Spoke, rim structure and guide wheel with the structure

Abstract

The present invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural machinery parts, and particularly relates to a wheel spoke, wheel rim structure and a guide wheel having the structure. The inner and outer mating surfaces of the component formed by the assembly of the wheel spoke and the wheel rim in the present invention are arranged concentrically, and at the same time, the outer end mating surface of the wheel spoke is arranged eccentrically with the inner end mating surface of the wheel spoke, or the outer end mating surface of the wheel spoke is non-circular to increase the rotational inertia of the component, thereby reducing the interaction force between the wheel spoke and the wheel rim in the rotating state, while improving the stability of the component in the rotating state, ensuring the reliability of the mating connection between the wheel spoke and the wheel rim, thereby extending the service life of the guide wheel using the wheel spoke and wheel rim structure.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural machinery parts and components, and in particular relates to a wheel spoke and wheel rim structure and a guide wheel having the structure. Background Art

[0002] The applicant's prior application CN217918174U provides a spoke, rim structure and a guide wheel with the structure to facilitate the production and processing of the spoke, rim structure and the guide wheel with the structure, including a hub, a spoke plate and a rim, a plurality of petals are combined to form a spoke plate in the shape of an annular plate, the outer plate edge of the spoke plate is plug-connected with the rim, and the hub is inserted into the middle connecting hole of the spoke plate and fixedly connected with the hole edge of the middle connecting hole. Since the hub, spoke plate and rim are produced and processed separately, each component can be made of different materials, thereby achieving the effect of reducing the weight of agricultural machinery while ensuring the wear resistance of the wheel body. In actual application, due to the large difference in the materials of the rim and the spoke plate, even if the rim and the spoke plate are welded, it is easy to desolder after long-term use, and then the rim and the spoke plate rotate relative to each other, resulting in wear of the spoke plate body, so that the reliability and service life of the spoke, rim structure and the guide wheel with the structure cannot meet the requirements. Summary of the invention

[0003] The object of the present invention is to provide a wheel spoke, a wheel rim structure and a guide wheel with the structure, which can prevent the wheel rim and the wheel spoke from rotating relative to each other.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:

[0005] A spoke and rim structure comprises a spoke which is in the shape of an annular plate as a whole, the outer periphery of the spoke being connected to the rim which is in the shape of a ring as a whole, the spoke having an inner end mating surface for mating with a hub or an axle and an outer end mating surface for mating with the rim, the rim having an outer peripheral mating surface for mating with a transmission belt or a transmission chain, the inner end mating surface of the spoke and the outer peripheral mating surface of the rim being arranged concentrically, the outer end mating surface of the spoke and the inner end mating surface of the spoke being arranged eccentrically, or the outer end mating surface of the spoke is non-circular.

[0006] A guide wheel with the above-mentioned spoke and rim structure, wherein a tubular hub is inserted and connected in the middle of the spoke, the inner end of the spoke is fixedly connected to the hub, and the outer peripheral mating surface of the rim is coaxially arranged with the tube core of the hub; a central through hole is provided in the middle of the spoke for the hub or the axle to pass through, and weight-reducing holes are provided on the spoke.

[0007] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following technical effects: the inner and outer mating surfaces of the component formed by the assembly of the spoke and the rim are arranged concentrically, and at the same time, the following two schemes are adopted to increase the rotational inertia of the component. One is to arrange the outer end mating surface of the spoke eccentrically with the inner end mating surface of the spoke so that the mass center of the component and the geometric center of the component are arranged eccentrically, and the other is to make the outer end mating surface of the spoke non-circular so that the mass distribution of the component is uneven, which can reduce the interaction force between the spoke and the rim in the rotating state, thereby ensuring the reliability of the mating connection between the spoke and the rim while improving the stability of the component in the rotating state, thereby extending the service life of the guide wheel using the spoke and rim structure. In addition, when the outer end mating surface of the spoke and the inner end mating surface of the spoke are arranged eccentrically or the outer end mating surface of the spoke is non-circular, the circumferential relative rotation of the spoke and the rim can be effectively limited, thereby ensuring the stability of the connection between the two. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] The following is a brief description of the contents and symbols in the drawings of this specification:

[0009] Figure 1 is a front view of the first embodiment;

[0010] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 AA section view in;

[0011] Figure 3 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the rim in the first embodiment;

[0012] Figure 4 is a front view of the spoke in the first embodiment;

[0013] Figure 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the middle plane perpendicular to the rim core axis direction in the state of cooperation between the spoke and the rim in the first embodiment;

[0014] Figure 6 is a front view of an embodiment of a spoke;

[0015] Figure 7 is a front view of the spoke in the second embodiment;

[0016] Figure 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the middle plane perpendicular to the rim core axis direction in the state of cooperation between the spoke and the rim in the second embodiment;

[0017] Fig. 9 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of embodiment 3;

[0018] Fig.10 It is a half-cut three-dimensional schematic diagram of the cooperation state of the rim, a petal unit, and a spoke unit in the third embodiment;

[0019] Fig.11is a front view of the spoke in the third embodiment;

[0020] Fig.12 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the middle plane perpendicular to the rim core axis direction in the state of cooperation between the spoke and the rim in the third embodiment;

[0021] Fig.13 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the fourth embodiment;

[0022] Fig.14 It is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the matching state of a rim unit segment, a petal unit, and a spoke unit in the fourth embodiment;

[0023] Fig.15 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the rim unit segment in the fourth embodiment;

[0024] Fig.16 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of the spoke unit in the fourth embodiment;

[0025] Fig.17 It is a front view of the spoke in the fourth embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] The specific implementation of the present invention is further described in detail below through description of embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0027] Embodiment 1

[0028] As attached Figure 1 , 2 The guide wheel shown includes a wheel spoke 20 in the shape of an annular plate as a whole. The middle of the wheel spoke 20 is connected to a tubular hub 30, and the inner end of the wheel spoke 20 is fixedly connected to the hub 30. The outer periphery of the wheel spoke 20 is connected to a rim 10 in the shape of an annular ring as a whole. The rim 10 has a rim outer periphery mating surface c for mating with a transmission belt or a transmission chain. In order to achieve reliable guidance of the transmission belt or transmission chain wound around the guide wheel, the rim outer periphery mating surface c should be arranged coaxially with the tube core of the hub 30. This embodiment is shown in the attached figure. Figure 3 As shown, the outer peripheral surface of the rim 10 is in a smooth cylindrical shape as a whole, so the outer peripheral surface of the rim 10 is arranged concentrically with the tube core of the hub 30. Further, in order to reduce the deadweight of the guide wheel and achieve lightweighting of the machine, the spoke 20 is provided with weight-reducing holes 24, and more than three weight-reducing holes 24 are evenly arranged at equal angles around the circumference of the spoke 20.

[0029] The spoke 20 is specifically as shown in the attached Figure 4 As shown in FIG. 1 , the center of the rim 10 is a central through hole 21 for the hub 30 or the wheel axle to pass through, and the outer peripheral contour is an ellipse. In order to achieve the matching connection between the rim 10 and the spoke 20 and prevent the rim 10 and the spoke 20 from rotating relative to each other, the assembly state of the rim 10 and the spoke 20 in this embodiment is as shown in FIG. Figure 5As shown, the rim 10 tightly wraps around the outer peripheral plate edge of the spoke 20, that is, the rim 10 tightly wraps around the elliptical cylindrical outer peripheral surface of the spoke 20 and the two side plate surfaces adjacent to the elliptical cylindrical outer peripheral surface. Figure 3 As shown, the inner side wall of the rim 10 is provided with an annular groove 11 for accommodating the outer peripheral plate edge of the spoke 20. In the preferred embodiment, the groove cavity of the annular groove 11 is consistent with the outer peripheral plate surface of the spoke 20.

[0030] As attached Figure 5 As shown, the spoke 20 has a spoke inner end mating surface a for mating with the wheel hub 30 or the wheel axle and a spoke outer end mating surface b for mating with the wheel rim 10. In order to ensure reliable mating between the spoke 20 and the tubular wheel hub 30 or the cylindrical wheel axle, the spoke inner end mating surface a and the rim outer peripheral mating surface c are arranged concentrically. In this embodiment, the outer peripheral surface of the wheel hub 30 is a cylindrical surface, so the spoke inner end mating surface a is a cylindrical surface that matches it. In other embodiments, the spoke inner end mating surface a can also be other shapes and contours that match the outer peripheral contour of the wheel hub 30 or the wheel axle, so as to achieve concentric arrangement and synchronous rotation of the two. Furthermore, the mating surface b of the outer end of the spoke in the present embodiment is located in the same elliptical cylinder, that is, the mating surface b of the outer end of the spoke is not circular, and because the inner side of the rim 10 avoids tightly wrapping the outer peripheral plate edge of the spoke 20, the mating surface between the spoke 20 and the rim 10 is also not circular. This can limit the circumferential relative rotation of the spoke 20 and the rim 10 on the one hand, thereby ensuring a reliable connection between the two. On the other hand, it makes the mass distribution of the spoke 20 uneven, thereby increasing the rotational inertia of the spoke 20. In this way, when the guide wheel using the spoke 20 and rim 10 structure rotates around the core axis of the hub 30, its rotation state is maintained with high stability, and the interaction force between the spoke 20 and the rim 10 is small, which can further improve the reliability of the connection between the spoke 20 and the rim 10 after long-term use, thereby extending the service life of the guide wheel.

[0031] In this embodiment, the spoke inner end mating surface a, the spoke outer end mating surface b, and the rim outer peripheral mating surface c are continuous and closed cylindrical surfaces. In other embodiments, these mating surfaces may also be continuous and closed elliptical cylindrical surfaces, special-shaped cylindrical surfaces, conical surfaces, etc., and may also be composed of a number of unit mating surfaces intermittently arranged in the same cylindrical surface or conical surface, such as a latch end face, an intermittently fitted hinge mating surface, etc. Similarly, it may also be an envelope surface of unit mating surfaces with different inner diameters that are continuously or intermittently arranged, such as an attached Figure 6 When the outer periphery of the middle spoke 20 is tooth-shaped, for ease of understanding and analysis, the envelope surface of the tooth peaks can be regarded as the spoke outer end mating surface b.

[0032] Embodiment 2

[0033] The difference between this embodiment and the first embodiment is that the outer peripheral contour of the spoke 20 is circular, and the outer end mating surface b of the spoke is eccentrically arranged with the inner end mating surface a of the spoke. Figure 7 , 8 As shown, the reference mating surface d drawn by the dotted line is arranged concentrically with the inner end mating surface a of the spoke, the inner diameter of the outer end mating surface b of the spoke is larger than the inner diameter of the inner end mating surface a of the spoke and smaller than the inner diameter of the reference mating surface d, and a crescent-shaped recess 23 is formed between the outer end mating surface b of the spoke and the reference mating surface d. In this way, the mass center of the spoke 20 is eccentrically arranged with the rotation center of the spoke 20 in the installed state, and when the outer periphery of the spoke 20 covers the rim 10 to form a component, the mass center of the component is also eccentrically arranged with its geometric axis. Similar to the first embodiment, this can also increase the rotational inertia of the component while limiting the relative circumferential rotation of the spoke 20 and the rim 10 and ensuring the reliable connection between the two, thereby improving the reliability of the connection between the spoke 20 and the rim 10 after long-term use and extending the service life of the guide wheel.

[0034] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the eccentricity between the outer end mating surface b of the spoke 20 and the inner end mating surface a of the spoke should not be too large, so as to prevent the rotational inertia of the component formed by the assembly of the spoke 20 and the rim 10 from being too large, so that the force required for starting the guide wheel made of the component is too large. In addition, the eccentricity between the outer end mating surface b of the spoke and the inner end mating surface a of the spoke should be less than the maximum groove depth of the annular groove 11, so that the outer peripheral plate edge of the spoke 20 can be covered by the rim 10, thereby ensuring the effective connection between the two. When the eccentricity between the outer end mating surface b of the spoke and the inner end mating surface a of the spoke is too large, the groove depth of the annular groove 11 on the inner ring surface of the rim 10 needs to be increased accordingly, which will increase the volume and weight of the rim 10, resulting in an increase in product cost.

[0035] In this embodiment and the first embodiment, the spokes 20 are all integrally formed parts, so the spokes 20 have good integrity and can be formed by punching metal plates, which is simple to process and low in cost. On this basis, in order to facilitate processing while ensuring the effective connection between the rim 10 and the spokes 20, the rim 10 in this embodiment can be formed on the outer periphery of the spokes 20 by one-time die forging after heating the tube ring-shaped blank. In this way, there is no need to process the inner ring surface of the rim 10 to form the annular groove 11 for accommodating the outer peripheral plate edge of the spokes 20, nor is there a need to use a welding process that is prone to desoldering, which can omit the processing steps while ensuring the reliable connection between the two.

[0036] Embodiment 3

[0037] The difference between this embodiment and the second embodiment is that the spoke 20 is formed by combining a plurality of spoke units. Figure 8-12As shown, the spoke unit includes a petal unit 20a which is in the shape of a plate as a whole and a spoke unit 20b which is in the shape of a strip block as a whole. A protrusion 22 is provided at the outer end of the spoke unit 20b, and the protrusion 22 is plug-connected with the rim 10 and limits the relative rotation displacement of the two in the circumferential direction of the rim 10. In other embodiments, a notch 23 can be provided at the inner end of the spoke unit 20b, and a convex portion cooperating with the notch 23 can be provided at the inner ring surface of the rim 10 to achieve the effect of limiting the relative rotation displacement of the two in the circumferential direction of the rim 10; a protrusion 22 or a notch 23 can also be provided on the petal unit 20a, or a protrusion 22 and a notch 23 can be provided on the petal unit 20a and the spoke unit 20b respectively, so as to limit the relative rotation displacement of each component of the spoke 20 and the rim 10 in the circumferential direction.

[0038] This embodiment is shown in the attached Fig.11 As shown, the inner end surface of the spoke unit 20b is the spoke inner end mating surface a, and the inner end surface of each spoke unit 20b is located in the same cylindrical surface. In order to reliably position the rim 10 and the hub 20, three spoke units 20b are arranged at equal angles around the circumference of the spoke 20. In other embodiments, at least two spoke units 20b need to be provided to reliably position the rim 10 and the hub 30.

[0039] Specifically, in this embodiment, the spoke units 20b are arranged as a whole along the radial direction of the spokes 20, and a petal unit 20a is provided between adjacent spoke units 20b, and the two ends of the petal unit 20a are respectively fitted or resisted with two adjacent spoke units 20b, and the petal unit 20a can reliably maintain the posture of the two adjacent spoke units 20b, thereby ensuring the accurate installation and positioning of the rim 10 and the hub 30. In this embodiment, the inner end plate surface of the petal unit 20a is arranged unequally with the inner end mating surface a of the spoke.

[0040] In this embodiment, the outer peripheral surface of the petal unit 20a constitutes the outer end mating surface b of the spoke. Fig.11 As shown, the reference mating surface d drawn by dotted lines, the spoke reference mating surface e and the spoke inner end mating surface a are arranged concentrically, the inner diameter of the spoke outer end mating surface b is larger than the inner diameter of the spoke inner end mating surface a and smaller than the inner diameter of the reference mating surface d, and a notch 23 is formed between the spoke outer end mating surface b and the reference mating surface d.

[0041] As attached Fig.12As shown, the shape and contour of each spoke unit 20b in this embodiment are completely consistent, which facilitates the assembly of the spoke 20 assembly and ensures the accurate installation and positioning of the rim 10 and the hub 30. The outer peripheral contour of the petal unit 20a and the inner end mating surface a of the spoke are arranged eccentrically, which will make the mass center of the spoke 20 assembly and the rotation center of the spoke 20 in the installed state eccentrically arranged. Further, when the outer periphery of the spoke 20 covers the rim 10 to form a component, the mass center of the component and its geometric axis are also arranged eccentrically, thereby increasing the rotational inertia of the component, thereby achieving the purpose of improving the reliability of the connection between the spoke 20 and the rim 10 after long-term use and extending the service life of the guide wheel.

[0042] The rim 10 in this embodiment is as shown in the attached Fig.10 As shown, the inner side wall has an annular groove 11 for accommodating the outer peripheral plate edge of the spoke 20. The annular groove 11 covers the outer peripheral plate edge of the spoke 20 and the protrusion 22 or the recess 23 provided at the outer peripheral plate edge to limit the relative displacement of the petal unit 20a, the spoke unit 20b and the rim 10 in the circumferential direction of the rim 10. The annular groove 11 also includes a positioning groove 111 that cooperates with the protrusion 22 on the spoke unit 20b. In this embodiment, the protrusion 22 provided on the spoke unit 20b is arranged in the radial direction of the spoke 20. In other embodiments, the protrusion 22 can also be arranged in the axial direction of the spoke 20, that is, a protrusion 22 perpendicular to the plate surface of the spoke unit 20b is provided on the side plate surface of the spoke unit 20b, so that the rim 10 covering the protrusion 22 can also limit the circumferential rotation displacement of the two. Similarly, when the spoke unit 20 b is provided with a notch 23 , the notch 23 may also be arranged in a radial direction or an axial direction of the spoke 20 .

[0043] In this embodiment, the positioning of the rim 10 and the hub 30 is achieved by the spoke unit 20b. Therefore, in order to ensure the reliability of the positioning, the strength of the spoke unit 20b can be enhanced. Figure 8 As shown, the dimension of the spoke unit 20b in the axial direction of the spoke 20 is greater than the dimension of the petal unit 20a in the axial direction of the spoke 20, that is, the thickness of the spoke unit 20b is greater than the plate thickness of the petal unit 20a.

[0044] Furthermore, when the assembly formed by the spoke 20 and the rim 10 in this embodiment is used for a guide wheel, the inner end of the spoke unit 20b is welded to the hub 30 installed therein, thereby reliably limiting the relative displacement between the hub 30 and the spoke unit 20b. After limiting the displacement of the spoke unit 20b in the radial direction of the rim 10, the separation of the spoke unit 20 and the rim 10 can be effectively avoided, so that the spoke 20 assembly and the rim 10 can be stably and reliably installed without welding the spoke unit 20b.

[0045] In other embodiments, the petal unit 20a can be eliminated, and the rim 10 and the hub 30 can be transitionally connected only by the spoke unit 20b; the inner end plate surface of the petal unit 20a can also be made coplanar with the inner end surface of the spoke unit 20b, that is, the inner end surface of the petal unit 20a and the spoke unit 20b together constitute the spoke inner end mating surface a; the spoke unit 20b can also be eliminated, and the spoke 20 can only be composed of the petal unit 20a in the shape of an inner and outer eccentric plate.

[0046] Embodiment 4

[0047] The difference between this embodiment and the third embodiment is that the rim 10 is formed by combining two or more rim unit segments 10a. Figure 13-17 As shown, the same spoke unit 20b is plug-connected with the ends of two adjacent rim unit segments 10a, and the plug-connection direction of the spoke unit 20b and the rim unit segment 10a is arranged along the radial direction of the rim 10. In this way, when the spoke unit 20b is connected to each rim unit segment 10a to obtain a complete annular rim 10, the two ends of each rim unit segment 10a are plug-connected with different spoke units 20b, and the spoke units 20b disposed at the two ends of the same rim unit segment 10a are arranged at an angle with the separation direction of the rim unit segment 10a, so that the spoke unit 20b and the rim 10 form a self-locking structure. In this way, the installation posture of the rim 10 can be effectively maintained by limiting the displacement of the spoke unit 20b in its length direction, that is, limiting the displacement of the spoke unit 20b in the radial direction of the rim 10. Therefore, the reliability of the entire guide wheel body structure can be ensured by only welding the hub 30 and the spoke unit 20b, which greatly reduces the amount of welding work in the guide wheel body processing. Obviously, the connection structure of the spoke unit 20b and the rim unit segment 10a in this embodiment can effectively limit the relative rotation displacement between the two, and the guide wheel can be reliably assembled without welding the spoke unit 20b and the rim 10, which can reduce the amount of welding work and fundamentally avoid the risk of desoldering of the two components after long-term use.

[0048] In other embodiments, a solution in which the same petal unit 20a is plug-connected with two adjacently arranged rim unit segments 10a may also be adopted.

Claims

1. A spoke and rim structure, characterized in that: The wheel wheel comprises a wheel spoke (20) which is in the shape of an annular plate as a whole. The outer periphery of the wheel spoke (20) is connected to the wheel rim (10) which is in the shape of an annular ring as a whole. The wheel spoke (20) has an inner end mating surface (a) for mating with a wheel hub or a wheel axle and a wheel spoke outer end mating surface (b) for mating with the wheel rim (10). The wheel rim (10) has a wheel rim outer periphery mating surface (c) for mating with a transmission belt or a transmission chain. The wheel spoke inner end mating surface (a) and the wheel rim outer periphery mating surface (c) are arranged concentrically, and the wheel spoke outer end mating surface (b) and the wheel spoke inner end mating surface (a) are arranged eccentrically, or the wheel spoke outer end mating surface (b) is non-circular.

2. The spoke and rim structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inner side wall of the rim (10) has an annular groove (11) for accommodating the outer peripheral plate edge of the spoke (20); when the spoke outer end mating surface (b) and the spoke inner end mating surface (a) are eccentrically arranged, the eccentricity between the spoke outer end mating surface (b) and the spoke inner end mating surface (a) of the spoke (20) is less than the maximum groove depth of the annular groove (11).

3. The spoke and rim structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The spoke inner end mating surface (a) and the spoke outer end mating surface (b) of the spoke (20) are coaxially arranged, the spoke inner end mating surface (a) is located in the same cylindrical surface, and the spoke outer end mating surface (b) is located in the same elliptical cylindrical surface.

4. The spoke and rim structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The wheel spoke (20) is an integrally formed part.

5. The spoke and rim structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The wheel spoke (20) is formed by combining a plurality of wheel spoke units, wherein the wheel spoke unit comprises a petal unit (20a) which is in the shape of a plate as a whole and / or a spoke unit (20b) which is in the shape of a strip as a whole.

6. The spoke and rim structure according to claim 5, characterized in that: The spoke unit (20b) is provided with a protrusion (22) and / or a recess (23), and the spoke unit (20b) is arranged as a whole along the radial direction of the spoke (20); the inner side wall of the rim (10) has an annular groove (11) for accommodating the outer peripheral plate edge of the spoke (20), and the annular groove (11) covers the outer peripheral plate edge of the spoke (20) and the protrusion (22) and / or the recess (23) provided at the outer peripheral plate edge.

7. The spoke and rim structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: A petal unit (20a) is provided between adjacent spoke units (20b), and two ends of the petal unit (20a) are respectively fitted or abutted against two adjacent spoke units (20b).

8. The spoke and rim structure according to claim 5, characterized in that: The petal unit (20a) is provided with a protrusion (22) and / or a recess (23); the inner side wall of the rim (10) is provided with an annular groove (11) for accommodating the outer peripheral plate edge of the wheel spoke (20); the annular groove (11) covers the outer peripheral plate edge of the wheel spoke (20) and the protrusion (22) and / or the recess (23) provided at the outer peripheral plate edge.

9. The spoke and rim structure according to claim 5, characterized in that: The dimension of the spoke unit (20b) in the axial direction of the spoke (20) is greater than the dimension of the petal unit (20a) in the axial direction of the spoke (20).

10. The spoke and rim structure according to claim 5, characterized in that: The rim (10) is formed by combining two or more rim unit segments (10a); the same petal unit (20a) is plug-connected to two adjacent rim unit segments (10a), or the same spoke unit (20b) is plug-connected to two adjacent rim unit segments (10a).

11. A guide wheel having a spoke and rim structure according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that: A tubular hub (30) is inserted and connected through the middle of the wheel spoke (20), the inner end of the wheel spoke (20) is fixedly connected to the wheel hub (30), and the outer peripheral contour of the wheel rim (10) is arranged coaxially with the tube core of the wheel hub (30); a central through hole (21) is provided in the middle of the wheel spoke (20) for the wheel hub or the wheel axle to pass through, and a weight reduction hole (24) is provided on the wheel spoke (20).

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