Multi-time-space in-situ monitoring internet of things for monitoring plume diffusion of deep-sea mining

Abstract

The invention provides a multi-time-space in-situ monitoring internet of things for monitoring plume diffusion in deep-sea mining. The multi-time-space in-situ monitoring internet of things comprises plume in-situ monitoring equipment, wherein the plume in-situ monitoring equipment comprises plume particulate matter monitoring equipment, plume redeposition thickness monitoring equipment, plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring equipment and plume deposition amount monitoring equipment. The network comprises a sea-sky-ground integrated network architecture, a WIFI wireless network system is constructed underwater to support nodes to randomly join or exit from the network, and the number of the nodes can be increased to 20 at most. The multi-space-time in-situ monitoring Internet of Things system for monitoring deep-sea mining plume diffusion not only has remarkable technical advantages such as real-time performance, high precision, intelligence, long-time stable work and the like, but also has profound significance in the aspects of environmental protection, sustainable utilization of resources, policy support, social supervision and the like. The application of the system is expected to greatly improve the environment management level of deep-sea mining and promote the green mining development in the global range.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the fields of seabed exploration technology and marine engineering geology technology, and in particular to a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things for monitoring the diffusion of deep-sea mining plumes. Background Art

[0002] With the increasing demand for mineral resources, deep-sea mining, as an emerging resource development method, is gradually becoming a hot spot for marine resource development. However, the mining plumes generated during deep-sea mining have potential destructive effects on deep-sea ecosystems and the marine environment. Mining plumes are mainly caused by mechanical excavation, drilling and other operations that disturb seabed sediments, causing the release and diffusion of a large amount of fine suspended matter, heavy metals and chemicals. These plumes can spread with ocean currents, posing a threat to deep-sea habitats, filter-feeding organisms and marine food chains. The deep-sea environment is complex and difficult to monitor, and it is impossible to obtain comprehensive and accurate data through traditional laboratory methods and shallow-sea environment monitoring technology. Therefore, the development of efficient and real-time deep-sea mining plume monitoring technology is of great significance for assessing the environmental impact of deep-sea mining and formulating protection measures.

[0003] At present, some progress has been made in the research and technological development of deep-sea mining plume monitoring.

[0004] However, the real-time transmission of seabed in-situ monitoring data and the data exchange between the seabed base station and the bottom monitoring platform affect the capture of sediment plumes and the issuance of monitoring and control commands. Acoustic communication is the main means of wireless communication and data transmission on the seabed. How to use acoustic communication to build a multi-node, self-access, long-distance, high-bandwidth local area network is the main technical problem at present. Foreign technologies are mostly concentrated in local area tests, with limited coverage and high costs. In addition, monitoring data cannot be continuously obtained, making it difficult to meet the real-time monitoring needs of long-term and multi-spatial scales.

[0005] In contrast, China has developed rapidly in recent years in the areas of Internet of Things (IOT) and autonomous monitoring equipment. We have begun to try to combine multi-sensor fusion technology, edge computing and the Internet of Things to develop a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring system. Through an autonomous sensor network deployed in the deep-sea environment, we can achieve long-term and continuous monitoring of the mining plume diffusion process. The system uses low-power sensors, long-distance data transmission systems and autonomous underwater robots, combined with AI algorithms for data processing and analysis, to achieve large-scale, high-precision plume monitoring in complex deep-sea environments. Summary of the invention

[0006] In order to make up for the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention provides a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things for monitoring the diffusion of deep-sea mining plumes.

[0007] The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things for monitoring the diffusion of deep-sea mining plumes, the multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things comprising an in-situ monitoring system and an Internet of Things transmission system; The in-situ monitoring system includes a seabed base station bottom monitoring platform device, a plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring device and a plume deposition monitoring device; The integrated submarine physical environment element monitoring equipment includes a main frame, which is equipped with plume particle monitoring equipment, plume redeposition thickness monitoring equipment, all-solid-state electrochemical sensor monitor, optical turbidity dissolved oxygen sensor monitor, optical turbidity monitoring sensor, optical chlorophyll sensor, ocean current sensor, temperature-salinity-depth sensor, microbial in-situ monitoring device and macrobial in-situ monitoring device; The plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring equipment, plume deposition monitoring equipment, all-solid-state electrochemical sensor monitor, optical turbidity dissolved oxygen sensor monitor, optical turbidity monitoring sensor, optical chlorophyll sensor, ocean current sensor, temperature-salinity-depth sensor, microbial in-situ monitoring device and macrobial in-situ monitoring device are respectively connected to the Internet of Things transmission system; The IoT transmission system includes an integrated “sea-sky-ground” network system, an underwater acoustic communication system, an in-situ monitoring system, a seawater power supply system, and a surface satellite communication system; The "sea-sky-ground" integrated network system includes a plurality of plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring devices, plume deposition monitoring devices, seabed base station bottom monitoring platform devices, surface satellite communication buoys, acoustic satellite communication gateway systems, and land-based control centers to form a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring controlled local area network, and has a built-in network protocol optimization system, a network reliable transmission system, and an underwater WIFI communication network protocol system. The underwater WIFI communication network protocol system supports nodes to randomly join or exit the network, and can be expanded to a maximum of 20; The underwater acoustic communication system includes 7 underwater acoustic communication systems. The acoustic communication distance of the underwater acoustic communication system can reach 12km, and the communication rate is 1-3 kbps. It includes a medium- and long-distance two-way transmission underwater acoustic communication system and a channel equalization system based on the minimum mean square error algorithm; the underwater acoustic communication system is built-in with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based on space-time coding. The transmitting end data bit stream is encoded and mapped to form a set of frequency domain symbols to be sent. The frequency domain symbols are decomposed into parallel data streams, and each data stream is independently OFDM modulated; The seawater power supply system includes a set of dissolved oxygen seawater batteries; The surface satellite communication system includes a surface satellite communication buoy, a data compression system, and a sonic satellite communication gateway system; The main frame 13 of the submarine base station bottom monitoring platform device is equipped with a submarine monitoring master control system in the center, which can realize data collection, transmission, storage, and power supply control of all sensors and portable nodes, and design low-coupling interface data conversion controllable power supply, data transmission, storage, status protection, bus communication and other subsystems.

[0008] As a preferred solution, the working method of the underwater WIFI communication network protocol system specifically includes the following steps: S1 data communication: program and port protocol communication according to the application. Long-term quasi-real-time monitoring of underwater WIFI networks and multi-node random access requirements, with conflict-free scalable multiple access protocols.

[0009] S2 data storage: Through the conflict-free scalable multiple access protocol, data can be sent in parallel through orthogonal spread spectrum codes, where data can be randomly accessed and exited; different nodes use different orthogonal spread spectrum codes to send data in parallel, and the corresponding spread spectrum code can be used at the receiving end to despread and obtain information; the underwater WIFI communication network protocol system supports the scalability of the network, that is, the terminal monitoring node can randomly access and exit the network; S3 energy consumption optimization: Improve the degree distribution of signal transmission, adjust the number of connections between nodes, increase the number of connections of key nodes to enhance the core path of signal propagation, or balance the connections of nodes in the network, and achieve degree distribution through algorithm design or network structure adjustment; S4 calculation analysis: A fountain code with zero bit rate is selected, and the sender's encoder acts as a data fountain to generate infinite encoded data packets; the receiver receives enough data packets and starts decoding to restore the original file. The number of data packets generated by the sender is dynamically determined during operation; S5 cross-layer transmission: Fountain codes are used as the encoding basis and fountain codes are used to achieve data transmission.

[0010] As a preferred solution, the working method of OFDM modulation specifically includes the following steps: T1 serial-to-parallel conversion, inserting pilots to ensure orthogonality between subcarriers; T2 performs parallel-to-serial IFFT transformation; T3 adds cyclic prefix, guard interval conversion and frame header, and sends it out synchronously from the transducer; After demodulation at the receiving end, T4 can recover the transmitted signal to the baseband equivalent signal model, and then recover the transmitted signal through channel estimation.

[0011] Due to the adoption of the above technical solutions, the present invention has the following beneficial effects compared with the prior art: 1. The present invention is an Internet of Things system that can provide real-time plume diffusion monitoring during deep-sea mining, and timely capture the diffusion of particulate matter and minerals generated during mining operations. Through the sensor network, the system can collect data 24 hours a day, and transmit the monitoring results to the ground control center in real time through wireless communication. The system adopts a multi-temporal and spatial monitoring strategy, which means that it can monitor simultaneously at multiple spatial locations and different time points. Through a distributed sensor array, the system can fully cover the entire mining area and the process of plume diffusion, and capture plume diffusion data at different depths and water ranges. This can effectively improve the coverage and accuracy of the data.

[0012] 2. The IoT system of the present invention has an automated data processing function. Through built-in intelligent algorithms and machine learning models, it can analyze the monitored plume diffusion in real time and predict the future diffusion trend of the plume. Through intelligent analysis, the system can warn of potential environmental risks in advance and help the operator take appropriate preventive measures. IoT sensors generally adopt low-power design and can work continuously in complex deep-sea environments. Through efficient energy management systems, such as underwater energy conversion, it can support long-term operation, reduce human intervention, and improve the reliability and stability of the system. The system not only monitors the diffusion of plumes, but also can combine other environmental parameters (such as water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH value, etc.) and conduct a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact of plumes through multi-dimensional data fusion. This helps to gain a deeper understanding of the potential impact of mining activities on deep-sea ecosystems and provide a scientific basis for environmental protection. The system can adapt to various deep-sea environments and can work effectively under extreme pressure, temperature and water flow conditions. In addition, the system's sensors and communication systems can be flexibly deployed, adjusted and optimized for mining operations of different scales and depths, and have strong adaptability.

[0013] 3. The use of advanced underwater communication systems to achieve large-scale remote data transmission makes data monitoring in deep-sea environments unrestricted by distance, ensuring that real-time monitoring data can be transmitted to the monitoring center in a timely manner. Through accurate monitoring of the plume diffusion process, the system can effectively identify environmental pollution risks in the mining process, take timely measures to reduce the negative impact on the deep-sea ecology, and promote the sustainable development of deep-sea mining. These advantages make the IoT system an indispensable monitoring tool in the deep-sea mining industry, especially playing an important role in environmental protection and resource utilization.

[0014] Additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description or may be learned by practice of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] The above and / or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and easily understood from the description of the embodiments in conjunction with the following drawings, in which: Figure 1 This is the general diagram of the plume observation equipment; Figure 2 The structure diagram of the controlled local area network for multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Figure 3 Connecting logic diagram for IoT devices Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the network scenario; Figure 5 Design architecture diagram for underwater WIFI network; Figure 6 Schematic diagram of underwater acoustic communication system based on space-time coding; Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the principle of seawater battery; Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the seabed master control work; in, Figure 1 The corresponding relationship between the reference numerals and the components is as follows: 1-Plume particle monitoring equipment, 2-Plume redeposition thickness monitoring equipment, 3-Plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring device, 4-Plume deposition amount monitoring device, 5-All-solid-state electrochemical sensor monitor, 6-Optical turbidity dissolved oxygen sensor monitor, 7-Optical turbidity monitoring sensor, 8-Optical chlorophyll sensor, 9-Ocean current sensor, 10-Temperature, salinity and depth sensor, 11-Microbial in-situ monitoring device, 12-Macrobiological in-situ monitoring device, 13 Main frame. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] In order to more clearly understand the above-mentioned purpose, features and advantages of the present invention, the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be noted that the embodiments of the present application and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other without conflict.

[0017] In the following description, many specific details are set forth to facilitate a full understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention may also be implemented in other ways different from those described herein. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0018] Combine the following Figures 1 to 8 The multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things for monitoring the spread of deep-sea mining plumes according to an embodiment of the present invention is specifically described.

[0019] like Figure 1 As shown, a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things for monitoring the diffusion of deep-sea mining plumes is characterized in that the multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things includes an in-situ monitoring system and an Internet of Things transmission system; The in-situ monitoring system includes a bottom-mounted monitoring platform device for a seabed base station, a three-dimensional dynamic monitoring device for plume diffusion concentration 3, and a plume deposition monitoring device 4; The integrated submarine physical environment element monitoring equipment includes a main frame 13, which is equipped with a plume particle monitoring device 1, a plume redeposition thickness monitoring device 2, a full solid-state electrochemical sensor monitor 5, an optical turbidity dissolved oxygen sensor monitor 6, an optical turbidity monitoring sensor 7, an optical chlorophyll sensor 8, an ocean current sensor 9, a temperature-salinity-depth sensor 10, a microbial in-situ monitoring device 11, and a macroscopic biological in-situ monitoring device 12. The integrated microbial in-situ monitoring device 11 is used to monitor organisms of 0.5 mm and below, and the macroscopic biological in-situ monitoring device 12 is used to monitor organisms of 0.5 mm and above. The plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring device 3, the plume deposition monitoring device 4, the all-solid-state electrochemical sensor monitor 5, the optical turbidity dissolved oxygen sensor monitor 6, the optical turbidity monitoring sensor 7, the optical chlorophyll sensor 8, the ocean current sensor 9, the temperature-salinity-depth sensor 10, the microbial in-situ monitoring device 11 and the macroscopic biological in-situ monitoring device 12 are respectively connected to the Internet of Things transmission system; The IoT transmission system includes an integrated “sea-sky-ground” network system, an underwater acoustic communication transmission system, an in-situ monitoring system, a seawater power supply system, and a surface satellite communication system; The "sea-sky-ground" integrated network system includes multiple plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring devices, plume deposition monitoring devices, seabed base station bottom monitoring platform devices, surface satellite communication buoys, acoustic satellite communication gateway systems, and land-based control centers to form a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring controlled local area network. In order to reduce data transmission delays, improve data transmission efficiency, and support random access and exit of nodes, it also has a built-in network protocol optimization system, a network reliable transmission system, and an underwater WIFI communication network protocol system. The underwater WIFI communication network protocol system supports nodes to randomly join or exit the network, which can be expanded to a maximum of 20. Figure 5 Design an architecture diagram for the underwater WIFI network, and the working method of the underwater WIFI communication network protocol system, specifically including the following steps: S1 data communication: program and port protocol communication according to the application. Long-term quasi-real-time monitoring of underwater WIFI networks and multi-node random access requirements, with conflict-free scalable multiple access protocols.

[0020] S2 data storage: Through the conflict-free scalable multiple access protocol, data can be sent in parallel through orthogonal spread spectrum codes, where data can be randomly accessed and exited; different nodes use different orthogonal spread spectrum codes to send data in parallel, and the corresponding spread spectrum code can be used at the receiving end to despread and obtain information; the underwater WIFI communication network protocol system supports the scalability of the network, that is, the terminal monitoring node can randomly access and exit the network; S3 energy consumption optimization: In order to ensure the reliable transmission of monitoring data in the target sea area, the complex characteristics of data transmission have improved the degree distribution of signal transmission and optimized the connection mode of nodes in the network to improve the efficiency and coverage of signal transmission. The number of connections (i.e., degree) between nodes is adjusted so that signals can be transmitted faster and more stably while reducing the waste of resources. Increase the number of connections of key nodes to enhance the core path of signal propagation, or balance the connections of nodes in the network to avoid signal congestion or isolation. Degree distribution is achieved through algorithm design or network structure adjustment, so that decoding can be carried out quickly and efficiently. S4 calculation analysis: The fountain code with zero bit rate is selected to realize the flow-based data transmission method on the unreliable underwater acoustic communication network. The encoder of the sender acts as a data fountain, generating infinite encoded data packets; the receiver starts decoding after receiving enough data packets to restore the original file, and the number of data packets generated by the sender is dynamically determined during operation; S5 cross-layer transmission: Fountain code is used as the encoding basis. The characteristic of fountain code that does not require frequent feedback in the deletion channel can achieve efficient data transmission.

[0021] The underwater acoustic communication system includes 7 sets of underwater acoustic communication systems. The acoustic communication distance of the underwater acoustic communication system can reach 12km, and the communication rate is 1-3 kbps. It includes a medium- and long-distance two-way transmission underwater acoustic communication system and a channel equalization system based on the minimum mean square error algorithm. In order to overcome the influence of multipath and noise in complex marine environments, reduce the complexity of channel estimation, and form a stable, reliable, and high-bandwidth underwater acoustic communication system, it can realize medium- and long-distance two-way transmission based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, adopt the improved proportional normalized least mean square algorithm, and use time domain and frequency domain Tubo equalization; Improved proportional normalized least mean square algorithm (ImprovedProportionate NLMS, IPNLMS), represented by the equalization of time domain and frequency domain Trbo equalization and combined with time reversal, adjust the iteration step size, reduce the complexity of channel estimation, further suppress inter-symbol interference, and improve the bit error rate performance. The underwater acoustic communication system has a low-power sleep mode that combines underwater acoustic wake-up and timed wake-up, which reduces the overall power consumption of the underwater acoustic communication system and extends the network life cycle to meet the needs of long-term seabed monitoring. The built-in design of the underwater acoustic communication system is based on space-time coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. The transmitting data bit stream is encoded and mapped to form a set of frequency domain symbols to be sent. The frequency domain symbols are decomposed into parallel data streams, and each data stream is independently OFDM modulated. The working method of OFDM modulation specifically includes the following steps: T1 serial-to-parallel conversion, inserting pilots to ensure orthogonality between subcarriers; T2 performs parallel-to-serial IFFT transformation; T3 adds cyclic prefix, guard interval conversion and frame header, and sends it out synchronously from the transducer; After demodulation at the receiving end, T4 can recover the transmitted signal to the baseband equivalent signal model, and then recover the transmitted signal through channel estimation.

[0022] The channel can adjust the coding type and code rate according to the transmission distance and channel environment to ensure decoding reliability; adjust the constellation diagram scheme and power allocation to optimize spectrum efficiency; adjust the frame structure and training sequence design to cooperate with the receiver algorithm. It can carry out long-time wireless two-way sound transmission and has symbol-based adaptive channel estimation.

[0023] The seawater power supply system includes a set of high-efficiency dissolved oxygen seawater batteries, which can provide electricity for the seabed base station bottom monitoring platform to work for 6 months; it mainly includes a battery structure suitable for deep-sea applications and an integrated power supply system for power generation, energy storage and self-drive; a set of high-efficiency dissolved oxygen seawater batteries are designed, which have the characteristics of resistance to suspended matter fouling, anti-scaling and adaptability to deep-sea applications, and have a complete integrated working mode of power generation, energy storage and self-drive, including a new type of carbon fiber brush electrode design with high electrocatalytic activity, and has high-efficiency and high-stability boost components and battery intelligent management systems. The positive electrode of the dissolved oxygen battery can be linked to key deep-sea environmental factors (seawater flow rate, DO concentration and pH value), and has an internal algorithm that associates the brush structure, seawater flow rate and dissolved oxygen concentration with the output current density. The seawater dissolved oxygen battery has the correlation between the current density and the scaling rate under the combined action of the flow rate and the pH value of seawater, which can maximize the high activity of the material and avoid scaling failure. It has an efficient and anti-scaling modified carbon fiber brush electrode; optimizes the battery structure design and the operating efficiency and reliability of the battery management system, and has a high-efficiency DCDC boost device. It has a seawater battery power generation unit composed of multiple systems in parallel, and a lithium-ion battery pack as an energy storage unit, forming a power supply mode of integrated charging and discharging operation, with a design of 100% excess power, which can meet the system's power demand for one year; The surface satellite communication system includes a surface satellite communication buoy, a data compression system, and a sonic communication satellite communication gateway system. The surface satellite communication buoy is a high-reliability 6000m-class surface satellite communication buoy for multi-level sea conditions. It relies on domestic low-orbit communication satellites to transmit data to the shore-based receiving and processing system and receive, analyze, and issue controlled instructions. The main research contents include the buoy structure and anchor system design, including the data compression system and the sonic communication / satellite communication gateway system. The main frame 13 of the submarine base station bottom monitoring platform device is equipped with a submarine monitoring master control system in the center, which can realize data collection, transmission, storage, and power supply control of all sensors and portable nodes, and design low-coupling interface data conversion controllable power supply, data transmission, storage, status protection, bus communication and other subsystems.

[0024] Figure 2It is the overall Internet of Things technology roadmap, which mainly includes the dynamic networking system of submarine wireless LAN, network reliable data transmission system, real-time data image transmission system, and the construction of an integrated controlled long-term wireless monitoring network system and underwater Wi-Fi network. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and channel estimation algorithm are used to form a high-bandwidth underwater acoustic communication system. Titanium alloy materials with high strength, low density and good corrosion resistance are selected to weld the carrier platform frame, and the releaser adopts a redundant design to ensure the safe recovery of the platform. Multi-time and space node time synchronization and low-power real-time data acquisition control research are adopted to form a high-stability overall control system to achieve overall control of the monitoring system. Array-type portable nodes and single-point portable nodes are designed to establish the correlation between electrochemical parameters and turbidity, and realize three-dimensional monitoring of plume diffusion. Realize the surface modification of the positive electrode of the battery, increase the initial redox potential of the cathode, carry out the research and development of the battery management system, and output the voltage that meets the requirements of the monitoring system. Using ship statics, dynamics and wave theory, a numerical model of buoy motion is established, the dynamic characteristics of the buoy anchor system are calculated and verified, and a buoy tank model test is carried out. Ultimately, a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things will be formed to monitor the spread of deep-sea mining plumes, and a plume monitoring demonstration application will be carried out.

[0025] Figure 3 Main building steps for the main IoT: (1) Research on a multi-temporal and spatial “sea-sky-ground” integrated long-term seabed monitoring controlled local network system to realize the construction of an underwater Wi-Fi system; (2) Research on underwater high-bandwidth long-distance two-way communication data real-time transmission system, using high-bandwidth long-distance acoustic communication machine; (3) Design and manufacture of submarine base station bottom monitoring platform and portable monitoring nodes, constructing 1 submarine base station bottom monitoring platform and 6 portable monitoring nodes; (4) The seabed base station monitors the dissolved oxygen in the seawater for a long time, thus realizing the long-term power supply for underwater monitoring equipment; (5) Construction of the submarine monitoring master control system and surface communication buoy to achieve overall control of the submarine monitoring platform and portable monitoring nodes; (6) Integration and functional verification of seabed in-situ monitoring system.

[0026] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the main IoT network scenario, which is a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring controlled local area network consisting of multiple underwater wireless monitoring nodes, seabed base stations, bottom monitoring platforms, sea surface buoy gateway nodes, satellites, and land-based control centers. Figure 3 Main building steps for the main IoT: (1) Research on a multi-temporal and spatial “sea-sky-ground” integrated long-term seabed monitoring controlled local network system to realize the construction of an underwater Wi-Fi system; (2) Research on underwater high-bandwidth long-distance two-way communication data real-time transmission system, using high-bandwidth long-distance acoustic communication machine; (3) Design and manufacture of submarine base station monitoring platform and portable monitoring nodes, and construct one submarine monitoring platform and six portable monitoring nodes; (4) The seabed base station monitors the dissolved oxygen in the seawater for a long time, thus realizing the long-term power supply for underwater monitoring equipment; (5) Construction of the submarine monitoring master control system and the surface communication buoy to achieve overall control of the submarine base station bottom monitoring platform and portable monitoring nodes; (6) Integration and functional verification of seabed in-situ monitoring system.

[0027] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the main IoT network scenarios, which is a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring controlled local area network composed of multiple underwater wireless monitoring nodes, seabed base station bottom monitoring platforms, surface satellite communication buoys, acoustic satellite communication gateway systems and land-based control centers.

[0028] The Internet of Things of the present invention can realize the data exchange requirements between the monitoring platform and the portable nodes, and can perform multi-time and space node time synchronization to solve the problem of multi-node data collection timing consistency. The multi-dimensional time and space delay model established by the present invention can realize the overall control of the monitoring platform and the portable node clock correction, and perform synchronous collection between the portable monitoring node and the bottom monitoring platform of the submarine base station. The Internet of Things of the present invention has the function of studying low-power real-time data collection control, and uses adaptive dynamic frequency adjustment, low-power autonomous mode, and low-power optimization design of collection timing to reduce the average current.

[0029] The present invention constructs a multi-time and space in-situ monitoring controlled local area network, realizes the real-time transmission of data and images and the issuance of instructions. Breakthroughs are made in the dynamic networking, reliable network data transmission, and real-time data image transmission of the submarine wireless local area network, realizing an integrated controlled long-term wireless monitoring network system, and constructing an underwater WFI network. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and channel estimation algorithms are used to form a high-bandwidth underwater acoustic communication system. Titanium alloy materials with high strength, low density, and good corrosion resistance are selected to weld the carrier platform frame, and the releaser adopts a redundant design to ensure the safe recovery of the platform. Multi-time and space node time synchronization and low-power real-time data acquisition control are carried out to form a high-stability overall control system to achieve overall control of the monitoring system. The surface modification of the positive electrode of the battery can be realized, the initial oxygen reduction potential of the cathode can be increased, the battery management system can be developed, and the voltage that meets the requirements of the monitoring system can be output. Using ship statics, dynamics, and wave theory, a numerical model of buoy motion is established, the dynamic characteristics of the buoy anchor system are calculated and verified, and a buoy tank model test is carried out. Eventually, one in-situ seabed base station bottom monitoring platform, three portable monitoring nodes, and one surface satellite communication buoy were formed, and a plume monitoring demonstration application was carried out.

[0030] The Internet of Things system of the present invention can realize high-resolution in-situ measurement of sediment plume particle migration, three-dimensional distribution, and heavy sediment thickness, in-situ monitoring of changes in environmental parameters affected by plumes, and in-situ identification of key seabed biological groups. At the same time, a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring controlled local area network and a seabed base station bottom monitoring platform are constructed to meet the requirements of sensors, acoustic communication devices, power supply systems, etc., and to realize real-time communication between monitoring nodes and seabed base station bottom monitoring platforms, between seabed base station bottom monitoring platforms and sea surface buoys, and between buoys and laboratories.

[0031] In the description of the present invention, the term "plurality" refers to two or more than two. Unless otherwise clearly defined, the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the terms "upper" and "lower" is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings. It is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and does not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, it cannot be understood as a limitation of the present invention; the terms "connection", "installation", "fixation", etc. should be understood in a broad sense. For example, "connection" can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0032] In the description of this specification, the description of the terms "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "specific embodiments", etc. means that the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described in conjunction with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the schematic representation of the above terms does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Moreover, the specific features, structures, materials or characteristics described can be combined in any one or more embodiments or examples in a suitable manner.

[0033] The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention may have various modifications and variations. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things for monitoring the spread of deep-sea mining plumes, characterized by ,The multi-temporal in-situ monitoring Internet of Things includes an in-situ monitoring system and an Internet of Things transmission system; The in-situ monitoring system comprises a seabed base station bottom monitoring platform device, a plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring device (3) and a plume deposition amount monitoring device (4); The seafloor base station bottom monitoring platform device comprises a main frame (13), wherein the main frame (13) is equipped with a plume particle monitoring device (1), a plume redeposition thickness monitoring device (2), an all-solid-state electrochemical sensor monitor (5), an optical turbidity dissolved oxygen sensor monitor (6), an optical turbidity monitoring sensor (7), an optical chlorophyll sensor (8), an ocean current sensor (9), a temperature-salinity-depth sensor (10), a microbial in-situ monitoring device (11), and a macrobial in-situ monitoring device (12); The plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring device (3), the plume deposition monitoring device (4), the all-solid-state electrochemical sensor monitor (5), the optical turbidity dissolved oxygen sensor monitor (6), the optical turbidity monitoring sensor (7), the optical chlorophyll sensor (8), the ocean current sensor (9), the temperature, salinity and depth sensor (10), the microbial in-situ monitoring device (11) and the macroscopic biological in-situ monitoring device (12) are respectively connected to the Internet of Things transmission system; The Internet of Things transmission system includes an integrated "sea-sky-ground" network system, an underwater acoustic communication system, an in-situ monitoring system, a seawater power supply system and a surface satellite communication system; The "sea-sky-ground" integrated network system includes a plurality of plume diffusion concentration three-dimensional dynamic monitoring devices, plume deposition monitoring devices, seabed base station bottom monitoring platform devices, surface satellite communication buoys, acoustic satellite communication gateway systems, and land-based control centers to form a multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring controlled local area network, and has a built-in network protocol optimization system, a network reliable transmission system, and an underwater WIFI communication network protocol system. The underwater WIFI communication network protocol system supports nodes to randomly join or exit the network, and can be expanded to a maximum of 20; The underwater acoustic communication system includes 7 underwater acoustic communication systems. The acoustic communication distance of the underwater acoustic communication system can reach 12km, and the communication rate is 1-3 kbps. It includes a medium- and long-distance two-way transmission underwater acoustic communication system and a channel equalization system based on the minimum mean square error algorithm; the underwater acoustic communication system is built-in with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based on space-time coding. The transmitting end data bit stream is encoded and mapped to form a set of frequency domain symbols to be sent. The frequency domain symbols are decomposed into parallel data streams, and each data stream is independently OFDM modulated; The seawater power supply system includes a set of dissolved oxygen seawater batteries; The surface satellite communication system includes a surface satellite communication buoy, a data compression system, and a sonic satellite communication gateway system; The main frame (13) of the submarine base station bottom monitoring platform device is provided with a submarine monitoring master control system in the center, which can realize data collection, transmission, storage, and power supply control of all sensors and portable nodes, and is designed with low-coupling interface data conversion, controllable power supply, data transmission, storage, status protection, bus communication and other subsystems.

2. A multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things for monitoring the spread of deep-sea mining plumes according to claim 1, characterized in that The working method of the underwater WIFI communication network protocol system specifically includes the following steps: S1 data communication: program and port protocol communication according to the application; long-term quasi-real-time monitoring of underwater WIFI networks and multi-node random access requirements, with conflict-free scalable multiple access protocol; S2 data storage: Through the conflict-free scalable multiple access protocol, data can be sent in parallel through orthogonal spread spectrum codes, where data can be randomly accessed and exited; different nodes use different orthogonal spread spectrum codes to send data in parallel, and the corresponding spread spectrum code can be used at the receiving end to despread and obtain information; the underwater WIFI communication network protocol system supports the scalability of the network, that is, the terminal monitoring node can randomly access and exit the network; S3 energy consumption optimization: Improve the degree distribution of signal transmission, adjust the number of connections between nodes, increase the number of connections of key nodes to enhance the core path of signal propagation, or balance the connections of nodes in the network, and achieve degree distribution through algorithm design or network structure adjustment; S4 calculation analysis: A fountain code with zero bit rate is selected, and the sender's encoder acts as a data fountain to generate infinite encoded data packets; the receiver receives enough data packets and starts decoding to restore the original file. The number of data packets generated by the sender is dynamically determined during operation; S5 cross-layer transmission: Fountain codes are used as the encoding basis and fountain codes are used to achieve data transmission.

3. The multi-temporal and spatial in-situ monitoring Internet of Things for monitoring the diffusion of deep-sea mining plumes according to claim 1 is characterized in that The working method of OFDM modulation specifically includes the following steps: T1 serial-to-parallel conversion, inserting pilots to ensure orthogonality between subcarriers; T2 performs parallel-to-serial IFFT transformation; T3 adds cyclic prefix, guard interval conversion and frame header, and sends it out synchronously from the transducer; After demodulation at the receiving end, T4 can recover the transmitted signal to the baseband equivalent signal model, and then recover the transmitted signal through channel estimation.

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