Accurate angle of arrival estimation in linear antenna arrays

Abstract

Techniques for wireless positioning are disclosed. In one aspect, a wireless device: receives one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, the direction of the first arrow representing a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 376,198, filed on September 19, 2022, entitled “ACCURATE ANGLE-OF-ARRIVALESTIMATION IN LINEAR ANTENNA ARRAYS,” which has been assigned to the assignee of this application and is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Art 1. Technical Field

[0003] Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communications.

[0004] 2. Description of related technologies

[0005] Wireless communication systems have evolved over many generations, including first generation analog wireless telephone service (1G), second generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including transitional 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third generation (3G) high speed data, wireless service with Internet capabilities, and fourth generation (4G) services (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are many different types of wireless communication systems in use today, including cellular systems and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and the like.

[0006] The fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, known as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, a greater number of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, the 5G standard is designed to provide higher data rates, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), and other technical enhancements compared to previous standards. These enhancements, along with the use of higher frequency bands, advances in PRS processes and technologies, and high-density deployments of 5G enable high-precision positioning based on 5G. Summary of the invention

[0007] The following presents a simplified summary of the invention related to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, the following summary of the invention should neither be considered as an exhaustive overview related to all conceived aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements related to all conceived aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Therefore, the sole purpose of the following summary of the invention is to present certain concepts related to one or more aspects of the mechanisms disclosed herein in a brief form before the detailed embodiments presented below.

[0008] In one aspect, a method of wireless positioning performed by a wireless device includes: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, the direction of the first arrow representing a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0009] In one aspect, a method of wireless positioning performed by a wireless device includes: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; displaying one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0010] In one aspect, a method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device includes: displaying a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; displaying a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; displaying a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and displaying a notification on the user interface, the notification instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned on the target icon.

[0011] In one aspect, a method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device includes: displaying one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determining a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; displaying one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and determining a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0012] In one aspect, a wireless device includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors, the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being configured, individually or in combination, to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device via the one or more transceivers; display a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, the direction of the first arrow representing a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0013] In one aspect, a wireless device includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors, the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being configured, individually or in combination, to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device via the one or more transceivers; display one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0014] In one aspect, a wireless device includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors, the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being configured, individually or in combination, to: display a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; display a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating an orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; display a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and display a notification on the user interface instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned over the target icon.

[0015] In one aspect, a wireless device includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors, the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being configured, individually or in combination, to: display one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determine a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; display one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and determine a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0016] In one aspect, a wireless device includes: means for receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; means for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, the direction of the first arrow representing a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and means for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0017] In one aspect, a wireless device includes: a component for receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; a component for displaying one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; a component for determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and a component for displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0018] In one aspect, a wireless device includes: means for displaying a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; means for displaying a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; means for displaying a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and means for displaying a notification on the user interface, the notification instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned over the target icon.

[0019] In one aspect, a wireless device includes: a component for displaying one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; a component for determining a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; a component for displaying one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and a component for determining a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0020] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; display a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, the direction of the first arrow representing a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0021] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; display one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data indicating at least a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0022] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; display a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating an orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; display a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and display a notification on the user interface instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned over the target icon.

[0023] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determine a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; display one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and determine a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0024] Other objects and advantages associated with the various aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in describing various aspects of the present disclosure and are provided solely for illustration and not limitation of the various aspects.

[0026] Figure 1 An example wireless communication system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0027] Figure 2A and Figure 2B Example wireless network structures according to aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0028] Figure 3 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE) and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0029] Figure 4 is a graph representing example radio frequency (RF) channel estimates in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0030] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating aspects of angle of arrival (AoA) estimation using linear antennas in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating techniques for resolving AoA ambiguity in the absence of sensor data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0032] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating techniques for resolving AoA ambiguity through sensor data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0033] Figure 8is a diagram illustrating a technique for resolving AoA ambiguity in the azimuth plane according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0034] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating a technique for resolving AoA ambiguity in the elevation plane according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0035] Figures 10 to 13 Example methods of wireless positioning according to aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] Various aspects of the present disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings for various examples provided for illustrative purposes. Alternative aspects may be designed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, well-known elements of the present disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted to avoid making the relevant details of the present disclosure difficult to understand.

[0037] Aspects generally relate to angle of arrival (AoA) estimation. Some aspects more specifically relate to resolving AoA ambiguity. In some examples, to determine azimuth, the user device is configured to be in a horizontal plane and rotated to remove azimuth ambiguity. To determine elevation, the user device is configured to be in a vertical plane and rotated to remove elevation ambiguity.

[0038] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques can be used to remove AoA ambiguity by rotating a user device.

[0039] The words "exemplary" and / or "example" are used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" and / or "example" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term "aspects of the disclosure" does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage, or mode of operation.

[0040] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any of a variety of different techniques and methods may be used to represent the information and signals described below. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the following description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof, which depends in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, and so on.

[0041] In addition, many aspects are described in terms of a sequence of actions to be performed by, for example, an element of a computing device. It will be appreciated that the various actions described herein may be performed by a specific circuit (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of the two. In addition, the sequence of actions described herein may be considered to be fully embodied in any form of non-transient computer-readable storage medium, in which a corresponding computer-executable instruction set is stored, which, when executed, will cause or command the associated processor of the device to perform the functionality described herein. Therefore, various aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in a variety of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the various aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspect may be described herein as, for example, "logic configured to perform the described actions".

[0042] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the terms "user equipment" (UE) and "base station" are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any specific radio access technology (RAT). In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a consumer asset location device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, glasses, an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) head-mounted device, etc.), a vehicle (e.g., a car, a motorcycle, a bicycle, etc.), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. A UE may be mobile or may be stationary (e.g., at certain times) and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be interchangeably referred to as an "access terminal" or "AT", "client device", "wireless device", "subscriber device", "subscriber terminal", "subscriber station", "user terminal" or "UT", "mobile device", "mobile terminal", "mobile station" or variations thereof. In general, a UE may communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network, the UE may be connected to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for the UE to connect to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible, such as through a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) network (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.), etc.

[0043] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs to communicate with a UE, depending on the network in which the base station is deployed, and may alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a new radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be primarily used to support wireless access for UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide only edge node signaling functions, while in other systems, a base station may provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link by which a UE may transmit a signal to a base station is referred to as an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). The communication link by which a base station may transmit a signal to a UE is referred to as a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term "traffic channel (TCH)" may refer to an uplink / reverse traffic channel or a downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0044] The term "base station" may refer to a single physical transmit-receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be an antenna array of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming). Where the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRP may be a serving base station that receives measurement reports from a UE and an adjacent base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signal the UE is measuring. Because, as used herein, a TRP is a point by which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, references to transmitting from a base station or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of a base station.

[0045] In some implementations of supporting UE positioning, a base station may not support wireless access for a UE (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the UE), but may instead send a reference signal to be measured by the UE and / or may receive and measure a signal sent by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning tower (e.g., in the case of sending a signal to the UE) and / or as a position measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring a signal from the UE).

[0046] An "RF signal" includes an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transmits information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between a transmitter and a receiver may be referred to as a "multipath" RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a "wireless signal" or simply a "signal" where it is clear from the context that the term "signal" refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0047] Figure 1 An example wireless communication system 100 according to various aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled as "BS") and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network), or gNBs (where the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of the two, and the small cell base stations may include femto cells, pico cells, micro cells, etc.

[0048] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through a backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)) through the core network 170. The location server 172 may be part of the core network 170 or may be external to the core network 170. The location server 172 may be integrated with the base station 102. The UE 104 may communicate with the location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, the UE 104 may communicate with the location server 172 via the base station 102 currently serving the UE 104. The UE 104 may also communicate with the location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., the AP 150 described below), and the like. For signaling purposes, communication between UE 104 and location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with intermediate nodes (if any) omitted from the signaling diagram for clarity.

[0049] The base station 102 may also perform functions related to one or more of the following, among other functions: delivering user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through EPC / 5GC) over a backhaul link 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0050] Base station 102 may communicate wirelessly with UE 104. Each of base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells may be supported by base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A "cell" is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., via a frequency resource, which is referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) used to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types) that may provide access to different types of UEs. Since a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term "cell" may refer to either or both of a logical communication entity and a base station supporting the logical communication entity, depending on the context. In addition, since the TRP is generally the physical transmission point of the cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" may also refer to a geographic coverage area (e.g., a sector) of a base station, as long as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communications within a portion of the geographic coverage area 110.

[0051] Although the geographic coverage areas 110 of neighboring macrocell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with the larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC" for "small cell") may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage areas 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macrocell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home eNB (HeNB), which may provide services to a restricted group called a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0052] The communication link 120 between the base station 102 and the UE 104 may include uplink (also referred to as a reverse link) transmissions from the UE 104 to the base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as a forward link) transmissions from the base station 102 to the UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may be over one or more carrier frequencies. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink than to the uplink).

[0053] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a WLAN access point (AP) 150 that communicates with a wireless local area network (WLAN) station (STA) 152 in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz) via a communication link 154. When communicating in the unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or a listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communication to determine whether a channel is available.

[0054] The small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in the unlicensed spectrum, the small cell base station 102' can adopt LTE or NR technology and use the same 5GHz unlicensed spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102' adopting LTE / 5G in the unlicensed spectrum can improve the coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as NR-U. LTE in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) or MulteFire.

[0055] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies to communicate with UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a part of RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30GHz to 300GHz, with a wavelength between 1 mm and 10 mm. The radio waves in this band may be referred to as millimeter waves. Near mmW can be extended downward to a frequency of 3GHz, with a wavelength of 100 mm. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3GHz and 30GHz, which is also referred to as centimeter waves. Communications using mmW / near mmW radio frequency bands have high path losses and relatively short distances. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmitting and / or receiving) on ​​the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for extremely high path losses and short distances. In addition, it should be understood that in an alternative configuration, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near mmW and beamforming to transmit. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0056] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal to the receiving device. In order to change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that broadcast the RF signal. For example, a network node can use an array of antennas (called a "phased array" or "antenna array") that creates RF beams that can be "steered" to point in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to each antenna in the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas are added together in the desired direction to increase radiation, while canceling out in the undesired direction to suppress radiation.

[0057] The transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, which means that they appear to the receiver (e.g., UE) to have the same parameters, regardless of whether the network node's own transmit antenna is physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters about the second reference RF signal on the second beam can be derived based on information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type D, the receiver may use the source reference RF signal to estimate spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0058] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses receive beams to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver may increase the gain setting of the antenna array in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a particular direction to amplify the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Therefore, when a receiver is said to perform beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0059] The transmit beam and the receive beam may be spatially correlated. The spatial relationship means that parameters of a second beam (e.g., a transmit beam or a receive beam) for a second reference signal may be derived based on information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a specific receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., a synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE may then form a transmit beam for transmitting an uplink reference signal (e.g., a sounding reference signal (SRS)) to the base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0060] Note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming a downlink beam to send a reference signal to the UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam that receives a downlink reference signal. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, while if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0061] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc. based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz–7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz–52.6 GHz). It should be understood that, although portions of FR1 are greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar naming issue sometimes occurs with respect to FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz–300 GHz) identified as the “millimeter wave” band by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

[0062] Frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified the operating bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125GHz–24.25GHz). The bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus the features of FR1 and / or FR2 can be effectively extended to mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operations to more than 52.6GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6GHz–71GHz), FR4 (52.6GHz–114.25GHz), and FR5 (114.25GHz–300GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0063] In view of the above aspects, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term "below 6 GHz" or the like is used in this document, it can be broadly referred to as a frequency that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. In addition, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if the term "millimeter wave" or the like is used in this document, it can be broadly referred to as a frequency that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1 and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0064] In a multi-carrier system (such as 5G), one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the "primary carrier" or "anchor carrier" or "primary serving cell" or "PCell", and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers" or "secondary serving cells" or "SCells". In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is a carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by the UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection reestablishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured and used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, since the primary uplink carrier and the primary downlink carrier are usually UE-specific, those UE-specific signaling information and signals may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carrier. The network can change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier through which a base station communicates, the terms "cell", "serving cell", "component carrier", "carrier frequency", etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0065] For example, still refer to Figure 1, one of the frequencies used by macrocell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by macrocell base station 102 and / or mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCells"). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rate. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate obtained with a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0066] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a UE 164, which may communicate with the macrocell base station 102 via a communication link 120 and / or communicate with the mmW base station 180 via a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macrocell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0067] In some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 are capable of sidelink communication. A UE with sidelink capability (SL-UE) can communicate with base station 102 via communication link 120 using a Uu interface (i.e., an air interface between UE and base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) can also communicate directly with each other via a wireless sidelink 160 using a PC5 interface (i.e., an air interface between UEs with sidelink capability). A wireless sidelink (or just "sidelink") is an adaptation of a core cellular network (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without communicating through a base station. Sidelink communications can be unicast or multicast and can be used for device-to-device (D2D) media sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2X) communications (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communications, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communications, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more SL-UEs in a group of SL-UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be located within the geographic coverage area 110 of the base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of the base station 102, or may be unable to receive transmissions from the base station 102 for other reasons. In some cases, each group of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, where each SL-UE transmits to each other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, the base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for the sidelink communications. In other cases, the sidelink communications are performed between the SL-UEs without involving the base station 102.

[0068] In one aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate on a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points and other wireless communications between other RATs. A "medium" may include one or more time, frequency, and / or spatial communication resources associated with wireless communications between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs (e.g., covering one or more channels across one or more carriers). In one aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed band shared between various RATs. Although different licensed bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by government entities such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems (particularly those employing small cell access points) have recently expanded operations into unlicensed bands such as the unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technology (most notably the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technology commonly referred to as "Wi-Fi"). Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and the like.

[0069] It should be noted that although Figure 1 Only two of these UEs are illustrated as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), but any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. In addition, although only UE 182 is described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs (including UE 164) may be capable of beamforming. In the case where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beamform toward each other (i.e., toward other SL-UEs), toward other UEs (e.g., UE 104), toward base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cells 102', access point 150), etc. Therefore, in some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 may utilize beamforming via side link 160.

[0070] exist Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 1 , the UE illustrated (for simplicity, in Figure 1Any UE (shown as a single UE 104 in FIG. 1 ) can receive a signal 124 from one or more earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In one aspect, the SVs 112 can be part of a satellite positioning system that the UEs 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable a receiver (e.g., UE 104) to determine its position on or above the earth based at least in part on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such transmitters typically transmit a signal with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code marked with a set number of chips. Although typically located in the SVs 112, the transmitters can sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. The UEs 104 can include one or more dedicated receivers that are specifically designed to receive the signal 124 in order to derive geographic location information from the SVs 112.

[0071] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signal 124 may be enhanced by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, SBAS may include augmentation systems that provide integrity information, differential corrections, and the like, such as Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), Multifunction Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), Global Positioning System (GPS) Assisted Geographic Augmented Navigation, or GPS and Geographic Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN), and the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0072] In one aspect, SV 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a ground antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element in turn will provide access to other elements in the 5G network, and ultimately provide access to entities outside the 5G network (such as Internet web servers and other user devices). In this way, instead of or in addition to communication signals from ground base stations 102, UE 104 can receive communication signals (e.g., signal 124) from SV 112.

[0073] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “side links”). Figure 1 In the example of FIG. 1 , UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of base stations 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through the link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through the link). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can be supported by any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), wait.

[0074] Figure 2A An example wireless network structure 200 is illustrated. For example, the 5GC 210 (also referred to as the Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally viewed as a control plane (C-plane) function 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and a user plane (U-plane) function 212 (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.), which operate in conjunction to form a core network. The user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and the control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, and specifically to the user plane function 212 and the control plane function 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 can also be connected to the 5GC 210 via the NG-C 215 to the control plane function 214 and the NG-U 213 to the user plane function 212. In addition, the ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via the backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the next generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) the gNBs 222 or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0075] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230 that can communicate with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for the UE 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively can each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that can be connected to the location server 230 via the core network, the 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). In addition, the location server 230 can be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively can be external to the core network (e.g., a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or a service server).

[0076] Figure 2B Another example wireless network structure 240 is illustrated. 5GC 260 (which may correspond to Figure 2AThe 5GC 210 in the figure can be functionally considered as a control plane function provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and a user plane function provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate in conjunction to form a core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of AMF 264 include: registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, a transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of short message service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and a short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and UE 204, and receives an intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AUSF. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes security context management (SCM). The SCM receives keys from the SEAF, which are used by the SCM to derive access network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location service management for regulatory services, for the transmission of location service messages between the UE 204 and the Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), for the transmission of location service messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, for the allocation of Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer identifiers for interoperation with EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notifications. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionality for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0077] The functions of UPF 262 include: acting as an anchor point for intra-RAT / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point for interconnection to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, service steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), service usage reporting, user plane quality of service (QoS) handling (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in downlink), uplink service verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and transmitting and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 can also support the delivery of location service messages between UE 204 and a location server (such as SLP 272) on the user plane.

[0078] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, traffic steering configuration for routing traffic to the correct destination at UPF 262, partial control of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface through which SMF 266 communicates with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0079] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270 that can communicate with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for the UE 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively can each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204, which can be connected to the LMF 270 via the core network, the 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). SLP 272 can support similar functionality as LMF 270, but LMF 270 can communicate with AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UE 204 on the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to carry signaling messages rather than voice or data), and SLP 272 can communicate with UE 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party servers 274) on the user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0080] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274 that can communicate with LMF 270, SLP 272, 5GC 260 (e.g., via AMF 264 and / or UPF 262), NG-RAN 220, and / or UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., location estimate) of UE 204. Thus, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location service (LCS) client or an external client. The third-party server 274 may be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or may alternatively each correspond to a single server.

[0081] The user plane interface 263 and the control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and the AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between the gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the "N2" interface, and the interface between the gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the "N3" interface. The gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via a backhaul connection 223 referred to as an "Xn-C" interface. One or more of the gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 via a wireless interface referred to as a "Uu" interface.

[0082] The functionality of the gNB 222 is divided between a gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB Distributed Units (gNB-DU) 228, and one or more gNB Radio Units (gNB-RU) 229. The gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes base station functions other than those specifically assigned to the gNB-DU 228, including delivery of user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, etc. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 typically hosts the Radio Resource Control (RRC), Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. The gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that typically hosts the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the "F1" interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of the gNB 222 is typically hosted by one or more independent gNB-RUs 229, which perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between the gNB-DU 228 and the gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the "Fx" interface. Thus, the UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC layer, the SDAP layer, and the PDCP layer, communicates with the gNB-DU 228 via the RLC layer and the MAC layer, and communicates with the gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0083] Figure 3 Several example components (represented by corresponding boxes) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein) are illustrated. It should be understood that these components may be implemented in different types of devices with different specific implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system on a chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other devices in a communication system. For example, other devices in the system may include components similar to those described as providing similar functionality. In addition, a given device may include one or more of these components. For example, a device may include multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0084] The UE 302 includes one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 that provide means (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for suppressing transmitting, etc.) for communicating via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown) (such as NR networks, LTE networks, GSM networks, etc.). The one or more WWAN transceivers 310 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 to communicate with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc.) via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., certain time / frequency resource sets in a particular spectrum). The one or more WWAN transceivers 310 may be configured in various ways for transmitting and encoding signals 318 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to the designated RAT and conversely for receiving and decoding signals 318 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.). Specifically, the one or more WWAN transceivers 310 include one or more transmitters 314 for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and one or more receivers 312 for receiving and decoding signals 318 .

[0085] At least in some cases, UE 302 also includes one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320. One or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 can be connected to one or more antennas 326 and provide for communicating over the wireless communication medium of interest via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE-D, The one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 may be configured in various ways to send and encode signals 328 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to a specified RAT and conversely to receive and decode signals 328 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.). Specifically, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 include one or more transmitters 324 for sending and encoding signals 328 and one or more receivers 322 for receiving and decoding signals 328. As a specific example, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 may be a Wi-Fi transceiver, Transceiver, and / or transceiver, NFC transceiver, UWB transceiver or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceiver.

[0086] At least in some cases, the UE 302 also includes a satellite signal receiver 330. The satellite signal receiver 330 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and may provide components for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338. In the case where the satellite signal receiver 330 is a satellite positioning system receiver, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian regional navigation satellite system (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. In the case where the satellite signal receiver 330 is a non-terrestrial network (NTN) receiver, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receiver 330 may include any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338. The satellite signal receiver 330 may request appropriate information and operations from other systems, and, in at least some cases, perform calculations using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm to determine the location of the UE 302.

[0087] The transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. The transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes a transmitter circuit (e.g., transmitter 314, 324) and a receiver circuit (e.g., receiver 312, 322). In some implementations, the transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., implementing the transmitter circuit and the receiver circuit in a single device), may include a separate transmitter circuit and a separate receiver circuit in some implementations, or may be implemented in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuit and the receiver circuit of the wired transceiver may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. The wireless transmitter circuit (e.g., transmitter 314, 324) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326), such as antenna arrays, which allow the corresponding device (e.g., UE 302) to perform transmit "beamforming", as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuits (e.g., receivers 312, 322) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326), such as antenna arrays, which allow a corresponding device (e.g., UE 302) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In one aspect, transmitter circuits and receiver circuits may share the same multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326) so that a corresponding device may only receive or only transmit at a given time, rather than both receive and transmit at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320) may also include a network listening module (NLM) for performing various measurements, etc.

[0088] As used herein, various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320) and wired transceivers may be generally characterized as a "transceiver," "at least one transceiver," or "one or more transceivers." Thus, whether a particular transceiver is a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver may be inferred based on the type of communication being performed. For example, backhaul communications between network devices or servers will typically involve signaling via a wired transceiver, while wireless communications between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station will typically involve signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0089] UE 302 also includes other components that can be used in conjunction with the operations disclosed herein. UE 302 includes one or more processors 332, which are used to provide, for example, functionality related to wireless communication, and to provide other processing functionality. Thus, one or more processors 332 may provide components for processing, such as components for determining, components for calculating, components for receiving, components for sending, components for indicating, etc. In one aspect, one or more processors 332 may include, for example, one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuits, or various combinations thereof.

[0090] UE 302 306 includes memory circuitry implementing memory 340 (e.g., each including a memory device) for maintaining information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, etc.). Memory 340 may thus provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, UE 302 may include an angle of arrival (AoA) estimator 342. AoA estimator 342 may be a hardware circuit that is part of or coupled to one or more processors 332, which, when executed, causes UE 302 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, AoA estimator 342 may be external to processor 332 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, AoA estimator 342 may be a memory module stored in memory 340, which, when executed by one or more processors 332 (or modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), causes UE 302 to perform the functionality described herein. Figure 3 Possible locations for the AoA estimator 342 are illustrated, and the AoA estimator may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0091] UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to one or more processors 332 to provide a means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or satellite signal receivers 330. By way of example, sensor 344 may include one or more cameras, one or more accelerometers (e.g., microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices), gyroscopes, geomagnetic sensors (e.g., compasses), altimeters (e.g., barometric altimeters), and / or any other type of motion detection sensor. In addition, sensor 344 may include multiple different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information. For example, sensor 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and an orientation sensor to provide the ability to calculate positioning in a two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system.

[0092] The various components of UE 302 may be communicatively coupled to one another via data bus 334. In one aspect, data bus 334 may form or be part of a communication interface of UE 302.

[0093] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 that provides components for providing indications to the user (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) and / or for receiving user input (e.g., when the user actuates a sensing device (such as a keypad, touch screen, microphone, etc.)).

[0094] For convenience, UE 302 Figure 3 , is shown as including various components that can be configured according to the various examples described herein. However, it should be understood that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. Specifically, Figure 3 The various components in the UE 302 are optional in alternative configurations, and various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, cost, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, a particular implementation of the UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet or PC or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or Bluetooth capabilities but no cellular capabilities), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver 320 (e.g., only cellular, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit the sensor 344, etc. For the sake of brevity, illustrations of various alternative configurations are not provided herein, but will be readily understood by those skilled in the art.

[0095] Figure 3 The components of can be implemented in various ways. In some specific implementations, Figure 3The components may be implemented in one or more circuits, such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or be combined with at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide the functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by a processor and memory component of UE 302 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor component). For simplicity, various operations, actions, and / or functions are described herein as being performed "by the UE". However, as will be appreciated, such operations, actions, and / or functions may actually be performed by a specific component or combination of components of UE 302 (such as one or more processors 332, one or more transceivers 310 and 320, memory 340, AoA estimator 342, etc.).

[0096] Figure 4 400 is a graph representing an example channel estimate of a multipath channel between a receiver device (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations described herein) and a transmitter device (e.g., any other of the UEs or base stations described herein) according to aspects of the present disclosure. The channel estimate represents the strength of a radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., a PRS) received through a multipath channel as a function of time delay and may be referred to as a channel energy response, a channel impulse response, or a power delay profile of the channel. Thus, the horizontal axis is in units of time (e.g., milliseconds) and the vertical axis is in units of signal strength (e.g., decibels). It is noted that a multipath channel is a channel between a transmitter and a receiver over which an RF signal follows multiple paths or multipaths due to the transmission of the RF signal on multiple beams and / or due to propagation characteristics of the RF signal (e.g., reflection, refraction, etc.).

[0097] exist Figure 4 In the example of , the receiver detects / measures multiple (four) clusters of channel taps. Each channel tap represents the multipath that the RF signal follows between the transmitter and the receiver. That is, the channel taps represent the arrival of the RF signal on the multipath. Each cluster of channel taps indicates that the corresponding multipath follows substantially the same path. Different clusters may exist because the RF signal is transmitted on different transmit beams (and therefore at different angles), or because of the propagation characteristics of the RF signal (e.g., may follow different paths due to reflections), or both.

[0098] All clusters of channel taps for a given RF signal represent the multipath channel (or simply channel) between the transmitter and the receiver. Figure 4Under the illustrated channel, the receiver receives a first cluster of two RF signals on the channel taps at time T1, a second cluster of five RF signals on the channel taps at time T2, a third cluster of five RF signals on the channel taps at time T3, and a fourth cluster of four RF signals on the channel taps at time T4. Figure 4 In the example of , because the first cluster of RF signals at time T1 arrives first, it is assumed to correspond to RF signals transmitted on a transmit beam aligned with line of sight (LOS) or the shortest path. The third cluster at time T3 includes the strongest RF signals and may correspond to, for example, RF signals transmitted on a transmit beam aligned with a non-line of sight (NLOS) path. Note that although Figure 4 Clusters of two to five channel taps are illustrated, but it should be understood that a cluster may have more or less channel taps than the illustrated number of channel taps.

[0099] Wireless communication devices with multiple antennas (e.g., Wi-Fi, UWB, Bluetooth, 5G NR) allow the deployment of angular techniques to achieve higher accuracy positioning, which in turn enables many advanced location-based use cases such as asset tracking, targeted advertising, consumer behavior analysis, etc. The number of antennas and the placement of the antennas determine the difficulty of AoA estimation. For example, many wireless devices arrange their multiple antennas into linear antenna arrays. For devices with only two antennas (e.g., such as many smart phones, tablets, laptops, IoT devices, wearable devices, retail APs, etc.), the antennas must be arranged into linear arrays. For devices with more than two antennas, such as enterprise-level APs, these devices typically arrange their antennas in linear arrays for optimizing throughput. As shown below with reference Figure 5 As mentioned above, linear antenna arrays lead to ambiguity in AoA estimation. Another problem with AoA estimation is that many wireless devices place antennas on the same plane. Such antenna placement limits AoA estimation to only azimuth without elevation estimation.

[0100] Figure 5 5 is a diagram illustrating aspects of AoA estimation using linear antennas according to aspects of the present disclosure. The AoA estimation is based on the phase difference of RF signals received by two or more antennas at different reception times. Figure 5 As shown, wireless device 510 has a linear antenna array consisting of two antennas separated by a distance "d" from each other. Wireless device 510 may be Figure 3 , and the antenna array may correspond to one or more antennas 316 or one or more antennas 326.

[0101] exist Figure 5In the example of FIG. 5 , (top) antenna 520 receives an RF signal shortly before (bottom) antenna 524 receives an RF signal. Figure 4 , both antennas receive / measure the same cluster of channel taps, but Figure 5 The reception time of the channel tap at antenna 524 will be slightly later than the reception time of the channel tap at antenna 520.

[0102] Because the reception times of the RF signals at the two antennas are not the same, there is a difference in the phase of the RF signals received at the two antennas. That is, the phase of the RF signal when received at antenna 524 will be different from the phase of the RF signal when received at antenna 520. This phase difference can be used to estimate the AoA of the RF signal, denoted as "θ". However, the wireless device 510 cannot determine whether the RF signal arrived from the "right" or "left" of the antenna array axis (e.g., Figure 5 ), because there is the same inter-antenna phase difference for both the true angle and the mirror angle. Therefore, the wireless device 510 calculates two AoA estimates for each channel acquisition (e.g., Figure 4 ). Therefore, as shown in the figure, for a linear antenna array, the AoA estimate is essentially ambiguous. Linear antenna arrays are also not suitable for simultaneous azimuth and elevation calculations.

[0103] There is currently no solution for resolving AoA ambiguity in dual antenna systems. Therefore, the present disclosure provides techniques for accurately estimating AoA when using linear antenna arrays and / or antennas on the same plane without changing the antenna arrangement. More specifically, the AoA estimation algorithm continues to calculate two candidate angles for each channel capture, but the techniques of the present disclosure resolve the resulting AoA ambiguity at the application level. Specifically, a user-friendly application can guide the user to the correct angle. This is a suitable strategy for many practical scenarios, such as when a user wants to find a small personal item (such as a set of keys).

[0104] Figure 6 600 is a diagram illustrating a technique for resolving AoA ambiguity in the absence of sensor data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 6 In the example of FIG. 1 , an application executing on a mobile wireless device is being used to find a user's keys. The user's keys may be attached to a "smart" key fob, which may send an RF signal (using, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G NR, UWB, etc.) to the wireless device. The wireless device may have a linear antenna array of at least two antennas, similar to Figure 5 Based on the received RF signal, the wireless device may estimate two candidate AoAs of the RF signal, as described above with reference to Figure 5As discussed above, linear antenna placement limits AoA estimation to azimuth.

[0105] In the first stage, the application displays two candidate AoAs associated with the RF signal received from the key chain as two arrows pointing in possible directions of the key chain. The application may instruct the user, via the user interface of the wireless device, to rotate or move the wireless device until the two arrows are aligned (or merged into one). For example, the user interface of the wireless device may display a message or notification such as "Please move your phone around until the arrows are aligned."

[0106] In the second stage, the user has rotated or otherwise moved the wireless device, and the application updates the user interface to display two candidate directions for the updated AoA estimate. That is, the application updates the directions of the two arrows to point to the two candidate directions for the updated AoA estimate. Figure 6 In the example of , the correct direction is indicated by an arrow pointing to the left of the wireless device. However, the user has rotated the wireless device in the wrong direction (i.e., away from the vertical arrow and towards the horizontal arrow). Therefore, the two arrows are shown pointing away from each other.

[0107] In the third stage, the user again rotates or otherwise moves the wireless device, and the application updates the user interface to display two candidate directions for the updated AoA estimate. This time, the user has rotated (or moved) the wireless device toward the left arrow, which results in updating the directions of the two arrows so that they are aligned. Now, the wireless device is pointing in the direction of the key fob.

[0108] In each of the foregoing stages, the user interface displays an estimated distance or range between the wireless device and the key fob. The distance may be determined based on ranging operations between the wireless device and the key fob using, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G NR, UWB, etc., as is known in the art. Figure 6 As shown, in the first three stages, the distance between the wireless device and the key fob is 10 meters (m). However, in the fourth stage, once the user has moved with the wireless device in the indicated direction and the distance between the wireless device and the key fob reaches 0 m, the user interface may display an indication of where the key fob should be. For example, the user interface may display a message or notification such as “Your keys are here!”

[0109] Figure 7 700 is a diagram illustrating a technique for resolving AoA ambiguity through sensor data in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 7 In the example, as in Figure 6In the example of FIG. 1 , an application executing on a mobile wireless device is being used to find a user's keys. The user's keys may be attached to a "smart" key fob, which may send an RF signal (using, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G NR, UWB, etc.) to the wireless device. The wireless device may have a linear antenna array of at least two antennas, similar to Figure 5 Based on the received RF signal, the wireless device may estimate two candidate AoAs of the RF signal, as described above with reference to Figure 5 As discussed above, linear antenna placement limits AoA estimation to azimuth.

[0110] With this technique, the application uses sensor data to remove the ambiguity of two AoA candidates. The sensor data may come from one or more cameras (e.g., one or more front-facing and / or rear-facing cameras), an onboard compass (which may indicate how much the wireless device has rotated (i.e., the amount of rotation of the wireless device)), an accelerometer (which may indicate whether the wireless device has rotated), etc.

[0111] In the first stage, the application has calculated two AoA candidates. However, because the user has not moved the wireless device yet, the application suppresses displaying the arrow on the user interface. The user interface instead displays a message (notification) instructing the user to rotate or move the wireless device. For example, the user interface of the wireless device may display a message (notification) such as "Please move your phone around." Note that instead of suppressing display of the arrow, the user interface may instead display two arrows, such as in Figure 6 in the first phase.

[0112] In the second phase, based on the user moving the wireless device, the application collects sensor data to compare the wireless device's previous candidate angle (from the first phase) with the newly estimated candidate angle (at the second phase). Using the sensor data (indicating the wireless device's rotation direction), the application can resolve the ambiguity of the two candidate AoA estimates. For example, assuming Figure 6 For the same angle estimate shown, if the user rotates the wireless device to the right, the new angle estimate points in the opposite direction (e.g. Figure 6 However, knowing from the sensor data that the wireless device is rotating to the right, resulting in a greater divergence in the angle estimate, the application can determine that the left-pointing angle estimate is the correct AoA estimate. Therefore, the user interface displays a single arrow pointing in that direction, such as Figure 7 shown.

[0113] In the third stage, the user rotates or otherwise moves the wireless device to point in the direction of the arrow. In each of the first three stages, the user interface displays an estimated distance or range between the wireless device and the key fob. As described above, the distance may be determined based on ranging operations between the wireless device and the key fob using, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G NR, UWB, etc., as known in the art. Figure 7 As shown, in the first three stages, the distance between the wireless device and the key fob is 10 m. However, in the fourth stage, once the user has moved with the wireless device in the indicated direction and the distance between the wireless device and the key fob reaches 0 m, the user interface may display an indication of where the key fob should be. For example, the user interface may display a message (notification) such as “Your keys are here!”

[0114] Note that although Figure 6 and Figure 7 The range between the wireless device and the key fob is illustrated at each stage, but this is not required. Instead, depending on how the techniques of the present disclosure are implemented, the range may only be displayed when the arrows are aligned ( Figure 6 ), when the first arrow is displayed ( Figure 7 ), displayed when the wireless device is pointed at the key fob, or even not displayed at all.

[0115] exist Figure 6 and Figure 7 In both, each time an RF signal is received from the key fob, the application may recalculate the AoA estimate and update the user interface to display the updated arrow. Depending on the frequency of receiving the RF signal, this may allow the user interface to be updated continuously (i.e., so frequently that it appears continuous to the user), updated whenever motion is detected (e.g., by one or more onboard accelerometers), updated periodically, etc.

[0116] In one aspect, the application may run locally on the wireless device or remotely, such as on a network server.

[0117] A third technique described herein enables simultaneous azimuth and elevation calculations utilizing sensor data. In this technique, an application displays a three-dimensional (3D) sphere (or hemisphere or other such 3D shape) with a pin that moves based on the wireless device's gyroscope and / or accelerometer. Rotation of the wireless device in the azimuth or elevation plane causes the pin to move on the sphere. An icon representing the target location of the pin is displayed on the sphere, and the application instructs the user to move a dot to the icon (i.e., the target location). When the pin is placed at the target location, the wireless device is oriented in the azimuth or elevation plane. For example, as Figure 8 As shown, when the pin is at the target location at the top of the sphere, the wireless device is oriented in the azimuth plane. Fig. 9 As shown, when the pin is at the target location in the center / middle of the sphere, the wireless device is oriented in the elevation plane. Once the pin is at the target location, the application can run the first technique (without sensor data) or the second technique (with sensor data) to make an angle estimate.

[0118] Figure 8 8 is a diagram illustrating a technique for resolving AoA ambiguity in the azimuth plane in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 8 In the example, as in Figure 6 and Figure 7 In the example of FIG. 1 , an application executing on a mobile wireless device is being used to find a user's keys. The user's keys may be attached to a "smart" key fob, which may send an RF signal (using, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G NR, UWB, etc.) to the wireless device. The wireless device may have a linear antenna array of at least two antennas, similar to Figure 5 A wireless device 510 in FIG.

[0119] In the first stage, the user interface of the wireless device displays a sphere, a pin (illustrated as a triangle) indicating the current orientation of the wireless device in the azimuth plane, and a target location for the pin (identified by an icon in the shape of a circle). The user is instructed to move the pin to the icon (target location) by a message (notification) such as "Please place the pin on the circle". In the second stage, the user has moved the pin as instructed. Note that the target location (circle) has not moved.

[0120] The application now executes the above references respectively Figure 6 and Figure 7 The first technique or the second technique described. Figure 8 In the example of , the application performs the second technique ( Figure 7 ).therefore, Figure 8 The third and fourth stages correspond to Figure 7 For simplicity, other stages are not illustrated.

[0121] Fig. 9 900 is a diagram illustrating a technique for resolving AoA ambiguity in the elevation plane in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Fig. 9 In the example, as in Figures 6 to 8 In the example of FIG. 1 , an application executing on a mobile wireless device is being used to find a user's keys. The user's keys may be attached to a "smart" key fob, which may send an RF signal (using, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G NR, UWB, etc.) to the wireless device. The wireless device may have a linear antenna array of at least two antennas, similar to Figure 5 A wireless device 510 in FIG.

[0122] In the first stage, the user interface of the wireless device displays a sphere, a pin (illustrated as a triangle) indicating the current orientation of the wireless device in the elevation plane, and a target location for the pin (illustrated as a circle). The user is instructed to move the pin to the target location by a message (notification) such as "Please place the pin on the circle". In the second stage, the user has moved the pin as instructed. Note that the target location (circle) has not moved.

[0123] The application now executes the above references respectively Figure 6 and Figure 7 The first or second technique described. Note that although Figure 6 and Figure 7 The azimuth angle is calculated in the example of , but as will be appreciated, the same process can be used to estimate the elevation angle. Fig. 9 In the example of , the application performs the second technique ( Figure 7 ).therefore, Fig. 9 The third and fourth stages correspond to Figure 7 For simplicity, other stages are not illustrated.

[0124] Relative to Figure 8 and Fig. 9 , the application may first perform an azimuth alignment to determine the azimuth, and then perform an elevation alignment to determine the elevation. Or the application may first perform an elevation alignment and then perform an azimuth alignment. Once the azimuth and elevation are determined, the application may display a combined directional arrow or separate arrows for the azimuth and elevation.

[0125] Note that although Figures 6 to 9 The mobile wireless device is exemplified as a smartphone, but it will be understood that it can be any type of mobile wireless device with a user interface, such as a tablet computer, a "smart" watch, etc. Similarly, although Figure 6 and Figure 7 The examples describe the transmitting entity as a smart key fob, but the key fob can be any type of transmitter device (e.g., other “smart” devices, IoT devices, beacon transmitters, base stations, etc.) from which the wireless device can receive RF signals.

[0126] The fourth technique described herein enables both azimuth and elevation calculations without sensor data. In this technique, for azimuth calculations, the application displays a message (notification) instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to the floor (e.g., in the case where the wireless device is a smart phone, the back of the phone should face the floor). Once the wireless device is correctly oriented, the user initiates the azimuth calculation within the application ( Figure 6, as there is no sensor data available in this technique). For example, when the wireless device is correctly positioned, there may be a button on the user interface of the wireless device for the user to tap.

[0127] During the azimuth calculation, the application reminds (e.g., displays a reminder) the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the floor. Once the azimuth has been calculated (using the above reference Figure 6 For the elevation calculation, the application instructs the user to hold the wireless device perpendicular to the floor (e.g., in the case where the wireless device is a smart phone, the bottom of the phone should face the floor). Once the wireless device is correctly oriented, the user initiates the elevation calculation within the application ( Figure 6 , since no sensor data is available in this technique).

[0128] During the elevation calculation, the application reminds (e.g., displays a reminder) the user to keep the phone perpendicular to the floor. Once the elevation has been calculated (using the reference above Figure 6 ), an application can display a combined directional arrow or separate arrows for azimuth and elevation.

[0129] Fig.10 An example method 1000 of wireless positioning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In an aspect, the method 1000 may be performed by a wireless device (eg, any of the wireless devices described herein).

[0130] At 1010, the wireless device receives one or more RF signals from a transmitter device (e.g., a "smart" key fob), such as Figure 6 In one aspect, operation 1010 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing the operation.

[0131] At 1020, the wireless device displays a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate, as shown in FIG. Figure 6 In one aspect, operation 1020 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing the operation.

[0132] At 1030, the wireless device displays one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow, as in Figure 6 In one aspect, operation 1030 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing the operation.

[0133] Fig.11 An example method 1100 of wireless positioning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In an aspect, the method 1100 may be performed by a wireless device (eg, any of the wireless devices described herein).

[0134] At 1110, the wireless device receives one or more RF signals from a transmitter device (e.g., a "smart" key fob), such as Figure 6 In one aspect, operation 1110 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing the operation.

[0135] At 1120, the wireless device displays one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device, such as in Figure 7 In one aspect, operation 1120 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing the operation.

[0136] At 1130, the wireless device determines an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data indicating at least a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device, as in Figure 7 In one aspect, operation 1130 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing the operation.

[0137] At 1140, the wireless device displays an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of one or more RF signals, such as Figure 7 In one aspect, operation 1140 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing the operation.

[0138] Fig.12 An example method 1200 of wireless positioning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In an aspect, the method 1200 may be performed by a wireless device (eg, any of the wireless devices described herein).

[0139] At 1210, the wireless device displays a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device, such as in Figure 8 and Fig. 9 In one aspect, operation 1210 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing the operation.

[0140] At 1220, the wireless device displays a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane or the elevation plane, such as in Figure 8 and Fig. 9 In one aspect, operation 1220 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing the operation.

[0141] At 1230, the wireless device displays a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the location of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target location of a pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane, as in Figure 8 and Fig. 9 In one aspect, operation 1230 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered as means for performing the operation.

[0142] At 1240, the wireless device displays a notification on the user interface instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned over the target icon, such as in Figure 8and Fig. 9 In one aspect, operation 1240 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing the operation.

[0143] Fig.13 An example method 1300 of wireless positioning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. In an aspect, the method 1300 may be performed by a wireless device (eg, any of the wireless devices described herein).

[0144] At 1310, the wireless device displays one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane. In an aspect, operation 1310 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing the operation.

[0145] At 1320, the wireless device determines a first AoA in the azimuth plane of one or more first RF signals received from the transmitter device, as shown in FIG. Figure 6 In one aspect, operation 1320 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing the operation.

[0146] At 1330, the wireless device displays one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane. In an aspect, operation 1330 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing the operation.

[0147] At 1340, the wireless device determines a second AoA in the elevation plane of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device, as shown in FIG. Figure 6 In one aspect, operation 1340 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more processors 332, memory 340, and / or AoA estimator 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing the operation.

[0148] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of methods 1000 to 1300 is improved AoA estimation for wireless devices with linear antenna arrays. More specifically, methods 1000 to 1300 reduce or even eliminate the AoA ambiguity problem and provide 3D AoA estimation instead of 2D AoA estimation.

[0149] In the above specific embodiments, it can be seen that different features are grouped together in each example. This disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than the features explicitly mentioned in each clause. On the contrary, various aspects of the present disclosure may include less than all the features of the disclosed individual example clauses. Therefore, the following clauses should be considered to be incorporated into the description accordingly, wherein each clause itself can be used as a separate example. Although each subordinate clause may refer to a specific combination of one clause with other clauses in a clause, the aspects of the subordinate clause are not limited to a specific combination. It should be understood that other example clauses may also include a combination of the subject matter of the subordinate clause aspect with any other subordinate clause or independent clause or any feature with other subordinate clauses and independent clauses. Various aspects disclosed herein explicitly include these combinations, unless it is clearly expressed or can be easily inferred that a specific combination is not intended to be used (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). In addition, it is also expected that various aspects of the clause may be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0150] Specific implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0151] Clause 1. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, wherein the direction of the first arrow represents a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow represents a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, wherein the one or more notifications instruct a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0152] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, further comprising: determining the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate in response to reception of each of the one or more RF signals; and updating the direction of the first arrow and the direction of the second arrow in response to each determination of the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate.

[0153] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0154] Clause 4. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 3, further comprising: displaying an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0155] Clause 5. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0156] Clause 6. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 5, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0157] Clause 7. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; displaying one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0158] Clause 8. The method of Clause 7, wherein the one or more sensors include a compass, one or more accelerometers, or any combination thereof.

[0159] Clause 9. The method of any one of clauses 7 to 8, wherein: the one or more sensors include a compass, and the sensor data further indicates an amount of the rotation of the wireless device.

[0160] Clause 10. A method according to any one of clauses 7 to 9, the method further comprising: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface until the AoA of the one or more RF signals is determined and the arrows are displayed, the direction of the first arrow representing the first AoA estimate and the direction of the second arrow representing the second AoA estimate.

[0161] Clause 11. The method of any one of clauses 7 to 10, further comprising: displaying an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0162] Clause 12. The method of any one of clauses 7 to 11, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0163] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 7 to 12, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0164] Clause 14. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: displaying a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; displaying a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; displaying a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and displaying a notification on the user interface, the notification instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned on the target icon.

[0165] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, wherein: the target position of the pin is at a top of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin at the top of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0166] Clause 16. The method of clause 14, wherein: the target position of the pin is in the middle of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin in the middle of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane.

[0167] Clause 17. A method according to any one of clauses 14 to 16, wherein: the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicates the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane, and the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicates the target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0168] Clause 18. The method of clause 17, further comprising: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; and determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane.

[0169] Clause 19. A method according to clause 18, wherein determining the AoA includes: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0170] Clause 20. A method according to clause 18, wherein determining the AoA includes: displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determining the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by the movement of the wireless device; and displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0171] Clause 21. A method according to any one of clauses 17 to 20, the method further comprising: displaying a second pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the elevation plane; displaying a second target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a second target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane; and displaying a second notification on the user interface, the second notification instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the second pin is positioned on the second target icon.

[0172] Clause 22. The method of clause 21, further comprising: receiving one or more RF signals from a transmitter device; and determining an AoA of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane.

[0173] Clause 23. A method according to clause 22, wherein determining the AoA includes: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0174] Clause 24. A method according to clause 22, wherein determining the AoA includes: displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determining the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by the movement of the wireless device; and displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow indicating the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0175] Clause 25. The method of any one of clauses 14 to 24, wherein the three-dimensional shape is a sphere or a hemisphere.

[0176] Clause 26. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: displaying one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to keep the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determining a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; displaying one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to keep the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and determining a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0177] Clause 27. A method according to Clause 26, wherein: the one or more first notifications include at least one first reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane, and the one or more second notifications include at least one second reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane.

[0178] Clause 28. The method of any of clauses 26 to 27, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0179] Clause 29. The method of any one of clauses 26 to 28, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined based on reception of the one or more first RF signals and the one or more second RF signals, respectively, by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0180] Clause 30. A method according to any one of clauses 26 to 29, wherein determining the first AoA comprises: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0181] Clause 31. A method according to any one of clauses 26 to 30, wherein determining the second AoA includes: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0182] Item 32. A wireless device, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device via the at least one transceiver; display a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, the direction of the first arrow representing a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0183] Clause 33. A wireless device according to clause 32, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: determine the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate in response to reception of each of the one or more RF signals; and update the direction of the first arrow and the direction of the second arrow in response to each determination of the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate.

[0184] Clause 34. The wireless device of clause 33, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0185] Clause 35. The wireless device of any of clauses 32 to 34, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: display an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0186] Clause 36. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 32 to 35, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0187] Clause 37. A wireless device as set forth in any one of clauses 32 to 36, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0188] Item 38. A wireless device, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device via the at least one transceiver; display one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0189] Clause 39. The wireless device of clause 38, wherein the one or more sensors include a compass, one or more accelerometers, or any combination thereof.

[0190] Clause 40. The wireless device of any of clauses 38 to 39, wherein: the one or more sensors include a compass, and the sensor data further indicates an amount of the rotation of the wireless device.

[0191] Clause 41. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 38 to 40, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface until the AoA of the one or more RF signals is determined and the arrows are displayed, the direction of the first arrow representing the first AoA estimate and the direction of the second arrow representing the second AoA estimate.

[0192] Clause 42. The wireless device of any of clauses 38 to 41, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: display an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0193] Clause 43. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 38 to 42, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0194] Clause 44. A wireless device as set forth in any one of clauses 38 to 43, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0195] Clause 45. A wireless device, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: display a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; display a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating an orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; display a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and display a notification on the user interface, the notification instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned on the target icon.

[0196] Clause 46. A wireless device according to clause 45, wherein: the target position of the pin is at the top of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin at the top of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0197] Clause 47. A wireless device according to clause 45, wherein: the target position of the pin is in the middle of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin in the middle of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane.

[0198] Clause 48. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 45 to 47, wherein: the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicates the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane, and the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicates the target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0199] Clause 49. A wireless device according to clause 48, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device via the at least one transceiver; and determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane.

[0200] Clause 50. A wireless device according to clause 49, wherein the at least one processor configured to determine the AoA includes the at least one processor configured to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0201] Clause 51. A wireless device according to clause 49, wherein the at least one processor configured to determine the AoA includes the at least one processor configured to: display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determine the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow indicating the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0202] Clause 52. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 48 to 51, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: display a second pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the elevation plane; display a second target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a second target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane; and display a second notification on the user interface, the second notification instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the second pin is positioned on the second target icon.

[0203] Clause 53. A wireless device as described in clause 52, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive one or more RF signals from a transmitter device via the at least one transceiver; and determine an AoA of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane.

[0204] Clause 54. A wireless device according to clause 53, wherein the at least one processor configured to determine the AoA includes the at least one processor configured to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0205] Clause 55. A wireless device according to clause 53, wherein the at least one processor configured to determine the AoA includes the at least one processor configured to: display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determine the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow indicating the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0206] Clause 56. A wireless device as recited in any one of Clauses 45 to 55, wherein the three-dimensional shape is a sphere or a hemisphere.

[0207] Item 57. A wireless device, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor being configured to: display one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determine a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; display one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and determine a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0208] Clause 58. A wireless device according to Clause 57, wherein: the one or more first notifications include at least one first reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane, and the one or more second notifications include at least one second reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane.

[0209] Clause 59. The wireless device of any of clauses 57-58, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0210] Clause 60. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 57 to 59, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined based on reception of the one or more first RF signals and the one or more second RF signals, respectively, by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0211] Clause 61. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 57 to 60, wherein the at least one processor configured to determine the first AoA includes the at least one processor configured to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0212] Clause 62. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 57 to 61, wherein the at least one processor configured to determine the second AoA includes the at least one processor configured to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0213] Clause 63. A wireless device, comprising: a component for receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, wherein the direction of the first arrow represents a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow represents a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, wherein the one or more notifications instruct a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0214] Clause 64. A wireless device according to clause 63, the wireless device also including: a component for determining the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate in response to reception of each of the one or more RF signals; and a component for updating the direction of the first arrow and the direction of the second arrow in response to each determination of the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate.

[0215] Clause 65. The wireless device of clause 64, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0216] Clause 66. The wireless device of any of clauses 63 to 65, further comprising means for displaying an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0217] Clause 67. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 63 to 66, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0218] Clause 68. A wireless device as set forth in any one of clauses 63 to 67, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0219] Clause 69. A wireless device, comprising: a component for receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; a component for displaying one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; a component for determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and a component for displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0220] Clause 70. The wireless device of Clause 69, wherein the one or more sensors include a compass, one or more accelerometers, or any combination thereof.

[0221] Clause 71. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 69 to 70, wherein: the one or more sensors include a compass, and the sensor data further indicates an amount of the rotation of the wireless device.

[0222] Clause 72. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 69 to 71, wherein the wireless device also includes: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface until the AoA of the one or more RF signals is determined and the arrows are displayed, the direction of the first arrow representing the first AoA estimate and the direction of the second arrow representing the second AoA estimate.

[0223] Clause 73. The wireless device of any of clauses 69 to 72, further comprising means for displaying an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0224] Clause 74. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 69 to 73, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0225] Clause 75. The wireless device of any of clauses 69 to 74, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0226] Clause 76. A wireless device, comprising: a component for displaying a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; a component for displaying a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; a component for displaying a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and a component for displaying a notification on the user interface, the notification instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned on the target icon.

[0227] Clause 77. A wireless device according to clause 76, wherein: the target position of the pin is at the top of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin at the top of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0228] Clause 78. A wireless device according to clause 76, wherein: the target position of the pin is in the middle of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin in the middle of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane.

[0229] Clause 79. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 76 to 78, wherein: the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicates the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane, and the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicates the target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0230] Clause 80. A wireless device according to clause 79, the wireless device further comprising: a component for receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; and a component for determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane.

[0231] Clause 81. A wireless device according to clause 80, wherein the component for determining the AoA includes: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0232] Clause 82. A wireless device according to clause 80, wherein the component for determining the AoA includes: a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; a component for determining the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and a component for displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow indicating the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0233] Clause 83. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 79 to 82, wherein the wireless device further includes: a component for displaying a second pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the elevation plane; a component for displaying a second target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a second target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane; and a component for displaying a second notification on the user interface, the second notification instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the second pin is positioned on the second target icon.

[0234] Clause 84. The wireless device of clause 83, further comprising: means for receiving one or more RF signals from a transmitter device; and means for determining an AoA of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane.

[0235] Clause 85. A wireless device according to clause 84, wherein the component for determining the AoA includes: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0236] Clause 86. A wireless device according to clause 84, wherein the component for determining the AoA includes: a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; a component for determining the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and a component for displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow indicating the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0237] Clause 87. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 76 to 86, wherein the three-dimensional shape is a sphere or a hemisphere.

[0238] Item 88. A wireless device, comprising: a component for displaying one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; a component for determining a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; a component for displaying one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and a component for determining a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0239] Clause 89. A wireless device according to clause 88, wherein: the one or more first notifications include at least one first reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane, and the one or more second notifications include at least one second reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane.

[0240] Clause 90. The wireless device of any of clauses 88 to 89, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0241] Clause 91. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 88 to 90, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined based on reception of the one or more first RF signals and the one or more second RF signals, respectively, by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0242] Clause 92. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 88 to 91, wherein the component for determining the first AoA includes: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0243] Clause 93. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 88 to 92, wherein the component for determining the AoA includes: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0244] Item 94. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; display a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, wherein the direction of the first arrow represents a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals and the direction of the second arrow represents a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, wherein the one or more notifications instruct a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0245] Clause 95. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 94, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: determine the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate in response to reception of each of the one or more RF signals; and update the direction of the first arrow and the direction of the second arrow in response to each determination of the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate.

[0246] Clause 96. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of Clause 95, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0247] Clause 97. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 94 to 96, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium also includes computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display an indication of the distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0248] Clause 98. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in any of clauses 94 to 97, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0249] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 94 to 98, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0250] Item 100. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; display one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0251] Clause 101. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of Clause 100, wherein the one or more sensors include a compass, one or more accelerometers, or any combination thereof.

[0252] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 100 to 101, wherein: the one or more sensors include a compass, and the sensor data further indicates an amount of the rotation of the wireless device.

[0253] Clause 103. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 100 to 102, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium also includes computer-executable instructions, which when executed by the wireless device cause the wireless device to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface until the AoA of the one or more RF signals is determined and the arrows are displayed, wherein the direction of the first arrow represents the first AoA estimate and the direction of the second arrow represents the second AoA estimate.

[0254] Clause 104. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 100 to 103, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium also includes computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display an indication of the distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0255] Clause 105. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 100 to 104, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0256] Clause 106. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 100 to 105, wherein the first AoA estimate and the second AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0257] Clause 107. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; display a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; display a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and display a notification on the user interface instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned over the target icon.

[0258] Clause 108. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in clause 107, wherein: the target position of the pin is at the top of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin at the top of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0259] Clause 109. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in clause 107, wherein: the target position of the pin is in the middle of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin in the middle of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane.

[0260] Clause 110. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in any one of clauses 107 to 109, wherein: the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicates the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane, and the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicates the target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0261] Clause 111. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 110, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium also includes computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; and determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane.

[0262] Clause 112. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 111, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0263] Clause 113. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 111, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determine the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0264] Clause 114. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 110 to 113, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a second pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the elevation plane; display a second target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a second target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane; and display a second notification on the user interface, the second notification instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the second pin is positioned on the second target icon.

[0265] Clause 115. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 114, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more RF signals from a transmitter device; and determine an AoA of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane.

[0266] Clause 116. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 115, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to perform the following: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0267] Clause 117. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 115, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determine the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a second AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0268] Clause 118. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 107 to 117, wherein the three-dimensional shape is a sphere or a hemisphere.

[0269] Item 119. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determine a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; display one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and determine a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0270] Clause 120. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 119, wherein: the one or more first notifications include at least one first reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane, and the one or more second notifications include at least one second reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane.

[0271] Clause 121. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 119 to 120, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0272] Clause 122. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in any of clauses 119 to 121, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined based on reception of the one or more first RF signals and the one or more second RF signals, respectively, by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0273] Clause 123. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 119 to 122, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0274] Clause 124. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 119 to 123, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the second AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a second AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0275] Additional specific implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0276] Item 1. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, wherein the direction of the first arrow represents a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow represents a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0277] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, further comprising: determining the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate in response to reception of each of the one or more RF signals; and updating the direction of the first arrow and the direction of the second arrow in response to each determination of the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate.

[0278] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirrored AoA estimate are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0279] Clause 4. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 3, further comprising: displaying an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0280] Clause 5. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0281] Clause 6. The method of any one of clauses 1 to 5, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0282] Clause 7. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; displaying one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0283] Clause 8. The method of clause 7, wherein the one or more sensors include a compass, one or more accelerometers, a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor, or any combination thereof.

[0284] Clause 9. The method of any one of clauses 7 to 8, wherein: the one or more sensors include a compass, and the sensor data further indicates an amount of the rotation of the wireless device.

[0285] Clause 10. A method according to any one of clauses 7 to 9, the method further comprising: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface until the AoA of the one or more RF signals is determined and the arrows are displayed, the direction of the first arrow representing the first AoA estimate and the direction of the second arrow representing the mirror AoA estimate.

[0286] Clause 11. The method of any one of clauses 7 to 10, further comprising: displaying an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0287] Clause 12. The method of any one of clauses 7 to 11, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0288] Clause 13. The method of any one of clauses 7 to 12, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0289] Clause 14. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: displaying a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; displaying a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; displaying a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and displaying a notification on the user interface, the notification instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned on the target icon.

[0290] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, wherein: the target position of the pin is at a top of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin at the top of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0291] Clause 16. The method of clause 14, wherein: the target position of the pin is in the middle of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin in the middle of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane.

[0292] Clause 17. A method according to any one of clauses 14 to 15, wherein: the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicates the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane, and the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicates the target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0293] Clause 18. The method of clause 17, further comprising: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; and determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane.

[0294] Clause 19. A method according to clause 18, wherein determining the AoA includes: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0295] Clause 20. A method according to any one of clauses 18 to 19, wherein determining the AoA comprises: displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determining the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by the movement of the wireless device; and displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0296] Clause 21. A method according to any one of clauses 17 to 20, the method further comprising: displaying a second pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the elevation plane; displaying a second target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a second target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane; and displaying a second notification on the user interface, the second notification instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the second pin is positioned on the second target icon.

[0297] Clause 22. The method of clause 21, further comprising: receiving one or more RF signals from a transmitter device; and determining an AoA of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane.

[0298] Clause 23. A method according to clause 22, wherein determining the AoA includes: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0299] Clause 24. A method according to any one of clauses 22 to 23, wherein determining the AoA comprises: displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determining the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by the movement of the wireless device; and displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow indicating the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0300] Item 25. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: displaying one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to keep the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determining a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; displaying one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to keep the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and determining a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0301] Clause 26. A method according to Clause 25, wherein: the one or more first notifications include at least one first reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane, and the one or more second notifications include at least one second reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane.

[0302] Clause 27. The method of any of clauses 25 to 26, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0303] Clause 28. A method according to any one of clauses 25 to 27, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined based on reception of the one or more first RF signals and the one or more second RF signals, respectively, by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0304] Clause 29. A method according to any one of clauses 25 to 28, wherein determining the first AoA comprises: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane in the azimuth plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0305] Clause 30. A method according to any one of clauses 25 to 29, wherein determining the second AoA comprises: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane in the elevation plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0306] Item 31. A wireless device, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors, the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being configured, individually or in combination, to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device via the one or more transceivers; display a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, the direction of the first arrow representing a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0307] Clause 32. A wireless device according to clause 31, wherein the one or more processors are further configured, individually or in combination, to: determine the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate in response to reception of each of the one or more RF signals; and update the direction of the first arrow and the direction of the second arrow in response to each determination of the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate.

[0308] Clause 33. The wireless device of clause 32, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirrored AoA estimate are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0309] Clause 34. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 31 to 33, wherein the one or more processors, alone or in combination, are further configured to: display an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0310] Clause 35. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 31 to 34, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0311] Clause 36. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 31 to 35, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0312] Item 37. A wireless device, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors, the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being configured, individually or in combination, to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device via the one or more transceivers; display one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0313] Clause 38. The wireless device of clause 37, wherein the one or more sensors include a compass, one or more accelerometers, a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor, or any combination thereof.

[0314] Clause 39. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 37 to 38, wherein: the one or more sensors include a compass, and the sensor data further indicates an amount of the rotation of the wireless device.

[0315] Clause 40. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 37 to 39, wherein the one or more processors are further configured, individually or in combination, to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface until the AoA of the one or more RF signals is determined and the arrows are displayed, the direction of the first arrow representing the first AoA estimate and the direction of the second arrow representing the mirror AoA estimate.

[0316] Clause 41. The wireless device of any of clauses 37 to 40, wherein the one or more processors, alone or in combination, are further configured to: display an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0317] Clause 42. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 37 to 41, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0318] Clause 43. The wireless device of any of clauses 37 to 42, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0319] Clause 44. A wireless device, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors, the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being configured individually or in combination to: display a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; display a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; display a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and display a notification on the user interface, the notification instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned on the target icon.

[0320] Clause 45. A wireless device according to clause 44, wherein: the target position of the pin is at the top of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin at the top of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0321] Clause 46. A wireless device according to clause 44, wherein: the target position of the pin is in the middle of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin in the middle of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane.

[0322] Clause 47. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 44 to 45, wherein: the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicates the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane, and the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicates the target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0323] Clause 48. A wireless device according to clause 47, wherein the one or more processors are further configured, individually or in combination, to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device via the one or more transceivers; and determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane.

[0324] Clause 49. A wireless device according to clause 48, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine the AoA include the one or more processors configured, individually or in combination, to perform the following: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0325] Clause 50. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 48 to 49, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine the AoA include the one or more processors configured, individually or in combination, to: display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determine the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0326] Clause 51. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 47 to 50, wherein the one or more processors are further configured, individually or in combination, to: display a second pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the elevation plane; display a second target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a second target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane; and display a second notification on the user interface, the second notification instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the second pin is positioned on the second target icon.

[0327] Clause 52. A wireless device according to clause 51, wherein the one or more processors are further configured, individually or in combination, to: receive one or more RF signals from a transmitter device via the one or more transceivers; and determine the AoA of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane.

[0328] Clause 53. A wireless device according to clause 52, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine the AoA include the one or more processors configured, individually or in combination, to perform the following: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0329] Clause 54. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 52 to 53, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine the AoA include the one or more processors configured, individually or in combination, to: display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determine the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow indicating the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0330] Item 55. A wireless device, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors, the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being configured, individually or in combination, to: display one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determine a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; display one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and determine a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0331] Clause 56. A wireless device according to Clause 55, wherein: the one or more first notifications include at least one first reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane, and the one or more second notifications include at least one second reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane.

[0332] Clause 57. The wireless device of any of clauses 55 to 56, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0333] Clause 58. A wireless device according to any of clauses 55 to 57, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined based on reception of the one or more first RF signals and the one or more second RF signals, respectively, by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0334] Clause 59. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 55 to 58, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine the first AoA include the one or more processors configured, individually or in combination, to perform the following: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane in the azimuth plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0335] Clause 60. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 55 to 59, wherein the one or more processors configured to determine the second AoA include the one or more processors configured, individually or in combination, to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane in the elevation plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0336] Item 61. A wireless device, comprising: a component for receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, wherein the direction of the first arrow represents a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow represents a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, wherein the one or more notifications instruct a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0337] Clause 62. A wireless device according to clause 61, the wireless device also including: a component for determining the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate in response to reception of each of the one or more RF signals; and a component for updating the direction of the first arrow and the direction of the second arrow in response to each determination of the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate.

[0338] Clause 63. The wireless device of clause 62, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirrored AoA estimate are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0339] Clause 64. The wireless device of any of clauses 61 to 63, further comprising means for displaying an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0340] Clause 65. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 61 to 64, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0341] Clause 66. The wireless device of any of clauses 61 to 65, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0342] Clause 67. A wireless device, comprising: a component for receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; a component for displaying one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; a component for determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and a component for displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0343] Clause 68. The wireless device of clause 67, wherein the one or more sensors include a compass, one or more accelerometers, a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor, or any combination thereof.

[0344] Clause 69. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 67 to 68, wherein: the one or more sensors include a compass, and the sensor data further indicates an amount of the rotation of the wireless device.

[0345] Clause 70. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 67 to 69, the wireless device further comprising: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface until the AoA of the one or more RF signals is determined and the arrows are displayed, the direction of the first arrow representing the first AoA estimate and the direction of the second arrow representing the mirror AoA estimate.

[0346] Clause 71. The wireless device of any of clauses 67 to 70, further comprising means for displaying an indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0347] Clause 72. A wireless device as described in any of clauses 67 to 71, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0348] Clause 73. The wireless device of any of clauses 67 to 72, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0349] Clause 74. A wireless device, comprising: a component for displaying a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; a component for displaying a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; a component for displaying a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and a component for displaying a notification on the user interface, the notification instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned on the target icon.

[0350] Clause 75. A wireless device according to clause 74, wherein: the target position of the pin is at the top of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin at the top of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0351] Clause 76. A wireless device according to clause 74, wherein: the target position of the pin is in the middle of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin in the middle of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane.

[0352] Clause 77. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 74 to 75, wherein: the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicates the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane, and the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicates the target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0353] Clause 78. A wireless device according to clause 77, the wireless device also including: a component for receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; and a component for determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane.

[0354] Clause 79. A wireless device according to clause 78, wherein the component for determining the AoA includes: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0355] Clause 80. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 78 to 79, wherein the component for determining the AoA includes: a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; a component for determining the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and a component for displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow indicating the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0356] Clause 81. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 77 to 80, wherein the wireless device further includes: a component for displaying a second pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the elevation plane; a component for displaying a second target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a second target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane; and a component for displaying a second notification on the user interface, the second notification instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the second pin is positioned on the second target icon.

[0357] Clause 82. The wireless device of clause 81, further comprising: means for receiving one or more RF signals from a transmitter device; and means for determining an AoA of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane.

[0358] Clause 83. A wireless device according to clause 82, wherein the component for determining the AoA includes: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0359] Clause 84. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 82 to 83, wherein the component for determining the AoA includes: a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; a component for determining the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and a component for displaying an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow indicating the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0360] Item 85. A wireless device, comprising: a component for displaying one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; a component for determining a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; a component for displaying one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and a component for determining a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0361] Clause 86. A wireless device according to clause 85, wherein: the one or more first notifications include at least one first reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane, and the one or more second notifications include at least one second reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane.

[0362] Clause 87. The wireless device of any of clauses 85 to 86, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0363] Clause 88. A wireless device according to any of clauses 85 to 87, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined based on reception of the one or more first RF signals and the one or more second RF signals, respectively, by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0364] Clause 89. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 85 to 88, wherein the component for determining the first AoA includes: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane in the azimuth plane; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0365] Clause 90. A wireless device according to any one of clauses 85 to 89, wherein the component for determining the second AoA includes: a component for displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane in the elevation plane; and a component for displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0366] Item 91. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; display a first arrow and a second arrow on a user interface of the wireless device, wherein the direction of the first arrow represents a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals and the direction of the second arrow represents a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, wherein the one or more notifications instruct a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0367] Clause 92. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 91, further comprising computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: determine the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate in response to reception of each of the one or more RF signals; and update the direction of the first arrow and the direction of the second arrow in response to each determination of the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate.

[0368] Clause 93. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of Clause 92, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirrored AoA estimate are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0369] Clause 94. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 91 to 93, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium also includes computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display an indication of the distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0370] Clause 95. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in any of clauses 91 to 94, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0371] Clause 96. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 91 to 95, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0372] Item 97. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; display one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0373] Clause 98. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of Clause 97, wherein the one or more sensors include a compass, one or more accelerometers, a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor, or any combination thereof.

[0374] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 97 to 98, wherein: the one or more sensors include a compass, and the sensor data further indicates an amount of the rotation of the wireless device.

[0375] Clause 100. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 97 to 99, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium also includes computer-executable instructions, which when executed by the wireless device cause the wireless device to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface until the AoA of the one or more RF signals is determined and the arrows are displayed, wherein the direction of the first arrow represents the first AoA estimate and the direction of the second arrow represents the mirror AoA estimate.

[0376] Clause 101. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 97 to 100, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display an indication of the distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device.

[0377] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 97 to 101, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0378] Clause 103. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 97 to 102, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

[0379] Item 104. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; display a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; display a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; and display a notification on the user interface instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned over the target icon.

[0380] Clause 105. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in clause 104, wherein: the target position of the pin is at the top of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin at the top of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0381] Clause 106. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in clause 104, wherein: the target position of the pin is in the middle of the three-dimensional shape, and the target position of the pin in the middle of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane.

[0382] Clause 107. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in any one of clauses 104 to 105, wherein: the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicates the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane, and the position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicates the target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the azimuth plane.

[0383] Clause 108. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 107, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; and determine an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane.

[0384] Clause 109. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 108, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0385] Clause 110. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 108 to 109, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determine the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0386] Clause 111. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 107 to 110, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a second pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the elevation plane; display a second target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the second target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicating a second target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device will be aligned with the elevation plane; and display a second notification on the user interface, the second notification instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the second pin is positioned on the second target icon.

[0387] Clause 112. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 111, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: receive one or more RF signals from a transmitter device; and determine an AoA of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane.

[0388] Clause 113. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 112, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to perform the following: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane; and displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0389] Clause 114. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 112 to 113, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determine the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data at least indicating a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; and display an arrow on the user interface, the direction of the arrow representing the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

[0390] Item 115. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determine a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; display one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to an elevation plane; and determine a second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane.

[0391] Clause 116. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to clause 115, wherein: the one or more first notifications include at least one first reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane, and the one or more second notifications include at least one second reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane.

[0392] Clause 117. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of clauses 115 to 116, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

[0393] Clause 118. A non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in any of clauses 115 to 117, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined based on reception of the one or more first RF signals and the one or more second RF signals, respectively, by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

[0394] Clause 119. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 115 to 118, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the first AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane in the azimuth plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0395] Clause 120. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of clauses 115 to 119, wherein the computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to determine the second AoA include computer executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless device, cause the wireless device to: display a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirrored AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane in the elevation plane; and display one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

[0396] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0397] In addition, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits and algorithmic steps described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software or a combination of the two. In order to clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various exemplary components, frames, modules, circuits and steps have been generally described in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints proposed to the entire system. Those skilled in the art can implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0398] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in an alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, a combination of one or more microprocessors and a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0399] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein may be directly embodied in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. The software module may reside in a random access memory (RAM), a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), a register, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to a processor so that the processor can read information from the storage medium and write information to the storage medium. In an alternative, the storage medium may be integral with the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In an alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside in a user terminal as discrete components.

[0400] In one or more example aspects, the function can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the function can be stored on a computer-readable medium or sent by a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or codes. Computer-readable media include both computer storage media and communication media, including any medium that facilitates the transfer of computer programs from one place to another. Storage media can be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage devices, disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program codes in the form of instructions or data structures and can be accessed by a computer. Moreover, any connection is appropriately referred to as a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is sent from a website, a server or other remote source using a coaxial cable, an optical fiber cable, a twisted pair, a digital subscriber line (DSL) or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio and microwaves, then coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, twisted pair, DSL or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio and microwaves are included in the definition of the medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc, where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0401] Although the foregoing disclosure illustrates the exemplary aspects of the present disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims according to the various aspects of the present disclosure described herein do not need to be performed in any particular order. In addition, any component, function, action or instruction described or claimed herein should not be interpreted as critical or necessary unless explicitly described as such. In addition, as used herein, the terms "set", "group" and the like are intended to include one or more of the elements. In addition, as used herein, the terms "having", "including", "comprising" and the like do not exclude the presence of one or more additional elements (for example, an element "having" A may also have B). In addition, the phrase "based on" is intended to mean "based at least in part on", unless otherwise explicitly stated. Moreover, as used herein, the term "or" is intended to be open when used in a series, and can be used interchangeably with "and / or", unless otherwise explicitly stated (for example, if used in combination with "either" or "only one"), or these alternatives are mutually exclusive (for example, "one or more" should not be interpreted as "one and more"). Furthermore, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural form is contemplated unless expressly stated to be limited to the singular. Thus, as used herein, the articles "a," "an," "the," and "said" are intended to include one or more of the described elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms "at least one" and "one or more" include "one" component, function, action, or instruction that performs or is capable of performing the functionality described or claimed, and also include "two or more" components, functions, actions, or instructions that perform or are capable of performing the functionality described or claimed in combination.

Claims

1. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; displaying, on a user interface of the wireless device, a first arrow and a second arrow, the direction of the first arrow representing a first angle of arrival (AoA) estimate of the one or more RF signals, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate; and One or more notifications are displayed on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: determining the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate in response to receipt of each of the one or more RF signals; as well as The direction of the first arrow and the direction of the second arrow are updated in response to each determination of the first AoA estimate and the mirrored AoA estimate.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirrored AoA estimate are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: An indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device is displayed.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first AoA estimate and the image AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

7. A method for wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; displaying one or more notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device; determining an angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirror AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals corresponding to the one or more RF signals based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data indicating at least a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; as well as An arrow is displayed on the user interface, wherein a direction of the arrow indicates the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the one or more sensors include a compass, one or more accelerometers, a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor, or any combination thereof.

9. The method according to claim 7, wherein: The one or more sensors include a compass, and The sensor data also indicates an amount of the rotation of the wireless device.

10. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: A first arrow and a second arrow are displayed on the user interface until the AoA of the one or more RF signals is determined and the arrows are displayed, the direction of the first arrow representing the first AoA estimate and the direction of the second arrow representing the mirror AoA estimate.

11. The method according to claim 7, further comprising: An indication of a distance between the wireless device and the transmitter device is displayed.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein the first AoA estimate and the image AoA estimate are based on reception of the one or more RF signals by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

13. The method of claim 7, wherein the first AoA estimate and the mirror AoA estimate are azimuth only.

14. A method of wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: displaying a three-dimensional shape on a user interface of the wireless device; displaying a pin on the three-dimensional shape, the position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicating an orientation of the wireless device relative to an azimuth plane or an elevation plane; displaying a target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the target icon having a position on the three-dimensional shape indicating a target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device is to be aligned with the azimuth plane or the elevation plane; as well as A notification is displayed on the user interface, the notification instructing a user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the pin is positioned over the target icon.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein: The target position of the pin is at the top of the three-dimensional shape, and The target position of the pin at the top of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device is to be aligned with the azimuth plane.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein: The target position of the pin is in the middle of the three-dimensional shape, and The target position of the pin in the middle of the three-dimensional shape indicates that the orientation of the wireless device is to be aligned with the elevation plane.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein: The position of the pin on the three-dimensional shape indicates the orientation of the wireless device relative to the azimuth plane, and The position of the target icon on the three-dimensional shape indicates the target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device is to be aligned with the azimuth plane.

18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising: receiving one or more radio frequency (RF) signals from a transmitter device; as well as An angle of arrival (AoA) of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane is determined.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein determining the AoA comprises: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane; and One or more notifications are displayed on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein determining the AoA comprises: displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determining an AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirrored AoA estimate corresponding to the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data indicating at least a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; as well as An arrow is displayed on the user interface, wherein a direction of the arrow indicates the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

21. The method according to claim 17, further comprising: displaying a second pin on the three-dimensional shape, the second pin's position on the three-dimensional shape indicating the orientation of the wireless device relative to the elevation plane; displaying a second target icon on the three-dimensional shape, the second target icon having a position on the three-dimensional shape indicating a second target position of the pin at which the orientation of the wireless device is to be aligned with the elevation plane; as well as A second notification is displayed on the user interface, the second notification instructing the user of the wireless device to move the wireless device until the second pin is positioned over the second target icon.

22. The method according to claim 21, further comprising: receiving one or more RF signals from a transmitter device; as well as An AoA of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane is determined.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein determining the AoA comprises: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane; and One or more notifications are displayed on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein determining the AoA comprises: displaying one or more notifications on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device; determining the AoA of the one or more RF signals as a first AoA estimate or a mirrored AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals corresponding to the elevation plane based on sensor data from one or more sensors of the wireless device, the sensor data indicating at least a rotation direction of the wireless device caused by movement of the wireless device; as well as An arrow is displayed on the user interface, wherein a direction of the arrow indicates the AoA of the one or more RF signals.

25. A method of wireless positioning performed by a wireless device, the method comprising: displaying one or more first notifications on a user interface of the wireless device, the one or more first notifications instructing a user of the wireless device to hold the wireless device parallel to an azimuth plane; determining a first angle of arrival (AoA) of one or more first radio frequency (RF) signals received from a transmitter device in the azimuth plane; displaying one or more second notifications on the user interface, the one or more second notifications instructing the user to hold the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane; as well as A second AoA of one or more second RF signals received from the transmitter device in the elevation plane is determined.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein: The one or more first notifications include at least one first reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the azimuth plane, The one or more second notifications include at least one second reminder to the user to keep the wireless device parallel to the elevation plane.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined without using sensor data from the wireless device.

28. The method of claim 25, wherein the first AoA and the second AoA are determined based on reception of the one or more first RF signals and the one or more second RF signals, respectively, by a linear antenna array of the wireless device.

29. The method of claim 25, wherein determining the first AoA comprises: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the azimuth plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the azimuth plane in the azimuth plane; and One or more notifications are displayed on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

30. The method of claim 25, wherein determining the second AoA comprises: displaying a first arrow and a second arrow on the user interface, the direction of the first arrow representing a first AoA estimate of the one or more RF signals in the elevation plane, and the direction of the second arrow representing a mirror AoA estimate of the first AoA estimate in the elevation plane in the elevation plane; and One or more notifications are displayed on the user interface, the one or more notifications instructing the user to move the wireless device until the direction of the first arrow is aligned with the direction of the second arrow.

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