Quality-improving and yield-increasing peanut-stevia rebaudianum equal-amplitude intercropping and alternate rotation planting method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of crop intercropping and crop rotation, in particular to a quality-improving and yield-increasing peanut-stevia rebaudianum equal-amplitude intercropping and alternate crop rotation planting method. Comprising the following steps: (1) determining proper intercropping modes including row spacing and plant spacing, determining an equal-width intercropping strip-shaped crop rotation planting mode and performing water and fertilizer integrated management; (2) sampling and analyzing in each growth period of the peanuts to understand agronomic characters and physiological characteristics of the peanuts and the stevia; (3) harvesting in a peanut-stevia rebaudiana growing and mature period, and measuring the yield and quality index of the peanut-stevia rebaudiana; and (4) respectively collecting root soil in two growth periods before crop harvesting, and analyzing root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms. The alternate crop rotation can effectively relieve the harm of peanut continuous cropping obstacles, and continuous quality improvement and yield increase of the peanut-stevia rebaudiana are ensured.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of crop intercropping and rotation, and more specifically, to a planting method of peanut-stevia equal-width intercropping and alternating rotation for improving quality and increasing yield. Background Art

[0002] Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important edible crop, oil crop and cash crop in my country. It is widely planted and is also an important source of protein, fatty acids and vitamins for humans. Peanut root secretions affect the soil microbial community, soil quality, and allelopathic effects, thereby affecting the growth and development of other crops. Relevant studies have shown that peanut root secretions affect soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC). Soil MBC is an important indicator of soil microbial activity, and the microbial quotient reflects the conversion efficiency of soil organic carbon to microbial biomass carbon. They both indirectly reflect the number of soil microorganisms and the size of the community. After applying high concentrations of root secretions to the soil, MBC is significantly higher than the control, which will lead to changes in the soil microbial composition and affect the growth of other crops.

[0003] Through scholars' research on stevia, we found that stevia is an important Chinese herbal medicine, a new type of sugar crop and an economic crop with extremely high value. It is rich in glycoside compounds, flavonoid compounds, chlorogenic acid compounds and other functional ingredients, and has multiple pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-cancer, antihypertensive, anti-lipid, anti-glycemic, and anti-caries. Stevia was introduced to China in the 1970s and has been promoted and planted in many provinces and cities in my country. On the whole, there is a correlation between the dry weight of leaves and the content of steviol glycosides and soil properties. The planting area of ​​stevia in different geographical production areas is closely related to local climate factors and soil resources. Studies have found that ecological factors such as longitude, average annual rainfall, average annual sunshine intensity and average annual temperature, as well as soil factors such as soil type, soil pH, soil OM, and soil enzymes significantly affect the yield and quality of stevia. Studies have shown that the RA content of stevia from different origins varies greatly, ranging from 0.25% to 17.50%, and the chlorogenic acid components contained in stevia from different origins also vary.

[0004] At present, there are few studies related to the intercropping of peanuts and stevia, but through the good examples of intercropping of peanuts with other crops, such as intercropping of peanuts and corn, the physiological traits of peanuts are effectively affected, which has an impact on the main stem height and main root length of peanuts; at the same time, it promotes the increase of peanut yield, increases the number of fruits per plant, increases the kernel rate, etc. At the same time, intercropping of peanuts and corn leads to changes in soil microbial flora and improves soil enzyme activity, which is conducive to the growth and development of peanuts. Intercropping of peanuts with other crops has a great effect on increasing the photosynthetic rate of peanuts and thus increasing the yield of peanuts. Relevant studies have found that intercropping of stevia and garlic increases the yield and quality of stevia; intercropping stevia with economic forests also increases the yield of stevia. Summary of the invention

[0005] The present invention provides a method for planting peanuts and stevia in equal width intercropping and alternating rotation to improve quality and increase yield. The equal width intercropping and alternating rotation technology of peanuts and stevia is an innovative agricultural planting model, which is the first time that leguminous crops and chrysanthemum crops are intercropped. Two varieties of "Huayu No. 25" peanuts and "Puxing No. 6" stevia are used for intercropping. The roots of peanuts have a nitrogen-fixing effect, and stevia, as a chrysanthemum crop, has a poisoning and repellent effect on pests. The two are intercropped in equal width to achieve the purpose of increasing peanut yield and improving stevia quality; alternating rotation can effectively alleviate the harm of peanut continuous cropping obstacles, ensuring the continuous improvement of quality and increase of yield of peanuts and stevia.

[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for planting peanuts and stevia in equal width intercropping and alternating crop rotation for improving quality and increasing yield, comprising the following steps:

[0007] (1) Determine the appropriate intercropping pattern, including row spacing, plant spacing, equal-width intercropping strip rotation planting pattern, and integrated water and fertilizer management;

[0008] (2) Sampling and analysis were performed at each growth stage of peanuts to understand the agronomic traits and physiological characteristics of peanuts and stevia;

[0009] (3) harvesting peanut-stevia during its growth and maturity period and measuring its yield and quality indicators;

[0010] (4) Root soil was collected during the two growth periods before crop harvest and the root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms were analyzed.

[0011] Preferably, the peanut-stevia equal-width intercropping strip rotation planting pattern is determined based on plant growth and yield quality formation, plant physiological characteristics, and soil microecological characteristics.

[0012] Preferably, plant growth and yield quality formation include yield and its components, seed kernel quality indicators, and agronomic traits.

[0013] Preferably, the plant physiological characteristics include photosynthetic physiological characteristics, plant mineral element absorption, and plant antioxidant enzyme activity.

[0014] Preferably, the soil microecological characteristics include soil physical and chemical properties, rhizosphere soil microorganisms, and rhizosphere soil metabolic secretions.

[0015] Preferably, in the intercropping of peanuts and stevia, the width of the strip of peanuts and stevia is 270 cm, and each strip has 3 ridges, with two rows in one ridge.

[0016] Preferably, the method for determining soil enzyme activity between peanut and stevia rows comprises:

[0017] In each treatment, soil samples at three depths of 0-20cm, 20-40cm and 40-60cm were collected using an electric soil drill from the middle of rows 1-2 and 2-3 of peanuts, the middle of rows 1-2 of stevia, 10cm away from the stevia strip in the first row of peanuts, and 10cm away from the peanut strip in the first row of cotton. The samples were sealed in sealing bags, quickly placed in liquid nitrogen, and promptly transferred to a foam box filled with dry ice for soil-related enzyme activity determination.

[0018] Preferably, the method for analyzing peanut stevia root exudates comprises:

[0019] Collection: Select 1, 2, and 3 rows of peanuts and 1 and 2 rows of stevia plants from each treatment. Rinse with clean water 3-5 times to remove the attached soil, then clean the roots with deionized water and place them in 1000 mL of 0.5 mmol·L -1 In calcium chloride solution; wrap the beaker with black paper and collect root secretions for 6 hours in a dark place;

[0020] Extraction: The collected root exudates were extracted and filtered by a multi-purpose vacuum pump, and the obtained clear solution was extracted three times with ethyl acetate at a volume ratio of 2:1 to obtain the ethyl acetate phase as a neutral component; the aqueous phase was extracted with 1 mol·L -1 HCl was used to adjust the pH to 3, and then the same volume of ethyl acetate was used for extraction. The ethyl acetate phase was the acidic component. The aqueous phase was then treated with 11 mol·L -1 Adjust the pH to 8 with NaOH, extract with the same volume of ethyl acetate to obtain the ethyl acetate phase as the alkaline component, concentrate the acidic, alkaline and neutral ethyl acetate extracts under reduced pressure to dryness, and perform pre-column derivatization before the determination on the machine, add 0.5 mL of silanization reagent to the freeze-dried extract, seal the cover, and place in a water bath at 80°C for 2 h, filter with a 0.45 μm membrane after cooling, and take 1.0 mL for GC-MS qualitative analysis;

[0021] Qualitative analysis: Chromatographic GC conditions: quartz capillary TR-5MS, injection port temperature 250℃, injection volume 1.0μL; split ratio 20:1, carrier gas helium He, flow rate 1mL·min -1 ;

[0022] Mass spectrometry MS conditions: electron impact source EI electron energy 70 eV, scanning range 45-500 amu, scanning speed 0.2 s, interface temperature 250 °C, ion source temperature 250 °C, solvent delay time 4.0 min;

[0023] After GC-MS analysis, the total ion current chromatogram was obtained, and the standard mass spectrum library was used for qualitative analysis. The substances were identified by computer search and verification in the NIST2011 mass spectrum database and combined with manual analysis;

[0024] Quantitative analysis: Take 0.05 mL of n-octadecane and dissolve it in 1000 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 In the 2 Cl 2 Prepared to contain 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 mg·L of n-octadecane -1 6 standard solutions with concentration gradients; 0.01 mL of ethylbenzene was dissolved in 1000 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 In the 2 Cl 2 Prepared to contain 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 mg·L of ethylbenzene -1 6 standard solutions with concentration gradients; weigh 0.01 g of ethyl acetate and dissolve it in CH 2 Cl 2 In the 2 Cl 2 Prepared to contain 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg·L of ethyl acetate -1 6 standard solutions with 6 concentration gradients; GC-MS analysis was performed on the 6 standard solutions with 6 concentration gradients of the 3 substances, and linear regression analysis was performed. The chromatographic peaks of the 3 substances were determined according to the retention time of each component, and the concentration of each substance was calculated by the regression equation of the standard curve.

[0025] In summary, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0026] 1. The present invention screens common pests and diseases of peanuts and finds that the suitable crop type that can repel insects is Asteraceae crops;

[0027] 2. According to the characteristics of peanut plant type, the present invention determines that stevia, which is similar in height to peanut and is upright, is used as an intercrop;

[0028] 3. The equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation of peanut and stevia of the present invention can alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle caused by nitrogen fixation by peanut rhizobia;

[0029] 4. The nitrogen fixation effect of the leguminous crops of the present invention can be fully utilized by the chrysanthemum crops to improve the leaf quality, and the phosphorus retention effect of the chrysanthemum crops can be absorbed by the leguminous crops to increase the peanut yield.

[0030] It should be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] Figure 1 This is a flow chart of a planting method for improving quality and increasing yield of peanuts and stevia in equal width intercropping and alternating crop rotation provided by the present invention;

[0032] Figure 2 This is a planting pattern diagram of the planting method of equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation of peanuts and stevia for improving quality and increasing yield according to the present invention;

[0033] Figure 3 The peanut and stevia yield data obtained by the peanut and stevia equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation planting method of the present invention for improving quality and increasing yield;

[0034] Figure 4 It is the photosynthetic index of peanuts and stevia obtained by the planting method of equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation of peanuts and stevia for improving quality and increasing yield of the present invention.

[0035] Figure 5 This is an analysis of the metabolic enrichment obtained by the planting method of equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation of peanuts and stevia for improving quality and increasing yield of the present invention (peanuts on the left and stevia on the right)

[0036] Figure 6 The rhizosphere soil bacterial community at the phylum level is obtained by the planting method of equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation of peanuts and stevia for improving quality and increasing yield of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] The present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the examples. It is particularly noted that if no specific conditions are specified in the following examples, the reactions are carried out according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. Unless otherwise specified, the raw materials used in the following examples can be obtained from common commercial sources.

[0038] Example

[0039] Three treatments were set up: peanut monocropping (MP), peanut-stevia intercropping (IC), and stevia monocropping (MS), with a total of three replicates. Ten plants were randomly selected from the field in each replicate. During the growing season of peanut and stevia, the meteorological station at the experimental base was used to observe, measure, and record meteorological data such as soil temperature, soil moisture, air temperature, air humidity, light intensity, and precipitation in the experimental site.

[0040] Example 1

[0041] Peanuts are planted alone, with 2 seeds sown in each hole and the hole spacing of 17 cm. The seeds are planted in ridges with a ridge spacing of 90 cm, a small row spacing on the ridges of 30 cm, and a large row spacing between ridges of 60 cm. The sowing density is about 8715 holes / mu.

[0042] Example 2

[0043] Stevia is planted alone, with no root separation, and the plant spacing is set at 25cm. It is planted in large and small rows, with the large row spacing set at 80cm and the small row spacing set at 60cm. One seedling is left in each hole, and the sowing density is about 3951 plants / mu. Stevia is first planted in pots, and then transplanted into the field after it grows into seedlings. There are two rows in one ridge, with a ridge spacing of 90cm and a small row spacing of 30cm on the ridge (because stevia requires a lot of water, drip irrigation is required). Field management is the same as general field management.

[0044] Example 3

[0045] Peanuts and stevia are intercropped, and the peanut strip width is 270cm, each strip has 3 ridges, one ridge has two rows, the small row spacing on the ridge is set to 30cm, the large row spacing between ridges is set to 60cm, 2 seeds are sown in each hole, the hole spacing is 17cm, and the sowing density is about 8715 holes / mu; the stevia strip width is 270cm, each strip has 3 ridges, one ridge has two rows, the small row spacing on the ridge is set to 30cm, the large row spacing between ridges is set to 60cm, 1 seedling is left in each hole, the hole spacing is 40cm, and the sowing density is about 3951 plants / mu.

[0046] like Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown in the figure, based on the two advantageous economic crops of peanut and stevia, the peanut / stevia planting model was proposed for the first time, and the aim was to reveal its physiological and ecological mechanism for improving quality and efficiency. The research content is unique. At the same time, according to the physiological characteristics of crops, the peanut pests and phosphorus deficiency diseases, the problem of stevia's slow growth due to nitrogen deficiency, and the phenomenon of superior crops inhibiting the growth of inferior crops in the intercropping model were solved, truly achieving a win-win situation for intercropping.

[0047] The present invention combines crop growth, physiological characteristics and soil microecological characteristics, adopts a combination of traditional agronomy, crop physiology, microbiology and modern molecular biology techniques, and enriches the research methods of leguminous / complexanic intercropping systems.

[0048] The above is only an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for planting peanuts and stevia in equal width intercropping and alternating crop rotation to improve quality and increase yield, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Determine the appropriate intercropping pattern, including row spacing, plant spacing, equal-width intercropping strip rotation planting pattern, and integrated water and fertilizer management; (2) Sampling and analysis were performed at each growth stage of peanuts to understand the agronomic traits and physiological characteristics of peanuts and stevia; (3) harvesting peanut-stevia during its growth and maturity period and measuring its yield and quality indicators; (4) Root soil was collected during the two growth periods before crop harvest and the root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms were analyzed.

2. The planting method of peanut-stevia equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation for improving quality and increasing yield according to claim 1, characterized in that: The basis for determining the peanut-stevia equal-width intercropping strip rotation planting pattern includes plant growth and yield quality formation, plant physiological characteristics, and soil microecological characteristics.

3. The planting method of peanut-stevia equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation for improving quality and increasing yield according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Plant growth and yield quality formation include yield and its components, seed kernel quality indicators, leaf quality indicators, and agronomic traits.

4. The planting method of peanut-stevia equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation for improving quality and increasing yield according to claim 1, characterized in that: Plant physiological characteristics include crop agronomic traits, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, plant mineral element absorption, plant antioxidant enzyme activity, etc.

5. The method for planting peanuts and stevia in equal width intercropping and alternating crop rotation for improving quality and increasing yield according to claim 1, characterized in that: Soil microecological characteristics include soil physical and chemical properties, rhizosphere soil microorganisms, and rhizosphere soil metabolic secretions.

6. The planting method of equal-width intercropping and alternating crop rotation of peanut and stevia for improving quality and increasing yield according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the intercropping of peanuts and stevia, the strip width of peanuts and stevia is 270 cm, and each strip has 3 ridges with double rows in one ridge.

7. The method for planting peanuts and stevia in equal width intercropping and alternating crop rotation for improving quality and increasing yield according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for determining soil enzyme activity between peanut and stevia rows includes: In each treatment, soil samples at three depths of 0-20cm, 20-40cm and 40-60cm were collected using an electric soil drill from the middle of rows 1-2 and 2-3 of peanuts, the middle of rows 1-2 of stevia, 10cm away from the stevia strip in the first row of peanuts, and 10cm away from the peanut strip in the first row of cotton. The samples were sealed with sealing bags, quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and promptly transferred to a foam box filled with dry ice for soil-related enzyme activity determination.

8. The method for planting peanuts and stevia in equal width intercropping and alternating crop rotation for improving quality and increasing yield according to claim 1, characterized in that: Methods for analyzing peanut stevia root exudates include: Collection: Select 1, 2, and 3 rows of peanuts and 1 and 2 rows of stevia plants from each treatment. Rinse with clean water 3-5 times to remove the attached soil, then clean the roots with deionized water and place them in 1000 mL of 0.5 mmol·L -1 In calcium chloride solution; wrap the beaker with black paper and collect root secretions for 6 hours in a dark place; Extraction: The collected root exudates were extracted and filtered by a multi-purpose vacuum pump, and the obtained clear solution was extracted three times with ethyl acetate at a volume ratio of 2:1 to obtain the ethyl acetate phase as a neutral component; the aqueous phase was extracted with 1 mol·L -1 HCl was used to adjust the pH to 3, and then the same volume of ethyl acetate was used for extraction. The ethyl acetate phase was the acidic component. The aqueous phase was then treated with 11 mol·L -1 Adjust the pH to 8 with NaOH, extract with the same volume of ethyl acetate to obtain the ethyl acetate phase as the alkaline component, concentrate the acidic, alkaline and neutral ethyl acetate extracts under reduced pressure to dryness, and perform pre-column derivatization before the determination on the machine, add 0.5 mL of silanization reagent to the freeze-dried extract, seal the cover, and place in a water bath at 80°C for 2 h, filter with a 0.45 μm membrane after cooling, and take 1.0 mL for GC-MS qualitative analysis; Qualitative analysis: Chromatographic GC conditions: quartz capillary TR-5MS, injection port temperature 250℃, injection volume 1.0μL; split ratio 20:1, carrier gas He, flow rate 1mL·min -1 ; Mass spectrometry MS conditions: electron impact source EI electron energy 70 eV, scanning range 45-500 amu, scanning speed 0.2 s, interface temperature 250 °C, ion source temperature 250 °C, solvent delay time 4.0 min; After GC-MS analysis, the total ion current chromatogram was obtained, and the standard mass spectrum library was used for qualitative analysis. The substances were identified by computer search and verification in the NIST2011 mass spectrum database and combined with manual analysis; Quantitative analysis: Take 0.05 mL of n-octadecane and dissolve it in 1000 mL of CH2Cl2. Use CH2Cl2 to prepare the solution containing 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg·L of n-octadecane. -1 6 standard solutions with concentration gradients: 0.01 mL of ethylbenzene was taken and dissolved in 1000 mL of CH2Cl2, and CH2Cl2 was used to prepare the standard solutions containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 mg·L of ethylbenzene. -1 6 standard solutions with concentration gradients; weigh 0.01 g of ethyl acetate and dissolve it in CH2Cl2. Use CH2Cl2 to prepare solutions containing 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg·L of ethyl acetate. -1 6 standard solutions with 6 concentration gradients; GC-MS analysis was performed on the 6 standard solutions with 6 concentration gradients of the 3 substances, and linear regression analysis was performed. The chromatographic peaks of the 3 substances were determined according to the retention time of each component, and the concentration of each substance was calculated by the regression equation of the standard curve.

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