An ecological evaluation method for water environment indicators in alpine canyon streams

Abstract

The present invention discloses an ecological evaluation method for water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams. By comprehensively analyzing and studying the regional profile, including physical geography, land use, geological structure, and the impact of human activities, a long-term ecological monitoring network is established to evaluate the value of ecosystem service functions. In hydrological characteristic monitoring, equipment and analysis methods are optimized to accurately calculate flood and low water flows and consider the impact of climate change. Water quality monitoring adopts optimized solutions, deepens pollution source analysis, and establishes an early warning system. Biodiversity surveys improve methods, refine the protection of rare and endangered species, and promote public participation. The comprehensive evaluation of ecosystem health improves the indicator system, optimizes the evaluation method, and puts forward detailed ecological restoration and protection suggestions. The present invention can comprehensively and accurately evaluate the water environment of alpine canyon streams, provide a scientific basis and effective strategies for ecological protection and sustainable development, and improve the level of ecosystem management.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field related to water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams, and specifically to an ecological evaluation method for water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams. Background Art

[0002] Alpine canyon streams have unique topography and ecological environment, but the current ecological evaluation methods for water environment indicators of such streams have many shortcomings. Traditional evaluation methods often focus on a single factor, such as only focusing on water quality chemical indicators or simple biological indicators, and lack comprehensive consideration of multiple factors of the entire ecosystem. In terms of the analysis of the research area profile, the understanding of natural geographical characteristics is not comprehensive enough, and the impact of factors such as valley orientation and slope on stream ecology is not fully considered. In addition, there is a lack of in-depth and detailed analysis in land use and geological structure research. Hydrological characteristic monitoring mostly uses conventional equipment and simple analysis methods, which makes it difficult to capture the complexity and nonlinear characteristics of the hydrological system, and the prediction of extreme hydrological events is not accurate enough. Water quality monitoring indicators and analysis methods are limited, emerging pollutants are not monitored enough, and pollution source analysis is not accurate enough. The biodiversity survey method is traditional, the protection strategy for rare and endangered species lacks pertinence, and the relationship between organisms and ecosystem functions are not fully considered. The comprehensive evaluation indicator system of ecosystem health is imperfect, the accuracy and reliability of the evaluation method need to be improved, and the ecological restoration and protection suggestions lack systematicity and operability. In addition, insufficient attention is paid to the impact of human activities, the assessment of the value of ecosystem service functions, and long-term ecological monitoring, making it difficult to meet the actual needs of water environment management and ecological protection in high mountain canyon streams. Summary of the invention

[0003] The purpose of the present invention is to provide an ecological evaluation method for water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams to solve the problems raised in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0004] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for ecological evaluation of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: Step 1: Research area overview Define the natural geographical characteristics of the study area, which is located in the alpine canyon area of ​​a specific mountain range, determine its direction, altitude, slope range, and clarify the concentrated period of precipitation and annual precipitation and average temperature range in the temperate monsoon climate; through field measurements, GIS analysis and reference to geological data, understand the impact of topography and climate on stream hydrology and ecology; investigate land use types and vegetation coverage, use remote sensing image interpretation and sample surveys to obtain information, and analyze their impact on stream water quality, water volume and biological habitats; study the rock types and stratigraphic structures in complex geological structures, and through geological surveys and sample analysis, clarify the impact on water chemical composition and assess the threat of geological disasters to the ecosystem; Step 2: Hydrological characteristics monitoring and analysis Monitoring points are set up at the upper, middle and lower reaches of the stream, and high-precision equipment is installed to monitor flow, flow velocity and water level. Data is recorded every 30 minutes, and continuous monitoring is carried out for one hydrological year. Statistical methods are used to analyze data and determine the changing patterns of various parameters. Analyze seasonal changes in flow, clarify the flow ranges during flood, normal and dry seasons, changes in flow velocity in different river sections and water seasons, and the relationship between water level and precipitation. Use time series analysis and hydrological models to establish a water level prediction model. Based on monitoring data, frequency analysis methods are used to calculate flood and low flow flows for use in water conservancy project planning and ecological protection. Step 3: Water quality indicator monitoring and evaluation Water quality indicators are determined according to national surface water environmental quality standards. Water samples are collected regularly every month, analyzed in the laboratory using national standard methods, and tested on site using portable instruments. The comprehensive water quality index method is used to evaluate water quality, and the index of each section is calculated and classified. The spatial interpolation method is used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation trends, and a distribution map is drawn. It is found that the water quality in the downstream is poor during the flood season, and ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus are the main pollutants, which come from farmland and domestic sewage discharge. Multivariate statistical analysis is used for sections that do not meet the standards to determine the pollution source, providing a basis for governance. Step 4: Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Comprehensively survey aquatic organisms using sampling and mark-recapture methods to determine species composition, population distribution, and dominant species in each population; calculate biodiversity indexes, use correlation analysis to assess their correlation with water quality and hydrology, and establish prediction models; identify rare and endangered species based on survey results, draw distribution maps, determine key protected areas, and develop conservation strategies, including establishing protected areas and restoring vegetation; Step 5: Comprehensive assessment of ecosystem health Establish an evaluation system that includes hydrological, water quality, biological and landscape indicators, and use the analytic hierarchy process to determine the weights; use the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to divide the ecosystem health level and clarify the standards at each level; draw a spatial distribution map based on the evaluation results, and use the cause-and-effect analysis method to find out the influencing factors, such as water conservancy projects, agricultural pollution, and deforestation; put forward suggestions for optimizing project scheduling, pollution control, afforestation, restoration and protection, and provide decision-making support for watershed management and ecological protection.

[0005] Furthermore, in the analysis of the research area: The study of natural geographical features is further refined. In addition to the basic information of mountain direction, altitude, slope, climate, precipitation and temperature, the influence of valley direction and slope on light and local microclimate should be considered to analyze how they indirectly affect stream water temperature, evaporation and the growth and reproduction cycle of organisms. Through detailed topographic mapping, the gradient and curvature coefficient parameters of streams can be obtained for the precise construction of subsequent hydrological models and simulation of ecological processes. When investigating land use types, in addition to the proportions of forest land, grassland, farmland and other land uses, we further distinguish the different impact mechanisms of different forest types, grassland types and farmland planting structures on stream water quality and quantity; through long-term positioning observations and comparative experiments, we quantify the amount of soil and water loss, nutrient loss pathways and specific contributions to stream water quality under different vegetation cover change scenarios; For geological structure research, in addition to rock types and stratigraphic structures, we deeply analyze the impact of the physical properties of rock porosity and permeability on the stream groundwater recharge process; use geochemical analysis methods to track the migration and transformation of mineral elements in geological bodies during water-rock interaction, and determine their contribution to the long-term evolution of stream water chemical composition; at the same time, establish a geological disaster risk assessment model, comprehensively consider terrain, geology, and precipitation factors, predict the probability of geological disasters and possible impact range, and provide a scientific basis for risk management of stream ecosystems.

[0006] Furthermore, in the monitoring and analysis of hydrological characteristics: The selection and installation location of monitoring equipment are optimized. In addition to the conventional monitoring points in the upper, middle and lower reaches, auxiliary monitoring points are added according to the confluence of tributaries, changes in river channel morphology and areas affected by human activities to ensure that the spatial changes of hydrological characteristics can be fully captured; monitoring instruments with higher accuracy and stability are selected, such as high-precision acoustic Doppler current profilers, which can measure the flow velocity of multiple water layers at the same time and improve the accuracy and resolution of flow velocity monitoring; water level sensors use high-precision radar water level gauges, which can accurately measure water level changes under complex weather conditions and reduce errors; In terms of flow, velocity and water level data analysis, in addition to conventional statistical analysis and model prediction, nonlinear dynamic analysis methods are introduced, such as calculating the fractal dimension and chaotic characteristic index of flow and water level time series, to reveal the inherent complexity and nonlinear characteristics of the hydrological system; through these analyses, we can better understand the mutation phenomenon, long-term memory and sensitivity to initial conditions in the hydrological process, and provide more comprehensive decision-making support for water resources management and ecological protection; For the calculation of 100-year and 1,000-year flood flows and low flow rates, in addition to traditional frequency analysis methods, a comprehensive assessment is conducted using historical flood survey data, ancient flood trace analysis, and climate scenario simulation results. Taking into account the impact of climate change on extreme hydrological events, the output results of global climate models and regional climate models are used to estimate the changing trends of flood and low flow rates under different future climate change scenarios, providing a scientific basis for the long-term planning and adaptive management of water conservancy projects.

[0007] Furthermore, in the monitoring and evaluation of water quality indicators: The temporal and spatial resolution of water quality index monitoring is optimized. In addition to collecting water samples regularly every month, the sampling frequency is increased in the flood season, normal water season and dry season, such as once a week in the flood season, so as to capture the rapid changes of water quality in different water seasons. In terms of space, in addition to the conventional monitoring sections, the sampling points are encrypted downstream of the main pollution sources, and sampling points are added at the confluence of streams and tributaries and at the boundaries of different land use types to analyze in detail the gradient of water quality changes under the influence of different pollution sources and between different regions. The expansion of water quality analysis methods, in addition to national standard methods and portable instrument detection, introduces emerging analytical technologies, such as the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry to detect trace organic pollutants in water, including emerging persistent organic pollutants and endocrine disruptors. These pollutants may have potential harm to the endocrine system and reproductive system of aquatic organisms, but are difficult to detect with traditional methods; at the same time, combined with biological monitoring methods, such as the use of biomarkers of fish and large invertebrate aquatic organisms as early warning indicators of water pollution, to make up for the shortcomings of chemical analysis methods in reflecting biological effects; In terms of pollution source analysis, in addition to multivariate statistical analysis to determine the main pollution sources, stable isotope technology is used to track the sources of pollutants and distinguish the contribution ratio of nitrogen from different sources in stream water; combined with hydrological models and water quality models, such as the SWAT model and the QUAL2K model, the migration and transformation process of different pollution sources in the stream is simulated, and the changing trend of water quality under different scenarios is predicted, providing more detailed information for the precise formulation of pollution control strategies.

[0008] Furthermore, in biodiversity surveys and assessments: Improvement of biodiversity survey methods. In sampling methods, stratified sampling schemes are designed according to the different habitat types and distribution characteristics of biological communities in streams to improve sample representativeness. For the mark-recapture method, the marking technology is optimized and non-destructive marking methods are adopted to reduce damage to organisms and behavioral impacts, improve recapture rates and data accuracy. At the same time, environmental DNA technology is combined to detect DNA fragments left by aquatic organisms to obtain information on rare species and hidden species that are difficult to directly observe, thus supplementing the deficiencies of traditional survey methods. The calculation of biodiversity indices and correlation analysis have been deepened. In addition to the Shannon-Wiener index and the Simpson index, other diversity indices such as the evenness index and the richness index are calculated to evaluate biodiversity from different perspectives. In the correlation analysis, in addition to the simple correlation with water quality and hydrological conditions, the structural equation model is used to analyze the complex causal relationship between biodiversity and multiple environmental factors. Refinement of the protection strategy for rare and endangered species. For identified rare and endangered species, in addition to establishing protected areas and restoring vegetation, formulate personalized protection plans; for example, for specific fish species, carry out artificial breeding and reproduction and release, and at the same time repair their key habitats, and improve their breeding success rate by setting up artificial fish nests and improving water flow conditions; for amphibian species, protect the ecological corridors between their terrestrial and aquatic habitats to ensure the smoothness of their migration and spread; in addition, strengthen cooperation with surrounding communities, carry out ecological protection education activities, enhance local residents' awareness of protecting rare and endangered species, and reduce the interference of human activities on their living environment.

[0009] Furthermore, in the comprehensive assessment of ecosystem health: Improve the evaluation index system. In addition to the existing hydrological, water quality, biological and landscape indicators, include ecosystem service function indicators, such as water conservation function, soil conservation function, and carbon sink function; at the same time, consider the impact of socio-economic factors on ecosystem health, such as surrounding population density, land use change rate, and water resource development and utilization intensity, and build a more comprehensive index system; Optimize the evaluation method. In the process of determining weights in the hierarchical analysis method, introduce expert group decision-making and feedback mechanisms to reduce the influence of subjective factors. For the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, improve the determination method of the fuzzy membership function, optimize it according to the distribution characteristics of actual monitoring data and the characteristics of the ecosystem, and improve the accuracy and reliability of the evaluation results. At the same time, combine the multi-criteria decision analysis method to rank and compare different evaluation schemes and select the optimal ecological restoration and protection strategy. The ecological restoration and protection suggestions are refined, and detailed ecological scheduling plans are formulated in response to the impact of water conservancy project construction, including determining the annual distribution process of ecological water demand, formulating water release rules for different seasons, and optimizing reservoir scheduling curves; for agricultural non-point source pollution control, in addition to promoting ecological agricultural technology, an agricultural non-point source pollution monitoring and early warning system is established to monitor farmland drainage water quality in real time and adjust agricultural production measures in a timely manner; in terms of afforestation, according to the ecological function needs and site conditions of different regions, suitable tree species are selected for mixed afforestation to improve the stability of forest ecosystems and ecological service functions; in addition, an ecological compensation mechanism is formulated to provide reasonable compensation to residents or regions that have suffered economic losses due to ecological protection, so as to enhance the enthusiasm of the public to participate in ecological protection.

[0010] Furthermore, in the analysis of the research area: Further study the impact of human activities in the region, conduct detailed investigations on the lifestyles and production activities of surrounding residents, and analyze their direct and indirect impacts on the stream water environment; the impact of pesticide and fertilizer use habits in traditional agriculture, tourist flow and behavior patterns in tourism activities on stream water quality, water quantity and ecosystem stability; quantify the relationship between human activity intensity and stream water environment changes through field questionnaires, interviews and analysis of historical data; Carry out ecosystem service function value assessment, including monetary valuation of water supply, water purification, biological habitat support, and recreational service functions provided by streams; use multiple assessment methods such as market value method, replacement cost method, and conditional value method to determine the economic value of stream ecosystem service functions; this will help to more comprehensively consider the importance of ecosystems in the decision-making process and provide a basis for the balance between ecological protection and economic development; Establish a long-term ecological monitoring network, and in addition to conventional monitoring indicators, increase the monitoring of key ecosystem processes and ecosystem resilience indicators; through long-term positioning observations and experiments, understand the response mechanism and recovery capacity of ecosystems in the face of natural disturbances and human activities, and provide dynamic data support for ecosystem health assessment and adaptive management.

[0011] Furthermore, in the monitoring and analysis of hydrological characteristics: Strengthen the monitoring and analysis of the interaction between groundwater and surface water. By installing groundwater level monitoring wells and seepage meter equipment, measure the groundwater level changes, hydraulic gradients and seepage volume in different seasons and locations, and study the exchange flux and temporal and spatial variation patterns between groundwater and surface water. This will help to gain a deeper understanding of the water source recharge mechanism of streams, accurately assess the amount of water resources, and predict the dynamic changes of water resources under the influence of climate change and human activities. Conduct hydrological connectivity research, using tracer tests and hydraulic model simulations to analyze the hydraulic connection and material exchange process between streams and surrounding wetlands, lakes, and groundwater bodies; evaluate the impact of hydrological connectivity on biodiversity maintenance, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem stability, and provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration and water resources management; Combined with climate change scenario predictions, the coupling of regional climate models and hydrological models is used to simulate the hydrological responses of streams under different future climate change scenarios; predict the changing trends of future stream flow, water level, water temperature and hydrological parameters, and formulate adaptive management strategies in advance, such as adjusting water resource allocation plans and optimizing the operating rules of water conservancy projects, to cope with the potential impact of climate change on stream water resources and ecosystems.

[0012] Furthermore, in the monitoring and evaluation of water quality indicators: Establish a water quality early warning system, set water quality early warning thresholds based on real-time monitoring data and water quality model predictions; when water quality indicators exceed the early warning thresholds, the system automatically issues an alarm and promptly notifies relevant management departments to take emergency measures; the early warning system should have data transmission, analysis and processing, and information release functions, be able to quickly respond to water quality changes, and effectively prevent water pollution incidents from causing serious damage to the ecosystem; Conduct water quality risk assessments, taking into account the uncertainty of pollution source emissions, changes in hydrological conditions, and ecosystem sensitivity, and use probabilistic risk assessment methods to assess the risk probability and potential impact of stream water quality failures; this helps identify high-risk areas and key pollution sources, and provides a scientific basis for risk management decisions; Strengthen the monitoring and research of emerging pollutants. With the development of society, these emerging pollutants may enter the stream ecosystem and cause potential harm to organisms and the environment. Establish special monitoring methods and analysis techniques to study the sources, migration and transformation patterns, bioaccumulation effects and ecotoxicity of emerging pollutants in streams, and provide a scientific basis for the formulation of corresponding environmental management policies and pollution control measures.

[0013] Furthermore, in biodiversity surveys and assessments: Carry out long-term dynamic monitoring of the structure and function of biological communities, observe the dynamic evolution of biological community composition, species richness, changes in dominant species, and inter-biological relationships by setting up fixed monitoring plots and conducting regular surveys; analyze the response mechanism and adaptation strategy of biological communities to environmental changes in combination with environmental factor monitoring data, predict the long-term trend of biodiversity changes, and provide forward-looking suggestions for ecosystem protection and restoration; Strengthen the monitoring and prevention of invasive species, investigate and study the types, distribution ranges and invasion pathways of existing invasive species in the region, and assess their impact on local biodiversity and ecosystem functions; establish an invasive species early warning mechanism, strengthen supervision of the introduction of alien species, and prevent the entry of new invasive species; for already invasive species, formulate scientific and reasonable prevention and control plans, such as physical removal, biological control or chemical control methods, to control their spread and protect local biodiversity; Promote public participation in biodiversity conservation, and improve the awareness and sense of responsibility of local residents and the general public for stream biodiversity conservation by carrying out popular science education activities, organizing volunteer monitoring, and establishing a public feedback platform; encourage the public to participate in biodiversity monitoring data collection, ecological protection publicity, and supervision and reporting of ecological damage behaviors, so as to create a good atmosphere for the whole society to participate in biodiversity conservation.

[0014] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: A comprehensive evaluation system is built by integrating information on natural geography, land use, geological structure, human activities, and multiple indicators such as hydrology, water quality, biodiversity, and landscape. This avoids the one-sidedness of previous evaluation methods that only focus on a single or a few factors, and can more accurately reflect the overall status of the water environment ecosystem of alpine canyon streams.

[0015] The use of high-precision monitoring equipment and advanced analytical methods has significantly improved the accuracy and reliability of data. Based on these precise data and in-depth analysis, the ecological restoration and protection suggestions proposed are more scientific and targeted, such as formulating precise governance measures for specific pollution sources and types, and formulating personalized protection strategies based on the actual situation of biodiversity, providing strong support for water resources management and ecological protection decision-making.

[0016] By studying in detail the relationship between factors such as natural geographical characteristics, land use changes, geological structure characteristics, human activities and various indicators of stream water environment, the complex mechanism of action within the ecosystem is deeply revealed.

[0017] Clear ecosystem health classification and detailed evaluation criteria enable managers to quickly and accurately identify problem areas and key issues in stream water environments.

[0018] The establishment of a long-term ecological monitoring network and the inclusion of climate change impacts have enabled the dynamic tracking and assessment of stream water environment ecosystems. By continuously monitoring changes in key indicators, dynamic trends and potential risks in ecosystems can be discovered in a timely manner, such as the evolution of ecosystem service functions, fluctuations in biodiversity, and long-term changes in hydrological conditions.

[0019] Emphasis is placed on public participation and community cooperation. Through popular science education activities, volunteer monitoring and the establishment of a public feedback platform, the awareness and sense of responsibility of local residents and the public for the protection of alpine canyon stream water environment have been improved. The extensive participation of the public can not only provide more monitoring data and actual observation information, supplement the deficiencies of professional monitoring, but also promote social supervision and ensure the effective implementation of ecological protection policies and measures. At the same time, public participation helps to form a good atmosphere for the whole society to pay attention to and protect the ecological environment, promote the transformation of ecological protection work from government-led to the participation of the whole society, and lay a solid social foundation for the long-term protection and sustainable development of alpine canyon stream water environment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] Figure 1 It is a flow chart of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] See also Figure 1, a specific implementation method of an ecological evaluation method for water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams provided by the present invention: Specific implementation method of ecological evaluation method of water environment indicators in high mountain canyon streams 1. Overview of the research area 1. Study on physical geographical features A comprehensive topographic mapping of the study area is carried out using high-precision global positioning systems, geographic information systems and remote sensing technology. Data such as the precise direction of the mountains, the range of altitude changes, the steepness of the slopes, and the morphological characteristics of the valleys are obtained. For example, a high-resolution digital elevation model of the study area is obtained through aerial photogrammetry, with a vertical accuracy of ±0.5 meters and a horizontal resolution of 1 meter, so as to accurately analyze the impact of terrain undulations on the direction, flow rate and catchment area of ​​streams.

[0022] Several meteorological observation stations were set up in the study area to monitor climate data over a long period of time, including the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation, temperature changes, wind speed and direction, etc. Combined with historical meteorological data, the contribution of concentrated precipitation periods to stream runoff under temperate monsoon climate conditions was analyzed, as well as how temperature changes affect stream evaporation and water temperature.

[0023] The impact of valley orientation and slope on the duration and intensity of sunlight was analyzed. The effects of sunlight on stream water temperature were calculated by measuring the duration and intensity of sunlight on different slopes and combining with the solar radiation model. For example, stream sections with south-facing slopes may receive more sunlight in winter, resulting in relatively higher water temperatures, which in turn affects the growth and distribution of aquatic organisms.

[0024] Based on the measured topographic data, the gradient and curvature of the stream are calculated. The effect of the gradient on the water flow velocity is analyzed. The water flow velocity in the river section with a large gradient is fast, the erosion effect is strong, and it may lead to unstable riverbed; the water flow in the river section with a large curvature coefficient is slow, which is easy to form a pattern of alternating deep pools and shallows, providing diverse habitats for different aquatic organisms.

[0025] The hydrological analysis function of GIS is used to simulate the catchment area and runoff path of streams under different precipitation scenarios. By inputting precipitation data into the hydrological model, the convergence direction of water flow and the area that may be flooded when a flood occurs are predicted, providing a basis for flood control planning. At the same time, the impact of terrain on the path and water volume of groundwater recharge streams is analyzed, the groundwater recharge area and discharge area are determined, and the interaction between groundwater and surface water is understood.

[0026] 2. Land use and vegetation cover survey The land use types in the study area were classified in detail using a combination of high-resolution satellite images and field surveys, distinguishing different forest types, grassland types, and farmland planting structures.

[0027] Runoff plots were set up in areas with different land use types to monitor runoff and sediment content under different precipitation conditions, and to analyze the differences in the impact of forests, grasslands and farmlands on soil erosion. For example, after years of continuous monitoring, it was found that the soil erosion modulus in coniferous forest areas was significantly lower than that in farmland areas, indicating that forests play a better role in maintaining water and soil.

[0028] The study investigated the impact of vegetation cover changes on stream water quality. By regularly collecting water samples to analyze indicators such as chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen, the water quality of streams in areas with good vegetation cover and areas with damaged vegetation was compared. It was found that a reduction in vegetation cover would lead to an increase in COD, TP, and TN content in the water, because a reduction in vegetation would increase soil erosion and allow more nutrients and organic matter to enter the stream.

[0029] Investigate the habitat functions provided by different vegetation types for aquatic organisms. For example, the root system of riparian vegetation can stabilize the river bank, reduce river bank erosion, and provide habitats and breeding grounds for aquatic insects. By investigating the structure of aquatic biological communities, analyze the impact of vegetation cover changes on biodiversity. For example, in riparian zones with dense vegetation, the species richness of fish and amphibians is higher because the vegetation provides them with food sources, shelter, and breeding grounds.

[0030] 3. Geological structure research Different types of rock samples were collected in the study area for petrological analysis to determine the mineral composition, structure and porosity of the rocks. Indoor experiments were conducted to measure the permeability of the rocks and analyze the water permeability of the rocks. For example, tests on granite and sandstone samples found that granite has low porosity and low permeability, and its groundwater recharge effect on stream water is relatively weak; while sandstone has large porosity and high permeability, which is conducive to the exchange of groundwater and surface water.

[0031] Using water chemical analysis methods, stream water samples were collected regularly to analyze the concentration of major ions in the water and study the impact of rock weathering on the chemical composition of stream water. It was found that stream water flowing through limestone areas has higher concentrations of calcium and bicarbonate ions because calcium carbonate, the main component of limestone, releases these ions when it dissolves in water.

[0032] Based on geological survey data, a geological disaster risk assessment model is established. Taking into account factors such as terrain slope, rock stability, precipitation intensity and frequency, and using the spatial analysis function of the geographic information system, high-risk, medium-risk and low-risk areas for geological disasters are divided. For example, in areas with a slope greater than 30° and broken rocks, combined with historical precipitation data, the probability of landslides and mudslides is predicted to be high.

[0033] Focus on monitoring high-risk areas for geological disasters, install displacement sensors, rain gauges and other equipment to monitor mountain displacement and precipitation in real time. Once an abnormality is found, a warning will be issued in a timely manner, and corresponding protective measures will be taken, such as setting up protective nets and building retaining walls, to reduce the damage of geological disasters to stream ecosystems.

[0034] 4. Investigation of the impact of human activities Through field questionnaire surveys, interviews and reference to relevant statistical data, we conducted a detailed investigation of the lifestyles and production activities of residents in the surrounding areas, and learned about the residents' water use habits, agricultural production activities, tourism activities and industrial production.

[0035] Monitoring sections are set up at different locations in the stream to compare and analyze the changes in water quality, water quantity and biodiversity in streams in areas with different intensities of human activities. For example, downstream of farmland irrigation areas, due to the use of pesticides and fertilizers, pesticide residues and nutrient content in the water may increase, leading to a decrease in aquatic biodiversity.

[0036] Conduct a survey on public ecological protection awareness to understand residents' awareness, attitudes and willingness to participate in stream water environment protection. Raise residents' ecological protection awareness by holding environmental protection knowledge lectures and distributing publicity materials.

[0037] Evaluate the effectiveness of ecological protection measures taken by local governments and communities, such as the operation of sewage treatment facilities, garbage disposal methods, and the implementation effects of ecological restoration projects. Propose improvement suggestions for existing problems, such as optimizing sewage treatment processes, strengthening garbage collection and classification management, and expanding the scope of ecological restoration.

[0038] 5. Evaluation of ecosystem service value The market value method is used to evaluate the water supply value of streams, and its economic value is calculated based on the local water market price and the annual water supply of the stream. For example, if the local industrial water price is 3 yuan / cubic meter and the annual water supply of the stream is 1 million cubic meters, the water supply value is 3 million yuan.

[0039] The replacement cost method is used to evaluate the value of water purification functions and calculate the cost required to achieve the same water quality standards if artificial treatment methods are used. For example, by analyzing the pollutant content in the water, the sewage treatment costs required to remove these pollutants are calculated as the value of the stream water purification function.

[0040] The conditional value method is used to evaluate the value of the recreational function. The willingness to pay for the recreational function of the stream is investigated through questionnaires, and its potential economic value is calculated. If the survey finds that on average each person is willing to pay 50 yuan to enjoy the recreational function of the stream, and the annual number of tourists is 100,000, then the recreational function value is 5 million yuan.

[0041] Establish a long-term monitoring mechanism to regularly assess changes in the value of ecosystem service functions. Over time, monitor the impact of factors such as land use change, water quality improvement or deterioration, and biodiversity gain or loss on the value of ecosystem service functions. For example, if the biodiversity of a stream increases through an ecological restoration project, the recreational value may increase accordingly. Regular assessments can quantify this change and provide a basis for the benefit assessment of ecological protection projects.

[0042] 6. Establishment of a long-term ecological monitoring network Determine long-term monitoring indicators, including hydrological indicators, water quality indicators, biological indicators, ecosystem process indicators and ecosystem resilience indicators.

[0043] Monitoring stations are rationally arranged according to the topography, land use and ecosystem characteristics of the study area. Monitoring stations are set up at the source, upper reaches, middle reaches, lower reaches, confluence of tributaries, areas with greater human impact, and transition areas of different ecosystem types to ensure that the status of the stream water environment ecosystem can be fully reflected.

[0044] Establish a data management system to collect, transmit, store and analyze monitoring data in real time. Use automated data collection equipment to transmit data to the data center through wireless transmission technology. Use a database management system to store and manage data to ensure data security and integrity.

[0045] Build a data sharing platform to share monitoring data among scientific research institutions, government departments and the public. Formulate data sharing policies and standards to regulate data usage rights and processes. Through data sharing, promote academic research, policy formulation and public participation, and improve the efficiency of ecological monitoring data utilization.

[0046] II. Monitoring and analysis of hydrological characteristics 1. Monitoring equipment optimization and installation A high-precision acoustic Doppler current profiler is used, which has a measurement accuracy of ±0.5% and can simultaneously measure the velocity, direction and depth of multiple water layers. For example, ADCP is installed at the key monitoring section of the stream, and data is collected every 10 minutes to obtain detailed information on the velocity of different water layers, which is used to analyze the vertical structure of the water flow and the distribution of flow velocity.

[0047] High-precision radar water level gauges are used with a measurement accuracy of ±1 mm to monitor water level changes in real time. In areas with large water level changes, such as near waterfalls or flood-prone areas, multiple radar water level gauges are installed to form a water level monitoring network to ensure accurate grasp of water level dynamics.

[0048] Equipped with high-precision rain gauges, it can record changes in precipitation every 0.1 mm and accurately measure the intensity and total amount of precipitation. Rain gauges are evenly distributed in the study area, and combined with meteorological station data, the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation can be fully understood.

[0049] Monitoring equipment is installed at locations upstream of streams where the river is narrow and the water is turbulent to obtain hydrological characteristic data of the source area. For example, ADCP and water level gauges are installed at source streams at higher altitudes to monitor the flow velocity and water level changes at the source, providing a basis for analyzing the water supply and initial hydrological conditions of the stream.

[0050] In the middle reaches, equipment is installed in areas with curved river channels and tributaries to monitor the impact of water confluence on hydrological characteristics. For example, flow meters and water quality monitors are installed upstream and downstream of the confluence of tributaries and the mainstream to study the impact of tributary confluence on mainstream flow, flow velocity and water quality.

[0051] Downstream, equipment is installed in areas close to river mouths that are more affected by tides or human activities to assess the hydrological pressure faced by downstream ecosystems. For example, water level gauges and water quality sensors are installed near river mouths to monitor the periodic changes in water levels under the action of tides and the impact of seawater intrusion on stream water quality.

[0052] 2. Expansion of data analysis methods The fractal dimension of flow and water level time series is calculated, and the box dimension method or correlation dimension method is used to analyze the complexity and irregularity of the hydrological system. For example, it is found that the fractal dimension of flow time series is higher in the flood season, indicating that the flow change is highly nonlinear and complex, and may be affected by a combination of multiple factors.

[0053] Calculate the chaotic characteristic index, such as the maximum Lyapunov index, to determine whether the hydrological system has chaotic phenomena. If the maximum Lyapunov index is greater than zero, it indicates that the hydrological system has chaotic characteristics, that is, it is sensitive to initial conditions and long-term prediction is difficult. Through chaos analysis, we can better understand the uncertainty and inherent randomness in the hydrological process and provide a new perspective for flood prediction and water resources management.

[0054] Using nonlinear regression analysis, a nonlinear relationship model between flow and factors such as precipitation, evaporation, and topography is established. For example, polynomial regression or neural network models are used to simulate the nonlinear response of flow to precipitation changes, thereby improving the accuracy of flow prediction.

[0055] Combined with historical flood survey data and paleoflood trace analysis, the scale and frequency of major flood events in the study area are determined. Through the study of geomorphic features such as river terraces and alluvial fans, the traces left by paleofloods, such as the grain size distribution and bedding structure of sediments, are identified to reconstruct the water level and flow of paleofloods.

[0056] Using the results of climate scenario simulation, we estimate the changing trends of flood and low-flow flows under different climate change scenarios in the future. We downscale the output of the global climate model to the study area and input it into the hydrological model to predict the probability and intensity of extreme hydrological events in the future. For example, it is predicted that under the RCP8.5 scenario, the flood flow in the study area may increase by 20% and the low-flow flow may decrease by 15% in the next 50 years, and flood control and drought relief measures can be formulated in advance.

[0057] 3. Improvements in calculation of flood and low flow rates In addition to the traditional frequency analysis method, the Bayesian analysis method is used to calculate the probability distribution of flood and low-flow flows. The Bayesian method can combine prior knowledge and measured data to more reasonably estimate the uncertainty of parameters and improve the reliability of flow calculation. For example, the prior distribution is determined using historical flood data and expert experience, and the posterior distribution is updated in combination with the latest monitoring data to obtain a more accurate probability distribution of flood flow.

[0058] The flood and low-flow flows are verified and calibrated by combining hydrological simulation with measured data. The hydrological model is used to simulate flood and low-flow processes with different return periods, and the simulation results are compared and analyzed with the measured data. The model parameters are adjusted to make the simulation results closer to the actual situation. For example, by comparing the simulated flood water level process line with the measured water level data, the roughness coefficient and confluence parameters in the model are optimized to improve the accuracy of flood flow calculation.

[0059] When calculating flood and low-water flows, the impact of climate change on precipitation patterns, temperature changes, and evapotranspiration is fully considered. Using climate change scenario data, the input parameters in the hydrological model, such as precipitation intensity, precipitation duration, and temperature, are adjusted to simulate the hydrological response under climate change. For example, under the scenario of rising temperatures, increased evaporation may lead to a further reduction in dry season flows. The extent of this impact is assessed through model simulation to provide forward-looking recommendations for water resources planning and management.

[0060] 3. Monitoring and evaluation of water quality indicators 1. Optimization of monitoring scheme During the flood season (June-September), water samples are collected from each monitoring section once a week; during the normal water season (March-May, October-November), water samples are collected every two weeks; during the dry season (December to February of the following year), water samples are collected once a month. At the same time, temporary sampling is added during special periods such as after heavy rains or during snowmelt to capture rapid changes in water quality.

[0061] Encrypted sampling points are set up at 100 meters, 500 meters and 1000 meters downstream of the main pollution sources to monitor the diffusion and attenuation of pollutants in the river. A sampling point is set up every 200 meters within 500 meters upstream and downstream of the confluence of streams and tributaries to analyze the impact of tributary confluence on the water quality of the mainstream. Cross-border sampling points are set up at the boundaries of different land use types to evaluate the impact of land use changes on water quality.

[0062] In addition to conventional water quality indicators, monitoring of emerging pollutants is increased. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect the types and contents of antibiotics in water, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to identify the composition and structure of microplastics, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is used to detect the concentration of endocrine disruptors.

[0063] Combine physical, chemical and biological monitoring methods to comprehensively assess water quality. In addition to laboratory chemical analysis, online water quality monitoring equipment is used to monitor changes in water quality parameters in real time. At the same time, biological monitoring is carried out, using the large flea acute toxicity test to assess the comprehensive toxicity of water quality, and the benthic animal integrity index to reflect the impact of long-term water quality changes on benthic communities.

[0064] 2. Deepening of pollution source analysis Use stable isotope technology to track the source of pollutants. Collect samples from different pollution sources, analyze their isotope composition characteristics, and establish an isotope fingerprint library. By comparing the isotope ratios in stream water samples with the fingerprint library, the main sources of pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus can be determined. For example, if the nitrogen isotope ratio in stream water samples is similar to the characteristic value of agricultural fertilizers, it indicates that agricultural non-point source pollution may be the main source of nitrogen pollution.

[0065] Combined with multivariate statistical analysis methods, the water quality monitoring data is processed for dimensionality reduction to identify the types and contribution ratios of pollution sources. Through principal component analysis, multiple related water quality indicators are converted into a few unrelated principal components, and the main pollution sources are determined based on the principal component scores and load matrix. For example, if the first principal component is highly correlated with indicators such as ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus, and the monitoring points near industrial sewage outlets have high scores, it may indicate that industrial pollution is one of the main pollution sources in the area.

[0066] Establish a hydrological and water quality model to simulate the migration and transformation process of different pollution sources in streams. Input data such as land use, meteorology, and pollution source emissions to simulate the concentration changes of pollutants under different hydrological conditions. Through model simulation, predict the diffusion path and concentration distribution of pollutants in streams under different precipitation intensities and flow conditions, conduct scenario analysis, and evaluate the improvement effect of different pollution source control measures on stream water quality. For example, set different scenarios such as reducing the use of agricultural fertilizers by 10%, 20%, and 30%, and simulate the changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in stream water quality under these scenarios; simulate the impact of scenarios such as increasing the discharge rate of industrial wastewater to 80%, 90%, and 100% on indicators such as chemical oxygen demand and heavy metal content in streams. According to the results of scenario analysis, determine the most effective pollution source control strategy to provide a scientific basis for water quality management.

[0067] 3. Establishment of water quality early warning system According to the water quality goals and ecological protection requirements of the stream, combined with historical water quality data and ecotoxicology research results, reasonable water quality warning thresholds are set. For example, for dissolved oxygen, less than 5 mg / L is set as a mild warning threshold, and less than 3 mg / L is set as a severe warning threshold; for ammonia nitrogen, more than 1 mg / L is set as a warning threshold.

[0068] Construct a water quality early warning system, including a data acquisition subsystem, a data transmission subsystem, a data analysis and processing subsystem, and an early warning information release subsystem.

[0069] Formulate detailed emergency response plans and specify the measures to be taken at different warning levels. For example, when a mild warning is reached, initiate intensive water quality monitoring and strengthen the investigation of pollution sources; when a severe warning is reached, immediately take production restrictions or suspension measures to control pollution source emissions, and at the same time carry out emergency measures such as ecological water replenishment and water purification to prevent further deterioration of water quality and cause serious damage to the ecosystem.

[0070] IV. Biodiversity Survey and Assessment 1. Improvement of survey methods According to the stream habitat type, water depth, flow rate and bottom quality, the stream is divided into different layers and areas, and the stratified sampling method is used to set up sample plots. For example, a larger sample plot is set up in the deep pool area to investigate the deep-water biological community; a smaller sample plot is set up in the shallow area to focus on investigating organisms adapted to the shallow water environment.

[0071] For the mark-recapture method, non-destructive marking technology is used, such as injecting detectable fluorescent markers into fish or implanting electronic tags. These markers have minimal impact on the growth, behavior and physiological functions of organisms and are easy to identify and detect. During the marking process, strict operating specifications are followed to ensure the survival rate and marking effect of the marked organisms.

[0072] Combined with environmental DNA technology, stream water samples are collected, the biological DNA is extracted, and the DNA fragments left by the organisms in the water are detected through polymerase chain reaction amplification and gene sequencing technology to determine the species of the organisms. This technology can detect rare species and hidden species that are difficult to detect with traditional survey methods, thus improving the comprehensiveness of biodiversity surveys.

[0073] Establish long-term biodiversity monitoring plots, conduct biodiversity surveys in the same season and using the same methods every year, and monitor continuously for more than 5 years. Record changes in species composition, quantity, distribution range and other information, and analyze long-term dynamic trends in biodiversity.

[0074] The relationship between biodiversity and environmental factors is studied using multivariate statistical analysis methods. By establishing mathematical models, the response trend of biodiversity under environmental changes is predicted, providing a scientific basis for ecological protection and restoration.

[0075] 2. Detailed protection strategies for rare and endangered species For identified rare and endangered species, such as a certain endemic fish or amphibian, their biological characteristics, ecological habits, reproduction requirements and habitat preferences are studied in detail. According to their characteristics, personalized protection plans are formulated. For example, for fish that require specific water flow conditions and water temperatures during the breeding season, water conservancy projects are used to create a suitable hydrological environment during the breeding season, such as simulating natural flood pulses to stimulate fish reproduction.

[0076] Conduct research on artificial breeding of rare and endangered species and establish artificial breeding bases. Under artificial control conditions, optimize breeding techniques and improve the success rate of breeding. For example, by adjusting water quality, light, feed and other conditions, successfully breed a certain number of rare fish larvae, and after they grow to a certain stage, increase their number and release them to supplement the natural population.

[0077] Repair and protect key habitats for rare and endangered species. Improve habitat quality by improving the physical environment and water quality of habitats. For example, set up artificial fish nests in fish spawning grounds to provide fish with suitable substrates for spawning and attachment; restore riverbank vegetation to provide habitats and breeding places for amphibians.

[0078] Build ecological corridors to connect fragmented habitats and promote the migration and spread of organisms. For example, build vegetation corridors on both sides of streams to provide migration channels for wild animals; design and build fish-passing facilities at water conservancy projects to ensure smooth fish migration channels, which is conducive to species gene exchange and population recovery.

[0079] 3. Promotion of public participation Carry out popular science education activities for local residents and the general public, and introduce the ecological importance, biodiversity value, and significance and methods of ecological protection of alpine valley streams through lectures, exhibitions, and distribution of publicity materials. For example, hold stream ecological protection theme exhibitions in schools, communities, and tourist attractions, display pictures of rare species, and introduce ecosystem service functions, etc., to increase public awareness of stream ecological protection.

[0080] Organize volunteers to participate in biodiversity monitoring activities and train volunteers to master basic survey methods and data recording standards. Volunteers regularly participate in field monitoring work and assist researchers in collecting biodiversity data, such as recording bird species and numbers, observing fish activities, etc., to increase the coverage and timeliness of monitoring data.

[0081] Establish a public feedback platform, such as a hotline, email or online forum, to facilitate the public to report stream ecological and environmental problems and provide relevant information in a timely manner. Relevant departments will promptly investigate and handle the issues reported by the public and feedback the results to the public.

[0082] Encourage the public to participate in ecological protection supervision and invite public representatives to participate in the supervision and evaluation of ecological protection projects. For example, in the environmental impact assessment process of water conservancy project construction projects, listen to public opinions and suggestions to ensure that project construction meets ecological protection requirements; conduct public supervision and evaluation of the implementation effect of ecological restoration projects to promote the improvement of project quality and the realization of ecological protection goals.

[0083] V. Comprehensive Assessment of Ecosystem Health 1. Improvement of the evaluation index system Calculate water conservation function indicators, such as by measuring the interception amount of forest vegetation, the water storage capacity of the soil and the evapotranspiration, to evaluate the water conservation function of the stream ecosystem.

[0084] Assess soil conservation function, apply the universal soil loss equation, calculate soil erosion, and analyze the contribution of vegetation and topography to soil conservation. For example, compare soil erosion in forested and farmland areas, and quantify the role of forest vegetation in reducing soil erosion.

[0085] Estimate carbon sink function, measure organic carbon content in vegetation and soil (using potassium dichromate oxidation method or element analyzer), calculate the carbon dioxide fixation capacity of stream ecosystems. Analyze the impact of land use change on carbon sink function, and provide data support for responding to climate change.

[0086] Count the population density of surrounding areas and analyze the pressure of population growth on stream water environment and ecosystem. Study the relationship between population density and water resource utilization intensity and pollutant emissions, and evaluate the impact of population factors on ecosystem health.

[0087] Monitor the rate of land use change, such as the impact of farmland expansion and increased urban construction land on stream ecosystems. Analyze issues such as habitat destruction, soil erosion, and increased pollutant loads caused by land use change, and incorporate them into the ecosystem health assessment system.

[0088] Assess the intensity of water resource development and utilization, analyze the impact of water conservancy project construction on stream ecosystems. Consider factors such as the degree to which water resource development meets the downstream ecological water demand, changes in river ecological flow, and impacts on aquatic habitats, and comprehensively evaluate the rationality of water resource development and utilization.

[0089] 2. Optimization of evaluation methods Invite multidisciplinary experts to form an expert team to conduct a detailed pairwise comparison of the evaluation indicators and construct a judgment matrix. In the comparison process, fully discuss and demonstrate the relative importance of each indicator to reduce subjective bias. For example, for the comparison of the importance of hydrological indicators and water quality indicators, experts determine reasonable weights based on the characteristics of alpine canyon streams and ecosystem needs, taking into account multiple factors such as the dilution and diffusion of pollutants by water flow and the living environment of organisms.

[0090] The judgment matrix is ​​checked for consistency, and the consistency ratio indicator is used to determine whether the consistency of the matrix meets the requirements. If the CR is greater than 0.1, experts are required to readjust the judgment matrix to ensure the rationality of the weight determination. Through multiple iterations and expert feedback, accurate and reliable indicator weights are obtained.

[0091] According to the distribution characteristics of actual monitoring data and the characteristics of the ecosystem, the determination method of the fuzzy membership function is optimized. For example, for dissolved oxygen in water quality indicators, based on the demand and tolerance range of different organisms in the stream for dissolved oxygen, a trapezoidal membership function is used to more accurately describe the fuzzy relationship between dissolved oxygen concentration and the health of the ecosystem.

[0092] Combined with the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, qualitative and quantitative analysis are combined to further improve the accuracy of the evaluation results. FAHP constructs a fuzzy judgment matrix to more carefully handle the fuzziness and uncertainty in expert evaluation, making the determination of indicator weights more scientific and reasonable. In the fuzzy synthesis operation process, appropriate operators are selected, the influence of each indicator is comprehensively considered, and objective ecosystem health evaluation results are obtained.

[0093] 3. Detailed recommendations on ecological restoration and protection Develop a detailed ecological water demand calculation plan, taking into account the hydrological characteristics of the stream, biodiversity needs and ecosystem function maintenance requirements. Use a variety of methods such as the Tennant method and the RVA method to calculate the ecological water demand in different seasons and different river sections, and make adjustments based on actual conditions. For example, during the fish breeding season, a higher ecological water demand is determined based on the requirements of fish breeding for water flow and water depth to ensure the hydrological conditions required for fish breeding.

[0094] Establish an ecological dispatching model for water conservancy projects, and formulate scientific and reasonable water release rules based on ecological water demand and water inflow. For example, in the dry season, adopt a pulse water release method to simulate natural flood pulses and promote material circulation and biological reproduction in the river ecosystem; in the flood season, reasonably control the water storage capacity of the reservoir to avoid excessive damage to the downstream ecosystem caused by floods, while ensuring sufficient ecological flow to be discharged.

[0095] Strengthen the operation and management of water conservancy projects and establish an ecological dispatch monitoring and evaluation mechanism. Monitor the water discharge and water level changes of water conservancy projects and the response of downstream ecosystems in real time, and adjust the dispatch plan in time according to the monitoring results to achieve the coordinated development of water conservancy projects and ecological protection.

[0096] Promote ecological agricultural technology and encourage farmers to use organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. For example, promote the use of organic fertilizers such as green manure and farmyard manure to improve soil fertility and reduce the loss of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. At the same time, promote precision fertilization technology to accurately control the amount and time of fertilization according to the soil nutrient content and crop needs to improve fertilizer utilization.

[0097] Implement agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control projects and build ecological ditches and artificial wetlands. Ecological ditches slow down water flow by planting aquatic plants and setting up ecological slope protection, promoting pollutant precipitation and plant absorption; artificial wetlands use the synergistic effect of wetland plants and microorganisms to further purify pollutants in farmland drainage. For example, ecological ditches and artificial wetlands are built at the entrance of farmland drainage into streams to effectively remove pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticide residues in the water.

[0098] Strengthen the monitoring and management of agricultural non-point source pollution, establish a farmland drainage water quality monitoring network, and regularly monitor water quality changes. Formulate agricultural non-point source pollution emission standards, and take corrective measures for farmland that exceeds the emission standards, such as limiting the amount of fertilizers, adjusting the planting structure, etc., to ensure that agricultural non-point source pollution is effectively controlled.

[0099] According to the functional requirements and site conditions of the stream ecosystem, suitable tree species are selected for mixed afforestation. For example, at the source and upstream areas of the stream, tree species with strong water conservation functions and tree species with strong soil fixation capabilities are selected for mixed planting to improve water conservation and soil and water conservation capabilities; on both sides of the stream, tree species with well-developed root systems and resistance to flooding are selected to build a stable riverbank vegetation belt to reduce riverbank erosion.

[0100] Optimize the layout of afforestation and combine the principles of landscape ecology to create a diverse forest landscape pattern. For example, by setting up forest belts of different widths, creating open spaces and patches in the forest, etc., we can provide diverse habitats for different organisms. At the same time, we should pay attention to the connection and transition between forests and other ecosystems such as streams and wetlands, form a complete ecological corridor network, and promote the migration and diffusion of organisms.

[0101] Strengthen the post-afforestation management, including young forest tending, pest and disease control, and forest fire prevention. Regularly prune, fertilize, and water young trees to improve tree survival rate and growth rate; establish pest and disease monitoring and early warning mechanisms, and use biological and physical control methods to control pest and disease occurrence; strengthen forest fire prevention publicity and facility construction to reduce forest fire risks and ensure the long-term stability of afforestation results.

[0102] Determine the subject and object of ecological compensation, specify that individuals or regions that suffer economic losses due to protecting stream ecosystems (such as limiting agricultural production, giving up hydropower development opportunities, etc.) are the compensation objects, and individuals or regions that benefit from ecosystem service functions (such as water resources supply, ecotourism, etc.) are the compensation subjects. For example, downstream cities should provide ecological compensation to upstream areas because they enjoy clean stream water resources.

[0103] Formulate reasonable ecological compensation standards, adopt ecosystem service value assessment methods (such as market value method, conditional value method, etc.), calculate the economic value lost due to ecological protection, and determine compensation standards based on this. For example, based on the reduction of timber harvesting income and agricultural income losses in the upstream areas due to the protection of water conservation forests, combined with the downstream areas' dependence on water resources and willingness to pay, determine a reasonable compensation amount.

[0104] Establish diversified channels for raising funds for eco-compensation, including government fiscal transfers, special eco-compensation funds, donations from beneficiary regions and enterprises, and eco-compensation transactions under market mechanisms. For example, the government allocates a certain proportion of funds from the fiscal budget for eco-compensation, and encourages enterprises to obtain carbon reduction indicators or green development honors by participating in eco-compensation projects, so as to attract social funds to invest in eco-compensation work.

[0105] Strengthen the management and supervision of ecological compensation funds, establish and improve the fund management system, ensure that compensation funds are used for specific purposes and are distributed to the compensation recipients in a timely and full manner. At the same time, establish a supervision mechanism to evaluate and supervise the implementation of ecological compensation projects to ensure the fairness, effectiveness and sustainability of the ecological compensation mechanism.

Claims

1. A method for ecological evaluation of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams, characterized in that: The steps include: Step 1: Research area overview Define the natural geographical characteristics of the study area, which is located in the alpine canyon area of ​​a specific mountain range, determine its direction, altitude, slope range, and clarify the concentrated period of precipitation and annual precipitation and average temperature range in the temperate monsoon climate; through field measurements, GIS analysis and reference to geological data, understand the impact of topography and climate on stream hydrology and ecology; investigate land use types and vegetation coverage, use remote sensing image interpretation and sample surveys to obtain information, and analyze their impact on stream water quality, water volume and biological habitats; study the rock types and stratigraphic structures in complex geological structures, and through geological surveys and sample analysis, clarify the impact on water chemical composition and assess the threat of geological disasters to the ecosystem; Step 2: Hydrological characteristics monitoring and analysis Monitoring points are set up at the upper, middle and lower reaches of the stream, and high-precision equipment is installed to monitor flow, flow velocity and water level. Data is recorded every 30 minutes, and continuous monitoring is carried out for one hydrological year. Statistical methods are used to analyze data and determine the changing patterns of various parameters. Analyze seasonal changes in flow, clarify the flow ranges during flood, normal and dry seasons, changes in flow velocity in different river sections and water seasons, and the relationship between water level and precipitation. Use time series analysis and hydrological models to establish a water level prediction model. Based on monitoring data, frequency analysis methods are used to calculate flood and low flow flows for use in water conservancy project planning and ecological protection. Step 3: Water quality indicator monitoring and evaluation Determine water quality indicators according to national surface water environmental quality standards, collect water samples regularly every month, analyze in the laboratory using national standard methods, and use portable instruments to assist in testing on site; The water quality was evaluated by using the comprehensive water quality index method, and the index of each section was calculated and classified. The spatial interpolation method was used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation trend and draw a distribution map. It was found that the water quality in the downstream was poor during the flood season, and ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus were the main pollutants, which came from farmland and domestic sewage discharge. Multivariate statistical analysis was used for the sections that did not meet the standards to determine the pollution source and provide a basis for governance. Step 4: Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Comprehensively survey aquatic organisms using sampling and mark-recapture methods to determine species composition, population distribution, and dominant species in each population; calculate biodiversity indexes, use correlation analysis to assess their correlation with water quality and hydrology, and establish prediction models; identify rare and endangered species based on survey results, draw distribution maps, determine key protected areas, and develop conservation strategies, including establishing protected areas and restoring vegetation; Step 5: Comprehensive assessment of ecosystem health Determine the evaluation system including hydrological, water quality, biological and landscape indicators, and use the analytic hierarchy process to determine the weights; Use the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to divide the ecosystem health level and clarify the standards for each level; draw a spatial distribution map based on the evaluation results, and use the cause-and-effect analysis method to find out the influencing factors, such as water conservancy projects, agricultural pollution, and deforestation; put forward suggestions for optimizing project scheduling, pollution control, afforestation, restoration and protection, and provide decision-making support for watershed management and ecological protection.

2. The method for ecological evaluation of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams according to claim 1 is characterized in that: In the study area profile analysis: The study of natural geographical features is further refined. In addition to the basic information of mountain direction, altitude, slope, climate, precipitation and temperature, the influence of valley direction and slope on light and local microclimate should be considered to analyze how they indirectly affect stream water temperature, evaporation and the growth and reproduction cycle of organisms. Through detailed topographic mapping, the gradient and curvature coefficient parameters of streams can be obtained for the precise construction of subsequent hydrological models and simulation of ecological processes. When investigating land use types, in addition to the proportions of forest land, grassland, farmland and other land uses, we further distinguish the different impact mechanisms of different forest types, grassland types and farmland planting structures on stream water quality and quantity; through long-term positioning observations and comparative experiments, we quantify the amount of soil and water loss, nutrient loss pathways and specific contributions to stream water quality under different vegetation cover change scenarios; For geological structure research, in addition to rock types and stratigraphic structures, we deeply analyze the impact of the physical properties of rock porosity and permeability on the stream groundwater recharge process; use geochemical analysis methods to track the migration and transformation of mineral elements in geological bodies during water-rock interaction, and determine their contribution to the long-term evolution of stream water chemical composition; at the same time, establish a geological disaster risk assessment model, comprehensively consider terrain, geology, and precipitation factors, predict the probability of geological disasters and possible impact range, and provide a scientific basis for risk management of stream ecosystems.

3. The method for ecological evaluation of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams according to claim 1, characterized in that: In hydrological characteristics monitoring and analysis: The selection and installation location of monitoring equipment are optimized. In addition to the conventional monitoring points in the upper, middle and lower reaches, auxiliary monitoring points are added according to the confluence of tributaries, changes in river channel morphology and areas affected by human activities to ensure that the spatial changes of hydrological characteristics can be fully captured; monitoring instruments with higher accuracy and stability are selected, such as high-precision acoustic Doppler current profilers, which can measure the flow velocity of multiple water layers at the same time and improve the accuracy and resolution of flow velocity monitoring; water level sensors use high-precision radar water level gauges, which can accurately measure water level changes under complex weather conditions and reduce errors; In terms of flow, velocity and water level data analysis, in addition to conventional statistical analysis and model prediction, nonlinear dynamic analysis methods are introduced, such as calculating the fractal dimension and chaos characteristic index of flow and water level time series, to reveal the inherent complexity and nonlinear characteristics of the hydrological system; Through these analyses, we can better understand the mutation phenomenon, long-term memory and sensitivity to initial conditions in hydrological processes, and provide more comprehensive decision-making support for water resources management and ecological protection; For the calculation of 100-year and 1,000-year flood flows and low flow rates, in addition to traditional frequency analysis methods, a comprehensive assessment is conducted using historical flood survey data, ancient flood trace analysis, and climate scenario simulation results. Taking into account the impact of climate change on extreme hydrological events, the output results of global climate models and regional climate models are used to estimate the changing trends of flood and low flow rates under different future climate change scenarios, providing a scientific basis for the long-term planning and adaptive management of water conservancy projects.

4. The method for ecological evaluation of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams according to claim 1, characterized in that: In water quality indicator monitoring and evaluation: The temporal and spatial resolution of water quality index monitoring is optimized. In addition to collecting water samples regularly every month, the sampling frequency is increased in the flood season, normal water season and dry season, such as once a week in the flood season, so as to capture the rapid changes of water quality in different water seasons. In terms of space, in addition to the conventional monitoring sections, the sampling points are encrypted downstream of the main pollution sources, and sampling points are added at the confluence of streams and tributaries and at the boundaries of different land use types to analyze in detail the gradient of water quality changes under the influence of different pollution sources and between different regions. The expansion of water quality analysis methods, in addition to national standard methods and portable instrument detection, introduces emerging analytical technologies, such as the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry to detect trace organic pollutants in water, including emerging persistent organic pollutants and endocrine disruptors. These pollutants may have potential harm to the endocrine system and reproductive system of aquatic organisms, but are difficult to detect with traditional methods; at the same time, combined with biological monitoring methods, such as the use of biomarkers of fish and large invertebrate aquatic organisms as early warning indicators of water pollution, to make up for the shortcomings of chemical analysis methods in reflecting biological effects; In terms of pollution source analysis, in addition to multivariate statistical analysis to determine the main pollution sources, stable isotope technology is used to track the sources of pollutants and distinguish the contribution ratio of nitrogen from different sources in stream water; combined with hydrological models and water quality models, such as the SWAT model and the QUAL2K model, the migration and transformation process of different pollution sources in the stream is simulated, and the changing trend of water quality under different scenarios is predicted, providing more detailed information for the precise formulation of pollution control strategies.

5. The method for ecological assessment of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams according to claim 1, characterized in that: In biodiversity surveys and assessments: Improvement of biodiversity survey methods. In sampling methods, stratified sampling schemes are designed according to the different habitat types and distribution characteristics of biological communities in streams to improve sample representativeness. For the mark-recapture method, the marking technology is optimized and non-destructive marking methods are adopted to reduce damage to organisms and behavioral impacts, improve recapture rates and data accuracy. At the same time, environmental DNA technology is combined to detect DNA fragments left by aquatic organisms to obtain information on rare species and hidden species that are difficult to directly observe, thus supplementing the deficiencies of traditional survey methods. The calculation of biodiversity indices and correlation analysis have been deepened. In addition to the Shannon-Wiener index and the Simpson index, other diversity indices such as the evenness index and the richness index are calculated to evaluate biodiversity from different perspectives. In the correlation analysis, in addition to the simple correlation with water quality and hydrological conditions, the structural equation model is used to analyze the complex causal relationship between biodiversity and multiple environmental factors. Refinement of the protection strategy for rare and endangered species. For identified rare and endangered species, in addition to establishing protected areas and restoring vegetation, formulate personalized protection plans; for example, for specific fish species, carry out artificial breeding and reproduction and release, and at the same time repair their key habitats, and improve their breeding success rate by setting up artificial fish nests and improving water flow conditions; for amphibian species, protect the ecological corridors between their terrestrial and aquatic habitats to ensure the smoothness of their migration and spread; in addition, strengthen cooperation with surrounding communities, carry out ecological protection education activities, enhance local residents' awareness of protecting rare and endangered species, and reduce the interference of human activities on their living environment.

6. The method for ecological assessment of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the comprehensive assessment of ecosystem health: Improve the evaluation index system. In addition to the existing hydrological, water quality, biological and landscape indicators, include ecosystem service function indicators, such as water conservation function, soil conservation function, and carbon sink function; at the same time, consider the impact of socio-economic factors on ecosystem health, such as surrounding population density, land use change rate, and water resource development and utilization intensity, and build a more comprehensive index system; Optimize the evaluation method, introduce expert group decision-making and feedback mechanism in the process of determining weights by analytic hierarchy process to reduce the influence of subjective factors; For the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the determination method of the fuzzy membership function is improved, and it is optimized according to the distribution characteristics of actual monitoring data and the characteristics of the ecosystem to improve the accuracy and reliability of the evaluation results; at the same time, combined with the multi-criteria decision analysis method, different evaluation schemes are ranked and compared to select the optimal ecological restoration and protection strategy; The ecological restoration and protection suggestions are refined, and detailed ecological scheduling plans are formulated in response to the impact of water conservancy project construction, including determining the annual distribution process of ecological water demand, formulating water release rules for different seasons, and optimizing reservoir scheduling curves; for agricultural non-point source pollution control, in addition to promoting ecological agricultural technology, an agricultural non-point source pollution monitoring and early warning system is established to monitor farmland drainage water quality in real time and adjust agricultural production measures in a timely manner; in terms of afforestation, according to the ecological function needs and site conditions of different regions, suitable tree species are selected for mixed afforestation to improve the stability of forest ecosystems and ecological service functions; in addition, an ecological compensation mechanism is formulated to provide reasonable compensation to residents or regions that have suffered economic losses due to ecological protection, so as to enhance the enthusiasm of the public to participate in ecological protection.

7. The method for ecological assessment of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the study area profile analysis: Further study the impact of human activities in the region, conduct detailed investigations on the lifestyles and production activities of surrounding residents, and analyze their direct and indirect impacts on the stream water environment; the impact of pesticide and fertilizer use habits in traditional agriculture, tourist flow and behavior patterns in tourism activities on stream water quality, water quantity and ecosystem stability; quantify the relationship between human activity intensity and stream water environment changes through field questionnaires, interviews and analysis of historical data; Carry out ecosystem service function value assessment, including monetary valuation of water supply, water purification, biological habitat support, and recreational service functions provided by streams; use multiple assessment methods such as market value method, replacement cost method, and conditional value method to determine the economic value of stream ecosystem service functions; this will help to more comprehensively consider the importance of ecosystems in the decision-making process and provide a basis for the balance between ecological protection and economic development; Establish a long-term ecological monitoring network, and in addition to conventional monitoring indicators, increase the monitoring of key ecosystem processes and ecosystem resilience indicators; through long-term positioning observations and experiments, understand the response mechanism and recovery capacity of ecosystems in the face of natural disturbances and human activities, and provide dynamic data support for ecosystem health assessment and adaptive management.

8. The method for ecological assessment of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams according to claim 1, characterized in that: In hydrological characteristics monitoring and analysis: Strengthen the monitoring and analysis of the interaction between groundwater and surface water. By installing groundwater level monitoring wells and seepage meter equipment, measure the groundwater level changes, hydraulic gradients and seepage volume in different seasons and locations, and study the exchange flux and temporal and spatial variation patterns between groundwater and surface water. This will help to gain a deeper understanding of the water source recharge mechanism of streams, accurately assess the amount of water resources, and predict the dynamic changes of water resources under the influence of climate change and human activities. Conduct hydrological connectivity research, using tracer tests and hydraulic model simulations to analyze the hydraulic connection and material exchange process between streams and surrounding wetlands, lakes, and groundwater bodies; evaluate the impact of hydrological connectivity on biodiversity maintenance, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem stability, and provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration and water resources management; Combined with climate change scenario predictions, the coupling of regional climate models and hydrological models is used to simulate the hydrological responses of streams under different future climate change scenarios; predict the changing trends of future stream flow, water level, water temperature and hydrological parameters, and formulate adaptive management strategies in advance, such as adjusting water resource allocation plans and optimizing the operating rules of water conservancy projects, to cope with the potential impact of climate change on stream water resources and ecosystems.

9. The method for ecological assessment of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams according to claim 1, characterized in that: In water quality indicator monitoring and evaluation: Establish a water quality early warning system, set water quality early warning thresholds based on real-time monitoring data and water quality model predictions; when water quality indicators exceed the early warning thresholds, the system automatically issues an alarm and promptly notifies relevant management departments to take emergency measures; the early warning system should have data transmission, analysis and processing, and information release functions, be able to quickly respond to water quality changes, and effectively prevent water pollution incidents from causing serious damage to the ecosystem; Conduct water quality risk assessments, taking into account the uncertainty of pollution source emissions, changes in hydrological conditions, and ecosystem sensitivity, and use probabilistic risk assessment methods to assess the risk probability and potential impact of stream water quality failures; this helps identify high-risk areas and key pollution sources, and provides a scientific basis for risk management decisions; Strengthen the monitoring and research of emerging pollutants. With the development of society, these emerging pollutants may enter the stream ecosystem and cause potential harm to organisms and the environment. Establish special monitoring methods and analysis techniques to study the sources, migration and transformation patterns, bioaccumulation effects and ecotoxicity of emerging pollutants in streams, and provide a scientific basis for the formulation of corresponding environmental management policies and pollution control measures.

10. The method for ecological assessment of water environment indicators of alpine canyon streams according to claim 1, characterized in that: In biodiversity surveys and assessments: Carry out long-term dynamic monitoring of the structure and function of biological communities, observe the dynamic evolution of biological community composition, species richness, changes in dominant species, and inter-biological relationships by setting up fixed monitoring plots and conducting regular surveys; analyze the response mechanism and adaptation strategy of biological communities to environmental changes in combination with environmental factor monitoring data, predict the long-term trend of biodiversity changes, and provide forward-looking suggestions for ecosystem protection and restoration; Strengthen the monitoring and prevention of invasive species, investigate and study the types, distribution ranges and invasion pathways of existing invasive species in the region, and assess their impact on local biodiversity and ecosystem functions; establish an invasive species early warning mechanism, strengthen supervision of the introduction of alien species, and prevent the entry of new invasive species; for already invasive species, formulate scientific and reasonable prevention and control plans, such as physical removal, biological control or chemical control methods, to control their spread and protect local biodiversity; Promote public participation in biodiversity conservation, and improve the awareness and sense of responsibility of local residents and the general public for stream biodiversity conservation by carrying out popular science education activities, organizing volunteer monitoring, and establishing a public feedback platform; encourage the public to participate in biodiversity monitoring data collection, ecological protection publicity, and supervision and reporting of ecological damage behaviors, so as to create a good atmosphere for the whole society to participate in biodiversity conservation.

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