Method for producing wall warmer, heated wallpaper and heated ink mixture, and inkjet printer with heated ink

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a wall warmer, in which a printed image of a heating surface (3) on a heated wallpaper (2) is determined, the heated wallpaper (2) is adhered to a wall (1) and the heated wallpaper (2) is connected to an electrical voltage, in which the printed image is fed to a control device of an inkjet printer which actuates at least one print head, at least one container connected to at least one printing head in a heat-ink-conducting manner is filled with heat ink (4), and the heat ink (4) is printed onto the heated wallpaper (2) along the heating surface (3).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a method for producing a wallpaper heater by measuring a surface to be heated, determining a printed image of the heated surface on the wallpaper from the measured dimensions, gluing the wallpaper to the heated surface, and connecting the wallpaper to a voltage. The invention also relates to a heating ink mixture according to the preamble of claim 13, a heating wallpaper according to the preamble of claim 18, and an inkjet printer according to the preamble of claim 21. Background Art

[0002] Room heating, in particular residential heating, is becoming an increasingly expensive matter. In addition, raw materials such as heating oil or gas are required to generate heat, the resources of which are depleted over time, so that their acquisition becomes increasingly problematic and also increasingly expensive.

[0003] In principle, the situation is improved by means of electric heaters, since the electricity can also be generated by means of regenerative energy generation methods, such as wind power, hydropower or photovoltaics.

[0004] Electric wall heaters or floor heaters are known in the prior art. For example, they are known from DE 10 2008 002 826 A1. There, a floor heater with an electrically heat-conducting layer is disclosed. The heat-conducting layer comprises printed conductors. The layers are applied successively to the floor, one after the other. The method is relatively complex and is not really suitable for heating the walls of living rooms. Summary of the invention

[0005] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a wall heater which can be used cost-effectively and flexibly.

[0006] It is also an object of the present invention to provide a heated ink mixture which is suitable for use in the above-mentioned method.

[0007] It is also an object of the invention to provide a heating wallpaper which can be produced cost-effectively.

[0008] A fourth object of the present invention is to provide an inkjet printer, with which the above method can be carried out. The inkjet printer operates here with the method of bubble jet printing and also UV curing.

[0009] The method according to the invention is used to produce a wall heater. The term wall heater is to be understood here in a very general sense. In particular, this may also involve ceiling heaters or floor heaters, as well as surfaces, such as the interior of a vehicle. In particular, a wall or ceiling may have openings, such as windows, doors, etc., which may be curved, straight, horizontal and vertical, interrupted or continuous.

[0010] In a preferred embodiment, the wall to be heated is measured, that is to say the height and width of the wall on which the wall heater is mounted. However, in addition, the size and position of cutouts such as doors and windows in the wall are also measured. However, the method is also suitable for printing and producing standardized wallpapers that have not been measured beforehand. The wallpaper is cut on site for the wall.

[0011] The dimensions are measured and the printed image of the heating surface on the heating wallpaper is determined from the measured dimensions. The heating wallpaper is printed and glued to the wall. The term heating wallpaper is also to be interpreted broadly here. Wallpaper is primarily understood to be a carrier layer which can be present in strip form. However, the wallpaper can also have outer dimensions which already correspond to the outer dimensions of the wall, so that after cutting out doors, windows and other openings, the wallpaper can be glued to the wall in one piece. The heating surface is printed onto the wallpaper in the form of strips or any other organization, and the heating wallpaper is produced. The printed image to be applied to the heating wallpaper is measured in advance according to the dimensions of the wall to be heated.

[0012] The heating wallpaper is connected to a voltage, preferably to a low voltage, preferably 12 V or 24 V. The voltage can also be extended from 5 V to 48 V. For this purpose, the heating surface has electrical terminals, which preferably protrude or extend from the wallpaper at the end of the bottom side of the wallpaper. The electrical terminals can be covered by a skirting extending along the wall on the bottom side. The terminals can also be covered by any surface or can be in the area of ​​any surface.

[0013] According to the present invention, the print image is fed to a control device of an inkjet printer. The control device controls at least one print head. The print head is connected to a container in an ink-conducting manner, and the container is filled with heated ink. The heated ink is printed onto the heated wallpaper along the heated surface by means of the inkjet printer.

[0014] Inkjet printers allow a very uniform application of the heating layer, ie a layer thickness that remains constant over the entire printed area.

[0015] By means of an inkjet printer, the heating surface can be printed with an ink layer whose thickness remains constant over its extension, wherein the deviation of the thickness of the heating layer is at most 3% to 7% of the average layer thickness of the corresponding heating surface. Here, the layer thickness itself is in the micrometer range.

[0016] It has been shown that screen printing methods produce more uneven layer thicknesses than inkjet printing methods. The layer thickness of the heating layer plays an important role, since during operation the applied heating ink has an electric current flowing through it via the voltage terminals and in the process generates heat for space heating. The thicker the heating layer, the higher the temperature generated at a certain point when the same voltage is applied, so that in the case of uneven application of the heating ink, on the one hand, the temperature distribution along the wall can be very different, and on the other hand, even in the case of too thick a layer application, burning spots can occur in the heating wallpaper.

[0017] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, another container is filled with another heating ink, the other heating ink is connected to another print head in an ink-conducting manner, and the conductor tracks are printed along the edge of the heating surface with the other heating ink.

[0018] Another heating ink can be constituted identically with the heating ink. So also it is conceivable that another print head and the print head overlap, and another container and the container overlap.

[0019] In principle, it is also possible to print with different inks, preferably heated inks, in sequence by means of a print head. Preferably, first print with heated ink and then with another heated ink by means of the same print head, or vice versa.

[0020] The conductor tracks extending along the edge of the heating surface can also be printed with another heating ink containing carbon. The other heating ink can be different from the heating ink used to print the heating surface itself. However, the other heating ink and the heating ink can also be made identically. Preferably, the conductor tracks are printed with the other heating ink by means of another print head, while the heating surface itself is printed with the heating ink.

[0021] Preferably, the heating ink is printed on the heating surface beforehand or subsequently by means of a print head, but more advantageously also on printed or still to be printed conductor tracks. This results in a thicker coating of heating ink along the conductor tracks than along the heating surface, and the conductor tracks are better conductors for electrical current due to the thicker coating.

[0022] It is preferably provided that the conductor tracks are adhesively bonded to the heating wallpaper by applying an adhesive layer to the heating wallpaper and applying the carbon-containing conductor layer to the adhesive layer.

[0023] In another method, it is provided that the conductor tracks are bonded and preferably subsequently a heating ink is printed.

[0024] Advantageously, the carbonaceous powder is sprinkled onto the adhesive layer and excess carbonaceous powder is blown off or sucked away.

[0025] In this embodiment, the conductor tracks are not printed but are produced separately by a bonding process and optionally a dispensing process: After the conductor tracks have been applied, the intermediate product can be placed in an inkjet printer and the heating surfaces can be printed with heating ink.

[0026] Preferably, electrical terminals for supplying voltage are provided on the conductor tracks. The electrical terminals can be pressed into the conductor tracks during the printing process. However, the electrical terminals can also be bonded to the conductor tracks by means of a conductive connection or the like.

[0027] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the reservoir of the print head is filled with nanotetrapods. Preferably, the third reservoir is connected to the preferably third print head in a nanotetrapod-conducting manner. The nanotetrapod layer is printed onto the heating surface by means of the third print head. It is also conceivable to first print the nanotetrapod layer onto the heating surface and subsequently print the heating ink onto the nanotetrapod layer. This improves the adhesion of the heating ink to the wallpaper.

[0028] The nanotetrapods can be designed as zinc oxide nanotetrapods or carbon-containing nanotetrapods. Zinc oxide nanotetrapods improve the adhesion of the subsequently applied heating ink layer to the wallpaper, while carbon-containing nanotetrapods additionally increase the conductivity of the heating layer.

[0029] In a preferred embodiment, the heating wallpaper is printed with heating ink over the entire surface, so that the wall is completely covered with the heating ink. Shielding wallpaper is produced from the completely printed heating wallpaper.

[0030] If all walls and ceilings, and possibly even floors, are glued with wallpaper, then full-surface printing of the heating wallpaper allows the formation of a Faraday cage. Preferably, the thickness of the full-surface, shielding heating layer is a few micrometers, preferably 5 μm to 100 μm, and can be extended to 3 mm depending on the application. The transitions between the individual wallpaper strips can be closed with a back strip. The same applies to transitions to components such as windows, doors and other surfaces. In tests, the following values ​​can be determined: Shielding value.

[0031]

[0032] This corresponds to a pass-through rate of 0.02% to 0.01% according to the conversion table of attenuation from dB to percentage. Thus, 99.98% of electromagnetic radiation is shielded by the heating wallpaper printed with heating ink on the entire surface, which completely covers the room at the walls and ceiling. It has been proven that the introduction of metal tissue into the floor covering, preferably inserted with a spatula, can achieve a further improved shielding of up to 80 dB.

[0033] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, conductor tracks are printed onto the heating wallpaper from the power terminals to connection locations in the heating wallpaper for the electrical device.

[0034] Other functions can also be integrated into the wallpaper using the printing method. Connections can be integrated when printing the wall layout. It is thus possible to integrate temperature sensors, USB connections, connections for room thermostats, lighting and other applications using printing technology.

[0035] For example, a temperature sensor is printed from a mixture that establishes different resistances through changes in temperature. The value then determines the corresponding temperature. In the recipe, the carbon share of the heating ink mixture is replaced by a semiconductor such as oligoacene or phthalocyanine, and the recipe for the sensor is prepared. After printing out the recipe for the sensor, the reference surface is measured. That is, it is determined which resistance is generated at which temperature. The design of the printed sensor is then specified. The printed sensor can be overprinted with an insulating part and the heating ink can be printed on it. During operation, the sensor detects the temperature of the heating ink. The temperature measurement is carried out via the resistance measurement of the sensor. The sensor is integrated into a temperature control device, which displays the temperature digitally.

[0036] The crossed conductor tracks can be printed with insulation between them. This prevents short circuits in the cable routing. To this end, the carbon and conductivity improvers are removed from the described formulation and replaced with aluminum oxide.

[0037] By adding magnetic components, it is also possible to integrate magnetic properties into the wallpaper. Sensors for corresponding applications can also be printed in this way.

[0038] This object is achieved in its second aspect by a liquid heated ink mixture having the features of claim 13 .

[0039] The heated ink mixture is present in a liquid aggregate state. To prepare the heated ink mixture, the individual components of the mixture are preferably added to water under constant stirring and dissolved, and then preferably filled into a container of an ink printer described below as a liquid, or used in one of the above methods.

[0040] The weight percentages relate to the mass of water including the components dissolved therein. The weight percentages relate to the finished liquid heating ink mixture. In its simplest form, the heating ink mixture consists of carbon, binder and defoamer as well as nanotetrapods and water. The proportions of the components are defined by intervals described by upper and lower limits.

[0041] The upper limit of the carbon content interval is, for example, 90 wt%, 80 wt%, 70 wt%, 60 wt%, 55 wt%, 50 wt%, 45 wt% or 40 wt%. As the lower limit, for example, the values ​​0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 2 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wt% are applicable. The disclosure of the present application includes the set of all intervals consisting of all possible non-contradictory combinations of the above upper and lower limits.

[0042] The upper limit of the portion interval of the adhesive is, for example, 40 wt %, 38 wt %, 35 wt %, 30 wt %, 25 wt %, 20 wt %, and as the lower limit, for example, the applicable values ​​are 0.05 wt %, 0.1 wt %, 0.2 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 3.0 wt %, 5.0 wt %. The disclosure of the present application includes the set of all intervals consisting of all possible non-contradictory combinations of the above-mentioned upper and lower limits.

[0043] The upper limit of the defoamer content is, for example, 5 wt%, 4 wt%, 3 wt%, 2 wt%, and the lower limit is, for example, 0.02 wt%, 0.03 wt%, 0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 1.0 wt%. The disclosure of this application includes a collection of all intervals consisting of all possible non-contradictory combinations of the upper and lower limits.

[0044] The upper limit of the water content interval is, for example, 90 wt%, 85 wt%, 80 wt%, 75 wt%, 70 wt%, 65 wt%, 60 wt%, 55 wt%, and as the lower limit, for example, 40 wt%, 45 wt%, 50 wt%, 55 wt%, 60 wt%, 65 wt% is applicable. The disclosure of the present application includes the set of all intervals consisting of all possible non-contradictory combinations of the above upper and lower limits.

[0045] The upper limit of the nano-tetrapod fraction interval is, for example, 60 wt%, 55 wt%, 50 wt%, 45 wt%, 40 wt%, and as the lower limit, for example, applicable values ​​are 0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wt%. The disclosure of this application includes the set of all intervals consisting of all possible non-contradictory combinations of the above upper and lower limits.

[0046] The disclosure of the present application includes combinations of the above ranges, with the proviso that the sum of the components is 100% by weight.

[0047] The heated ink mixture is in liquid form and is suitable for use in an inkjet printer.

[0048] Carbon can exist as graphite, carbon black, graphene, graphite or carbon nanotubes, or as nano-tetrapods or in other forms. For the composition and properties of carbon nanotubes, for example, refer to the article by Valentin N. Popov: Carbon nanotubes: properties and application, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 43, No. 3, January 15, 2004, pp. 61 to 102.

[0049] Graphite can be present as various graphite modifications, such as expanded graphite flakes, film graphite, natural graphite or synthetic graphite. The proposal according to the invention can be implemented with a variety of different graphite variants. Graphene can also be present in various ways as pure graphene, periodically stacked superlattices, double-layered superlattices, nanoplates, flakes or even powders.

[0050] Cationic latex based binders such as butanol NX4190 can be used as binders. A series of tests were performed with butanol NX4190 and in amounts ranging from 1 wt % to 12 wt %, where it was determined that the higher the concentration, the better the heated ink adhered to the smooth substrate.

[0051] As defoamers, BASF's Foam-Star SI 2210 or Foam-Star SI 2213 are used. Defoamers are defoamers specially developed for printing pigment binders and UV-curing systems, which prevent foaming when the components are mixed.

[0052] According to the present invention, carbon nano-tetrapods are mixed into the heated ink mixture. The nano-tetrapods are three-dimensional bodies with four arms that pierce out in four different directions. The arms can achieve good meshing of the heated ink with the wallpaper on which the heated ink is printed, so that the amount of adhesive can be reduced.

[0053] Nanotetrapods are known in the prior art. See: Xin Jin, Jan Strueben, Lars Heepe, Alexander Kovalev, Yogendra K. Mishra, Rainer Adelung, Stanislav N. Gorb, Anne Staubitz: Joining the Un-Joinable: Adhesion Between Low Surface Energy Polymers Using Tetrapodal ZnO Linkers. In: Advanced Materials; published online on August 24, 2012, DOI 10.1002 / adma.201201780.

[0054] Preferably, the nanotetrapods are present as zinc oxide nanotetrapods or carbon nanotetrapods. In addition to mechanically improving the adhesion of the heating ink to the wallpaper, the conductivity of the heating ink is also increased, in particular by the carbon nanotetrapods.

[0055] According to the invention, at least a portion of the carbon is mixed into the heated ink mixture in the form of carbon nanotetrapods. It is preferably provided that the entire carbon content of the heated ink mixture is constituted by carbon nanotetrapods. However, it can also be provided that only a portion of the carbon is present in the form of carbon nanotetrapods and the remaining portion of carbon rods is present in one of the other forms already mentioned.

[0056] Nonwovens, in particular cellulose nonwovens, glass fiber nonwovens, polyester nonwovens and particularly dimensionally stable mineral-based nonwovens, are preferably used as wallpapers. However, it is also possible to use paper, which however expands less favorably when heated ink is applied.

[0057] In the case of the nanotetrapods being carbon nanotetrapods, a weight fraction of 0.05% to 60% by weight of the nanotetrapods can account for the entire carbon fraction. However, the nanotetrapods can also account for a smaller percentage of the carbon fraction, so that in addition to the carbon nanotetrapods, carbon is also present in the heated ink mixture in the form of graphite, carbon black, graphene, carbon nanotubes. The sum of the weight percentages amounts to 100%.

[0058] In a preferred development of the heated ink mixture, it is proposed that the heated ink mixture contains between 1% by weight and 5% by weight of an anti-precipitation agent. The proportion of the anti-precipitation agent is described by an upper limit and a lower limit. Here, as upper limits, for example, the following values ​​are proposed: 5% by weight, 4.5% by weight, 4% by weight, 3.5% by weight, 3% by weight, and as lower limits, for example, the values ​​0.01% by weight, 0.02% by weight, 0.03% by weight, 0.05% by weight, 0.1% by weight, 0.2% by weight, 0.5% by weight, 0.7% by weight, 1.0% by weight, 2.0% by weight, 3.0% by weight are applicable. The disclosure of the present application includes the set of all intervals consisting of all possible non-contradictory combinations of the above upper and lower limits.

[0059] Anti-precipitation agents prevent the precipitation of particularly large carbon particles caused by the addition of water during the stirring of the heated ink. Usually, heavier carbon particles or other heavy particles settle at the bottom of the heated ink. Anti-precipitation agents counteract this. As a precipitating agent, for example, Efka 1506 is used. This is a polyolefin wax thickener sold by BASF.

[0060] In a preferred embodiment of the heated ink mixture, 1 to 5 wt% of flow improver is added. As upper limits, for example, 5 wt%, 4.5 wt%, 4 wt%, 3.5 wt%, 3 wt% are proposed, and as lower limits, for example, 0.01 wt%, 0.02 wt%, 0.03 wt%, 0.05 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 0.7 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 2.0 wt%, 3.0 wt% are proposed. The disclosure of the present application includes the set of all intervals consisting of all possible non-contradictory combinations of the above upper and lower limits.

[0061] As flow improver, a fluorocarbon-modified polyacrylate sold by BASF under the name Efka FL 3772 was used, the main component of which is butane-2-ol.

[0062] In a preferred development of the heated ink mixture, 1 to 5% by weight of a conductivity improver is added to the mixture. As upper limits, for example, values ​​of 5%, 4.5%, 4%, 3% by weight are suitable, and as lower limits, for example, values ​​of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% by weight are suitable. As a conductivity improver, a conductivity improver sold by BASF under the trade name Efka IO 6782 is used, the main component of which is isobutanol.

[0063] This object is achieved in its third aspect by a heated wallpaper having the features of claim 18 .

[0064] The heating wallpaper according to the invention comprises a carrier tape and at least two conductor tracks, between which a heating surface is arranged, wherein the heating surface is printed with a heating ink over the entire surface, which is prepared with the aid of one of the above-mentioned ink mixtures. Other components can also be applied to the heating surface, such as pressure sensors and pressure structures as well as temperature sensors and temperature limiters. The heating wallpaper is also an important component of the wall heater described at the beginning. In the disclosure, what is said about the wall heater and the heating ink also applies to the heating wallpaper.

[0065] Advantageously, the conductor tracks are applied to a carrier tape and the heating ink is printed onto the conductor tracks.

[0066] Preferably, low-voltage electrical connections are provided at the ends of the conductor tracks.

[0067] This object is achieved in its fourth aspect by means of an inkjet printer having the features of claim 21 .

[0068] The inkjet printer has a print head which is connected in an ink-conducting manner to a container, wherein the container according to the invention has a heating ink which comprises a heating ink mixture according to one of the above-mentioned heating ink mixtures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0069] The invention is described with reference to the exemplary embodiments in the three drawings. Here, the following are shown:

[0070] Figure 1 Shown is a wallpaper printed with heated ink, said wallpaper being bonded to a wall,

[0071] Figure 2a shows a printing pattern of a first printing process for printing two straight conductor tracks,

[0072] Figure 2b shows a printed pattern of a second printing process for printing a mesh-like conductor track pattern,

[0073] Figure 3 A schematic diagram showing an inkjet printer according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0074] Figure 1 The schematic diagram shows a heating wallpaper 2 bonded to a wall 1. The heating wallpaper 2 has seven heating surfaces 3, each of which is rectangular. Each of the heating surfaces 3 is printed with a heating ink 4 over its entire surface. A heating layer 5 is formed. In addition, each heating surface 3 is printed with a heating ink 4 according to Figure 2a The straight lateral conductor tracks 6a, 6b and the Figure 2b However, the two Figure 1is not visible in , as it is completely covered by the heated ink 4. Figure 1 The heating wallpaper 2 shown in FIG. 1 is printed in one piece in an inkjet printer of corresponding dimensions. Of course, it is also conceivable that Figure 1 The heating wallpaper 2 shown in FIG. 1 is composed of a plurality of elongated wallpaper sections, for example wallpaper strips, which are printed individually and combined to form the heating wallpaper 2 .

[0075] The heating wallpaper 2 consists of a nonwoven fabric as a carrier, which is firstly treated in two steps according to Figure 2a , Figure 2b Conductor tracks 6 a , 6 b , 7 are provided and heating ink 4 is subsequently printed over the entire surface along the heating surface.

[0076] At the bottom end of the heating surface 3, two electrical terminals 8a, 8b are provided for each heating surface 3, to which a low voltage of 5 to 48 volts is connected. The voltage can be converted down from a 220V household power grid, or directly from a photovoltaic system or other power source with stored current, or likewise converted down or up therefrom. Cables and wiring are not shown here. The common household power grid voltage of 220 volts is converted down to the required low voltage of approximately 12 volts or 24 volts by means of a transformer.

[0077] After the heating wallpaper 2 is bonded to the wall 1 and wired, the Figure 1 The corresponding heater can of course also be placed on the floor or on the ceiling. Therefore, the term wall 1 should generally be understood as a surface.

[0078] To make a wall heater, measure Figure 1 The wall 1 in the wall 1 is cut out. For this purpose, the outer dimensions of the wall 1, that is to say the height and width as well as the size and position of the door opening and the two window openings are determined. The wallpaper roll, whose width corresponds to the height of the wall, is then placed in an inkjet printer (not shown) of corresponding dimensions. The inkjet printer has a control device in which a printing pattern for each individual print head of a plurality of print heads can be programmed. The openings for the door 9 and the window 11 can be cut out afterwards. The opening dimensions for the window 11 and the door 9 can also be printed onto the heated wallpaper 2 using one of the print heads.

[0079] The print heads travel in the inkjet printer along a longitudinal direction corresponding to the height H of the wall 1. Each print head prints the print pattern programmed for it in a short, continuous, narrow strip on a carrier placed in the inkjet printer. The first print head prints in the longitudinal direction according to the height H of the wall 1. Figure 2a The conductors 6a and 6b are printed onto the carrier, and the second print head will print according to Figure 2bThe third print head prints a uniformly thin heated ink layer onto the carrier. Figure 2a On the mesh-shaped printed conductor pattern 7.

[0080] exist Figure 2a and Figure 2b The conductor tracks 6a, 6b, 7 shown in FIG. 1 can be printed with the thermal ink described below. However, it is conceivable that the conductor tracks 6a, 6b, 7 can be printed with different inks.

[0081] The conductor tracks 6a, 6b can also be applied in a two-step or multi-step method, preferably by means of two or more print heads, by first applying the adhesive layer by means of a first print head and applying the carbon-containing or pure carbon layer to the adhesive layer in a second, retracting step. The carbon layer or carbon-containing layer can be applied in powder form to the adhesive layer by means of a second print head and by means of a separate printer. Excess carbon is then sucked off or blown away.

[0082] Carbon can be applied to the adhesive layer in different states. Carbon can be applied as a graphite layer, a carbon black layer, a graphitized layer (Graphinschicht) or a graphene layer, which is applied with its molecular lattice structure parallel to the surface. Graphene is particularly conductive and is preferably bonded to the carrier by means of an adhesive tape, i.e. not by a printing method. In principle, the conductor tracks can also be applied independently of an inkjet printer, for example in that an adhesive is applied along the position of the conductor tracks and then the adhesive layer is then sprinkled with an electrical conductor, for example one of the above-mentioned carbon-containing compounds: graphene, carbon black, graphite, graphitized. However, it is conceivable that the graphene is applied flatly in the form of a tape, in particular not as a powder.

[0083] As always, conductor tracks are applied, Figure 2b A mesh-like conductor pattern 7 is optionally applied thereto by means of a second print head, which later should make the radiation characteristics uniform in the case of heat distribution. The conductor pattern 7 can be designed in different ways, it can also be designed in a branched or meshed manner in other forms or in other ways. The conductor pattern 7 can be printed on the entire heating surface 3, it can be changed along the heating surface 3. For this purpose, an adhesive bead is applied to the wallpaper in a predetermined pattern, as described above, and the adhesive bead is again sprinkled with powder. It is also conceivable that the conductive heating ink in the mesh-like conductor pattern 7 is applied to the heating surface 3 by means of an inkjet printer.

[0084] In the exemplary embodiment, the heating ink 4 is printed flat onto the heating surface 3 by means of a third print head. Preferably, the thickness of the heating layer 5 is a few micrometers, preferably 5 μm to 100 μm, and can be extended to 3 mm depending on the application. However, other thicknesses are also conceivable. In principle, the thickness of the heating layer 5 is related to the heating requirements. The thicker the heating ink 4 is applied, the hotter the heating surface 3 is when the same voltage is applied to the electrical terminals 8a, 8b. However, the heating layer 5 has a very constant thickness over the entire heating surface 3, which changes only by 1 μm to 3 μm.

[0085] A series of experiments were performed using an inkjet printer HP LX850.

[0086] The following formulation was used as heating ink 4:

[0087] In addition, the formulation can also be prepared from anionic elements.

[0088] The components of the heating ink 4 were dissolved separately in water and stirred with an electric stirrer under continuous feeding.

[0089] First, a binder from BASF was added: Butanol MX 4190. This was a cationic styrene-butadiene binder. Various tests were carried out in amounts of 1% by weight to 12% by weight.

[0090] The defoamer Foamstar SI 2210 or Foamstar SI 2213 was added to the mixture in an amount of 0.02 wt % to 5 wt %.

[0091] First of all, it was determined that the higher the amount of binder, the better the adhesion of the heating ink 4 to the non-woven wallpaper. However, disadvantageously, the conductivity of the heating layer 5 decreases. In order to solve this problem, the amount of binder is reduced and zinc oxide nanotetrapods are mixed in. The zinc oxide nanotetrapods ensure an additional improvement in the adhesion of the heating ink 4 to the non-woven fabric of the heating wallpaper. In order to achieve conductivity of the heating wallpaper 2, carbon is added to the mixture in an amount of 0.05% by weight to 60% by weight. The carbon is added in the form of graphite or carbon black as an alternative. Alternatively, nanographene, which has been shown to be particularly conductive, can also be added.

[0092] In another test, Tuball Latex H2O, a suspension of carbon nanotubes sold under the name by the company OCSIAL, was delivered.

[0093] It has been found that the conductive component should be used in an amount of 0.01% to 60% by weight, in higher concentrations the liquid becomes viscous. The binder should not exceed 25% by weight, otherwise the conductivity decreases. The butanol NX 4190 mentioned above is used as a binder, but FK 106782 or FK 106780 sold by BASF are also used as binders.

[0094] It has proven to be advantageous to enrich the mixture with an anti-settling agent. Efka RM 1506 from BASF was used here. It has been shown that no larger particles settle at the bottom of the heated ink completed under constant stirring. Optionally, a flow improver, such as Efka FL 3772 from BASF, is also fed to the ink, which significantly improves the flow properties of the heated ink at the print head.

[0095] Example: In a specific heated ink mixture,

[0096] Binder: 3 wt% butanol MX 4190,

[0097] Defoamer: 0.2 wt% Foamstar NO 2306, and

[0098] Conductivity improver: Efka IO 6780 in an amount of 0.4 wt%,

[0099] Anti-precipitation agent: 1.7 wt% Rheovis AS1130,

[0100] Carbon: 10 wt% Tuball Latex H2O,

[0101] Carbon: 12 wt% GraphCOND 15 / 95,

[0102] Carbon: 4 wt% carbon black P-XP, and

[0103] Slip leveling agent: 0.8 wt% Efka FL3772 with

[0104] 67.9 wt% water was mixed.

[0105] For preparation, a portion of the water is first provided in a container and stirred slowly with a paddle. The paddle serves on the one hand for stirring and on the other hand for breaking up lumps that are mixed as components or that temporarily form in the liquid mixture. Subsequently, defoamers and binders are added, and preferably subsequently carbon and carbon tetrapods. Finally or during the stirring process, the remaining water is added so that the mixing ratio according to the invention is adopted. Before filling into the inkjet printer or inserting the container into a corresponding receptacle of the inkjet printer, the heated ink mixture is stirred thoroughly again. It is also conceivable that the inkjet printer has a stirrer, which stirs the heated ink mixture thoroughly during the entire printing method.

[0106] The nonwoven has been printed with a thin heating layer 5 with a thickness of about 20 μm, and when the heating surface has been connected to a low voltage of 12 volts, 120 W / m 2 In the test, the nonwoven fabric had a power of 150 g / m 2 Weight.

[0107] The heating ink 4 is liquid and can be filled into a conventional large-area inkjet printer. Thus, nonwovens with a width of up to 5.0 meters and a length of 50.00 meters or more can be printed. The dimensions of the room conditions are pre-programmed in the control of the large-area inkjet printer. Thus, it is possible to individually customize the heating wallpaper 2 specifically to the requirements of the respective residence.

[0108] The conductor tracks 6 a , 6 b of the heating wallpaper 2 are connected to corresponding wires by crimping connections and produce electrical contacts 8 a , 8 b . The electrical contacts 8 a , 8 b are covered by a skirting 12 .

[0109] Figure 3The working mode of an inkjet printer of the HP LX850 type with a modification relative to the old version is schematically shown. The print head 13 is connected to two pipes 16 that conduct heated ink, which are unchanged and form a heated ink circulation circuit in order to generate a constant ink pressure. The inkjet printer according to the invention has a new holding device for a container 14 for heated ink according to the invention. It is proposed that the container 14 is provided with a paddle stirrer, which stirs the heated ink continuously and slowly during operation. A new pipe 17 leads from the container 14 to a collecting container 18 for heated ink. The old container 14' and the old pipe 7' from the old container 14' to the old collecting container 18' are removed. The print head 13 draws heated ink from the collecting container 18 and can deliver it to one of the above-mentioned uses. The modified inkjet printer has a plurality of (not shown) print heads 13, which are respectively connected to a container 14 for heated ink. In the container 14, different types of heating inks can be filled, or inks that form the conductor tracks 6a, 6b as described above, or inks that form an insulating layer between two intersecting conductor tracks 6a, 6b, etc. The individual print heads 13 can be controlled electronically via a control device. The print image can be pre-programmed and allows the heating wallpaper 2 to be printed in a preset manner with different types of inks, especially heating inks, in multiple layers. The new line 17 has the same line cross section as the old line 17'.

[0110] Reference numerals list

[0111] 1 wall

[0112] 2 Heating Wallpaper

[0113] 3 Heating surface

[0114] 4 Heating ink

[0115] 5 Heating layer

[0116] 6a Printed conductor

[0117] 6b Printed conductor

[0118] 7. Mesh-like printed conductor pattern

[0119] 8a Electrical terminals

[0120] 8b Electrical terminal

[0121] 9 doors

[0122] 11 Window

[0123] 12 Skirting

[0124] 13 Print head

[0125] 14 Container

[0126] 14' Old Container

[0127] 16 Pipeline

[0128] 17 Pipeline

[0129] 17' old pipeline

[0130] 18 Collection Container

[0131] 18' Old collection container

[0132] B Width

[0133] H Height

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a wall heater, wherein: determining a printed image of a heating surface (3) on a heating wallpaper (2), The heating wallpaper (2) is bonded to the wall (1) and the heating wallpaper (2) is connected to a voltage, It is characterized in that The printing image is transmitted to the control device of the inkjet printer, The control device controls at least one print head. filling at least one container connected to the at least one print head in a conductively heated ink manner with a heated ink (4), The heating ink (4) is printed onto the heating wallpaper (2) along the heating surface (3).

2. The method according to claim 1, It is characterized in that A wall (1) to be heated is measured and its dimensions are determined, and a printed image of the heating surface (3) is determined from the determined dimensions.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, It is characterized in that Another printing head is connected to another container in a conductive heating ink manner, in which another heating ink (4) is stored, and the conductor tracks (6a, 6b) are printed along the edge of the heating surface (3) using the other heating ink (4).

4. The method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, It is characterized in that The third print head is connected in an ink-conducting manner to a third container in which another heating ink (4) is stored, and conductor tracks (7) are printed in the form of a web into the heating surface (3) using the other heating ink (4).

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, It is characterized in that Conductor tracks (6a, 6b) are adhesively bonded to the heating wallpaper (2) by applying an adhesive layer to the heating wallpaper (2) and applying a carbon-containing conductor layer to the adhesive layer.

6. The method according to claim 5, It is characterized in that Carbonaceous powder is sprinkled onto the bonding layer, and excess carbonaceous powder is blown away or sucked away.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, It is characterized in that Electrical connections for a low-voltage voltage supply are provided on the conductor tracks (6a, 6b, 7).

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, It is characterized in that The heating surface (3) is printed with a heating layer (5) whose thickness remains constant over the extension of the heating surface and whose thickness over its extension deviates by at most 10% of the average layer thickness of the respective heating layer (5).

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, It is characterized in that Another container of another printing head is filled with nano-tetrapods, and the nano-tetrapods are conducted to the other printing head via a connecting line, and a nano-tetrapod layer is printed onto the heating surface (3) by means of the other printing head.

10. The method according to claim 9, It is characterized in that First, a layer of nano-tetrapods is printed onto the heated wallpaper (2), and a layer of heated ink (4) is printed onto the layer of nano-tetrapods.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, It is characterized in that The heating wallpaper (2) is printed with a heating ink mixture on its entire surface, and the wall of the space to be shielded is bonded to the heating wallpaper (2) on its entire surface.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, It is characterized in that Conductive tracks are printed on the heating wallpaper (2) from current terminals (8a, 8b) to connection locations for electrical devices in the heating wallpaper (2).

13. A liquid heated ink mixture comprising: 0.02 to 0.5 wt. % of a defoaming agent, 0.05 to 90 wt. % carbon, 0.05 to 40% by weight of a binder, 40% to 80% by weight of water, Characterized in that 0.05 wt % to 15 wt % of carbon nanotetrapods are present.

14. The heated ink mixture according to claim 13, It is characterized in that The carbon not constituted by the nano-tetrapods is selected from the group consisting of graphite powder, carbon black, graphene powder, nanotubes.

15. The heated ink mixture according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that The anti-precipitation agent is present in an amount of 0.1 wt % to 5 wt %.

16. The heated ink mixture according to any one of claims 13 to 15, It is characterized in that Flow improvers are present in an amount of 0.1 to 5 wt %.

17. The heated ink mixture according to any one of claims 13 to 16, It is characterized in that The conductivity improver is present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt %.

18. A heating wallpaper, comprising: Carrier tape, at least two conductor tracks (6a, 6b), between which a heating surface (3) is arranged, The heating surface (3) is printed over the entire surface with a heating ink (4) which is produced with the aid of an ink mixture according to any one of claims 10 to 15.

19. The heating wallpaper according to claim 18, It is characterized in that The conductor tracks (6a, 6b, 7) are applied to the carrier tape and the heating ink (4) is printed onto the conductor tracks (6a, 6b).

20. The heated wallpaper according to claim 18 or 19, It is characterized in that Low-voltage electrical connections are provided at the ends of the conductor tracks (6a, 6b, 7).

21. An inkjet printer having a print head, the print head being conductively connected to a container, It is characterized in that The container is filled with a heating ink (4) having a heating ink mixture according to any one of claims 13 to 17.

22. The inkjet printer according to claim 21, It is characterized in that A stirrer and a receiving portion for a container (14) for the heated ink are provided, the stirrer being arranged at the receiving portion and stirring the heated ink in the container (14) during printing.

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