Fertilizer-saving, loss-reducing and high-yield method for rice field

Abstract

The invention discloses a rice field fertilizer-saving, loss-reducing and high-yield method, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural soil fertilizer.The rice field fertilizer-saving, loss-reducing and high-yield method includes the steps that before rice is harvested or after harvesting, field surface water is emptied, green manure is planted according to soil properties of different field parcels, and rice straw and the green manure are turned, pressed and returned to the field cooperatively; a base fertilizer and a soil conditioner are applied before rice seedlings are transplanted, and a tillering fertilizer is applied in the tillering stage of rice. According to the method, organic materials such as green manure and straw are combined to be returned to the field and the fertilizer special for rice is applied, a green manure-soil conditioner-formula fertilization mode is established, the rice yield is remarkably increased, and nitrogen loss, phosphorus loss and methane emission are reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural soil fertilizer, and particularly relates to a method for saving fertilizer, reducing losses and increasing yield in rice fields. Background Art

[0002] Rice is the largest grain crop in Fujian Province, with a current planting area of ​​about 6.01 million mu, of which early rice accounts for 24% and mid-season rice accounts for 72%. Most of Fujian's paddy soil is developed from red-yellow soil, which is characterized by acid, stickiness, and thinness. The production conditions are poor and the rice yield is low. From 1978 to 2016, the amount of fertilizer applied in the province increased from 175.8 tons per thousand hectares to 1965.7 tons, an increase of 11.2 times, and the rice yield increased from 2288.8 tons per thousand hectares to 9634.9 tons, only 4.2 times. The increasing fertilizer input has not increased at the same time as grain output. An important reason for this phenomenon is the low utilization rate of fertilizers, which leads to a decrease in the yield-increasing effect. Studies have shown that the average utilization rate of fertilizers in my country in the current season is 30%, and there has been a downward trend in recent years. Taking nitrogen fertilizer as an example, the average utilization rate was about 35% in the 1990s, and it has dropped to about 27% today. Due to the continuous and large-scale use of chemical fertilizers, the nutrient concentration in the soil is too high, leading to nutrient leaching and loss, causing environmental pollution and soil degradation in rice-growing areas, further aggravating problems such as soil compaction, acidification, non-permeability, failure to retain fertilizer, and lack of nutrients in Fujian's rice-growing areas. Summary of the invention

[0003] The invention aims to provide a method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in paddy fields, so as to solve the problems of large application amount of chemical fertilizer in paddy fields, low utilization rate of chemical fertilizer, compaction, acidification, obstruction of permeability, failure to retain fertilizer and lack of nutrients in paddy fields.

[0004] A method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in rice fields comprises draining the field water before or after rice harvest, planting green manure according to the soil properties of different fields, cooperatively turning over and returning rice straw and green manure to the fields, applying basal fertilizer and alkaline new fertilizer before transplanting rice seedlings, and applying tillering fertilizer during the tillering period of rice.

[0005] Preferably, the planting of winter green manure according to the soil properties of different fields includes: sowing milk vetch in fields with lower fertility, or mixing milk vetch and sweet potato, or mixing milk vetch and fertilizer rapeseed, or mixing milk vetch, sweet potato and fertilizer rapeseed; sowing milk vetch in fields with thin tillage layer and medium to low fertility, or mixing milk vetch and fertilizer radish; sowing ryegrass in fields with heavy texture; intercropping sweet potato and broad bean in dry land or water-dry rotation land.

[0006] In the present invention, fields with low fertility refer to rice fields with soil organic matter of 1.5%-2.0%; fields with thin tillage layer and medium-low fertility refer to rice fields with soil organic matter of 1.5%-2.0%, but the tillage layer is less than 15cm; fields with heavy clay texture refer to fields with clay content usually exceeding 40% (particles with a particle size of less than 0.002mm), and the soil is fine and sticky.

[0007] More preferably, the sowing rate of the Chinese astragalus is 22.5-30.0 kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of potato is 7.5-15.0kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of the fertilizer rapeseed is 4.5-7.5kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of the fertilizer radish is 7.5-15.0kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of ryegrass is 4.5-7.5 kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of broad beans is 225-300kg / hm 2 .

[0008] Preferably, when planting green manure, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is used for seed dressing, and 20-30% of the phosphate fertilizer application for early and mid-season rice in the next year is moved forward to the green manure season.

[0009] Preferably, in rainless weather, rice straw and green manure are cooperatively turned over and returned to the field through dry tillage and wet composting.

[0010] More preferably, the dry tillage and wet composting method comprises the following steps: keeping the field dry before turning over, using a crushing and turning compound operation machine to dry-till the green manure and return it to the field, after returning it to the field, drying it in the sun for 5-10 days and then irrigating it with shallow water for composting, and transplanting the seedlings after composting for more than 5 days.

[0011] Preferably, the loss reduction product is applied when the rice straw and green manure are cooperatively turned over and returned to the field under continuous rainfall.

[0012] More preferably, the loss reduction product is selected from ethephon, sesbania charcoal or sepiolite; the spraying amount of the ethephon is 1.0-2.0 kg / mu, and the spreading amounts of the sesbania charcoal and sepiolite are both 30-50 kg / mu.

[0013] The present invention simultaneously sprays ethephon or spreads sesbania charcoal or sepiolite loss reduction products during the green manure turning period, which can effectively avoid the leaching of soil nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus due to continuous rainy seasons or rainstorms after the green manure is sown or after the application of chemical fertilizers, thereby improving the soil's fertilizer retention capacity. This is different from conventional green manure turning or rice season chemical fertilizer application without any fertilizer retention measures.

[0014] Preferably, the base fertilizer and tillering fertilizer are both organic and inorganic fertilizers specifically for rice, and the application ratio of the base fertilizer and tillering fertilizer is 3:2.

[0015] More preferably, the organic-inorganic fertilizer for rice includes: 40% to 50% organic material, 5% to 10% peat soil, and the remainder is inorganic fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the mass ratio of N, P2O5 and K2O in the inorganic fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 10:3:7.

[0016] During the rice season, a new alkaline fertilizer made from oyster shells as the main raw material is applied at a rate of 100-150kg per mu. It should be mixed with base fertilizer, which can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers by 10%-20%.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and technical effects:

[0018] The present invention combines the return of green manure-straw and other organic materials to the field with the application of special fertilizer for rice to establish a green manure-soil conditioner-formulated fertilization model, which significantly increases rice yield and reduces nitrogen loss, phosphorus loss and methane emissions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as limiting the present invention, but should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention.

[0020] It should be understood that the terms described in the present invention are only for describing special embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention. In addition, for the numerical range in the present invention, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the scope is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between the intermediate value in any stated value or stated range and any other stated value or intermediate value in the described range is also included in the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges can be independently included or excluded in the scope.

[0021] Unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as those generally understood by those skilled in the art. Although the present invention describes only preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the implementation or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials associated with the documents. In the event of a conflict with any incorporated document, the content of this specification shall prevail.

[0022] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the specific embodiments of the present invention description without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. Other embodiments derived from the present invention description will be apparent to the skilled artisan. The present invention description and examples are exemplary only.

[0023] The words “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc. used in this document are open-ended terms, meaning including but not limited to.

[0024] In order to reduce a series of problems caused by excessive application of chemical fertilizers, the present invention aims to achieve soil fertilization in rice-growing areas, efficient use of chemical fertilizers in rice fields, and high yield, high quality, safety, and environmental protection of rice. It has developed a number of technologies such as returning green manure to the field, returning straw to the field, organic substitution of chemical fertilizers, and application of new alkaline fertilizers, and proposed a method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses in rice fields to achieve high yields. The method includes the following steps:

[0025] (1) Harvesting of early and mid-season rice: Rice is harvested mechanically with a stubble height of 40-50 cm, which provides shade, moisture and water conservation in the field for the emergence of subsequent green manures (such as astragalus, rapeseed, broad beans and radish, etc.), helps the green manure resist drought and protect seedlings, and ensures that the straw is chopped and evenly scattered to avoid piles;

[0026] (2) Winter green manure planting: 7-10 days before rice harvest or after rice harvest, drain the field and then sow winter green manure. Green manure can be reasonably allocated in proportion to different families and genera according to the soil properties of different fields to enhance the growth stability of green manure and improve the effect of returning green manure to the field. 2 ) and then mixed with sweet potato (seeding rate 7.5-15.0kg / hm 2 ) or rapeseed for fertilizer (seeding rate 4.5~7.5kg / hm 2 ) to accelerate the soil fertilization process. For fields with thin tillage layer and medium to low fertility, add radish to the sowing of astragalus (sowing rate 7.5-15.0kg / hm2). 2 ), build a thick fertile arable layer through "biological farming"; fields with heavy clay texture can be sown with ryegrass (seeding rate 4.5-7.5kg / hm 2 ), loosens the soil through its well-developed fibrous roots. Dry land or water-dry rotation land is mainly planted in coastal counties and cities. Its salt content is relatively high. It can be sown in broad beans (seeding rate 225-300kg / hm 2 ) before sowing sweet potatoes in the furrows (seeding rate 7.5-15.0kg / hm 2 ), after sowing the sweet potato, sow broad beans in holes on the surface of the ridge to achieve the effect of rapid fertilization and covering weeds;

[0027] (3) Green manure seed dressing: When sowing green manure, use calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (130-200kg / hm 2 ) for seed dressing, and the phosphate fertilizer used for seed dressing is the conventional phosphate fertilizer for early and mid-season rice in the next year (P2O580kg / hm 2) can be moved forward to the green manure season for application. This can promote the emergence and growth of green manure and achieve the goal of "small fertilizer for big fertilizer". It can also reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizer used in the early rice season of the following year and avoid the loss of phosphorus caused by a large amount of basal phosphorus fertilizer applied at one time.

[0028] (4) Rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in coordination: In addition to the economic green manure, which is turned over after the fruit is harvested, other green manures can be turned over and returned to the field together with rice straw in the early pod stage, so as to achieve the effect of avoiding the need for continuous sowing of green manure and using it as both seed fertilizer and fertilizer. It is best to adopt the dry tillage and wet composting method, that is, keep the field dry before turning over, then mechanically turn over the rice straw and green manure, irrigate with shallow water for composting after drying for 5-10 days, and then prepare the land and transplant seedlings after composting for more than 5 days. The grass contains high silicon and potassium content. Returning rice straw and green manure to the field together to achieve carbon-nitrogen symbiosis can also significantly improve the silicon nutrition conditions of the soil;

[0029] (5) Application of loss reduction products: If continuous rainfall occurs during the rice straw and green manure turning period, and dry ploughing and sun drying are unavailable, loss reduction products can be applied when turning the green manure. Depending on the amount of green manure turned, 1.0-2.0 kg of ethephon can be applied per mu. Dissolve it in water and spray it evenly on the ground surface. Sesbania charcoal or sepiolite can also be spread on the ground surface. The application rate of Sesbania charcoal or sepiolite is 30-50 kg per mu.

[0030] (6) Apply special organic and inorganic fertilizers for rice: During the rice growing period, apply 90-110 kg of special organic and inorganic fertilizers for rice per mu, of which 60% is used as base fertilizer and 40% is used as tillering fertilizer; after turning over green manure, the use of chemical fertilizers can be reduced by 20%-30% during the rice growing period; apply 100-150 kg of soil conditioners per mu, all of which should be applied together with the base fertilizer, which can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers by 10%-20%.

[0031] The soil conditioner in the embodiment of the present invention was purchased from Fujian Mata Agricultural Development Co., Ltd.;

[0032] The organic and inorganic special fertilizer for rice used in the embodiment of the present invention has N≥15%, P2O5≥5%, K2O≥10%, organic matter≥20%, and humic acid 3%-6%. The organic and inorganic special fertilizer for rice is derived from Fujian Tianbo Biological Fertilizer Co., Ltd., and the fertilizer registration certificate (Minnongfei (2020) No. 0031).

[0033] In the embodiment of the present invention, "applying conventional fertilizers" refers to applying 10-12 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, and the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are: N: P2O5: K2O = 1: 0.4: 0.7.

[0034] The calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer in the embodiment of the present invention was purchased from Nongpu Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd.

[0035] Example 1

[0036] In this example, the soil property of the field is a medium-low yield rice field with a soil organic matter content of 1.92%. After the rice was harvested (the stubble height was 40-50 cm), the field water was drained and Chinese astragalus was sown (seeding rate 30 kg / hm2). 2 ), and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (133kg / hm 2 ) for seed dressing, and the phosphate fertilizer used for seed dressing is the conventional phosphate fertilizer for early and mid-season rice in the next year (P2O580kg / hm 2 ) 20%; choose rainless weather, keep the field dry before turning and compacting, use crushing and compacting compound operation machine to dry-till the green manure and return it to the field. After returning it to the field, let it dry for 7 days and then irrigate with shallow water for composting. After composting for 5 days, transplant the seedlings. During this period, apply basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer, of which basal fertilizer (72kg / hm 2 ) and fertilizer (48kg / hm 2 ) are all organic and inorganic fertilizers specially used for rice, and the fertilizer application ratio is 3:2, which is 20% less than the conventional fertilizer application, and the soil conditioner (120kg / mu) is all applied together with the base fertilizer.

[0037] Example 2

[0038] The same as Example 1, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in coordination under continuous rainfall, and sepiolite is spread on the ground surface (the application amount is 33 kg / mu).

[0039] Example 3

[0040] The same as Example 1, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in coordination under continuous rainfall, and ethephon is dissolved in water and sprayed on the ground surface (the application amount is 1.3 kg / mu).

[0041] Example 4

[0042] The same as Example 1, except that the rice straw and green manure were turned over and returned to the field in a coordinated manner under continuous rainfall, and sesbania charcoal was spread on the ground surface (the application amount was 33 kg / mu).

[0043] Comparative Example 1

[0044] The soil properties of the field selected in this comparative example were the same as those in Example 1, no winter green manure was sown, and only conventional fertilizers were applied during the rice season.

[0045] Comparative Example 2

[0046] The same as Example 1, except that calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer was not used for seed dressing when sowing Chinese milk vetch.

[0047] The rice yield and nutrient loss under different fertilization treatments in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-2 are shown in Table 1. The rice yield, nitrogen loss, phosphorus loss and methane emission in the embodiments of the present invention are calculated using conventional calculation methods in the art.

[0048] Table 1

[0049]

[0050] It can be seen from Table 1 that, by adopting the method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses and increasing yield in rice fields provided by the present invention, compared with Comparative Example 1, the rice yield is increased by 0.6-11.3%, the nitrogen loss is reduced by 4-17.3%, and the phosphorus loss is reduced by 18.3-24.7%; the methane emission is reduced by 6-17.5%; it can be seen from Table 1 that the application of sepiolite (Example 2) has the best effect on nitrogen and phosphorus loss, the lowest methane emission, and the highest rice yield.

[0051] Example 5

[0052] The soil property of the field in this example is a rice field with low fertility, and the soil organic matter content is less than 1.5%. After the rice is harvested (the stubble height is 40-50 cm), the field water is drained and the field is sown with astragalus (seeding rate 22.5 kg / hm2). 2 ) and then mixed with radish (seeding rate 10kg / hm2). 2 ), and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (200kg / hm 2 ) for seed dressing, and the phosphate fertilizer used for seed dressing is the conventional phosphate fertilizer for early and mid-season rice in the next year (P2O580kg / hm 2 ) 30%; choose rainless weather, keep the field dry before turning and compacting, use a crushing and compacting compound operation machine to dry-till the green manure and return it to the field. After returning it to the field, let it dry for 10 days and then irrigate with shallow water for composting. After composting for 8 days, transplant the seedlings. During this period, apply base fertilizer and tillering fertilizer, of which base fertilizer (45kg / hm 2 ) and fertilizer (30kg / hm 2 ) are all organic and inorganic fertilizers specially used for rice, and the fertilizer application ratio is 3:2, which is 20% less than the conventional fertilizer application, and the soil conditioner (133kg / mu) is all applied with the base fertilizer.

[0053] Example 6

[0054] The same as Example 5, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in coordination under continuous rainfall, and sepiolite is spread on the ground surface (the application amount is 33 kg / mu).

[0055] Example 7

[0056] The same as Example 5, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in a coordinated manner under continuous rainfall, and ethephon is dissolved in water and sprayed on the ground surface (2 kg / mu).

[0057] Example 8

[0058] The same as Example 5, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in coordination under continuous rainfall, and sesbania charcoal is spread on the ground surface (the application rate is 40 kg / mu).

[0059] Comparative Example 3

[0060] The soil properties of the field selected in this comparative example were the same as those in Example 5, no winter green manure was sown, and only conventional fertilizers were applied during the rice season.

[0061] Comparative Example 4

[0062] The same as Example 5, except that calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer was not used for seed dressing when sowing Chinese milk vetch and fat field radish.

[0063] The rice yield and nutrient loss under different fertilization treatments in Examples 5-8 and Comparative Examples 3-4 are shown in Table 2.

[0064] Table 2

[0065]

[0066] It can be seen from Table 2 that, by adopting the method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses and increasing yield in rice fields provided by the present invention, compared with Comparative Example 3, the rice yield increased by 1.5-12.3%, the nitrogen loss decreased by 13.7-25.7%, and the phosphorus loss decreased by 23.8-29.4%; the methane emission decreased by 9-12.8%; it can be seen from Table 2 that the application of sepiolite (Example 6) has the best effect on nitrogen and phosphorus loss, the lowest methane emission, and the highest rice yield.

[0067] Example 9

[0068] The soil property of the field in this example is a rice field with high fertility, with an organic matter content of 2.43%, but the texture is heavy and sticky. According to the above method, after the rice is harvested (the stubble height is 40-50 cm), the field water is drained and ryegrass (seeding rate 6.0 kg / hm2) is sown. 2 ), and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (166kg / hm 2 ) for seed dressing, and the phosphate fertilizer used for seed dressing is the conventional phosphate fertilizer for early and mid-season rice in the next year (P2O580kg / hm 2 )25%; choose rainless weather, keep the field dry before turning and pressing, use crushing and pressing compound operation machine to dry-cultivate the green manure and return it to the field. After returning it to the field, let it dry for 7 days and then irrigate with shallow water for composting. After composting for 7 days, transplant the seedlings. During this period, apply base fertilizer and tillering fertilizer, of which base fertilizer (66Kg / hm 2 ) and fertilizer (44kg / hm 2 ) are all organic and inorganic fertilizers specially used for rice, and the fertilizer application ratio is 3:2, which is 30% less than the conventional fertilizer application, and the soil conditioner (133kg / mu) is all applied together with the base fertilizer.

[0069] Example 10

[0070] The same as Example 9, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in a coordinated manner under continuous rainfall, and sepiolite is spread on the ground surface (the application amount is 50 kg / mu).

[0071] Embodiment 11

[0072] The same as Example 9, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in a coordinated manner under continuous rainfall, and ethephon is dissolved in water and sprayed on the ground surface (the application amount is 2 kg / mu).

[0073] Example 12

[0074] The same as Example 9, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in coordination under continuous rainfall, and sesbania charcoal is spread on the ground surface (the application rate is 50 kg / mu).

[0075] Comparative Example 5

[0076] The soil properties of the field selected in this comparative example were the same as those in Example 9, no winter green manure was sown, and only conventional fertilizers were applied during the rice season.

[0077] Comparative Example 6

[0078] The same as Example 9, except that calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer was not used for seed dressing when sowing Chinese milk vetch.

[0079] The rice yield and nutrient loss under different fertilization treatments in Examples 9-12 and Comparative Examples 5-6 are shown in Table 3.

[0080] Table 3

[0081]

[0082] It can be seen from Table 3 that, by adopting the method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses and increasing yield in rice fields provided by the present invention, compared with Comparative Example 5, the rice yield increased by 11.5-16%, the nitrogen loss decreased by 20.8-36.7%, and the phosphorus loss decreased by 14-34.7%; the methane emission decreased by 14.4-24.3%; it can be seen from Table 3 that the application of sepiolite (Example 10) has the best effect on phosphorus loss and the highest rice yield.

[0083] Embodiment 13

[0084] The soil property of the field in this example is a rice field with high fertility, with soil organic matter of 2.40%. After the rice is harvested (the stubble height is 40-50 cm), the field water is drained, and sweet potatoes are first sown in the furrow area (seeding rate 9.0 kg / hm2). 2 ), after sowing the potatoes, sow broad beans in holes on the ridge (seeding rate 250kg / hm 2), and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (150kg / hm 2 ) for seed dressing, and the phosphate fertilizer used for seed dressing is the conventional phosphate fertilizer for early and mid-season rice in the next year (P2O580kg / hm 2 ) 20%; choose rainless weather, keep the field dry before turning and compacting, use a crushing and compacting compound machine to dry-till the green manure and return it to the field. After returning it to the field, let it dry for 5 days and then irrigate with shallow water for composting. After composting for 5 days, transplant the seedlings. During this period, apply basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer, of which basal fertilizer (60kg / hm 2 ) and fertilizer (40kg / hm 2 ) are all organic and inorganic fertilizers specially used for rice, and the fertilizer application ratio is 3:2, which is 30% less than the conventional fertilizer application, and the soil conditioner (120kg / mu) is all applied together with the base fertilizer.

[0085] Embodiment 14

[0086] The same as Example 13, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in a coordinated manner under continuous rainfall, and sepiolite is spread on the ground surface (the application amount is 30 kg / mu).

[0087] Embodiment 15

[0088] The same as Example 13, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in a coordinated manner under continuous rainfall, and ethephon is dissolved in water and sprayed on the ground surface (the application amount is 1 kg / mu).

[0089] Example 16

[0090] The same as Example 13, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in coordination under continuous rainfall, and sesbania charcoal is spread on the ground surface (the application rate is 30 kg / mu).

[0091] Comparative Example 7

[0092] The soil properties of the field selected in this comparative example are the same as those of Example 13, except that no winter green manure is sown and only conventional fertilizers are applied during the rice season.

[0093] Comparative Example 8

[0094] The soil properties of the field selected in this comparative example are the same as those in Example 13, except that calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer was not used for seed dressing when sowing Chinese asparagus.

[0095] The rice yield and nutrient loss under different fertilization treatments in Examples 13-16 and Comparative Examples 7-8 are shown in Table 4.

[0096] Table 4

[0097]

[0098] It can be seen from Table 4 that, by adopting the method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses and increasing yield in rice fields provided by the present invention, compared with Comparative Example 7, the rice yield is increased by 3.5-8.5%, the nitrogen loss is reduced by 15.5-32.9%, and the phosphorus loss is reduced by 7.1-26.2%; the methane emission is reduced by 9.4-11.4%; It can be seen from Table 4 that the application of sepiolite (Example 14) has the best effect on phosphorus loss, the lowest methane emission, and the highest rice yield.

[0099] Embodiment 17

[0100] The soil property of the field in this example is low fertility field, with soil organic matter of 1.6%. According to the above method, after rice harvest (stubble height is 40-50cm), the field water is drained, and astragalus is sown (sowing rate 25kg / hm2). 2 ), and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (166kg / hm 2 ) for seed dressing, and the phosphate fertilizer used for seed dressing is the conventional phosphate fertilizer for early and mid-season rice in the next year (P2O580kg / hm 2 ) 25%; choose rainless weather, keep the field dry before turning and compacting, use crushing and compacting compound operation machine to dry-till the green manure and return it to the field. After returning it to the field, dry it for 6 days and then irrigate it with shallow water for composting. After composting for 7 days, transplant the seedlings. During this period, apply basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer, of which basal fertilizer (66Kg / hm 2 ) and fertilizer (44Kg / hm 2 ) are all organic and inorganic fertilizers specially used for rice, and the fertilizer application ratio is 3:2, which is 30% less than the conventional fertilizer application, and the soil conditioner (107kg / mu) is all applied together with the base fertilizer.

[0101] Embodiment 18

[0102] The same as Example 17, except that the rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the field in coordination under continuous rainfall, and ethephon is dissolved in water and sprayed on the ground surface (the application amount is 1.67 kg / mu).

[0103] Embodiment 19

[0104] The same as Example 17, except that the rice straw and green manure were turned over and returned to the field in a coordinated manner under continuous rainfall, and sesbania charcoal was spread on the ground surface (the application amount was 33 kg / mu).

[0105] Embodiment 20

[0106] The same as Example 17, except that the rice straw and green manure were turned over and returned to the field in a coordinated manner under continuous rainfall, and sepiolite was spread on the ground surface (the application amount was 33 kg / mu).

[0107] Comparative Example 9

[0108] The soil properties of the field in this comparative example are the same as those in Example 17, except that after the late rice was harvested, neither crops nor winter green manure were planted.

[0109] Comparative Example 10

[0110] The soil properties of the field selected in this comparative example are the same as those in Example 17, except that no winter green manure is sown, and conventional fertilizers are applied only during the winter off-season.

[0111] Comparative Example 11

[0112] The same as Example 17, except that calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer was not used for seed dressing when sowing Chinese milk vetch.

[0113] The rice yield and nutrient loss under different fertilization treatments in Examples 17-20 and Comparative Examples 9-11 are shown in Table 5.

[0114] Table 5

[0115]

[0116] It can be seen from Table 5 that, by adopting the method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses and increasing yield in rice fields provided by the present invention, compared with Comparative Example 9, the rice yield increased by 1.7-17.2%, the nitrogen loss decreased by 17-37%, and the phosphorus loss decreased by 27.9-35.8%; the methane emission decreased by 11.2-25.4%; compared with Comparative Example 10, the rice yield increased by 0.6-16.1%, the nitrogen loss decreased by 4-27.3%, the phosphorus loss decreased by 18.3-27.3%; the methane emission decreased by 6-21%; It can be seen from Table 5 that the application of sesbania charcoal (Example 19) has the best effect on nitrogen and phosphorus loss, the lowest methane emission, and the highest rice yield.

[0117] The above are only preferred specific embodiments of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses in rice fields to increase yield, characterized in that: Drain the water from the field before or after rice harvest, plant green manure according to the soil properties of different fields, turn over the rice straw and green manure together and return them to the field, apply base fertilizer and soil conditioner before transplanting rice seedlings, and apply tillering fertilizer during the tillering period of rice.

2. The method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in rice fields according to claim 1, characterized in that: The planting of winter green manure according to the soil properties of different fields includes: sowing milk vetch in fields with low fertility, or mixing milk vetch and sweet potato, or mixing milk vetch and fertilizer rapeseed, or mixing milk vetch, sweet potato and fertilizer rapeseed; sowing milk vetch in fields with thin tillage layer and medium to low fertility, or mixing milk vetch and fertilizer radish; sowing ryegrass in fields with heavy texture; intercropping sweet potato and broad bean in dry land or water-dry rotation land.

3. The method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses in paddy fields to increase yield according to claim 2, characterized in that: The sowing rate of the Chinese astragalus is 22.5-30.0kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of potato is 7.5-15.0kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of the fertilizer rapeseed is 4.5-7.5kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of the fertilizer radish is 7.5-15.0kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of ryegrass is 4.5-7.5 kg / hm 2 The sowing rate of broad beans is 225-300kg / hm 2 .

4. The method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in rice fields according to claim 1, characterized in that: When planting green manure, use calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to mix with seeds, and move 20-30% of the phosphate fertilizer application for early and mid-season rice in the next year to the green manure season.

5. The method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in rice fields according to claim 1, characterized in that: In rainless weather, rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the fields through the dry tillage and wet composting method.

6. The method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in rice fields according to claim 5, characterized in that: The dry tillage and wet composting method comprises the following steps: keeping the field dry before turning over, using a crushing and turning compound operation machine to dry-till the green manure and return it to the field, after returning it to the field, drying it in the sun for 5-10 days and then irrigating it with shallow water for composting, and transplanting the seedlings after composting for more than 5 days.

7. The method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in rice fields according to claim 1, characterized in that: In continuous rainfall weather, apply loss reduction products when rice straw and green manure are turned over and returned to the fields.

8. The method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in rice fields according to claim 7, characterized in that: The loss reduction product is selected from ethephon, sesbania charcoal or sepiolite.

9. The method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in rice fields according to claim 1, characterized in that: The base fertilizer and tillering fertilizer are both organic and inorganic fertilizers specifically used for rice, and the application ratio of the base fertilizer and tillering fertilizer is 3:

2.

10. The method for saving fertilizer and reducing losses to increase yield in rice fields according to claim 9, characterized in that: The organic and inorganic fertilizer for rice comprises: 40%-50% of organic materials, 5%-10% of peat soil, and the balance is inorganic fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, wherein the mass ratio of N, P2O5 and K2O in the inorganic fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 10:3:7.

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