Friction machine and test method for testing the tribological properties of materials under multiple working conditions

Abstract

The present invention discloses a friction machine and test method for testing the tribological properties of materials under multiple working conditions. The friction machine includes: a test bench; a first friction mechanism including a first friction member, a friction member position adjuster for accommodating and securing the first friction member, and a lifting drive mechanism; a second friction mechanism including a second friction member and a rotation drive mechanism; a load application mechanism disposed on the test bench and configured to apply a load to the first friction member via the friction member position adjuster to maintain surface contact between the first and second friction members during testing; and / or a detection mechanism disposed on the test bench and comprising a controller and a friction force detection unit connected to the controller, wherein the controller calculates tribological parameters under multiple working conditions based on load data detected by the friction force detection unit. The present invention has the beneficial effects of being able to test the friction properties of composite materials under both dry and lubricated friction conditions, with convenient testing and accurate results.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application belongs to the field of wear testing, and specifically relates to a friction machine and a test method for testing the tribological properties of materials under multiple working conditions. Background Art

[0002] Tribology is one of the most important disciplines in contemporary engineering science. The performance of a new material, especially under harsh operating conditions, requires not only traditional mechanical, physical, and chemical tests but also friction and wear performance testing. Currently, there are numerous ball-on-disc or pin-on-disc friction and wear testing machines, but most are unable to study their characteristics under a wide range of stable variations in the velocity-force parameters of frictional interactions, both under dry friction conditions (without lubricant) and with lubricants. For example, Patent 1, G01N 19 / 02 (January 2006) of Khmelnitsky State University, describes a friction coefficient tribometer. This tribometer determines the friction coefficient by measuring the rotation angle of a device mounted on a cylinder. The device rotates due to the torque generated by contact friction. The load is generated by the mass of the device and an attached suspended mass. The tribometer features a reinforcing ring and two radially movable centering elements. However, the device's disadvantages are that it is difficult to determine wear based on the specimen's geometric parameters, reducing the efficiency of tribological testing. Furthermore, the device cannot be used for testing in lubricant mode. Comparative Patent 2: G01N 19 / 02 and G01N 3 / 56 (January 2006) of the Azov State Technical University, a tribometer for testing the wear of materials. The tribometer comprises a housing, a component mounted on a rotating shaft, a moving mechanism, a disc-shaped reference sample mounted on the main shaft, and a friction control element. The housing is equipped with a bushing containing a set screw that interacts with the sample. The rotating shaft has a gap and can be impacted in planes parallel and perpendicular to it. The moving mechanism, which is made of a spring and has an adjustable pressure between the housing with the sample and the disc-shaped reference sample mounted on the main shaft with a gap, can be moved along the axis. The mechanism is connected to the reference sample by an adjustment screw mounted on a flange mounted on the main shaft and connected to the reference sample via a wire. A disadvantage of this device is the lack of self-installation and the ability to adjust the sample protrusion, which significantly reduces the ability to study the wear resistance test process of the sample. Comparative Patent 3: IPC G01N3 / 56 (2006.01) by Yury Ivanivna Antoshkina (UA), a friction machine for ensuring the characterization of solid friction interactions, comprising a housing, a mobile rod with a support, a sample and a comparison sample, a rotary drive, a vertical forced vibration exciter, a load system, and a system for measuring the main parameters. The contact between the sample support and the sample itself of the device is designed so that the sample and the sample support have a certain degree of freedom of relative movement. In order to reduce the friction in the contact area, it is considered to be coated with a friction-reducing material or a layer of lubricant. The sample and the exciter are rigidly connected in the horizontal direction. The exciter is connected to the housing of the friction machine. The exciter can induce horizontal vibrations relative to the contact between the sample and the comparison sample.This device enables the study of solid-body interaction properties under conditions that influence tribological systems subjected to horizontal forced vibration. A disadvantage of this device is that it does not allow studies using lubricants. Comparative Patent 4: USSR No. 1619398A1 friction machine of the Ternopil Branch of the Lviv Polytechnic Institute, is closest to the present invention in terms of technical essence and implementation results. The device comprises a housing, a disc-shaped specimen mounted thereon, a rotary drive, a specimen support, a load element, and a friction torque meter. To improve the accuracy of tribological characterization studies by reducing the dynamic load on the test specimen and expanding its load range during friction coefficient fluctuations, the machine is equipped with a locked-position specimen support guide element designed to hold the specimen support on which it is mounted. The specimen (the specimen) is capable of radial movement relative to a disc-shaped comparison specimen. The specimen support is capable of oscillating a shaft whose axis is parallel to the plane of the disc-shaped comparison specimen and perpendicular to the longitudinal guide axis. One end of the guide axis is hingedly connected to the shaft, and the other end is connected to the load-bearing member. The axis of the cylindrical hinge is perpendicular to the plane of the sample disc. The longitudinal axis of the sample holder guide element and the axis of the sample holder lie in the same plane, perpendicular to the plane of the disc-shaped reference specimen. A disadvantage of this tribology machine is that it is impossible to test the friction pair while supplying lubricant to the friction contact area during lubrication studies under various lubrication modes and load-speed operating conditions. Furthermore, there is no system for centering the specimen along the load axis, which reduces the accuracy of tribological characterization tests.

[0003] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a friction machine that can study the characteristics of composite materials under dry friction conditions (without lubricant) and lubricated friction conditions (with lubricant) in a wide range of smooth changes in the speed-force parameters of friction interaction. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art described above, the purpose of this application is to provide a friction machine and test method for testing the tribological properties of materials under multiple working conditions, which is used to solve the current problems of being unable to study the friction properties of composite materials under both dry friction conditions and lubricated friction conditions, the small test range, and the low data accuracy.

[0005] To solve the above problems, the technical solution adopted in this application is:

[0006] The friction machine for testing the multi-condition tribological properties of materials according to the present invention is characterized by comprising:

[0007] test bench;

[0008] The first friction mechanism includes a first friction member, a friction member position regulator for accommodating and fixing the first friction member, and a lifting drive mechanism provided on the test bench for driving the friction member position regulator to lift;

[0009] The second friction mechanism includes a second friction member and a rotation drive mechanism provided on the test bench for carrying and driving the second friction member to rotate horizontally;

[0010] a load applying mechanism, provided on the test bench, for applying a load to the first friction member via the friction member position adjuster so that the first friction member and the second friction member maintain surface contact during the test; and / or

[0011] The detection mechanism is arranged on the test bench and includes a controller and a friction detection unit connected to the controller. The controller calculates the tribological parameters of the friction pair under multiple working conditions based on the load data detected by the friction detection unit.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the friction member position adjuster includes a sample support rack guide element, a sample fixing assembly and an oil tank. The sample support rack guide element is connected to the lifting drive mechanism and is used to drive the sample fixing assembly to move up and down. The sample fixing assembly is adjustably arranged in the sample support rack guide element. The lower part of the sample fixing assembly is provided with a sample cavity for allowing the first friction member to enter and exit. A liquid storage cavity is provided between the top of the sample fixing assembly and the sample support rack guide element, and the liquid storage cavity is connected to the sample cavity and the oil tank.

[0013] As a preference of the present application, the sample support guide element is a U-shaped structure with its opening facing the test bench below.

[0014] As a preference of the present application, horizontal through grooves are symmetrically provided on two opposite side walls of the sample support guide element.

[0015] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, a liquid adding hole communicating with the liquid storage cavity is provided on the top of the sample support guide element.

[0016] As a preference of the present application, the liquid adding hole is a tapered hole that is larger at the top and smaller at the bottom.

[0017] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the sample fixing assembly includes a sample support rack, a tightening sleeve, a cover and a buffer member. The sample support rack can be adjustably installed in the sample support rack guide element. The end surface of the sample support rack away from the test bench has a recess, and the recess and the inner surface of the sample support rack guide element together define a liquid storage chamber; the tightening sleeve and the cover are coaxially installed in the sample support rack, and together define a sample chamber with a bottom end open for the first friction member to enter and exit; the buffer member is connected to the inner surface of the cover facing the workbench to prevent the first friction member from directly contacting the cover.

[0018] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the center of the recess protrudes toward the side away from the test bench to form a convex seat, and the end face of the convex seat away from the test bench is processed with a first arc groove; the inner surface of the sample support guide element facing the test bench is processed with a second arc groove, the first arc groove and the second arc groove are arranged opposite to each other up and down, and a spherical support member is sandwiched between the two.

[0019] As a preference of the present application, the diameter of the spherical support member is smaller than the diameters of the first circular arc groove and the second circular arc groove.

[0020] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, a working chamber is defined between the sample holder and the cover, and a plurality of grooves are machined on the inner wall of the adapter sleeve. The working chamber is connected to the liquid storage chamber and the grooves, and is used to fill the lubricant in the liquid storage chamber into the contact area between the first friction member and the second friction member, thereby lubricating the contact area.

[0021] As a preference of the present application, a communicating hole is provided inside the sample support frame, one end of the communicating hole is communicated with the oil storage chamber, and the other end of the communicating hole is communicated with the working chamber.

[0022] As a preference of the present application, the groove is a V-shaped through groove extending along the central axis of the adapter sleeve, and the notch of the V-shaped through groove faces the central axis of the adapter sleeve.

[0023] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the buffer member is a spring, one end of which is connected to the cover, and the other end of which is in contact with the end face of the first friction member movably inserted in the sample cavity and away from the test bench, so as to ensure that the end face of the first friction member close to the test bench is always in contact with and pressed against the second friction member during the test.

[0024] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the rotary drive mechanism includes a hydraulic motor, which is installed on a test bench, and the output shaft of the hydraulic motor is equipped with a storage cup with an open top for accommodating the second friction member.

[0025] As a preference of the present application, the first friction member is a cylindrical friction member that is movably inserted into the sample cavity.

[0026] As a preference of the present application, the outer diameter of the first friction member is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the sample cavity, so as to ensure that the first friction member can freely enter and exit the sample cavity along the axis of the sample cavity, thereby reducing the dynamic load during the tribological test of the anti-friction material and lubricant mixture.

[0027] As a preference of the present application, the second friction member is a disc-type friction member, and the surface of the second friction member away from the test bench is a horizontal friction surface.

[0028] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the load application unit includes a bracket, a power load rod, a weight and a counterweight block. The power load rod is pivotally connected to the bracket through a pivot shaft. The short arm end of the power load rod is equipped with a counterweight block. The long arm end of the power load rod is hung with a weight plate through a hanger. The weight is placed in the weight plate for adjusting the load applied between the first friction mechanism and the second friction mechanism.

[0029] As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the friction force detection unit includes a strain gauge, a tension beam, a force transmission rod and a bearing. The other end of the force transmission rod is connected to the test end of the strain gauge through the tension beam. A bearing is installed at one end of the force transmission rod. The bearing is located directly below the power load rod. The bearing is rotatably mounted on the top of the sample support guide element and is used to transmit the pressure applied by the power load rod to the strain gauge via the force transmission rod.

[0030] As a preference of the present application, the detection mechanism further includes a resistance detection unit for detecting the contact resistance between the first friction member and the second friction member.

[0031] The present invention also provides a test method using the friction machine for testing the tribological properties of materials and lubricants, characterized in that it comprises the steps of:

[0032] Determining the dimensions of the friction surfaces of the first friction member and the second friction member based on the materials, specified precision, and quality parameters of the first friction member and the second friction member, and cutting the materials to form the first friction member and the second friction member;

[0033] Place the first friction member in the sample chamber, place the second friction member in the storage cup and fix it to the storage cup, and add an appropriate amount of lubricant into the oil tank;

[0034] Adjusting the position of the first friction member so that the first friction member contacts the second friction member at a set position;

[0035] The working state of the friction machine is adjusted according to the test conditions, the load required for the test is applied through the load applying mechanism, the rotary drive mechanism sets the test speed and drives the second friction member to rotate horizontally to perform the friction test, the friction force detection unit obtains the load data applied between the first friction member and the second friction member, the rotary drive mechanism obtains the real-time rotation speed of the second friction member, and the controller calculates the tribological parameters of the friction pair under various working conditions; the tribological parameters include at least friction force.

[0036] The test conditions include at least dry friction conditions (i.e., the contact area is in a state without lubricant) and lubricated conditions (i.e., the contact area is in a state with lubricant), wherein the test under lubricated conditions includes the steps of: supplying lubricant to the contact area between the first friction part and the second friction part.

[0037] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0038] 1. The friction machine of the present invention can be used to study materials under boundary lubrication mode and determine the tribological properties during friction and wear. In other words, the tribological properties of friction pairs can be studied under dry friction conditions (without lubricant) and lubricated friction conditions (with lubricant) of composite materials under wide-range steady variations in the velocity-force parameter of the friction interaction.

[0039] 2. The present invention reduces the impact of dynamic loads on the test sample (including the transition process from dry friction to lubricated friction) through the active cooperation between the adapter sleeve and the first friction member, significantly improving the efficiency and reliability of tribological research results;

[0040] 3. It has a wide range of application environments. The equipment can be used not only in laboratories but also in production conditions. The friction element of the present invention expands the test range of the load force parameters applied to the friction pair, and ensures high load values ​​through the arm ratio on the dynamic load rod and the sample support guide element. The sensitivity and stability of the force parameter changes can be guaranteed throughout the test process. The sliding speed is 0.2 to 12 m / s and the specific load is 0.15 to 40 MPa.

[0041] 4. Cylindrical test samples of different sizes can be used: diameter of 2 to 11.2 mm, height of 0.1 to 25 mm, and contrast samples of 100 to 250 mm in diameter and 7 mm in thickness;

[0042] 5. The first friction member and the second friction member are simple to manufacture, and their structural states are further metallographically tested;

[0043] 6. Convenient to observe and monitor the friction and wear process of the contact area;

[0044] 7. The overall rigidity of the friction machine is high, which can significantly reduce vibration and noise, especially the vibration and noise of the first friction mechanism, the second friction mechanism and the load application mechanism, ensuring objective data when studying the friction and wear process;

[0045] 8. By using springs and spherical supports in the sample fixing assembly, the positioning accuracy of the friction pair in the running-in state and normal friction and wear state is ensured;

[0046] 9. The present invention can utilize the entire friction surface of the second friction member, thereby improving the utilization rate of the friction member. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0047] Figure 1 It is a test flow chart of the present invention.

[0048] Figure 2shows an overall axonometric view of a tribology machine used to test the tribological properties of materials and lubricants;

[0049] Figure 3 A top view of the friction machine is shown;

[0050] Figure 4 Shows Figure 3 AA section to better show the structure;

[0051] Figure 5 for Figure 4 The enlarged view of point E shows the installation diagram of the friction member position regulator and the first friction member;

[0052] Figure 6 Shows Figure 5 BB profile;

[0053] Figure 7 Shows Figure 5 GG profile;

[0054] Figure 8 Shows Figure 5 F-direction view;

[0055] Figure 9 Shows Figure 8 HH profile.

[0056] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the force applied to the power load rod of the present invention. Description of the drawings:

[0058] 1. Test bench;

[0059] 2. First friction mechanism; 21. First friction member; 22. Friction member position adjuster; 23. Lifting drive mechanism;

[0060] 221, sample support guide element; 222, sample fixing assembly; 223, liquid storage chamber; 224, spherical support member; 225, working chamber; 228, oil tank; 2211, horizontal through groove; 2212, liquid filling hole; 2213, second arc groove; 2214, first connecting seat; 2215, second connecting seat; 2220, protrusion; 2221, sample support; 2222, adapter sleeve; 2223, cover; 2224, buffer member; 2225, first arc groove; 2226, groove; 2227, connecting hole;

[0061] 3. Second friction mechanism; 31. Second friction member; 32. Rotation drive mechanism; 321. Hydraulic motor; 322. Storage cup; 323. Locking screw;

[0062] 4. Load applying mechanism; 41. Bracket; 42. Power load rod; 43. Weight; 44. Counterweight;

[0063] 5. Detection mechanism; 51. Friction detection unit; 511. Strain gauge; 512. Tension beam; 513. Force transmission rod; 514. Bearing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0064] The following describes the embodiments of the present application through specific examples. Those skilled in the art will readily understand the other advantages and benefits of the present application from the disclosure herein. The present application may also be implemented or applied through various other specific embodiments, and the details in this specification may be modified or altered based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of the present application.

[0065] It should be noted that the process equipment or devices not specifically specified in the following embodiments are all conventional equipment or devices in the art.

[0066] In addition, it should be understood that one or more method steps mentioned in this application do not exclude the presence of other method steps before or after the combination step or the insertion of other method steps between these explicitly mentioned steps, unless otherwise specified; it should also be understood that the combination connection relationship between one or more devices / apparatuses mentioned in this application does not exclude the presence of other devices / apparatuses before or after the combination device / apparatus or the insertion of other devices / apparatuses between these two explicitly mentioned devices / apparatuses, unless otherwise specified. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, the numbering of each method step is merely a convenient tool for identifying each method step, and is not intended to limit the order of arrangement of each method step or to define the scope of implementation of this application. Changes or adjustments to their relative relationships, without substantially changing the technical content, should also be considered as the scope of implementation of this application.

[0067] The following describes in detail embodiments of the present application. Examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar reference numerals throughout represent the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are only used to explain the present application and are not to be construed as limiting the present application.

[0068] In the description of this application, it should be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", "axial", "circumferential", etc., indicating orientations or positional relationships, are based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they cannot be understood as limitations on this application. In addition, features defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of such features. In the description of this application, unless otherwise specified, "multiple" means two or more.

[0069] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, they can refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integral connections; mechanical connections or electrical connections; direct connections or indirect connections through an intermediate medium; and internal connections between two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of the above terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0070] Throughout this specification, reference to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "illustrative embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples" means that the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present application. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.

[0071] The present application is further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments, but the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereto.

[0072] like Figures 2 to 4 As shown, the friction machine for testing the multi-condition tribological properties of materials according to the present invention comprises:

[0073] Test bench 1;

[0074] The first friction mechanism 2 includes a first friction member 21, a friction member position adjuster 22 for accommodating and fixing the first friction member 21, and a lifting drive mechanism 23 provided on the test bench 1 for driving the friction member position adjuster 22 to move upward and downward;

[0075] The second friction mechanism 3 includes a second friction member 31 and a rotation drive mechanism 32 provided on the test bench 1 for carrying and driving the second friction member 31 to rotate horizontally;

[0076] a load applying mechanism 4 , provided on the test bench 1 , for applying a load to the first friction member 21 so that the first friction member 21 and the second friction member 31 maintain surface contact during the test; and / or

[0077] The detection mechanism 5 is arranged on the test bench 1 and includes a controller and a friction detection unit 51 connected to the controller. The controller calculates the tribological parameters of the friction pair under multiple working conditions based on the load data detected by the friction detection unit.

[0078] like Figure 5 As shown, the friction member position adjuster 22 includes a sample holder guide element 221, a sample fixing assembly 222, and an oil tank 228. The sample holder guide element 221 is connected to the lifting drive mechanism 23 for driving the sample fixing assembly 222 to move up and down. The sample fixing assembly 222 is adjustably disposed in the sample holder guide element 221. A sample cavity for allowing the first friction member 21 to enter and exit is provided at the lower portion of the sample fixing assembly 222. A liquid storage cavity 223 is provided between the top of the sample fixing assembly 222 and the sample holder guide element 221. The liquid storage cavity 223 is in communication with the sample cavity and the oil tank 228.

[0079] like Figure 5 As shown, the sample support guide element 221 is a U-shaped structure with its opening facing the test bench 1 .

[0080] like Figure 2 As shown, the sample holder guide element 221 has symmetrically formed horizontal through-grooves 2211 on opposite sides. During the experiment, the first friction member 21 was mounted on the sample fixing assembly 222, and the sample fixing assembly 222 was fixed at a desired distance from the center of the second friction member 31 using a snap fastener through the horizontal through-grooves 2211. As shown in the figure, the sample fixing assembly 222 includes a sample support rack 2221, a tightening sleeve 2222, a cover 2223 and a buffer member 2224. The sample support rack 2221 is installed in the sample support rack guide element 221. The end surface of the sample support rack 2221 away from the test bench 1 has a recess, and the recess and the inner surface of the sample support rack guide element 221 together define a liquid storage chamber 223; the tightening sleeve 2222 and the cover 2223 are coaxially installed in the sample support rack 2221, and together define a sample chamber with a bottom end open for the first friction member 21 to enter and exit; the buffer member 2224 is connected to the inner surface of the cover 2223 facing the workbench, and is used to prevent the first friction member 21 from directly contacting the cover 2223.

[0081] like Figure 5As shown, the sample holder 2221 is installed within the sample holder guide element 221, allowing the first friction member 21 to assume a desired position relative to the friction surface of the second friction member 31 after being compressed. As shown in the figure, the adapter sleeve 2222 comprises a through-and-through sleeve. The top of the adapter sleeve 2222 is provided with an internal thread, and the cover 2223 is provided with an external thread that can be threadedly connected to the internal thread. The adapter sleeve 2222 and the cover 2223 are threadedly connected, together defining a sample cavity for accommodating the first friction member. The adapter sleeve 2222 is inserted into the sample holder 2221, and an annular gap is provided between the outer cylindrical surface of the adapter sleeve 2222 and the inner cylindrical surface of the sample holder 2221 to allow axial movement of the first friction member 21 during the running-in process and under normal friction and wear conditions.

[0082] like Figure 5 As shown, the recess has a circular cross-section, and its center protrudes upward toward the inner bottom surface, away from the test platform 1, forming a boss 2220. A first arcuate groove 2225 is machined into the end surface of the boss, facing away from the test platform 1. A second arcuate groove 2213 is machined into the inner surface of the sample holder guide element 221, facing the test platform 1. The first and second arcuate grooves 2225 and 2213 are positioned vertically opposite each other, with a spherical support member 224 sandwiched between them. Preferably, the spherical support member is a steel ball supported between the first and second arcuate grooves 2225 and 2213, with a diameter smaller than that of the first and second arcuate grooves 2225 and 2213. The top and bottom of the spherical support member contact the first and second arcuate grooves 2225 and 2213, respectively, ensuring precise axial load on the first friction member and ensuring self-alignment of its friction surface with the friction surface of the second friction member during the study.

[0083] like Figure 5 As shown, a working chamber 225 is defined between the sample holder 2221 and the cover 2223. The inner wall of the adapter sleeve 2222 is machined with a plurality of grooves 2226. The working chamber 225 is connected to the liquid storage chamber 223 and the grooves 2226, and is used to fill the lubricant in the liquid storage chamber 223 into the space between the first friction member 21 and the second friction member 31.

[0084] like Figure 5 As shown, a communication hole 2227 is provided inside the sample support 2221 , one end of the communication hole 2227 is communicated with the oil storage cavity 223 , and the other end is communicated with the working cavity.

[0085] like Figure 6 and Figure 7As shown, the groove 2226 is a V-shaped through groove extending along the central axis of the adapter sleeve, and the notch of the V-shaped through groove faces the central axis of the adapter sleeve.

[0086] like Figure 5 As shown, the top of the sample holder guide element 221 is provided with a liquid-filling hole 2212 that connects to the liquid reservoir 223. Preferably, the liquid-filling hole is a tapered hole that is larger at the top and smaller at the bottom. Lubricant from the oil tank is supplied to the liquid reservoir 223 formed at the top of the sample holder assembly 222 through a pipe with a control valve and the liquid-filling hole. The lubricant then enters the working chamber from the liquid reservoir 223 through a connecting hole 2227. The lubricant then flows directly into the contact area along the adapter sleeve's axis through several grooves 2226 machined into the inner wall of the adapter sleeve.

[0087] like Figure 5 As shown, the buffer member 2224 is a spring, one end of which is connected to the cover, and the other end of which abuts against the end face of the first friction member 21 movably inserted in the sample cavity, which is away from the test bench, to ensure that the end face of the first friction member close to the test bench is always in contact with and pressed against the second friction member during the test.

[0088] like Figure 5 As shown, the first friction member 21 is a cylindrical friction member that is movably inserted into the sample cavity. The diameter of the first friction member 21 is 2 to 11.2 mm, and the height is 0.1 to 25 mm.

[0089] like Figure 5 As shown, the cross-section of the sample cavity is circular, and the outer diameter of the first friction member 21 is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the sample cavity, so as to ensure that the first friction member can freely enter and exit the sample cavity along the axis of the sample cavity, thereby reducing the dynamic load during the tribological test of the anti-friction material and lubricant mixture.

[0090] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, the second friction member 31 is a disc-type friction member, and the surface of the second friction member away from the test bench is a horizontal friction surface. The diameter of the second friction member 31 is 100-250 mm and the thickness is 7 mm.

[0091] like Figure 2As shown, the rotation drive mechanism 32 includes a hydraulic motor 321, which is mounted on the test bench 1. The output shaft of the hydraulic motor 321 is equipped with a storage cup 322 with an open top, and the second friction member 31 is removably mounted in the storage cup 322. The hydraulic motor 321 has a built-in tachometer that can measure the rotation speed of the second friction member 31 in real time. The second friction member 31 is fixed to the storage cup 322 by a locking screw 323, so that the storage cup 322 and the second friction member 31 can remain relatively stationary. During testing, the hydraulic motor 321 can drive the second friction member 31 to have two motion modes: forward rotation mode and reverse rotation mode by rotating clockwise or counterclockwise to test the tribological performance of the friction pair under different working conditions.

[0092] like Figure 2 As shown, the lifting drive mechanism 23 includes a pair of oppositely arranged support frames 231, and a gear rack transmission assembly is provided in the support frames 231. The gear rack transmission assembly includes mutually meshing gears and racks. The gears are rotatably mounted on the support frames and connected to the drive motor; the racks are mounted on the support frames, and the two racks are connected to a rotating shaft 232; the rotating shaft 232 is located directly above the second friction member, and the rotating shaft is connected to the sample support guide element 221 through a connecting shaft. The drive motor drives the gear to rotate, and the gear drives the rack to rise and fall in the vertical direction, thereby driving the rotating shaft to rise and fall.

[0093] like Figure 2 As shown, the lifting drive mechanism 23 includes a pair of opposing support frames 231, on which lifting adjustment members are adjustably mounted, and a rotating shaft 232 is connected between the two lifting adjustment members; the rotating shaft 232 is located directly above the second friction member, and the rotating shaft 232 is connected to the sample support guide element 221 via a connecting shaft 233. The lifting adjustment members are adjusted to a suitable position and then locked. Since the rotating shaft is connected to the lifting adjustment members, the lifting and lowering can be synchronized while adjusting the lifting adjustment members.

[0094] like Figure 2 As shown, the load application mechanism 4 includes a bracket 41, a dynamic load rod 42, a weight 43, and a counterweight 44. The dynamic load rod 42 is an unequal-arm lever pivotally connected to the bracket 41 via a pivot shaft. The counterweight 44 is removably mounted on the short arm end of the dynamic load rod 42. A weight tray is suspended from the long arm end of the dynamic load rod 42 via a suspension rod. The weight 43 is placed on the weight tray and is used to adjust the load applied between the first friction mechanism 2 and the second friction mechanism 3. To reduce the influence of the deadweight of the dynamic load rod 42 and the sample holder guide element 221, corresponding counterweights 44 are provided, along with the first friction member 21, the adapter sleeve 2222, the buffer member 2224, and the second friction member 31, to control the force in the contact area between the first friction member 21 and the second friction member 31.

[0095] like Figure 2 As shown, the friction force detection unit 51 includes a strain gauge 511, a tension beam 512, a force transmission rod 513, and a bearing 514. The other end of the force transmission rod 513 is connected to the test end of the strain gauge 511 via the tension beam 512, and one end of the force transmission rod 513 is connected to the sample support guide element 221. The bearing 514 is located directly below the dynamic load rod 42 and is rotatably mounted on the top of the sample support guide element 221. The bearing 514 is used to transmit the pressure applied by the dynamic load rod 42 to the strain gauge 511 via the force transmission rod 513. During testing, a weight is placed on the weight plate of the dynamic load rod 42, so that the long arm section of the dynamic load rod 42 abuts against the bearing 514, applying pressure toward the test bench. The bearing 514 transmits the pressure to the force transmission rod 513, the tension beam 512, and then to the strain gauge 511 for measurement. During the test, the friction force between the first friction member 21 and the second friction member 31 is measured by the deformation of the tension beam and the strain sensor of the strain gauge 511. The ratio of the friction force to the normal load determines the friction coefficient, and the wear degree is determined by the weight method.

[0096] like Figure 2 As shown, a first connecting seat 2214 and a second connecting seat 2215 are arranged opposite to each other along the axis of the sample holder guiding element 221 on the top of the sample holder guiding element 221 , and a bearing is rotatably mounted on the first connecting seat 2214 .

[0097] like Figure 2 As shown, the first connecting seat 2214 is a U-shaped seat integrally formed on the sample support guide element 221 .

[0098] like Figure 2 As shown, the second connecting seat 2215 is an F-shaped seat integrally formed on the sample holder guide element 221 , and the lateral opening groove of the F-shaped seat is clamped on the outside of the rotating shaft and is pivotally connected to the rotating shaft through the connecting shaft.

[0099] In some embodiments of the present invention, the friction machine further comprises a housing, within which the test bench 1, first friction mechanism 2, second friction mechanism 3, load application mechanism 4, and detection mechanism 5 are all located. The housing is constructed of steel, providing high overall rigidity and significantly reducing vibration and noise, particularly vibration and noise from the first friction mechanism, second friction mechanism, and load application mechanism, thereby ensuring objective data when studying friction and wear processes.

[0100] In some embodiments of the present invention, the detection mechanism further includes a resistance detection unit for detecting the contact resistance between the first friction member and the second friction member.

[0101] In some embodiments of the present invention, the friction machine further includes a thermocouple for measuring the temperature of the contact area between the first and second friction members. The thermocouple can be located on either the first or second friction member. In this embodiment, the thermocouple is located on the first friction member. The thermocouple is placed in a hole at the end of the first friction member near the test bench, with a distance of approximately 0.5 mm from the contact area.

[0102] As shown in the figure, the present invention also provides a test method using the friction machine for testing the tribological properties of materials and lubricants, comprising the steps of:

[0103] S1: determining the dimensions of the friction surfaces of the first friction member and the second friction member based on the materials, specified precision, and quality parameters of the first friction member and the second friction member, and cutting the materials into the first friction member and the second friction member;

[0104] S2: Place the first friction member in the sample chamber, place the second friction member in the storage cup and fix it to the storage cup, and add an appropriate amount of lubricant into the oil tank;

[0105] S3: adjusting the position of the first friction member so that the first friction member contacts the second friction member at a set position;

[0106] S4 adjusts the state of the friction machine according to the test conditions, applies the load required for the test through the load applying mechanism, sets the test speed through the rotation drive mechanism, and drives the second friction member to rotate horizontally to perform the friction test. The friction force detection unit obtains the load data applied between the first friction member and the second friction member, and the rotation drive mechanism obtains the real-time rotation speed of the second friction member. The controller calculates the tribological parameters of the friction pair under various working conditions; the tribological parameters include at least friction force.

[0107] The test conditions include at least a dry friction condition (i.e., a contact area without lubricant) and a lubricated condition (i.e., a contact area with lubricant), wherein the test under the lubricated condition includes the following steps:

[0108] Lubricant is fed into the contact area between the first friction member and the second friction member.

[0109] Specifically also include:

[0110] S5 opens the control valve, and the lubricant in the oil tank flows through the liquid storage chamber and the working chamber in sequence and then fills the contact area between the first friction member and the second friction member;

[0111] S6 applies the load required for the test through the load applying mechanism. The rotary drive mechanism sets the test speed and drives the second friction member to rotate horizontally to perform the friction test. The friction force detection unit obtains the load data applied between the first friction member and the second friction member, and the rotary drive mechanism obtains the real-time rotation speed of the second friction member. The controller calculates the tribological parameters under the lubricant-free state and various force parameters.

[0112] After completing the research cycle in S7, the hydraulic motor is turned off, and the weight is unloaded from the power load rod 42 so that the power load rod 42 is separated from the bearing 7;

[0113] S8: Close the control valve, stop the lubricant supply, adjust the position of the friction member position regulator to disengage the first friction member 21 from the second friction member 31, and then remove the first friction member 21 from the adapter sleeve;

[0114] S9 All surfaces of the first friction member 21 and the second friction member 31 are cleaned and prepared for further tribological studies.

[0115] For example, the friction surfaces of the first friction member 21 and the second friction member 31 are subjected to metallographic testing. If necessary, the samples are weighed. The present invention studies the characteristics of composite materials under dry friction conditions (without lubricant) and with lubricant, with respect to a wide range of stable variations in the velocity-force parameters of the friction interaction.

[0116] The tribological parameters also include wear value, friction coefficient, contact area temperature, contact resistance of the friction pair, and friction torque.

[0117] The wear rate is determined at a given sliding speed and load according to formula (1):

[0118]

[0119] Where Δm is the weight wear (unit: mg), L is the friction path (unit: km), and ρ is the material density (unit: g / cm 3 ), S is the friction area (unit: cm 2 ).

[0120] Wear resistance is the inverse of wear rate and is determined by formula (2):

[0121]

[0122] The friction coefficient f is determined according to formula (3):

[0123]

[0124] Among them, P TP is the friction force (unit: N); P is the load force (unit: N).

[0125] The force parameters include sliding speed and specific load.

[0126] The sliding speed is measured according to the position of the first friction member relative to the center of the second friction member, and the calculation formula (4) is as follows:

[0127]

[0128] Where n is the rotation frequency of the reference sample (unit: r / min); R is the distance from the given position of the test sample to the center of the counter-sample (unit: m).

[0129] The load on the test sample is calculated based on the force P applied to the dynamic load rod. The ratios of the dynamic load rod's arms L1 and L2 and the sample holder guide element's arms L3 and L4 are taken into account. Based on the ratios and force P shown above, the load on the first friction member is determined. The specific load on the first friction member is calculated from the ratio, where S is the friction area. The calculated sliding speed is 0.2 to 12 m / s, and the specific load is 0.15 to 40 MPa.

[0130] The above examples are for the purpose of illustrating the embodiments disclosed in the present application and are not to be construed as limiting the present application. In addition, the various modifications listed herein and the variations of the methods and compositions in the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present application. Although the present application has been specifically described with reference to various specific preferred embodiments of the present application, it should be understood that the present application should not be limited to these specific embodiments. In fact, various modifications apparent to those skilled in the art as described above to obtain the invention will fall within the scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A friction machine for testing the tribological properties of materials under multiple working conditions, characterized in that: include: Test bench (1); The first friction mechanism (2) comprises a first friction member (21), a friction member position regulator (22) for accommodating and fixing the first friction member (21), and a lifting drive mechanism (23) arranged on the test bench (1) for driving the friction member position regulator (22) to move up and down; the friction member position regulator (22) comprises a sample support frame guide element (221), a sample fixing assembly (222), and an oil tank (228); the sample support frame guide element (221) is connected to the lifting drive mechanism (23) for driving the sample fixing assembly (222) to move up and down; the sample fixing assembly (222) is adjustably arranged in the sample support frame guide element (221); a sample cavity for allowing the first friction member (21) to enter and exit is provided at the lower part of the sample fixing assembly (222); a liquid storage cavity (223) is provided between the top of the sample fixing assembly (222) and the sample support frame guide element (221); the liquid storage cavity (223) is connected to the sample cavity and the oil tank (228) The sample fixing assembly (222) comprises a sample support frame (2221), a tightening sleeve (2222), a cover (2223) and a buffer member (2224), wherein the sample support frame (2221) is slidably mounted in the sample support frame guide element (221), and the end surface of the sample support frame (2221) away from the test bench (1) has a The recess and the inner surface of the sample support frame guide element (221) jointly define a liquid storage cavity (223); the adapter sleeve (2222) and the cover (2223) are coaxially mounted in the sample support frame (2221), and jointly define a sample cavity with an open bottom end for allowing the first friction member (21) to enter and exit; the buffer member (2224) is connected to the inner surface of the cover (2223) facing the workbench, and is used to prevent the first friction member (21) from directly contacting the cover (2223); A second friction mechanism (3) comprising a second friction member (31) and a rotation drive mechanism (32) disposed on the test bench (1) and used for carrying and driving the second friction member (31) to rotate horizontally; a load applying mechanism (4), disposed on the test bench (1), for applying a load to the first friction member (21) so that the first friction member (21) and the second friction member (31) maintain surface contact during the test; and / or The detection mechanism (5) is arranged on the test bench (1) and includes a controller and a friction force detection unit (51) connected to the controller. The controller calculates the tribological parameters of the friction pair under multiple working conditions based on the load data detected by the friction force detection unit.

2. The friction machine for testing the multi-condition tribological properties of materials according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sample support frame guiding element (221) has a U-shaped structure with an opening facing the test bench (1). Horizontally penetrating grooves (2211) are symmetrically provided on the opposite side walls of the sample support frame guiding element (221), and a liquid filling hole (2212) communicating with the liquid storage cavity (223) is provided at the top of the sample support frame guiding element (221).

3. The friction machine for testing the multi-condition tribological properties of materials according to claim 1, characterized in that: A convex seat (2220) is formed by the center of the depression protruding towards the side away from the test bench (1), and a first arc groove (2225) is machined on the end face of the convex seat away from the test bench (1); a second arc groove (2213) is machined on the inner surface of the sample support frame guiding element (221) facing the test bench (1). The first arc groove (2225) and the second arc groove (2213) are arranged vertically opposite to each other, and a spherical support member (224) is clamped between them.

4. The friction machine for testing the multi-condition tribological properties of materials according to claim 1, characterized in that: A working cavity (225) is defined between the sample support frame (2221) and the cover (2223). Several grooves (2226) are machined on the inner wall of the locking sleeve (2222). The working cavity (225) is communicated with the liquid storage cavity (223) and the grooves (2226) for filling the lubricant in the liquid storage cavity (223) between the first friction member (21) and the second friction member (31).

5. The friction machine for testing the multi-condition tribological properties of materials according to claim 1, characterized in that: The rotary drive mechanism (32) includes a hydraulic motor (321). The hydraulic motor (321) is installed on the test bench (1), and an open-top storage cup (322) is assembled on the output shaft of the hydraulic motor (321). The second friction member (31) is detachably installed in the storage cup (322).

6. The friction machine for testing the multi-condition tribological properties of materials according to claim 1, characterized in that: The load applying mechanism (4) includes a bracket (41), a power load rod (42), weights (43) and a counterweight (44). The power load rod (42) is pivotally connected to the bracket (41) through a pivot shaft. A counterweight (44) is arranged at the short arm end of the power load rod (42), and a weight (43) tray is hung at the long arm end of the power load rod (42) through a suspension rod. Weights (43) are placed in the weight (43) tray for adjusting the load applied between the first friction mechanism (2) and the second friction mechanism (3).

7. The friction machine for testing the multi-condition tribological properties of materials according to claim 1, characterized in that: The friction force detection unit (51) includes a strain gauge (511), a tension beam (512), a force transmission rod (513) and a bearing (514). The other end of the force transmission rod (513) is connected to the test end of the strain gauge (511) through the tension beam (512), and one end of the force transmission rod (513) is connected to the sample support frame guiding element (221); the bearing (514) is located directly below the power load rod (42), and the bearing (514) is rotatably installed on the top of the sample support frame guiding element ( 8. A test method using the friction machine for testing the multi-condition tribological properties of materials according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: ​ ​ Place the first friction member in the sample chamber, place the second friction member in the placement cup and fix it to the placement cup, and add lubricant into the oil tank; Adjusting the position of the first friction member so that the first friction member contacts the second friction member at a set position; The friction machine state is adjusted according to the test working conditions, the load required for the test is applied through the load applying mechanism, the rotary drive mechanism sets the test speed and drives the second friction member to rotate horizontally to perform the friction test, the friction force detection unit obtains the load data applied between the first friction member and the second friction member, the rotary drive mechanism obtains the real-time rotation speed of the second friction member, and the controller calculates the tribological parameters of the friction pair under each working condition; the tribological parameters include at least friction force.

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