Information processing device for updating system

Abstract

The purpose of the present invention is to ensure the operation of an updated software module and to efficiently update a part of software modules provided in a vehicle-mounted device by means of SOTA. An information processing device (100) of an update system (1) is a device for updating a software module to be updated, which is part of a plurality of software modules provided in an in-vehicle device (110). The information processing device (100) is provided with a determination unit (101) that determines an update range of a software module among the plurality of software modules. The determination unit (101) determines the update range on the basis of whether or not the combination of the software module to be updated and the other software module after the software module to be updated has been updated is a combination in which the operation of each software module has been verified.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an information processing device of an updating system, wherein the updating system is used for updating a software module equipped in a vehicle-mounted device. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, many different ECUs (Electronic Control Units) have been installed in cars. Each ECU controls various functions of the car by executing various software modules. In future cars, as the E / E architecture changes, the software modules will continue to increase due to the functional integration and high performance of ECUs, and the update time and frequency of software modules are expected to increase. Therefore, the introduction of the SOTA (Software updates Over The Air) function is being studied, which updates some of the multiple software modules executed by each ECU.

[0003] As a technology for updating software modules of ECUs, for example, the technology disclosed in Patent Document 1 is known. In the technology disclosed in Patent Document 1, when a combination of versions of a software module does not match with other software modules when the software module is updated, the mismatch is eliminated by starting the software module before the update. Prior art literature Patent Literature

[0004] Patent document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2022-015169. Summary of the invention Problem that the invention aims to solve

[0005] One of the purposes of updating a software module is to resolve vulnerabilities found in the software module before the update. At this time, it may not be desirable to start the software module before the update as in the technology disclosed in Patent Document 1. In the technology disclosed in Patent Document 1, it is difficult to guarantee the operation of the updated software module.

[0006] In addition, when the SOTA function of updating a part of the software modules is introduced, after updating a part of the software modules, all combinations with other software modules are verified to ensure the updated actions. The verification takes time and is not easy. In particular, as the number of versions of software modules increases, the combination mode of software modules becomes huge, which makes it more difficult. In the technology disclosed in Patent Document 1, there is no consideration of efficiently updating a part of the software modules, and there is room for improvement.

[0007] The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and its object is to ensure the operation of the updated software module and to effectively update a part of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device through SOTA. Technical means of solving problems

[0008] In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, an information processing device of an update system of the present invention is an information processing device of an update system for updating a software module to be updated as part of a plurality of software modules equipped in a vehicle-mounted device, and is provided with a determination unit for determining an update range of a software module among the plurality of software modules. The determination unit determines the update range based on whether a combination of the update target software module and other software modules after the update of the update target software module is a combination in which the operation of each software module has been verified. Effects of the Invention

[0009] According to the present invention, the operation of the updated software module can be guaranteed, and a part of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device can be efficiently updated through SOTA. Other problems, structures, and effects than those described above will become clear through the following description of the embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Figure 1 This is a diagram showing the configuration of the update system according to the first embodiment. Figure 2 It is a table showing the combination of the latest versions of software modules. Figure 3 This is a table showing the combination of versions of verified software module operations. Figure 4 This is a table showing combinations of versions of software modules having operational performance in other vehicle-mounted devices. Figure 5 Yes means Figure 1 Flowchart of the processing of the determination unit shown. Figure 6 This is a diagram showing the configuration of an update system according to the second embodiment. Figure 7 This is a flowchart showing the processing of the determination unit provided in the information processing device of the update system according to the third embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described using the drawings. In each embodiment, components denoted by the same reference numerals have the same functions in each embodiment unless otherwise specified, and description thereof will be omitted.

[0012] [Implementation Method 1] use Figure 1 to Figure 5 , the information processing device 100 of the update system 1 according to the first embodiment is described.

[0013] Figure 1This is a diagram showing the configuration of the updating system 1 according to the first embodiment.

[0014] The update system 1 is a system for updating a software module equipped in a vehicle-mounted device 110. The update system 1 includes a vehicle-mounted device 110 having a plurality of software modules including a software module to be updated, and a distribution center 120 that distributes the software module to be updated. The vehicle-mounted device 110 and the distribution center 120 are connected to each other so as to be communicable via a wireless communication network 130.

[0015] The vehicle-mounted device 110 has a processor and a memory, and is constituted by, for example, an ECU. The vehicle-mounted device 110 includes: a storage area 111 that stores information on each version of a plurality of software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110; an update execution unit 112 that executes the update of the software module; and a communication unit 113 that performs data communication with the outside of the vehicle-mounted device 110. In addition, the vehicle-mounted device 110 may also include Figure 1 Configurations other than those shown.

[0016] The distribution center 120 is composed of a server device having a processor and a memory. The distribution center 120 includes an information processing device 100, which is used to update a software module that is an update target as part of a plurality of software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110. The information processing device 100 includes: a determination unit 101, which determines the update range of a software module among a plurality of software modules; and a determination information management unit 102, which maintains and manages information used for the determination of the determination unit 101. In addition, the distribution center 120 also includes: a storage area 121, which stores information sent from the vehicle-mounted device 110; a distribution unit 122, which distributes the software modules determined by the determination unit 101 as being within the update range to the vehicle-mounted device 110; and a communication unit 123, which performs data communication with the outside of the distribution center 120. In addition, the distribution center 120 may also include a device other than the distribution center 120. Figure 1 Configurations other than those shown.

[0017] After receiving a request to update a software module triggered by an operation of a vehicle user, the vehicle-mounted device 110 determines that an opportunity to update the software module has occurred. When it is determined that an update opportunity has occurred, the vehicle-mounted device 110 sends the information used in the determination of the determination unit 101 to the distribution center 120. As information sent from the vehicle-mounted device 110 to the distribution center 120, for example, information on combination patterns of various versions of multiple software modules currently equipped on the vehicle-mounted device 110 can be listed. The distribution center 120 uses the information on the combination pattern sent from the vehicle-mounted device 110 and the information managed by the determination information management unit 102 to determine the update range of the multiple software modules equipped on the vehicle-mounted device 110. The distribution center 120 distributes the software modules determined to be within the update range to the vehicle-mounted device 110.

[0018] Figure 2 It is a table showing the combination of the latest versions of software modules.

[0019] like Figure 2 As shown, the determination information management unit 102 maintains and manages the latest version information and information related to whether or not there is an impact on vehicle control for each of the plurality of software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110. Figure 2 In the example of , it is shown that the vehicle-mounted device 110 has "application A", "application B", "application C", "middleware" and "driver" as multiple software modules. Then, in Figure 2 In the example, the latest versions of "Application A", "Application B", "Application C", "Middleware", and "Driver" are "Ver3", "Ver4", "Ver2", "Ver2", and "Ver2", respectively. Figure 2 In the example, whether "Application A", "Application B", "Application C", "Middleware" and "Driver" have an impact on vehicle control is "Yes", "Yes", "No", "Yes" and "Yes" respectively.

[0020] As information related to whether or not there is an influence on vehicle control, for example, information indicating whether the software module belongs to a software module of the vehicle control system can be listed. Alternatively, as information related to whether or not there is an influence on vehicle control, for example, information indicating whether or not the software module operates on the same processor core as the software module of the vehicle control system and may have an influence on the operation of the software module of the vehicle control system can be listed. However, the information related to whether or not there is an influence on vehicle control is not limited to this.

[0021] Figure 3 This is a table of combinations of versions of software modules whose operations have been verified.

[0022] like Figure 3 As shown, the determination information management unit 102 stores and manages information on the combination pattern of versions of the plurality of software modules installed in the vehicle-mounted device 110, the operation of which has been verified for each software module. Figure 3 In the example, the combination pattern No. 1 shows that the versions of "Application A", "Application B", "Application C", "Middleware" and "Driver" are "Ver1", "Ver1", "Ver1", "Ver1" and "Ver1", respectively, and the operation of each software module has been verified. This combination pattern No. 1 is guaranteed to operate. The information of the combination pattern of the version whose operation of each software module has been verified is provided by the developer of the software module.

[0023] Figure 4This is a table showing combinations of versions of software modules having operational performance in other vehicle-mounted devices 110 .

[0024] like Figure 4 As shown, the determination information management unit 102 stores and manages information on the combination pattern of versions of each software module having operation performance in other vehicle-mounted devices 110. Figure 4 In the example, pattern No. 1 shows a combination of versions of "Application A", "Application B", "Application C", "Middleware" and "Driver" which are "Ver1", "Ver1", "Ver1", "Ver1" and "Ver1", respectively, and each software module has an operational performance in other vehicle-mounted devices 110. Other vehicle-mounted devices 110 are, for example, vehicle-mounted devices 110 installed on other vehicles that have been shipped to the market. Information on the combination pattern of versions in which each software module has an operational performance is collected from the other vehicles via the wireless communication network 130. The opportunity for the information management unit 102 to collect the information is, for example, an opportunity for a software module to be updated. In addition, the administrator of the distribution center 120 can also directly register, modify and delete Figure 4 Elements of the table shown.

[0025] Figure 5 Yes means Figure 1 Flowchart of the processing of the determination unit 101 shown.

[0026] When an opportunity to update a software module occurs, the vehicle-mounted device 110 sends information on the combination pattern of the versions of the current software modules installed in the vehicle-mounted device 110 to the distribution center 120. Then, the determination unit 101 of the distribution center 120 starts Figure 5 Processing shown.

[0027] In step S1 , the determination unit 101 acquires information on the versions of each software module currently installed in the vehicle-mounted device 110 .

[0028] In step S2, the determination unit 101 searches for the software modules to be updated this time. Specifically, the determination unit 101 compares the current combination of versions of the software modules obtained in step S1 with the latest combination of versions of the software modules maintained by the distribution center 120. Then, the determination unit 101 searches for software modules with different versions as update targets. However, the search may also be performed by specifying the software modules to be updated by the user.

[0029] In step S3, the determination unit 101 determines whether the software module to be updated is related to vehicle control. Specifically, the determination unit 101 determines whether the software module to be updated is related to vehicle control based on the information stored in the determination information management unit 102. Figure 2The table shown in the figure determines whether the action of the software module to be updated affects the vehicle control. If the action of the software module to be updated affects the vehicle control, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S4. If the action of the software module to be updated does not affect the vehicle control, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S5.

[0030] In step S4, the determination unit 101 determines whether the combination of the update target software module and other software modules after the update target software module is updated is a combination in which the operation of each software module has been verified. Specifically, the determination unit 101 determines whether the combination of the update target software module and other software modules after the update target software module is updated is a combination in which the operation of each software module has been verified. Figure 3 The table shown in the figure determines whether the combination pattern of the version of the update target software module after the update of the update target software module and the versions of other software modules is the combination pattern of the versions whose actions of each software module have been verified. If the combination pattern of the updated version is the combination pattern of the version whose actions have been verified, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S6. If the combination pattern of the updated version is not the combination pattern of the version whose actions have been verified, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S7.

[0031] In step S5, the determination unit 101 determines whether the combination of the update target software module after the update of the update target software module and the other software module is a combination having an operation record in the other vehicle-mounted device 110. Specifically, the determination unit 101 determines whether the combination of the update target software module after the update of the update target software module and the other software module is a combination having an operation record in the other vehicle-mounted device 110. Figure 4 The table shown in the figure determines whether the combination pattern of the version of the update target software module after the update of the update target software module and the version of other software modules is the combination pattern of the version having an operation record in other vehicle-mounted devices 110. If the combination pattern of the updated version is the combination pattern of the version having an operation record in other vehicle-mounted devices 110, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S6. If the combination pattern of the updated version is not the combination pattern of the version having an operation record in other vehicle-mounted devices 110, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S7.

[0032] In step S6, the determination unit 101 determines that the SOTA is executed in the update execution unit 112 of the vehicle-mounted device 110. That is, the determination unit 101 determines that the software module to be updated is within the update range of this time. The determination unit 101 notifies the distribution unit 122 of the information of the software module determined to be within the update range of this time (the information of the software module to be updated), and ends. Figure 5The distribution unit 122 distributes the software module (software module to be updated) notified from the determination unit 101 to the vehicle-mounted device 110. The update execution unit 112 of the vehicle-mounted device 110 executes the update of the software module (software module to be updated) distributed from the distribution center 120. By this method, the update system 1 can update only a part of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110, but the method of updating only a part of the software modules is not limited to this method.

[0033] In step S7, the determination unit 101 determines that FOTA (Firmware updates Over The Air) is executed in the update execution unit 112 of the vehicle-mounted device 110. That is, the determination unit 101 determines that all software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 are within the scope of this update. The determination unit 101 notifies the distribution unit 122 of the information of the software modules determined to be within the scope of this update (the information of all software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110), and ends. Figure 5 The distribution unit 122 distributes the software module notified from the determination unit 101 to the vehicle-mounted device 110. At this time, the distribution unit 122 distributes all the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 to the vehicle-mounted device 110 in the combination of the latest versions. The update execution unit 112 of the vehicle-mounted device 110 executes the update of the software module distributed from the distribution center 120.

[0034] As described above, the information processing device 100 of the update system 1 of the first embodiment is a device for updating an update target software module which is a part of the plurality of software modules provided in the vehicle-mounted device 110. The information processing device 100 of the update system 1 includes a determination unit 101 which determines the update range of a software module among the plurality of software modules. The determination unit 101 determines the update range based on whether the combination of the update target software module and other software modules after the update of the update target software module is a combination in which the operation of each software module has been verified.

[0035] Thus, if the combination of updated software modules is a combination of verified actions, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 can determine the update range by updating only a part of the software modules. In this case, after updating a part of the software modules, it is not necessary to perform action verification on all combinations with other software modules. In addition, if the combination of updated software modules is not a combination of previously verified actions, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 determines the update range by updating all software modules equipped with the vehicle-mounted device 110. In this case, the combination of the latest updated software modules has been action-verified by the developer of the software modules, and there is no need to perform action verification in the information processing device 100 or the vehicle-mounted device 110. Therefore, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 can guarantee the action of the updated software modules, and does not need to perform action verification on the combination of the updated software modules, thereby shortening the update time. Therefore, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 can guarantee the action of the updated software modules and efficiently update a part of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 through SOTA.

[0036] Furthermore, in the information processing device 100 according to the first embodiment, the determination unit 101 determines the update range based on whether or not the software module to be updated is related to vehicle control.

[0037] Thus, the information processing device 100 of Embodiment 1 can, for example, avoid updating while the vehicle is in motion when the software module to be updated is related to vehicle control, and determine the update range in consideration of the impact on vehicle control. Therefore, the information processing device 100 of Embodiment 1 can ensure the operation of the updated software module without causing any hindrance to vehicle control, and can efficiently update a portion of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 through SOTA.

[0038] Furthermore, in the information processing device 100 according to the first embodiment, the determination unit 101 determines the update range based on whether the combination of updated software modules is a combination that has an operating record in other vehicle-mounted devices 110 .

[0039] Thus, if the combination of updated software modules is a combination that has an actual operation record in other vehicle-mounted devices 110, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 can determine the update range by updating only a portion of the software modules even if the operation verification is not performed. In addition, if the combination of updated software modules is not a combination that has an actual operation record in other vehicle-mounted devices 110, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 can determine the update range by updating all software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110. Therefore, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 can guarantee the operation of the updated software modules and shorten the update time. Therefore, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 can guarantee the operation of the updated software modules and more efficiently update a portion of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 through SOTA.

[0040] Furthermore, in the information processing device 100 of the first embodiment, the determination unit 101 determines that the software module to be updated is the update range when the software module to be updated is related to vehicle control and the combination of the software modules after the update is a combination of verified operations. The determination unit 101 determines that the entirety of the plurality of software modules is the update range when the software module to be updated is related to vehicle control and the combination of the software modules after the update is not a combination of verified operations.

[0041] As a result, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 can reliably ensure the operation of the updated software module without hindering the vehicle control, and can efficiently and reliably update a part of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 through SOTA.

[0042] Furthermore, in the information processing device 100 of the first embodiment, the determination unit 101 determines that the software modules to be updated are the update range when the software modules to be updated are not related to vehicle control and the combination of the software modules after the update is a combination with actual operation results. The determination unit 101 determines that the entirety of the plurality of software modules are the update range when the software modules to be updated are not related to vehicle control and the combination of the software modules after the update is not a combination with actual operation results.

[0043] As a result, the information processing device 100 of embodiment 1 can reliably ensure the operation of the updated software module without hindering the vehicle control, and can efficiently and reliably update a part of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 through SOTA.

[0044] Furthermore, in the information processing device 100 of the first embodiment, the determination unit 101 determines whether the combination of software modules after the update is a combination of verified operations based on the combination pattern of the versions of each software module. The determination unit 101 determines whether the combination of software modules after the update is a combination with actual operation results based on the combination pattern of the versions of software modules collected from other vehicle-mounted devices 110.

[0045] Thus, the information processing device 100 of Embodiment 1 can use the existing function of collecting information about the version of the software module to determine the update range. Therefore, the information processing device 100 of Embodiment 1 can ensure the operation of the updated software module and efficiently and easily update a part of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 through SOTA.

[0046] [Implementation Method 2] use Figure 6 Next, the information processing device 100 of the update system 1 according to the second embodiment will be described. In the information processing device 100 of the update system 1 according to the second embodiment, descriptions of the same configurations and operations as those of the first embodiment will be omitted.

[0047] Figure 6 This is a diagram showing the configuration of an updating system 1 according to a second embodiment.

[0048] The information processing device 100 of the update system 1 of the second embodiment may be provided in the vehicle-mounted device 110 instead of the distribution center 120. In this case, the determination information management unit 102 of the information processing device 100 may be provided in the vehicle-mounted device 110 by transmitting the determination information from the distribution center 120 to the vehicle-mounted device 110.

[0049] After the vehicle-mounted device 110 of the second embodiment determines that an update opportunity has occurred, it sends the information used in the determination of the determination unit 101 to the distribution center 120. As the information sent from the vehicle-mounted device 110 to the distribution center 120, for example, information on the combination pattern of each version of multiple software modules currently equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 can be listed. The distribution center 120 distributes all the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 to the vehicle-mounted device 110 in the combination of the latest versions based on the information on the combination pattern sent from the vehicle-mounted device 110. The vehicle-mounted device 110 uses the information on the combination pattern and the information managed in the determination information management unit 102 to determine the update range of the multiple software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110. The vehicle-mounted device 110 executes the update of the software modules determined to be within the scope of this update.

[0050] In this way, even if the information processing device 100 of embodiment 2 is equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110, it is possible to ensure the operation of the updated software module and efficiently update a part of the software modules equipped in the vehicle-mounted device 110 through SOTA, just like embodiment 1.

[0051] [Implementation method 3] use Figure 7 Next, the information processing device 100 of the update system 1 according to the third embodiment will be described. In the information processing device 100 of the update system 1 according to the third embodiment, descriptions of the same configurations and operations as those of the first embodiment will be omitted.

[0052] Figure 7 This is a flowchart showing the processing of the determination unit 101 provided in the information processing device 100 of the update system 1 according to the third embodiment.

[0053] In step S11 and step S12, the determination unit 101 performs Figure 5 The steps S1 and S2 shown are the same processing.

[0054] In step S13, the determination unit 101 determines whether the combination of the update target software module and other software modules after the update of the update target software module is a combination of the actions of each software module that has been verified. If the combination of the updated software modules is a combination of verified actions, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S16. If the combination of the updated software modules is not a combination of verified actions, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S14.

[0055] In step S14, the determination unit 101 determines whether the software module to be updated is related to vehicle control. If the software module to be updated is related to vehicle control, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S17. If the software module to be updated is not related to vehicle control, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S15.

[0056] In step S15, the determination unit 101 determines whether the combination of the update target software module and other software modules after the update target software module is a combination with actual operation results in other vehicle-mounted devices 110. If the combination of the updated software modules is a combination with actual operation results, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S16. If the combination of the updated software modules is not a combination with actual operation results, the determination unit 101 proceeds to step S17.

[0057] In step S16 and step S17, the determination unit 101 performs Figure 5 Step S6 and step S7 shown are the same processes.

[0058] In this way, even if the order of steps S13 to S15 is different from that of implementation mode 1, the information processing device 100 of implementation mode 3 can ensure the operation of the updated software module and efficiently update a part of the software modules in the vehicle-mounted device 110 through SOTA in the same way as implementation mode 1.

[0059] In addition, the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and includes various modified examples. For example, the above-mentioned embodiments are detailed descriptions for the purpose of facilitating the understanding of the present invention, and are not limited to all the structures described. In addition, a part of the structure of a certain embodiment can be replaced with the structure of other embodiments, and in addition, the structure of other embodiments can be added to the structure of a certain embodiment. In addition, for a part of the structure of each embodiment, other structures can be added, deleted, or replaced.

[0060] In addition, the above-mentioned structures, functions, processing units, processing means, etc. can also be implemented by hardware, for example, by designing part or all of them in an integrated circuit. In addition, the above-mentioned structures, functions, etc. can also be implemented by software by interpreting and executing programs that implement each function through a processor. Information such as programs, tables, files, etc. that implement each function can be placed in a recording device such as a memory, a hard disk, an SSD (Solid State Drive), or a recording medium such as an IC card, an SD card, or a DVD.

[0061] In addition, the control lines and information lines are shown as those considered necessary for explanation, and not all control lines and information lines are necessarily shown on the product. In fact, it can be considered that almost all structures are connected to each other. Explanation of symbols

[0062] 1 ...update system, 100 ...information processing device, 101 ...determination unit, 110 ...vehicle-mounted device.

Claims

1. An information processing device of an update system for updating a software module as a part of a plurality of software modules provided in a vehicle-mounted device, characterized in that: A determination unit is provided, the determination unit determining an update range of a software module among the plurality of software modules, The determination unit determines the update range based on whether a combination of the update target software module and other software modules after the update of the update target software module is a combination in which operations of the software modules have been verified.

2. The information processing device of the update system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The determination unit determines the update range based on whether the software module to be updated is related to vehicle control.

3. The information processing device of the update system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The determination unit determines the update range based on whether the updated combination is a combination that has an operating record in another vehicle-mounted device.

4. The information processing device of the update system according to claim 2, characterized in that: When the update target software module is related to the vehicle control and the combination after the update is a combination of verified operations, the determination unit determines that the update target software module is within the update range, When the update target software modules are related to the vehicle control and the combination after the update is not a combination of verified operations, the determination unit determines that the entirety of the plurality of software modules is within the update range.

5. The information processing device of the update system according to claim 3, characterized in that: When the update target software module is not related to the vehicle control and the combination after the update is a combination with operational performance, the determination unit determines that the update target software module is within the update range, When the update target software modules are not related to the vehicle control and the combination after the update is not a combination with an operational record, the determination unit determines that the entirety of the plurality of software modules is the update range.

6. The information processing device of the update system according to claim 3, characterized in that: The determination unit determines whether the updated combination is a combination of verified operations based on the combination pattern of the versions of the software modules. The determination unit determines whether the updated combination is a combination with operational performance based on the combination pattern of the version collected from other vehicle-mounted devices.

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