Hydrogen charging and discharging system and method based on solid hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell

Abstract

The invention provides a hydrogen charging and discharging system and method based on solid hydrogen energy storage and a fuel cell, and belongs to the field of hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells. In the system, a solid hydrogen storage group is connected with a heat dissipation circulating pipeline and a waste heat utilization circulating pipeline; the hydrogen fuel battery pack is connected with a waste heat recovery circulating pipeline and a hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline; wherein the waste heat utilization circulating pipeline and the waste heat recovery circulating pipeline form a first waste heat utilization loop, and the waste heat recovery circulating pipeline and the waste heat utilization circulating pipeline are crossed at the first heat exchanger; the hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline supplies hydrogen to the hydrogen fuel battery pack through the second heat exchanger from the high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle; the air compressor provides air for the hydrogen fuel battery pack through the third heat exchanger; the second heat exchanger and the hydrogen fuel battery pack form a second waste heat utilization loop; the third heat exchanger and the hydrogen fuel battery pack form a third waste heat utilization loop; the control module is used for controlling pipeline fittings. The energy utilization efficiency is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells, and in particular relates to a hydrogen charging and discharging system and method based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells. Background Art

[0002] Hydrogen energy storage technology has attracted widespread attention as a way of energy storage and conversion with great potential. In hydrogen energy storage systems, solid-state hydrogen storage technology has unique advantages such as high volume hydrogen storage density, good safety and high hydrogen purity; at the same time, hydrogen fuel cells, as efficient devices that directly convert hydrogen chemical energy into electrical energy, have broad application prospects in distributed energy systems, electric vehicles and other fields. Hydrogen energy storage technology provides a new source of hydrogen for the development of hydrogen fuel cells.

[0003] In the prior art, the hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline system in hydrogen energy storage technology does not accurately control the hydrogen flow and pressure. For example, some traditional solenoid valves and pressure regulating devices have a large error range when adjusting the hydrogen flow and pressure, and cannot meet the high-precision hydrogen charging and discharging requirements. In some scenarios with strict requirements on hydrogen supply, such as the hydrogenation process of fuel cell vehicles and the hydrogen supply of fuel cell power generation systems, inaccurate flow and pressure control may cause the fuel cell performance to decline, shorten its life, and even affect the safe operation of the system. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of the above-mentioned defects or deficiencies in the prior art, the embodiments of the present invention aim to provide a hydrogen charging and discharging system and method based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells, which are used to achieve efficient hydrogen storage and release, and effectively recycle the waste heat generated by the hydrogen fuel cell in this process, thereby improving energy utilization efficiency and providing a stable hydrogen supply for hydrogen fuel cells. It is suitable for scenarios such as distributed energy systems, mobile power supplies, and backup power supplies that require efficient, stable, and safe hydrogen energy storage and supply.

[0005] In order to achieve the above purpose, the embodiment of the present invention adopts the following technical solution: In the first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention proposes a hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells, the system comprising: a solid-state hydrogen storage group 1, a hydrogen fuel cell group 2, a first waste heat utilization circuit, a second waste heat utilization circuit, a third waste heat utilization circuit, an air compressor 21, a high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle 6, a hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline, a control module 39 and pipeline accessories; wherein, The solid-state hydrogen storage group 1 is connected with a heat dissipation circulation pipeline and a waste heat utilization circulation pipeline; the hydrogen fuel cell group 2 is connected with a waste heat recovery circulation pipeline and a hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline; wherein the waste heat utilization circulation pipeline and the waste heat recovery circulation pipeline constitute a first waste heat utilization loop, and the waste heat recovery circulation pipeline and the waste heat utilization circulation pipeline intersect at the first heat exchanger 3; The hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline includes a high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle 6, a first valve 7, a pressure reducing valve 8, a first mass flow sensor 9, a first pressure sensor 10, a vacuum pump 11, and a first two-position three-way solenoid valve 12 in sequence. The first two-position three-way solenoid valve 12 is simultaneously connected to the solid-state hydrogen storage group 1 and the second heat exchanger 5; the second heat exchanger 5 is then connected in sequence to the third temperature sensor 32, the second pressure sensor 31, the second mass flow sensor 30, the fifth solenoid valve 29 and the hydrogen fuel cell group 2; the air compressor 21 is connected in sequence to the third solenoid valve 22, the air filter 23, the third heat exchanger 38, the second temperature sensor 24, and then connected to the hydrogen fuel cell 2; The second heat exchanger 5 and the hydrogen fuel cell group 2 form a second waste heat utilization loop, and the third heat exchanger 38 and the hydrogen fuel cell group 2 form a third waste heat utilization loop; The control module 39 is used to control pipeline accessories.

[0006] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the heat dissipation circulation pipeline connected to the solid-state hydrogen storage group 1, starting from the solid-state hydrogen storage group, includes a first temperature sensor 15, a first circulation pump 16, a second two-position three-way solenoid valve 17, a second solenoid valve 18, a radiator 4 and a three-way reversing valve 19 in sequence.

[0007] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the second two-position three-way solenoid valve 17 is simultaneously connected to the third solenoid valve 20, the first heat exchanger 3, and the three-way reversing valve 19 in sequence; the three-way reversing valve 19 is provided with two inlets and one outlet, wherein the two inlets are respectively connected to the solid-state hydrogen storage group 1 and the first heat exchanger 3, and the outlet is connected to the radiator 4; the first temperature sensor 15, the first circulation pump 16, the second two-position three-way solenoid valve 17, the third solenoid valve 20, the first heat exchanger 3 and the three-way reversing valve 19 constitute the waste heat utilization circulation pipeline of the first waste heat utilization circuit.

[0008] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the waste heat recovery circulation pipeline of the first waste heat utilization circuit starts from the hydrogen fuel cell stack 2, and is connected in sequence to the second four-way reversing valve 36, the first heat exchanger 3, the second temperature sensor 24, the expansion water tank 25, the first four-way reversing valve 26, the second circulation pump 27, and the fourth solenoid valve 28, and the fourth solenoid valve 28 is then connected to the hydrogen fuel cell stack 2.

[0009] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the second four-way reversing valve 36 includes an inlet from the hydrogen fuel cell group 2, and three outlets; wherein the first outlet is connected to the first heat exchanger 3, the second outlet is connected to the fifth solenoid valve 35, the fourth temperature sensor 34, the third circulation pump 33 and the second heat exchanger 5 in sequence, and the third outlet is connected to the third heat exchanger 38; the first four-way reversing valve 26 includes an outlet flowing to the hydrogen fuel cell group 2, and three inlets; wherein the first inlet is connected to the expansion water tank 25, the second temperature sensor 24 and the first heat exchanger 3 in sequence; the second inlet is connected to the second heat exchanger 5, and the third inlet is connected to the third heat exchanger 38.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the solid-state hydrogen storage group 1 is composed of a hydrogen storage array of multiple solid-state hydrogen storage bottles, which are made of high-strength, high-pressure-resistant and thermally conductive metal materials; the interior of the bottle is filled with high-performance solid-state hydrogen storage materials.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a gas guide tube is provided in the solid hydrogen storage bottle, and the gas guide tube is arranged along the axial direction of the bottle body, and tiny vents are evenly distributed on the tube wall to ensure that hydrogen can evenly contact the hydrogen storage material; the outer end of the gas guide tube is connected to the hydrogen pipeline through a sealing connector, and the inner end is closed; the vents are covered with a fine filter to prevent leakage of the hydrogen storage material; the gas guide tube ensures that the hydrogen is evenly dispersed in the hydrogen storage material, thereby improving the reaction efficiency; The side wall of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle fits tightly against the temperature-adjusting water jacket. The water jacket is made of metal with excellent thermal conductivity and has a flow channel inside, which is connected to the waste heat utilization circuit for the circulation of heat exchange medium. The temperature-adjusting water jacket is connected to the waste heat utilization circuit through a pipeline to form a heat exchange channel. The temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle is controlled by circulating the heat exchange medium to meet the thermal management requirements during the hydrogen filling and discharging process.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the hydrogen fuel cell group 2 uses a proton exchange membrane fuel cell; the fuel cell is composed of a stack, a hydrogen supply structure, an air supply structure and a water heat management structure; wherein, The fuel cell stack is a core component, which is composed of multiple single cells connected in series. The single cell includes an anode, a cathode and a proton exchange membrane. The hydrogen inlet is connected to the hydrogen discharge pipeline of the solid hydrogen storage group through a high-pressure pipeline. The joints with excellent sealing performance are used at the connection to ensure the safety of hydrogen transmission. The air inlet and outlet are respectively connected to the air filter and the fan to ensure the clean air supply required for the normal operation of the fuel cell. The fuel cell stack forms heat exchange interfaces with the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger and the third heat exchanger in the waste heat utilization circuit respectively, so that the heat exchange medium fully absorbs the waste heat of the fuel cell reaction, while accurately controlling the temperature of the fuel cell stack to maintain its stable performance.

[0013] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature change of the heat exchange medium in real time; The pressure sensor adopts a piezoresistive or capacitive pressure sensor, the measuring range is determined according to the system working pressure, and the measuring accuracy is between ±0.1% -±1%; The mass flow sensor is an electromagnetic flowmeter, a turbine flowmeter or an ultrasonic flowmeter, which generates a corresponding signal according to the flow rate and is used to monitor the flow change of the heat exchange medium in real time; And all sensors transmit signals to the control module 39 through shielded cables.

[0014] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a method for charging and discharging hydrogen based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and a fuel cell, the method comprising a hydrogen charging step and a hydrogen discharging step; wherein: During the hydrogen filling process, the controller first starts the vacuum pump according to the preset hydrogen filling program to evacuate the hydrogen filling pipeline. When the pressure sensor detects that the pressure in the pipeline has reached the set vacuum degree, the vacuum pumping is stopped; then, the high-pressure hydrogen source valve is opened, and hydrogen enters the hydrogen filling pipeline; the controller monitors the hydrogen pressure and flow in real time through the pressure sensor and the mass flow controller, and dynamically adjusts the opening of the pressure reducing valve and the on-off time of the solenoid valve according to the hydrogen absorption characteristics of the solid hydrogen storage material and the pressure and temperature state in the hydrogen storage bottle to ensure that hydrogen enters the solid hydrogen storage bottle with stable pressure and flow; at the same time, the controller controls the operation of the radiator of the heat dissipation branch according to the temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle monitored by the temperature sensor, adjusts the heat dissipation power, dissipates the heat generated by the hydrogen storage material absorbing hydrogen in time, and maintains the temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle within a suitable range to ensure the hydrogen absorption efficiency; when the hydrogen filling amount reaches the preset value or an abnormal situation occurs, the controller immediately stops the hydrogen filling operation and sends out a corresponding alarm signal; When discharging hydrogen, the controller first starts the hydrogen fuel cell, then opens the hydrogen discharging solenoid valve of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle, and hydrogen enters the hydrogen fuel cell under the action of pressure difference; the controller monitors the hydrogen inlet pressure and required flow of the fuel cell in real time through the pressure sensor and the mass flow controller, and accurately controls the opening of the solenoid valve in the hydrogen discharging pipeline and the output pressure of the pressure reducing valve according to the power output requirements of the fuel cell, so as to ensure the stability and timeliness of the hydrogen supply; at the same time, the controller controls the operation of the circulation pump and the heater in the waste heat utilization loop according to the temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle and the operating temperature of the fuel cell monitored by the temperature sensor; when the temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle is low, the heater is started to provide the hydrogen storage material with the heat required for hydrogen discharging; when the temperature of the fuel cell is too high, the waste heat recovery amount is increased by adjusting the speed of the circulation pump and the working state of the heat exchanger, and the temperature of the fuel cell is reduced to ensure that the system operates within the optimal temperature range; when the fuel cell stops working or the hydrogen demand ends, the controller closes the hydrogen discharging solenoid valve and stops the hydrogen discharging operation.

[0015] The technical solution provided by the embodiment of the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The hydrogen charging and discharging system and method based on solid hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells provided in the embodiment of the present invention can accurately control the heat exchange medium flow and heat exchange parameters by adopting dynamic heat exchange optimization technology in the waste heat loop. When charging hydrogen, the solid hydrogen storage material absorbs hydrogen and releases heat to preheat the hydrogen fuel cell and reduce external energy consumption; when discharging hydrogen, the waste heat of the fuel cell is fully utilized to heat the solid hydrogen storage material, so as to realize efficient recycling of energy. With the help of precise sensors and advanced controllers, combined with dynamic heat exchange optimization technology, accurate control of hydrogen flow, pressure and temperature during hydrogen charging and discharging is realized. When charging hydrogen, the parameters are dynamically adjusted according to the hydrogen absorption rate to improve the hydrogen absorption efficiency; when discharging hydrogen, the hydrogen supply is optimized in real time according to the power demand of the fuel cell to ensure stability and efficiency. The dynamic heat exchange optimization technology enables the system to automatically adjust the waste heat recovery and hydrogen charging and discharging process according to different working conditions. Whether it is a change in power load or a fluctuation in hydrogen demand, the system can respond quickly and optimize operation. The optimized system architecture and component connection method improve the system integration and reduce the number of components and connection complexity. At the same time, perfect safety monitoring and protection mechanisms, such as real-time pressure monitoring, fast-response safety valves, etc., combined with the safe design of the waste heat utilization circuit, effectively reduce the risk of hydrogen leakage and the probability of safety accidents.

[0016] Of course, it is not necessary to achieve all of the advantages described above at the same time to implement any product or method of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.

[0018] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of a hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] Description of reference numerals: 1-solid-state hydrogen storage group; 2-hydrogen fuel cell group; 3-first heat exchanger; 4-radiator; 5-second heat exchanger; 6-high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle; 7-first valve; 8-pressure reducing valve; 9-first mass flow sensor; 10-first pressure sensor; 11-vacuum pump; 12-first two-position three-way solenoid valve; 13-first solenoid valve; 14-second valve; 15-first temperature sensor; 16-first circulation pump; 17-second two-position three-way solenoid valve; 18-second solenoid valve; 19-three-way reversing valve; 20-third solenoid valve; 21- Air compressor; 22-third solenoid valve; 23-air filter; 24-second temperature sensor; 25-expansion water tank; 26-first four-way reversing valve; 27-second circulation pump; 28-fourth solenoid valve; 29-fifth solenoid valve; 30-second mass flow sensor; 31-second pressure sensor; 32-third temperature sensor; 33-third circulation pump; 34-fourth temperature sensor; 35-fifth solenoid valve; 36-second four-way reversing valve; 37-fifth temperature sensor; 38-third heat exchanger; 39-control module. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. The components of the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the drawings here can be arranged and designed in various different configurations. It should be noted that the embodiments of the present invention and the features in the embodiments can also be combined with each other without conflict.

[0021] It should be noted that similar reference numerals and letters represent similar items in the following drawings, so once an item is defined in one drawing, it does not need to be further defined and explained in subsequent drawings. In the description of the present invention, the terms "first", "second", "third", "fourth", etc. are only used to distinguish the description and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0022] Based on the problems existing in hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells in the prior art, the embodiments of the present invention provide a hydrogen charging and discharging system and method based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells to solve the technical problems existing in the existing hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell systems, such as insufficient waste heat recovery and utilization, low hydrogen charging and discharging efficiency, insufficient precision and intelligence in control, poor system integration, and insufficient safety. The present invention improves the waste heat recovery efficiency by optimizing the waste heat utilization loop design and adopting dynamic heat exchange optimization technology; accurately controls the hydrogen charging and discharging process to enhance the intelligence of the system; improves the system integration and simplifies the connection of components; improves safety protection measures to ensure the safety of system operation, thereby improving the energy utilization efficiency, performance and reliability of the entire system, and promoting the widespread application of hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell technology in the fields of distributed energy and mobile power.

[0023] The hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells provided in the embodiment of the present invention integrates solid-state hydrogen storage, hydrogen fuel cells and a waste heat utilization circuit, and utilizes sensor monitoring and intelligent control to achieve efficient waste heat recovery, precise control of hydrogen charging and discharging, improved system integration and enhanced safety, so as to improve energy utilization efficiency and system performance, and is suitable for a variety of energy application scenarios.

[0024] like Figure 1 As shown, the hydrogen charging and discharging system includes: a solid-state hydrogen storage group 1, a hydrogen fuel cell group 2, a first waste heat utilization circuit, a second waste heat utilization circuit, a third waste heat utilization circuit, an air compressor 21, a high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle 6, hydrogen charging and discharging pipelines, a control module 39 and pipeline accessories.

[0025] The solid-state hydrogen storage group 1 is connected with a heat dissipation circulation pipeline and a waste heat utilization circulation pipeline; the hydrogen fuel cell group 2 is connected with a waste heat recovery circulation pipeline and a hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline; the waste heat utilization circulation pipeline and the waste heat recovery circulation pipeline constitute a first waste heat utilization loop, and the waste heat recovery circulation pipeline and the waste heat utilization circulation pipeline intersect at the first heat exchanger 3; the hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline sequentially includes a high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle 6, a first valve 7, a pressure reducing valve 8, a first mass flow sensor 9, a first pressure sensor 10, a vacuum pump 11, a first two-position three-way solenoid valve 12, and the first two-position three-way solenoid valve 12 is connected with a waste heat recovery circulation pipeline and a waste heat utilization circulation pipeline. The solenoid valve 12 is connected to the solid hydrogen storage group 1 and the second heat exchanger 5 at the same time; the second heat exchanger 5 is then connected in sequence to the third temperature sensor 32, the second pressure sensor 31, the second mass flow sensor 30, the fifth solenoid valve 29 and the hydrogen fuel cell group 2; the air compressor 21 is connected in sequence to the third solenoid valve 22, the air filter 23, the third heat exchanger 38, the second temperature sensor 24, and then connected to the hydrogen fuel cell 2; the second heat exchanger 5 and the hydrogen fuel cell group 2 form a second waste heat utilization loop, and the third heat exchanger 38 and the hydrogen fuel cell group 2 form a third waste heat utilization loop. The control module 39 is used to control pipeline accessories.

[0026] The pipeline accessories include various valves, sensors, pumps, filters and water tanks arranged on the pipeline; for example, the first valve 7, the pressure reducing valve 8, the first mass flow sensor 9, the first pressure sensor 10, the vacuum pump 11, the first two-position three-way solenoid valve 12, the first two-position three-way solenoid valve 12, the third temperature sensor 32, the second pressure sensor 31, the second mass flow sensor 30, the fifth solenoid valve 29, the third solenoid valve 22, the air filter 23, the third heat exchanger 38, the second temperature sensor 24, etc.

[0027] In a specific embodiment, the heat dissipation circulation pipeline connected to the solid-state hydrogen storage group 1, starting from the solid-state hydrogen storage group, includes a first temperature sensor 15, a first circulation pump 16, a second two-position three-way solenoid valve 17, a second solenoid valve 18, a radiator 4 and a three-way reversing valve 19 in sequence. The second two-position three-way solenoid valve 17 is simultaneously connected to the third solenoid valve 20, the first heat exchanger 3, and the three-way reversing valve 19 in sequence; the three-way reversing valve 19 is provided with two inlets and one outlet, wherein the two inlets are respectively connected to the solid-state hydrogen storage group 1 and the first heat exchanger 3, and the outlet is connected to the radiator 4; the first temperature sensor 15, the first circulation pump 16, the second two-position three-way solenoid valve 17, the third solenoid valve 20, the first heat exchanger 3 and the three-way reversing valve 19 constitute the waste heat utilization circulation pipeline of the first waste heat utilization loop.

[0028] In a specific embodiment, the waste heat recovery circulation pipeline of the first waste heat utilization circuit starts from the hydrogen fuel cell stack 2, and is connected in sequence to the second four-way reversing valve 36, the first heat exchanger 3, the second temperature sensor 24, the expansion water tank 25, the first four-way reversing valve 26, the second circulation pump 27, and the fourth solenoid valve 28, and the fourth solenoid valve 28 is then connected to the hydrogen fuel cell stack 2.

[0029] The second four-way reversing valve 36 includes an inlet from the hydrogen fuel cell stack 2 and three outlets; the first outlet is connected to the first heat exchanger 3, the second outlet is connected to the fifth solenoid valve 35, the fourth temperature sensor 34, the third circulation pump 33 and the second heat exchanger 5 in sequence, and the third outlet is connected to the third heat exchanger 38; the first four-way reversing valve 26 includes an outlet flowing to the hydrogen fuel cell stack 2 and three inlets; the first inlet is connected to the expansion water tank 25, the second temperature sensor 24 and the first heat exchanger 3 in sequence; the second inlet is connected to the second heat exchanger 5, and the third inlet is connected to the third heat exchanger 38.

[0030] Preferably, the solid-state hydrogen storage group 1 is composed of a plurality of solid-state hydrogen storage bottles forming a hydrogen storage array, and the hydrogen storage bottles are made of metal materials (such as stainless steel or aluminum alloy) with high strength, high pressure resistance and good thermal conductivity. The inside of the bottle is filled with high-performance solid-state hydrogen storage material.

[0031] Each hydrogen storage bottle is equipped with a gas guide tube, which is arranged along the axial direction of the bottle body. Its wall is evenly distributed with tiny vents to ensure that hydrogen can evenly contact the hydrogen storage material. The outer end of the gas guide tube is connected to the hydrogen pipeline through a sealing connector, and the inner end is closed. The vents are covered with a fine filter to prevent leakage of the hydrogen storage material. The gas guide tube ensures that the hydrogen is evenly dispersed in the hydrogen storage material, improving the reaction efficiency.

[0032] The side wall of the hydrogen storage bottle fits tightly with the thermostatic water jacket, which is made of metal with excellent thermal conductivity (such as copper or aluminum). There is a flow channel inside the water jacket, which is connected to the waste heat utilization circuit for the circulation of heat exchange medium (such as water or ethylene glycol aqueous solution). The thermostatic water jacket is connected to the waste heat utilization circuit through a pipeline to form a heat exchange channel. The temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle is controlled by circulating the heat exchange medium to meet the thermal management requirements during the hydrogen charging and discharging process.

[0033] In a specific application example, the hydrogen fuel cell group 2 uses a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The fuel cell is mainly composed of a stack, a hydrogen supply structure, an air supply structure, and a water heat management structure.

[0034] The fuel cell stack is a core component, which is composed of multiple single cells connected in series. Each single cell includes an anode, a cathode and a proton exchange membrane (or a solid oxide electrolyte). The hydrogen inlet is connected to the hydrogen discharge pipeline of the solid hydrogen storage unit through a high-pressure pipeline. The joints with excellent sealing performance are used at the connection to ensure the safety of hydrogen transmission. The air inlet and outlet are respectively connected to air filters, fans and other equipment to ensure the clean air supply required for the normal operation of the fuel cell.

[0035] The stack is equipped with a dedicated heat exchange channel, which is closely connected to the heat exchanger in the waste heat utilization loop to form an efficient heat exchange interface. The internal structure of the heat exchange channel is optimized to allow the heat exchange medium to fully absorb the waste heat of the fuel cell reaction, while accurately controlling the temperature of the stack to maintain its stable performance.

[0036] All waste heat utilization loops use high temperature and corrosion resistant pipe materials (such as stainless steel or titanium alloy), and the pipe diameter is determined according to the system flow requirements to ensure the stable circulation of the heat exchange medium. Reliable sealing connection methods (such as welding, flange connection or sealing pipe fitting connection) are used at the pipe joints to prevent leakage of the heat exchange medium.

[0037] The first heat exchanger 3, the second heat exchanger 5 and the third heat exchanger 38 are high-efficiency plate heat exchangers, which are selected based on the system waste heat recovery and heat exchange requirements to ensure good heat exchange performance. The internal structure design is optimized to improve heat exchange efficiency and uniformity. The heat exchange plate material inside the heat exchanger has good thermal conductivity to ensure efficient heat transfer between the heat exchange medium and the heated (or cooled) components.

[0038] The circulating pump is selected from high temperature resistant, low noise, high efficiency types (such as centrifugal pumps or gear pumps), installed in the main pipeline to provide circulation power for the heat exchange medium. Its performance parameters are reasonably selected according to the system scale and pipeline resistance, and the speed is adjusted by the controller to accurately control the flow of the heat exchange medium.

[0039] The expansion water tank 25 is used to accommodate the volume expansion of the heat exchange medium when the temperature changes, and also plays a role in stabilizing the system pressure. It is installed at the highest point of the system and connected to the main pipeline through a pipeline.

[0040] The temperature sensors and flow sensors are distributed in key positions of the loop to monitor the temperature and flow changes of the heat exchange medium in real time. The sensors use high-precision and high-reliability products, such as thermocouple or thermistor temperature sensors, electromagnetic or turbine flow sensors, etc., to provide accurate data support for dynamic heat exchange optimization technology. The temperature sensor uses advanced thermocouple or thermistor technology to convert temperature changes into electrical signals.

[0041] The pressure sensor adopts a piezoresistive or capacitive pressure sensor, the measuring range is determined according to the system working pressure, and the measuring accuracy is between ±0.1% -±1%.

[0042] The mass flow sensor is an electromagnetic flowmeter, a turbine flowmeter or an ultrasonic flowmeter, etc., which generates a corresponding signal according to the flow rate.

[0043] The above sensors transmit signals to the control module through shielded cables. The cable routing is reasonable to avoid electromagnetic interference. The signal receiving and processing circuit in the control module performs pre-processing such as filtering, amplification, analog-to-digital conversion on the input signal to ensure accurate and reliable data.

[0044] The hydrogen charging and discharging pipelines are made of high-pressure hydrogen corrosion-resistant metal pipes (such as stainless steel or nickel-based alloys) with smooth inner walls to reduce the flow resistance of hydrogen. Key components such as pressure reducing valves, pressure sensors, solenoid valves and mass flow controllers are installed in sequence on each pipeline. The pressure reducing valve accurately adjusts the hydrogen pressure; the pressure sensor monitors the pipeline pressure in real time; the solenoid valve controls the on and off of hydrogen; the mass flow controller accurately measures and controls the hydrogen flow rate to ensure that the hydrogen charging and discharging process is safe, stable and accurate. The inlet end of the hydrogen charging pipeline is connected to an external hydrogen source (such as a high-pressure hydrogen bottle or hydrogen production equipment) through a high-pressure connector, and the outlet end of the hydrogen discharging pipeline is connected to a hydrogen fuel cell.

[0045] The control module 39 is composed of a controller, a sensor signal conditioning circuit, a drive circuit, and a communication module. The controller uses a high-performance microprocessor or a programmable logic controller (PLC) with strong data processing capabilities and fast response speed. The sensor signal conditioning circuit processes the analog signal collected by the sensor and converts it into a digital signal for analysis by the controller.

[0046] Based on the above-mentioned hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a hydrogen charging and discharging method based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell. The method includes a hydrogen charging step and a hydrogen discharging step.

[0047] Among them, the control logic of the hydrogen filling link is as follows: During the hydrogen filling process, the controller first starts the vacuum pump according to the preset hydrogen filling program, and evacuates the hydrogen filling pipeline. When the pressure sensor detects that the pressure in the pipeline reaches the set vacuum degree, the vacuum pumping is stopped. Then, the high-pressure hydrogen source valve is opened, and hydrogen enters the hydrogen filling pipeline. The controller monitors the hydrogen pressure and flow in real time through the pressure sensor and the mass flow controller. According to the hydrogen absorption characteristics of the solid hydrogen storage material and the pressure and temperature state in the hydrogen storage bottle, the opening of the pressure reducing valve and the on-off time of the solenoid valve are dynamically adjusted to ensure that hydrogen enters the solid hydrogen storage bottle with stable pressure and flow. At the same time, according to the temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle monitored by the temperature sensor, the controller controls the radiator of the heat dissipation branch, adjusts the heat dissipation power, and dissipates the heat generated by the hydrogen storage material absorbing hydrogen in time, and maintains the temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle within a suitable range to ensure the hydrogen absorption efficiency. When the hydrogen filling amount reaches the preset value or an abnormal situation occurs (such as excessive pressure, abnormal temperature, etc.), the controller immediately stops the hydrogen filling operation and issues a corresponding alarm signal.

[0048] The specific steps include: System preparation: Before the hydrogen charging operation, check whether the connections of the system components are firm, ensure that all valves are in the closed state, check whether the sensors and controllers are working properly, and confirm that the heat exchange medium in the waste heat utilization circuit is sufficient and the circulating pump is fault-free.

[0049] Vacuuming: Start the control system, open the vacuum pump solenoid valve on the hydrogen charging pipeline, and start the vacuum pump to evacuate the hydrogen charging pipeline. The controller monitors the pressure in the pipeline in real time. When the pressure sensor detects that the pressure reaches the preset vacuum degree (such as -0.08MPa), the vacuum pump solenoid valve is closed to stop vacuuming.

[0050] Hydrogen supply: Open the external hydrogen source valve, and hydrogen enters the hydrogen filling pipeline. The controller adjusts the opening of the pressure reducing valve according to the preset hydrogen filling parameters to reduce the hydrogen pressure to an appropriate range (such as 15MPa). Then, open the solenoid valve at the entrance of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle, and hydrogen begins to enter the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle.

[0051] Hydrogen filling process control: During the hydrogen filling process, the mass flow controller monitors the hydrogen flow in real time. The controller dynamically adjusts the opening of the solenoid valve according to the preset hydrogen filling rate and the state of the hydrogen storage bottle to ensure that hydrogen enters the solid hydrogen storage bottle at a stable flow rate. At the same time, the temperature sensor monitors the temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle. When the temperature rises above the set threshold (such as 50°C), the controller starts the radiator of the heat dissipation branch and dissipates the heat by adjusting the radiator fan speed or coolant flow to maintain the temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle stable.

[0052] End of hydrogen filling: When the hydrogen filling volume reaches the preset value (which can be set according to the capacity of the hydrogen storage bottle and the hydrogen filling requirements) or an abnormal situation occurs (such as excessive pressure, abnormal temperature, etc.), the controller closes the solenoid valve at the entrance of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle and stops the hydrogen supply. Then, close the external hydrogen source valve to complete the hydrogen filling operation.

[0053] The control logic of the hydrogen release link is as follows: when releasing hydrogen, the controller first starts the hydrogen fuel cell, then opens the hydrogen release solenoid valve of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle, and hydrogen enters the hydrogen fuel cell under the action of the pressure difference. The controller monitors the hydrogen inlet pressure and required flow of the fuel cell in real time through the pressure sensor and the mass flow controller. According to the power output requirements of the fuel cell, it accurately controls the opening of the solenoid valve in the hydrogen release pipeline and the output pressure of the pressure reducing valve to ensure the stability and timeliness of the hydrogen supply. At the same time, the controller controls the circulation pump and heater in the waste heat utilization loop according to the temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle and the operating temperature of the fuel cell monitored by the temperature sensor. When the temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle is low, the heater is started to provide the heat required for hydrogen release for the hydrogen storage material; when the temperature of the fuel cell is too high, the speed of the circulation pump and the working state of the heat exchanger are adjusted to increase the waste heat recovery amount, reduce the temperature of the fuel cell, and ensure that the system operates within the optimal temperature range. When the fuel cell stops working or the hydrogen demand ends, the controller closes the hydrogen release solenoid valve and stops the hydrogen release operation.

[0054] The specific steps include: System startup: When hydrogen needs to be released, first start the hydrogen fuel cell to ensure that the fuel cell's air supply system, water thermal management system, etc. are operating normally.

[0055] Hydrogen release: Open the solenoid valve at the outlet of the solid hydrogen storage bottle, and the hydrogen enters the hydrogen discharge pipeline under the pressure in the bottle. The controller adjusts the pressure reducing valve on the hydrogen discharge pipeline according to the hydrogen demand of the fuel cell to adjust the hydrogen pressure to a pressure range suitable for the operation of the fuel cell (such as 0.1-0.5MPa).

[0056] Hydrogen release process control: The mass flow controller monitors the hydrogen release flow in real time. The controller dynamically adjusts the opening of the solenoid valve according to the power demand and operating status of the fuel cell to ensure that the hydrogen supply matches the fuel cell demand. At the same time, the temperature sensor monitors the temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle and the fuel cell temperature. When the temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle is low and affects the hydrogen release rate, the controller starts the heater in the waste heat utilization loop to provide heat for the hydrogen storage material; when the temperature of the fuel cell is too high, the waste heat recovery amount is increased to reduce the temperature of the fuel cell.

[0057] End of hydrogen discharge: When the fuel cell stops working or the hydrogen demand ends, the controller closes the solenoid valve at the outlet of the solid hydrogen storage bottle and stops the hydrogen discharge operation. Then, according to the system situation, you can choose whether to shut down the relevant equipment in the waste heat utilization circuit (such as circulating pumps, heaters, etc.) While charging and discharging hydrogen, the waste heat utilization control logic is as follows: the controller controls the operating speed of the circulation pump and the flow direction of the heat exchange medium in the waste heat utilization loop according to the system operating status (charging or discharging hydrogen) and the temperature requirements of each component. During the hydrogen charging process, when the solid hydrogen storage material absorbs hydrogen and releases heat, the circulation pump extracts the heat exchange medium from the temperature-controlled water jacket of the solid hydrogen storage unit, and returns the cooled heat exchange medium to the temperature-controlled water jacket through the radiator to form a circulation cooling. During the hydrogen discharge process, the circulation pump extracts the heat exchange medium from the heat exchange channel of the hydrogen fuel cell, and after being heated by the heat exchanger, it is sent to the temperature-controlled water jacket of the solid hydrogen storage unit to provide heat for the solid hydrogen storage material to release hydrogen, and then returns to the heat exchange channel of the fuel cell to form a circulation heating. The first waste heat utilization loop and the second waste heat utilization loop are connected to the hydrogen pipeline of the hydrogen fuel cell, and the third waste heat utilization loop is connected to the air pipeline of the hydrogen fuel cell. Temperature sensors are installed on the hydrogen pipeline and the air pipeline respectively to monitor the temperature of hydrogen and air before entering the fuel cell in real time. At the same time, temperature sensors are installed at the outlet of the waste heat utilization loop to monitor the temperature of the heated heat exchange medium. By controlling the speed of the circulation pump and the heat exchange efficiency of the heat exchanger, the waste heat can be reasonably distributed and utilized, and the energy utilization efficiency of the system can be improved.

[0058] It can be seen from the above technical solutions that the hydrogen charging and discharging system and method based on solid hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells provided by the embodiment of the present invention can accurately control the heat exchange medium flow and heat exchange parameters by adopting dynamic heat exchange optimization technology in the waste heat circuit. When charging hydrogen, the solid hydrogen storage material absorbs hydrogen and releases heat to preheat the hydrogen fuel cell and reduce external energy consumption; when discharging hydrogen, the waste heat of the fuel cell is fully utilized to heat the solid hydrogen storage material to achieve efficient recycling of energy. With the help of precise sensors and advanced controllers, combined with dynamic heat exchange optimization technology, accurate control of hydrogen flow, pressure and temperature during hydrogen charging and discharging is achieved. When charging hydrogen, the parameters are dynamically adjusted according to the hydrogen absorption rate to improve the hydrogen absorption efficiency; when discharging hydrogen, the hydrogen supply is optimized in real time according to the power demand of the fuel cell to ensure stability and efficiency. Dynamic heat exchange optimization technology enables the system to automatically adjust the waste heat recovery and hydrogen charging and discharging process according to different working conditions. Whether it is a change in power load or a fluctuation in hydrogen demand, the system can respond quickly and optimize operation. The optimized system architecture and component connection method improve the system integration and reduce the number of components and connection complexity. At the same time, perfect safety monitoring and protection mechanisms, such as real-time pressure monitoring, fast-response safety valves, etc., combined with the safe design of the waste heat utilization circuit, effectively reduce the risk of hydrogen leakage and the probability of safety accidents.

[0059] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and an explanation of the technical principles used. It is not intended to limit the scope of the invention claimed for protection, but only represents the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the scope of the invention involved in the present invention is not limited to the technical solution formed by a specific combination of the above-mentioned technical features, but should also cover other technical solutions formed by any combination of the above-mentioned technical features or their equivalent features without departing from the inventive concept. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without making creative work belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells, characterized in that: The system comprises: a solid-state hydrogen storage group (1), a hydrogen fuel cell group (2), a first waste heat utilization circuit, a second waste heat utilization circuit, a third waste heat utilization circuit, an air compressor (21), a high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle (6), hydrogen charging and discharging pipelines, a control module (39), and pipeline accessories; wherein: The solid-state hydrogen storage group (1) is connected to a heat dissipation circulation pipeline and a waste heat utilization circulation pipeline; the hydrogen fuel cell group (2) is connected to a waste heat recovery circulation pipeline and a hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline; wherein the waste heat utilization circulation pipeline and the waste heat recovery circulation pipeline form a first waste heat utilization loop, and the waste heat recovery circulation pipeline and the waste heat utilization circulation pipeline intersect at a first heat exchanger (3); The hydrogen charging and discharging pipeline comprises, in sequence, a high-pressure hydrogen storage bottle (6), a first valve (7), a pressure reducing valve (8), a first mass flow sensor (9), a first pressure sensor (10), a vacuum pump (11), and a first two-position three-way solenoid valve (12); the first two-position three-way solenoid valve (12) is simultaneously connected to the solid-state hydrogen storage group (1) and the second heat exchanger (5); the second heat exchanger (5) is then connected in sequence to a third temperature sensor (32), a second pressure sensor (31), a second mass flow sensor (30), a fifth solenoid valve (29), and a hydrogen fuel cell group (2); the air compressor (21) is connected in sequence to the third solenoid valve (22), an air filter (23), a third heat exchanger (38), a second temperature sensor (24), and then connected to the hydrogen fuel cell (2); The second heat exchanger (5) and the hydrogen fuel cell group (2) form a second waste heat utilization loop, and the third heat exchanger (38) and the hydrogen fuel cell group (2) form a third waste heat utilization loop; The control module (39) is used to control pipeline accessories.

2. The hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell according to claim 1 is characterized in that: A heat dissipation circulation pipeline connected to the solid-state hydrogen storage group (1) includes, starting from the solid-state hydrogen storage group, a first temperature sensor (15), a first circulation pump (16), a second two-position three-way solenoid valve (17), a second solenoid valve (18), a radiator (4) and a three-way reversing valve (19).

3. The hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell according to claim 2 is characterized in that: The second two-position three-way solenoid valve (17) is simultaneously and sequentially connected to the third solenoid valve (20), the first heat exchanger (3), and the three-way reversing valve (19); the three-way reversing valve (19) is provided with two inlets and one outlet, wherein the two inlets are respectively connected to the solid hydrogen storage group (1) and the first heat exchanger (3), and the outlet is connected to the radiator (4); the first temperature sensor (15), the first circulation pump (16), the second two-position three-way solenoid valve (17), the third solenoid valve (20), the first heat exchanger (3), and the three-way reversing valve (19) constitute a waste heat utilization circulation pipeline of the first waste heat utilization circuit.

4. The hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The waste heat recovery circulation pipeline of the first waste heat utilization loop starts from the hydrogen fuel cell stack (2) and is connected in sequence to the second four-way reversing valve (36), the first heat exchanger (3), the second temperature sensor (24), the expansion water tank (25), the first four-way reversing valve (26), the second circulation pump (27), and the fourth solenoid valve (28); the fourth solenoid valve (28) is then connected to the hydrogen fuel cell stack (2).

5. The hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The second four-way reversing valve (36) comprises an inlet from the hydrogen fuel cell stack (2) and three outlets; wherein the first outlet is connected to the first heat exchanger (3), the second outlet is connected in sequence to the fifth solenoid valve (35), the fourth temperature sensor (34), the third circulation pump (33) and the second heat exchanger (5), and the third outlet is connected to the third heat exchanger (38); the first four-way reversing valve (26) comprises an outlet flowing to the hydrogen fuel cell stack (2) and three inlets; wherein the first inlet is connected in sequence to the expansion water tank (25), the second temperature sensor (24) and the first heat exchanger (3); the second inlet is connected to the second heat exchanger (5), and the third inlet is connected to the third heat exchanger (38).

6. The hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The solid-state hydrogen storage group (1) is composed of a plurality of solid-state hydrogen storage bottles forming a hydrogen storage array. The hydrogen storage bottles are made of a metal material that is high-strength, high-pressure resistant and has good thermal conductivity. The interior of the bottle is filled with a high-performance solid-state hydrogen storage material.

7. The hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell according to claim 6 is characterized in that: The solid-state hydrogen storage bottle is provided with an air guide tube, which is arranged along the axial direction of the bottle body, and has evenly distributed tiny air vents on its wall to ensure that hydrogen can evenly contact the hydrogen storage material; the outer end of the air guide tube is connected to the hydrogen pipeline through a sealing connector, and the inner end is closed; the air vents are covered with a fine filter to prevent leakage of the hydrogen storage material; the air guide tube ensures that the hydrogen is evenly dispersed in the hydrogen storage material, thereby improving the reaction efficiency; The side wall of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle fits tightly against the temperature-adjusting water jacket. The water jacket is made of metal with excellent thermal conductivity and has a flow channel inside, which is connected to the waste heat utilization circuit for the circulation of heat exchange medium. The temperature-adjusting water jacket is connected to the waste heat utilization circuit through a pipeline to form a heat exchange channel. The temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle is controlled by circulating the heat exchange medium to meet the thermal management requirements during the hydrogen filling and discharging process.

8. The hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The hydrogen fuel cell group (2) is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell; the fuel cell is composed of a fuel cell stack, a hydrogen supply structure, an air supply structure and a water heat management structure; wherein, The fuel cell stack is a core component, which is composed of multiple single cells connected in series. The single cell includes an anode, a cathode and a proton exchange membrane. The hydrogen inlet is connected to the hydrogen discharge pipeline of the solid hydrogen storage group through a high-pressure pipeline. The joints with excellent sealing performance are used at the connection to ensure the safety of hydrogen transmission. The air inlet and outlet are respectively connected to the air filter and the fan to ensure the clean air supply required for the normal operation of the fuel cell. The fuel cell stack forms heat exchange interfaces with the first heat exchanger, the second heat exchanger and the third heat exchanger in the waste heat utilization circuit respectively, so that the heat exchange medium fully absorbs the waste heat of the fuel cell reaction, while accurately controlling the temperature of the fuel cell stack to maintain its stable performance.

9. The hydrogen charging and discharging system based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The temperature sensor is used to monitor the temperature change of the heat exchange medium in real time; The pressure sensor adopts a piezoresistive or capacitive pressure sensor, the measuring range is determined according to the system working pressure, and the measuring accuracy is between ±0.1% -±1%; The mass flow sensor is an electromagnetic flowmeter, a turbine flowmeter or an ultrasonic flowmeter, which generates a corresponding signal according to the flow rate and is used to monitor the flow change of the heat exchange medium in real time; And all sensors transmit signals to the control module (39) through shielded cables.

10. A method for charging and discharging hydrogen based on solid-state hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells, characterized in that: The method comprises a hydrogen charging step and a hydrogen releasing step; wherein, When charging hydrogen, the controller first starts the vacuum pump according to the preset hydrogen charging program to evacuate the hydrogen charging pipeline. When the pressure sensor detects that the pressure in the pipeline has reached the set vacuum degree, the vacuuming is stopped; then, the high-pressure hydrogen source valve is opened, and hydrogen enters the hydrogen charging pipeline; the controller monitors the hydrogen pressure and flow in real time through the pressure sensor and the mass flow controller, and dynamically adjusts the opening of the pressure reducing valve and the on-off time of the solenoid valve according to the hydrogen absorption characteristics of the solid hydrogen storage material and the pressure and temperature state in the hydrogen storage bottle to ensure that hydrogen enters the solid hydrogen storage bottle with stable pressure and flow; at the same time, the controller controls the operation of the radiator of the heat dissipation branch according to the temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle monitored by the temperature sensor, adjusts the heat dissipation power, dissipates the heat generated by the hydrogen storage material absorbing hydrogen in time, and maintains the temperature of the hydrogen storage bottle within a suitable range to ensure the hydrogen absorption efficiency; when the hydrogen charging amount reaches the preset value or an abnormal situation occurs, the controller immediately stops the hydrogen charging operation and sends out a corresponding alarm signal; When discharging hydrogen, the controller first starts the hydrogen fuel cell, then opens the hydrogen discharging solenoid valve of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle, and hydrogen enters the hydrogen fuel cell under the action of pressure difference; the controller monitors the hydrogen inlet pressure and required flow of the fuel cell in real time through the pressure sensor and the mass flow controller, and accurately controls the opening of the solenoid valve in the hydrogen discharging pipeline and the output pressure of the pressure reducing valve according to the power output requirements of the fuel cell, so as to ensure the stability and timeliness of the hydrogen supply; at the same time, the controller controls the operation of the circulation pump and the heater in the waste heat utilization loop according to the temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle and the operating temperature of the fuel cell monitored by the temperature sensor; when the temperature of the solid-state hydrogen storage bottle is low, the heater is started to provide the hydrogen storage material with the heat required for hydrogen discharging; when the temperature of the fuel cell is too high, the waste heat recovery amount is increased by adjusting the speed of the circulation pump and the working state of the heat exchanger, and the temperature of the fuel cell is reduced to ensure that the system operates within the optimal temperature range; when the fuel cell stops working or the hydrogen demand ends, the controller closes the hydrogen discharging solenoid valve and stops the hydrogen discharging operation.

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