a second substrate sandwiching a first electro-optical conductive layer, an electrochromic medium, and a second electro-optical conductive layer, and (ii) a capacitive touch screen conductive layer disposed on a third substrate and adhered to the first substrate;

[0030] Figure 1D is a cross-sectional elevation view of yet another electro-optical element of the present disclosure, the electro-optical element being Figure 1C The electro-optical element is similar to the electro-optical element, but further includes an additional substrate located between the third substrate and the first substrate;

[0031] Figure 2 Yes Operation Figure 1A and Figure 1B A flow chart of a method for an electro-optical element;

[0032] Regarding Example 1 Figure 3 It shows (i) for Figures 1A to 1D (ii) plotting a graph of impedance magnitude and phase angle at the capacitive touch screen conductive layer as a function of frequency, wherein the graph shows that when the frequency of the AC voltage is at a desired frequency of about 100 kHz, the impedance magnitude is at a maximum at the first electro-optic conductive layer;

[0033] Regarding Example 2 Figure 4 It shows (i) for Figures 1A to 1D another computer simulated electrical diagram of any one of the electro-optical elements of the invention, wherein an AC voltage drives the first electro-optical conductive layer; and (ii) plotting a graph of the voltage at the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer as a function of time, wherein the AC components of the voltage as a function of time are substantially in phase and the first electro-optical conductive layer has a higher voltage than the second electro-optical conductive layer at all points in time; and

[0034] Regarding Example 2 Figure 5 Shows Figure 4 A graph of impedance magnitude and phase angle as a function of frequency at one of the elements of the circuit of FIG. 1 , the graph showing that when the frequency of the AC voltage is at a desired frequency of about 100 kHz, the impedance magnitude is a maximum at the first electro-optically conductive layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The presently illustrated embodiments exist primarily in a combination of method steps and apparatus components associated with an electrically activated element having integrated touch screen functionality. Accordingly, apparatus components and method steps have been represented by conventional symbols in the figures where appropriate, and only those specific details relevant to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure are shown so as not to obscure the present disclosure, which has details that will be apparent to those skilled in the art and having the benefit of the description herein. In addition, like numbers in the description and figures represent like elements.

[0036] For the purposes of the description herein, positional terms such as "upper", "lower", "right", "left", "rear", "front", "vertical", "horizontal" and their derivatives shall be used as such. Figure 1A. Unless otherwise specified, the term "front" shall refer to the surface of the device closest to the intended viewer, and the term "rear" shall refer to the surface of the device farthest from the intended viewer. However, it should be understood that the present disclosure may adopt various alternative orientations, except where expressly specified to the contrary. It should also be understood that the specific devices and processes shown in the drawings and described in the following description are merely exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims. Therefore, unless the claims expressly state otherwise, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics related to the embodiments disclosed herein should not be considered limiting.

[0037] The terms "including," "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements includes not only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element preceded by "comprising..." does not, without more constraints, exclude the presence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes the element.

[0038] refer to Figure 1A , the electro-optical element 10A includes a first substrate 12 and a second substrate 14. The first substrate 12 provides a first surface 16 and a second surface 18. The first surface 16 and the second surface 18 face substantially opposite directions 20, 22, wherein the first surface 16 faces the direction 20 and the second surface 18 faces the direction 22. The directions 20, 22 may be oriented approximately 180 degrees from each other. The first surface 16 and the second surface 18 are shown as being substantially planar and parallel to each other, but the first surface 16 and the second surface 18 need not be planar and parallel to each other, and either or both of the first surface and the second surface may be curved or non-planar. The electro-optical element 10A is intended to be viewed from the direction 20 to the direction 22, as indicated by the eye graphic.

[0039] The second substrate 14 provides a third surface 24 and a fourth surface 26. The third surface 24 and the fourth surface 26 face in substantially opposite directions 20, 22, wherein the third surface 24 faces direction 20 and the fourth surface 26 faces direction 22. The third surface 24 faces the second surface 18 of the first substrate 12, but is separated from the second surface. The second substrate 14 can be substantially parallel to the first substrate 12 but spaced apart. The third surface 24 and the fourth surface 26 are shown as being substantially planar and parallel to each other, but the third surface 24 and the fourth surface 26 need not be planar and parallel to each other, and either or both of the third surface and the fourth surface can be curved or non-planar. The second surface 18 of the first substrate 12 faces the third surface 24 of the second substrate 14.

[0040] The first substrate 12 and the second substrate 14 may have a polymer composition. For example, the first substrate 12 and the second substrate 14 may have a composition including polyethylene (e.g., low density and / or high density), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (e.g., available from Obtained CPET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC) (commercially available from Professional Plastics, for example polycarbonates), polysulfones, acrylic polymers (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)), polymethacrylates, polyimides, polyamides (e.g., cycloaliphatic diamine dodecanedioic acid polymers (i.e., CX7323)), epoxy resins, cyclic olefin polymers (COP) (e.g., Zeonor 1420R), cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) (e.g., Topas 6013S-04 or Mitsui Apel), polymethylpentene, cellulose ester-based plastics (e.g., cellulose triacetate), fluoropolymers, polyacrylonitrile, other polymer materials and / or combinations thereof.

[0041] Alternatively, the first substrate 12 and the second substrate 14 may have a glass composition. For example, the first substrate 12 and the second substrate 14 may have a composition including: aluminosilicate glass, such as Falcon commercially available from AGC; boroaluminosilicate ("BAS") glass; soda-lime glass, such as ultra-clear soda-lime glass; and / or float glass. The first substrate 12 and the second substrate 14 may have the same composition, but may also have different compositions (e.g., one substrate has a glass composition and the other substrate has a polymer composition).

[0042] The electro-optical element 10A also includes a first electro-optical conductive layer 28. The first electro-optical conductive layer 28 is associated with the second surface 18 of the first substrate 12. For example, the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 is disposed above (but not necessarily directly applied to) the second surface 18 of the first substrate 12. The first surface 16 of the first substrate 12 faces away from the first electro-optical conductive layer 28. The second surface 18 of the first substrate 12 faces the first electro-optical conductive layer 28.

[0043] The electro-optical element 10A also includes a second electro-optical conductive layer 30. The second electro-optical conductive layer 30 is associated with the third surface 24 of the second substrate 14. In particular, the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 is disposed above (but must be applied directly to) the third surface 24 of the second substrate 14. In the embodiments described herein, the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 is disposed directly onto the third surface 24 of the second substrate 14.

[0044] The touch screen electro-optical element 10A also includes an electrochromic medium 32. The electrochromic medium 32 is disposed between the first substrate 12 and the second substrate 14, in particular, between the second surface 18 of the first substrate 12 and the third surface 24 of the second substrate 14. The electrochromic medium 32 is disposed between the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30. The first electro-optical conductive layer 28 is disposed to one side of the electrochromic medium 32, while the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 is disposed to the other side of the electrochromic medium 32. The first substrate 12 and the electrochromic medium 32 are disposed on opposite sides of the first electro-optical conductive layer 28. The second substrate 14 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 are disposed on opposite sides of the electrochromic medium 32. The fourth surface 26 of the second substrate 14 faces away from the electrochromic medium 32.

[0045] By means of the seal 36, the cavity 34 is formed between the first substrate 12 and the second substrate 14. The electrochromic medium 32 is disposed in the cavity 34. For example, the seal 36 may have a composition including epoxy resin, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate, acrylic resin, polyimide, polyamide, polysulfide, phenoxy resin, polyolefin, silicone resin, etc.

[0046] The first substrate 12 and the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 are substantially transparent to electromagnetic radiation of a predetermined wavelength or wavelength range. The second electro-optical conductive layer 30 can be substantially transparent, substantially reflective, or partially reflective and partially transparent (e.g., "transflective"). Substantially transparent can be for electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength or wavelength range in the visible range of electromagnetic radiation. Substantially transparent can be for electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength or wavelength range in the infrared, visible and / or ultraviolet range of electromagnetic radiation. For the purposes of this disclosure, "substantially transparent" means that a component (e.g., the first substrate 12, the first electro-optical conductive layer 28, etc.) transmits at least 40% of the incident electromagnetic radiation of the wavelength or wavelength range. In some cases, the component transmits at least 50%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 95.9% of the incident electromagnetic radiation of the wavelength or wavelength range.

[0047] The first electro-optically conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optically conductive layer 30 are electrically conductive. The electrochromic medium 32 is electrically connected to the first electro-optically conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optically conductive layer 30. The electrochromic medium 32 can operate between an activated state and an unactivated state in response to a potential applied to the first electro-optically conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optically conductive layer 30. For example, the light transmission level through the electrochromic medium 32 changes with the input DC voltage difference between the first electro-optically conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optically conductive layer 30. Because the AC voltage components of the first electro-optically conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optically conductive layer 30 are substantially in phase, the voltage difference remains relatively constant, thus operating as an input DC voltage difference. Therefore, the electrochromic medium 32 can particularly include electroactive anode and cathode materials. In addition, the electrochromic medium 32 can include one or more solvents. In some embodiments, the anode material and / or the cathode material can be electro-optical and / or electrochromic. The electrochromic medium 32 can be a solution containing a cathode material and an anode material or a separation layer containing a cathode material and an anode material. The electrochromic medium 32 can be a gel-like ion conductor. The electrochromic medium 32 can be any material system that changes its light absorptivity based on the potential difference between two electrodes. Therefore, when activated, due to the application of voltage or potential, the electrochromic medium 32 exhibits a change in absorptivity at one or more wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Therefore, the electrochromic medium 32 can variably transmit electromagnetic radiation of the wavelength or wavelength range. The absorptivity change can be in the visible light region, ultraviolet region, infrared region and / or near infrared region of electromagnetic radiation. The electrochromic medium 32 can be made of any of a variety of materials, including, for example, materials disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,433,914, entitled "Color-Stabilized Electrochromic Devices", which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0048] In other embodiments, reference Figure 1B , electro-optical element 10B is the same as electro-optical element 10A, except that second substrate 14 is not present and seal 36 may not be present. For electro-optical element 10B, first electro-optical conductive layer 28 is still disposed over second surface 18 of first substrate 12. Second electro-optical conductive layer 30 is disposed on electrochromic medium 32. Electrochromic medium 32 is disposed between first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and second electro-optical conductive layer 30 (and is electrically connected to the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer), just as in electro-optical element 10A. In such embodiments, electrochromic medium 32 may have a solid composition, such as metal oxides (e.g., WO3 and MoO3) and conductive polymers (e.g., PEDOT), etc.

[0049] The electro-optical element 10A, 10B also includes a capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38. The capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 is conductive. The capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 is associated with (e.g., disposed above) the second surface 18 of the first substrate 12. The capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 is disposed between the first substrate 12 and the first electro-optic conductive layer 28. The capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 and the electrochromic medium 32 are disposed on opposite sides of the first electro-optic conductive layer 28. In some embodiments described herein, the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 is formed directly on the second surface 18 of the first substrate 12. An intermediate layer can separate the second surface 18 of the first substrate 12 from the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38. The capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 forms a pattern, such as a Manhattan pattern, a diamond pattern, and a flood pattern, etc., which are patterns known to those skilled in the art. Depositing the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 as a pattern allows the output of the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 to change with the location of the user's touch on the electro-optical element 10A, 10B. The capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 can be configured to exhibit a sheet resistance in the range of 1 Ω / square to 300 Ω / square, such as about 100 Ω / square, these values ​​are not limiting. The capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 can be substantially transparent to electromagnetic radiation of the wavelength or wavelength range, but the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 does not need to be substantially transparent.

[0050] The electro-optical element 10A, 10B also includes a capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40. The capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 is associated with the first substrate 12. The capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 is disposed between the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 and the first electro-optical conductive layer 28. The capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 and the capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 are disposed between the second surface 18 of the first substrate 12 and the first electro-optical conductive layer 28. In the embodiments described herein, the capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 is disposed on the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38. The capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 is substantially transparent to electromagnetic radiation of the wavelength or wavelength range. The capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 can have any composition that electrically insulates the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 from the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 while still being substantially transparent. Example compositions include SiO2, MgO, Ta2O5, ZrO2, MgF2, ITO, TiO x 、CeO x 、SnO2、ZnS、NiO x CrO x 、NbO x 、ZrO x 、WO3、NiO、Ti x SiO y , zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, titanium oxide and silicon nitride. Capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 may include sublayers of different compositions and may be applied in different deposition steps (e.g., CVD, PVD, etc.). Capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 may be an optically transparent adhesive. Capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 may have any thickness. In some cases, the thickness may range from 100 nm to 10 μm. The first electro-optically conductive layer 28 may be applied directly to the capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40.

[0051] like Figure 1A and Figure 1BAs shown in , the electro-optical element 10A, FIG. 10B may also include (but need not include) a second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 and a second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46. In such embodiments, the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 and the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46 are disposed between the capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 and the first electro-optical conductive layer 28. The second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46 is disposed between the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 and the first electro-optical conductive layer 28. The second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 forms a pattern, such as the pattern already mentioned, but the pattern of the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 is offset or perpendicular to the pattern of the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38. This arrangement expands the capabilities and sensitivity of the touch screen function. The second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 can present the same sheet resistance and transparency characteristics as the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38. Similarly, the above discussion on the characteristics and composition of the capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 is also equally applicable to the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46.

[0052] Capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38, second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44, first electro-optic conductive layer 28, and second electro-optic conductive layer 30 may be formed of any material that is electrically conductive while also being substantially transparent to electromagnetic radiation of the wavelength or wavelength range. For example, capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38, second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44, first electro-optic conductive layer 28, and second electro-optic conductive layer 30 may each have a composition including a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) such as indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), tin-doped ITO, doped zinc oxide (e.g., Al:ZnO, Ga:ZnO, B:ZnO), indium zinc oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, and antimony-doped tin oxide, among others. Other possibilities for the composition of capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38, second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44, first electro-optic conductive layer 28, and second electro-optic conductive layer 30 include metal oxide / Ag / metal oxide, silver nanowire coating, carbon nanotube coating, graphene coating, wire grid, and conductive polymers such as, but not limited to, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Each of capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38, second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44, first electro-optic conductive layer 28, and second electro-optic conductive layer 30 may have the same composition, but may alternatively have different compositions.

[0053] Using electro-optical elements 10A, 10B, capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38, capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40, second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44, second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46 and first electro-optic conductive layer 28 are arranged on second surface 18 of first substrate 12 in the corresponding order moving backward 22.

[0054] refer to Figure 1CThe electro-optical element 10C also includes an electrochromic medium 32, a first electro-optical conductive layer 28, a second electro-optical conductive layer 30, a capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38, a capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40, a second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44, and a second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46. The electrochromic medium 32 is disposed between the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30.

[0055] Compared to electro-optical elements 10A and 10B, the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 of electro-optical element 10C is directly disposed on the second surface 18 of first substrate 12. In addition, electro-optical element 10C further includes a third substrate 200. Third substrate 200 includes a fifth surface 202 and a sixth surface 204. Fifth surface 202 faces electrochromic medium 32. Sixth surface 204 faces away from electrochromic medium 32. Capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 is disposed on fifth surface 202 of third substrate 200. Capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 is disposed on capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38. Second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 is disposed on capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40. Second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46 is disposed on second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44. In an embodiment, second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46 is an optically transparent adhesive that adheres second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 (and all layers applied to third substrate 200) to first surface 16 of first substrate 12. Thus, the set of the third substrate 200, the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38, the capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40, the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44, and the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46 can be formed into a module and adhered to the first surface 16 of the first substrate 12. Example optically clear adhesives include acrylic-based, silicone-based, epoxy-based, and polyurethane-based adhesives, among others.

[0056] refer to Figure 1D , the electro-optical element 10D also includes an electrochromic medium 32, a first electro-optical conductive layer 28, a second electro-optical conductive layer 30, a capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38, a capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40, a second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44, and a second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46. The electrochromic medium 32 is disposed between the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30. In addition, similar to the electro-optical element 10C, the electro-optical element 10C includes a third substrate 200, wherein the fifth surface 202 faces the electrochromic medium 32, and the sixth surface 204 faces away from the electrochromic medium 32.

[0057] Compared to the electro-optical elements 10A to 10C, the electro-optical element 10D further includes an optically transparent adhesive 206 disposed on the fifth surface 202 of the third substrate 200. The electro-optical element 10D further includes a fourth substrate 208 disposed on the optically transparent adhesive 206. The capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 is disposed on the fourth substrate 208, wherein the fourth substrate 208 is disposed between the optically transparent adhesive 206 and the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38. Conceptually moving back 22, the capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 is disposed on the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38. The second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 is disposed on the capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40. The fifth substrate 210 is disposed on the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44. The second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46 is disposed on the fifth substrate 210. However, similar to the electro-optical element 10C, the capacitive touch screen insulating layer 40 of the electro-optical element 10D is an optically transparent adhesive that adheres the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 to the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44. Likewise, the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer 46 is an optically clear adhesive that adheres the fifth substrate 210 to the first surface 16 of the first substrate 12 .

[0058] In all embodiments (including electro-optical elements 10A to 10D), at least one of first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and second electro-optical conductive layer 30 is driven with an alternating current (AC) voltage relative to system ground. In the embodiments described herein, first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and second electro-optical conductive layer 30 are both driven with AC voltages having different DC-like offsets relative to each other (e.g., the AC voltages at first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and second electro-optical conductive layer 30 are different but in phase and have the same amplitude, thereby producing a substantially constant DC voltage offset). In some cases, first electro-optical conductive layer 28 is driven with an AC voltage, while second electro-optical conductive layer 30 is driven separately without an AC voltage. Similarly, second electro-optical conductive layer 30 can be driven with an AC voltage, while first electro-optical conductive layer 28 is driven separately without an AC voltage.

[0059] In other words, the first electro-photoconductive layer 28 and the second electro-photoconductive layer 30 present substantially in-phase AC voltages. In such embodiments, the voltage that varies over time at the first electro-photoconductive layer 28 and the voltage that varies over time at the second electro-photoconductive layer 30 are both substantially in-phase repetitive waves having substantially the same amplitude. In some embodiments, the voltage at the first electro-photoconductive layer 28 is greater than the voltage at the second electro-photoconductive layer 30 at all time points in the sampling time period. However, in other embodiments, the voltage at the first electro-photoconductive layer 28 is less than the voltage at the second electro-photoconductive layer 30 at all time points in the sampling time period. The circuit is configured to achieve these purposes. Therefore, for a set level of light transmission through the electrochromic medium 32, the first electro-photoconductive layer 28 and the second electro-photoconductive layer 30 experience a substantially constant input DC voltage difference (e.g., a voltage difference change of 10% or less, such as a voltage difference change of 5% or less) between all time points in the sampling time period.

[0060] The electro-optical element 10A, 10B also includes a circuit configured to achieve these purposes, including the purposes of the previous two paragraphs. Such circuits may include separate AC voltage sources or waveform generators for the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30. These sources generate desired waveforms with specified phase relationships and amplitudes. If necessary, an amplifier may also be used to increase the voltage level. A digital control element such as a microcontroller may be used to generate and control the desired voltage waveform.

[0061] The use of an AC voltage relative to system ground to drive at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 is a departure from previous practice. To date, the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer have typically been driven using a direct current (DC) voltage, and any AC voltage is relative to system ground. A DC voltage has been considered more practical because a power source with a DC voltage (e.g., a 24V DC battery) typically provides electrical power for operating the electro-optical elements 10A, 10B. In addition, the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 typically require a small amount of voltage to manipulate the electrochromic medium 32.

[0062] In the embodiments described herein, the electro-optical elements 10A to 10D further include one or more coatings 50 disposed over the first surface 16 of the first substrate 12 (in the case of the electro-optical elements 10A to 10B) or over the first surface 204 of the third substrate 200 (in the case of the electro-optical elements 10C to 10D). The one or more coatings 50 may include a protective coating, an anti-fingerprint coating, or an anti-reflective coating, etc. The one or more coatings 50 are substantially transparent to electromagnetic radiation of a desired wavelength or wavelength range.

[0063] Capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 is electrically coupled to at least one of first electro-optic conductive layer 28 and second electro-optic conductive layer 30. In other words, the circuit that drives at least one of first electro-optic conductive layer 28 and second electro-optic conductive layer 30 also drives or is otherwise electrically connected to capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38. The AC voltage can drive capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 separately (e.g., separately from the AC voltage that drives at least one of first electro-optic conductive layer 28 and second electro-optic conductive layer 30). However, the AC voltage need not drive capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 separately. Circuitry is configured to achieve these purposes. Such circuitry may include conductive traces, capacitors, switches, and transistors, as well as a driver circuit that generates a desired AC voltage signal, the driver circuit including components such as amplifiers, oscillators, and waveform generators.

[0064] The second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44 is electrically coupled to at least one of the first electro-optic conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optic conductive layer 30. In other words, the circuitry that drives at least one of the first electro-optic conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optic conductive layer 30 also drives or is otherwise electrically connected to the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44. The AC voltage may, but need not, solely drive the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer 44. The circuitry is configured to accomplish these objectives in the same manner as discussed for the first capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38.

[0065] Capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 presents an AC voltage that is substantially in phase with the AC voltage driving at least one of first electro-optic conductive layer 28 and second electro-optic conductive layer 30. Capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 presents an AC voltage, which means that a measurement of the voltage at capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 appears as an AC voltage. Capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 presents an AC voltage regardless of whether capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 is driven exclusively with an AC voltage source because capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 is electrically coupled to at least one of first electro-optic conductive layer 28 and second electro-optic conductive layer 30. However, when capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 and first electro-optic conductive layer 28 are each driven separately with an AC voltage, the AC voltages driving each of capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 and first electro-optic conductive layer 28 are substantially in phase.

[0066] In addition, as mentioned, the circuit is configured so that the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 presents an AC voltage that is substantially in phase with the AC voltage that drives at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30. There are many ways to design the circuit to achieve this goal. For example, the circuit of the electro-optical elements 10A to 10D may include an inductor that isolates the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 at a desired frequency or frequency range of the AC. In those cases, the inductor can be configured to substantially maximize the load impedance at the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 at the desired frequency or frequency range of the alternating current. As another example, the circuit of the electro-optical elements 10A to 10D may include a parallel LC circuit that isolates the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 at a desired frequency or frequency range. In those cases, the parallel LC circuit can be configured to substantially maximize the load impedance at the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 at the desired frequency or frequency range. Thus, utilizing an inductor or parallel LC circuit to electrically isolate the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 at a desired frequency or frequency range permits utilizing an AC protection waveform to drive the first electro-optical conductive layer 28. The desired frequency or frequency range is not limiting, but may be less than or equal to 500 kHz, such as less than 50 kHz, 100 kHz, 150 kHz, 200 kHz, 250 kHz, 300 kHz, 350 kHz, 400 kHz, 450 kHz, or 500 kHz, or within any range bounded by any two of those values ​​(e.g., 50 kHz to 500 kHz, 50 kHz to 150 kHz, 100 kHz to 250 kHz, etc.).

[0067] Reference now Figure 2 , a method 100 of operating electro-optical elements 10A to 10D is disclosed herein. At step 102, the method includes driving the capacitive touch screen conductive layer 38 with an alternating current (AC) voltage. At step 104, the method includes driving each of the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 with a substantially in-phase AC voltage, offset by a DC voltage that matches and is in-phase with the AC voltage driving the capacitive touch screen layer 38, and at a frequency or frequency range that electrically isolates the first electro-optical conductive layer 28 and the second electro-optical conductive layer 30. Step 104 can be implemented using the circuits discussed previously. Steps 102 and 104 can be performed simultaneously.

[0068] Example

[0069] Example 1 – Now refer to Figure 3 For Example 1, a computer simulation circuit is designed to drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer ("TOUCH_DRIVE") using an AC voltage. Figure 3 . The components of the circuit labeled R1, R2, and C1 simulate the first electro-optic conductive layer, the second electro-optic layer, and the electrochromic medium. Component C3 is configured to resonate the L1-L2 parallel combination to increase the load impedance at the excitation frequency of 100kHz. Increasing the load impedance at the excitation frequency permits lower power drivers and smaller, cheaper inductors to be provided for L1 and L2. Figure 3 The graph above the circuit at shows the impedance and phase angle of the AC voltage at the conductive layer of the capacitive touch screen as the frequency of the AC voltage varies.

[0070] Example 2 – Now refer to Figure 4 and Figure 5 For Example 2, a computer simulation circuit was designed to drive the first electro-optically conductive layer ("V_upper") using an AC voltage ("V3"). Figure 4 The lower part of Figure 4 The elements labeled R5, R6, and C1 simulate an electro-optical device between a first electro-optical conductive layer ("V_upper") and a second electro-optical conductive layer ("V_lower"). The elements labeled L1 and C2 represent a parallel LC circuit that isolates the electro-optical elements at a desired frequency of 100kHz. The graph above the circuit shows the voltage varying over time for both the first electro-optical conductive layer ("V_upper") and the second electro-optical conductive layer ("V_lower"). Both voltages are AC voltages that are substantially in phase, with the first electro-optical conductive layer ("V_upper") having a slightly larger voltage than the second electro-optical conductive layer 30 ("V_lower"), thereby providing a DC voltage offset.

[0071] Figure 5 The graph of shows the impedance and phase angle as a function of the frequency of the AC leaving element U3. The impedance is at a maximum around the desired frequency of 100kHz, which shows the effect of the L1-C2 parallel LC circuit resonance increasing the AC impedance of the load.

[0072] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the disclosed and other components described are not limited to any specific material. Unless otherwise described herein, other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure disclosed herein may be formed from a wide variety of materials.

[0073] For purposes of this disclosure, the term "coupled" (in all its forms, coupling, coupled, etc.) generally means the joining of two (electrical or mechanical) components to one another, directly or indirectly. Such joining may be stationary in nature or movable in nature. Such joining may be achieved using the two (electrical or mechanical) components and any additional intermediate members that are integrally formed as a single unitary body with one another or with the two components. Unless otherwise specified, such joining may be permanent in nature or removable or releasable in nature.

[0074] It is also worth noting that the construction and arrangement of the elements of the present disclosure as shown in the exemplary embodiments are merely illustrative. Although only a few embodiments of this innovation have been described in detail in the present disclosure, it will be easily understood by those skilled in the art who consult the present disclosure that there may be many modifications (e.g., changes in the size, size, structure, shape and ratio, parameter value, installation arrangement, use of materials, color, orientation, etc. of various elements) without substantially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the subject. For example, the elements shown as being integrally formed may be constructed from multiple parts, or the elements shown as multiple parts may be integrally formed, the operation of the interface may be reversed or otherwise changed, the length or width of the structure and / or member or connector or other elements of the system may be changed, and the nature or number of the adjustment positions set between the elements may be changed. It should be noted that the elements and / or assemblies of the system may be composed of any of a wide variety of materials providing sufficient strength or durability, and may be in any of a wide variety of colors, textures, and combinations. Therefore, all such modifications are intended to be included in the scope of this innovation. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangement of the desired and other exemplary embodiments without departing from the spirit of this innovation.

[0075] It should be understood that any described process or steps within a described process can be combined with other disclosed processes or steps to form structures within the scope of the present disclosure. The exemplary structures and processes disclosed herein are for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting.

Claims

1. An electro-optical element, comprising: Electrochromic media; a substantially transparent first electro-optically conductive layer disposed to one side of the electrochromic medium; a second electro-optical conductive layer, the second electro-optical conductive layer being disposed to the other side of the electrochromic medium; a capacitive touch screen conductive layer, the capacitive touch screen conductive layer and the electrochromic medium being disposed on an opposite side of the first electro-optical conductive layer, the capacitive touch screen conductive layer comprising a pattern and being substantially transparent; A capacitive touch screen insulating layer, wherein the capacitive touch screen insulating layer is disposed between the capacitive touch screen conductive layer and the first electro-optic conductive layer; as well as A circuit is configured to (i) drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer and at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer together with substantially in-phase AC voltages, and (ii) provide an input DC voltage difference between the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer, the input DC voltage difference being substantially constant at all points in time during a sampling period for a set level of light transmission through the electrochromic medium.

2. The electro-optical element according to claim 1, further comprising: a second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer being disposed between the capacitive touch screen insulating layer and the first electro-optic conductive layer; as well as A second capacitive touch screen insulating layer is provided between the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer and the first electro-optic conductive layer.

3. The electro-optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 2, further comprising: A first substrate, wherein the first substrate and the electrochromic medium are disposed on the opposite side of the first electro-optical conductive layer, the first substrate comprising (i) a first surface facing away from the first electro-optical conductive layer, and (ii) a second surface facing the first electro-optical conductive layer.

4. The electro-optical element according to claim 3, further comprising: a second substrate, the second substrate being disposed on the other side of the second electro-optically conductive layer as the electrochromic medium, the second substrate comprising (i) a third surface, the second electro-optically conductive layer being disposed on the third surface, and (ii) a fourth surface, the fourth surface facing away from the electrochromic medium, wherein the second substrate is arranged in a substantially parallel and spaced manner relative to the first substrate, so that the second surface of the first substrate faces the third surface of the second substrate, wherein the electrochromic medium is disposed between the second surface of the first substrate and the third surface of the second substrate, and The second electro-optical conductive layer is arranged on the third surface of the second substrate.

5. The electro-optical element according to any one of claims 3 to 4, wherein The capacitive touch screen conductive layer, the capacitive touch screen insulating layer, the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer and the first electro-optic conductive layer are arranged on the second surface of the first substrate in a corresponding order.

6. The electro-optical element according to any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein The electrochromic medium comprises a solid composition, The second electro-optical conductive layer is disposed on the electrochromic medium, and The electrochromic medium is disposed between the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer.

7. The electro-optical element according to claim 4, wherein The first electro-optical conductive material is disposed directly on the second surface of the first substrate.

8. The electro-optical element according to claim 7, further comprising: a third substrate, the third substrate comprising a fifth surface facing the electrochromic medium and a sixth surface facing away from the electrochromic medium, wherein the capacitive touch screen conductive layer is disposed on the fifth surface of the third substrate, the capacitive touch screen insulating layer is disposed on the capacitive touch screen conductive layer, the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer is disposed on the capacitive touch screen insulating layer, and the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer is disposed on the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, and The second capacitive touch screen insulating layer is an optically transparent adhesive that adheres the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer to the first surface of the first substrate.

9. The electro-optical element according to claim 7, further comprising: a third substrate, the third substrate comprising a fifth surface facing the electrochromic medium and a sixth surface facing away from the electrochromic medium, wherein the optically transparent adhesive is disposed on the fifth surface of the third substrate, the fourth substrate is disposed on the optically transparent adhesive, the capacitive touch screen conductive layer is disposed on the fourth substrate, the capacitive touch screen insulating layer is disposed on the capacitive touch screen conductive layer, the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer is disposed on the capacitive touch screen insulating layer, the fifth substrate is disposed on the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, and the second capacitive touch screen insulating layer is disposed on the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, wherein the capacitive touch screen insulating layer is an optically clear adhesive that adheres the capacitive touch screen conductive layer to the second capacitive touch screen conductive layer, and The second capacitive touch screen insulating layer is an optically transparent adhesive that adheres the fifth substrate to the first surface of the first substrate.

10. The electro-optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein The circuit electrically couples the capacitive touch screen conductive layer to at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer.

11. The electro-optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein The circuit is not configured to drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer solely with an AC voltage.

12. The electro-optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein The circuit is configured to drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer solely with an AC voltage.

13. The electro-optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein The circuit is configured to cause the capacitive touch screen conductive layer to present an AC voltage that is substantially in phase with the AC voltage driving at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer.

14. The electro-optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein The circuit includes a parallel LC circuit that electrically isolates the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer at a desired frequency or frequency range of the alternating current.

15. The electro-optical element according to claim 14, wherein The parallel LC circuit is configured to substantially maximize a load impedance at the first electro-optically conductive layer at the desired frequency or frequency range of the alternating current.

16. The electro-optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein The circuit includes an inductor that electrically isolates the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer at a desired frequency or frequency range of the alternating current.

17. The electro-optical element according to claim 16, wherein The inductor is configured to substantially maximize a load impedance at the first electro-optically conductive layer at the desired frequency or frequency range of the alternating current.

18. An electro-optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein The circuit is configured to drive the second electro-optically conductive layer with an AC voltage.

19. An electro-optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein The second electro-optically conductive layer substantially reflects electromagnetic radiation in the visible range.

20. A method of operating an electro-optical element, comprising: The electro-optical element includes a first electro-optical conductive layer, a second electro-optical conductive layer, a capacitive touch screen conductive layer, and a circuit electrically coupling the capacitive touch screen conductive layer to at least one of the first electro-optical conductive layer and the second electro-optical conductive layer, Using an alternating current (AC) voltage to drive the capacitive touch screen conductive layer; as well as Each of the first and second electro-optically conductive layers is driven with an AC voltage that is substantially in phase, but offset with a DC voltage that matches and is in phase with the AC voltage driving the capacitive touch screen layer, at a frequency or frequency range that electrically isolates the first and second electro-optically conductive layers.

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