Sugarcane tail leaf complete pellet feed for weaned calf buffalo as well as preparation method and application of sugarcane tail leaf complete pellet feed

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of feed, in particular to sugarcane tail leaf complete pellet feed for weaning calf buffalo and a preparation method and application of the sugarcane tail leaf complete pellet feed for the weaning calf buffalo, and the sugarcane tail leaf complete pellet feed for the weaning calf buffalo comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 32% of corn, 30.4% of soybean meal, 1.8% of mountain flour, 1.2% of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.6% of table salt, 15%-30% of sugarcane tail leaves, 0%-15% of peanut vines and 4% of premix, the fine-coarse ratio of the complete pellet feed is controlled to be 7: 3. The pellet feed not only can significantly improve the feed intake and growth performance of the weaned buffalo calves and optimize the utilization efficiency of the feed, but also can promote healthy development of rumen and optimization of microbial communities, and provides powerful support for healthy growth of the buffalo calves.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field of animal feed, in particular to a sugarcane tail leaf complete granular feed for weaned calf buffaloes and a preparation method and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] The gastrointestinal development of weaned calves is at a critical stage. Their rumen function is not yet fully mature, but they have begun to have a certain ability to digest roughage. At this time, the calf's rumen volume gradually increases, the microbial community begins to be established, and the ability to degrade complex carbohydrates such as cellulose gradually increases. Studies have shown that adding an appropriate amount of fiber source to the feed of weaned calves can promote the development of the calf's digestive tract and accelerate rumen keratinization. However, due to the incomplete development of the rumen of calves, the digestion capacity of fiber sources in the feed is limited. As a high-fiber agricultural by-product, sugarcane tail leaves have high cellulose and hemicellulose contents, with neutral detergent fiber accounting for about 62.37% to 82.30% and acid detergent fiber accounting for about 34.54% to 52.00%. They can provide ruminants with rich fiber substrates, thereby promoting the growth and fermentation function of rumen microorganisms. In addition, the sugar and oligosaccharide components in sugarcane tail leaves can regulate the pattern of rumen fermentation, optimize the pH value and ammonia nitrogen concentration of the rumen, and provide a more suitable growth environment for rumen microorganisms. Therefore, making sugarcane tail leaves into pellets can not only change the physical state of the fiber and improve palatability, but also promote rumen development while increasing animal feed intake.

[0003] At present, the application of sugarcane tail leaves in weaned buffalo feed is still relatively limited, and its role in regulating rumen fermentation and affecting rumen microbial flora is still unknown. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to develop a complete pellet feed based on sugarcane tail leaves to improve the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation function of weaned buffalo. The development of this new feed not only helps to protect the environment and alleviate the contradiction of "competition between humans and animals for food", but also provides technical support for the application of sugarcane tail leaves in complete pellet feed.

[0004] In view of this, the present invention is proposed. Summary of the invention

[0005] The present invention aims to provide a complete pellet feed of sugarcane tail leaves for weaned calf buffaloes, a preparation method and an application thereof. Using a scientific ratio, sugarcane tail leaves are prepared into a complete pellet feed for feeding 4-6 month old weaned calf buffaloes, ensuring balanced nutritional intake, improving palatability, increasing the feed intake of calf buffaloes, reducing feed-to-weight ratio, and promoting rumen development and colonization of rumen microorganisms.

[0006] The invention is implemented as follows: a sugarcane tail leaf complete pellet feed for weaned calf buffalo, the feed comprising the following components by weight percentage: 32% corn, 30.4% soybean meal, 1.8% stone powder, 1.2% calcium hydrogen phosphate, 0.6% salt, 15%-30% sugarcane tail leaf, 0%-15% peanut vine, 4% premix, wherein the concentrate-to-rough ratio of the complete pellet feed is controlled at 7:3, and the premix contains the following ingredients: 2800 IU of vitamin A, 2800 IU of vitamin D3, 112 IU of vitamin E, 182.32 mg of vitamin B, 0.06 mg of vitamin B12, 7 mg of copper, 139.72 mg of iron, 117.88 mg of zinc, 80.08 mg of manganese, 1.26 mg of iodine, 0.34 mg of selenium, and 0.44 mg of cobalt.

[0007] The content of the sugarcane tail leaf is 15%, and the content of the peanut vine is 15%.

[0008] The content of sugarcane tail leaves is 22.5%, and the content of peanut vines is 7.5%.

[0009] The content of the sugarcane tail leaf is 30%, and the content of the peanut vine is 0%.

[0010] The nutritional level of the complete pellet feed is calculated by weight percentage as follows: dry matter 92.10% to 94.43%, gross energy 17.62 to 19.63 MJ / kg, crude protein 19.10% to 22.50%, crude fat 2.56% to 2.60%, neutral detergent fiber 35.49% to 41.37%, acid detergent fiber 13.38% to 16.32%, calcium 1.19% to 1.20%, and phosphorus 0.64%.

[0011] The method for preparing the complete pellet feed of sugarcane tail leaves for weaned calf buffalo comprises the following steps:

[0012] a. Weigh each raw material component according to the weight percentage;

[0013] b. Drying and crushing the sugarcane tail leaves and peanut vines;

[0014] c. Mix the raw material components evenly;

[0015] d. The mixed raw materials are granulated to prepare complete pellet feed.

[0016] The application of the sugarcane tail leaf complete granular feed for weaned calf buffalo is used for feeding weaned calf buffalo of 4 to 6 months old.

[0017] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0018] 1. The present invention combines sugarcane tail leaves with other raw materials such as corn and soybean meal through scientific proportions to form a complete pellet feed. This formula not only ensures nutritional balance, but also achieves a dual role in promoting the growth performance and rumen development of weaned calf buffaloes by controlling the concentrate-to-rough ratio (7:3) and specific nutritional levels (such as dry matter, total energy, crude protein, etc.).

[0019] 2. The present invention adjusts the rumen fermentation mode by adding sugarcane tail leaves, optimizes the pH value and ammonia nitrogen concentration of the rumen, and provides a more suitable growth environment for rumen microorganisms.

[0020] 3. The present invention has found through experiments that complete pellet feed with different amounts of sugarcane tail leaves added can significantly affect the rumen microbial community of calves and promote the colonization of specific bacterial genera (such as Christensenaceae R-7 group, Xylanobacterium, etc.).

[0021] 4. Through scientific experimental design and data analysis, the present invention determines that the addition ratio of sugarcane tail leaves in the complete pellet feed of weaned calf buffalo is in the range of 15% to 30%. Among them, the addition ratio of 22.5% performs better in promoting rumen fermentation and microbial colonization, while also maintaining a higher dry matter intake and feed utilization efficiency. The determination of this ratio is based on a comprehensive consideration of nutritional needs, animal physiological characteristics, experimental data and economic factors, and is scientific and practical. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] Figure 1 It is the composition of the top 10 bacterial genus level in the rumen of each group of calf buffalo in the present invention;

[0023] Figure 2 It is a box plot of the Simpson and Shannon index of each group of total mixed diets in the present invention; DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The technical scheme of the present invention is described clearly and completely by examples below. If no specific conditions are specified in the examples, the conditions are carried out according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. If the manufacturer of the reagents or instruments is not specified, they are all conventional products that can be purchased commercially.

[0025] Example 1

[0026] This embodiment is an example of the sugarcane tail leaf complete pellet feed for weaned buffalo calves, the preparation method and the application of the present invention. By comparing the effects of complete pellet feeds with different amounts of sugarcane tail leaf added on the production performance of buffalo calves, the effect of the complete pellet feeds on promoting the growth and feed utilization efficiency of buffalo calves is evaluated.

[0027] Twenty-one healthy weaned buffalo calves with an age of (129.86±7.82) days and a body weight of (134.76±5.53) kg were selected and randomly divided into three groups, with 7 replicates in each group and 2 calves in each replicate, namely LA, MA, and HA groups. They were fed three complete pellet feeds, each containing 15% sugarcane tail and 15% peanut vine, 22.5% sugarcane tail and 7.50% peanut vine, and 30% sugarcane tail and 0% peanut vine, respectively. The other ingredients were the same. The feeding management method was the same during the experiment, and the diet composition is shown in Table 1. The pre-feeding period was 10 days and the experimental period was 63 days. During the experiment, the calves were free to eat and drink water.

[0028] Table 1 Composition and nutritional level of complete pellets of sugarcane tail leaves (air-dried basis), %

[0029]

[0030]

[0031] The test cattle were weighed 2 hours before morning feeding on the day of the formal trial. The average daily weight gain of the test cattle was calculated based on the initial weight and the final weight. The amount of feed and the amount of leftover feed were recorded daily during the trial to calculate the average daily feed intake and dry matter intake of the test cattle; the feed-to-weight ratio was calculated based on the dry matter intake and the average daily weight gain, see Table 2.

[0032] Table 2 Effects of different nutritional levels of sugarcane tail complete pellets on the growth performance of weaned buffalo calves

[0033]

[0034] According to Table 2, the feed-to-weight ratio of the LA group was 5.61, the lowest among the three groups; the dry matter intake of the MA group was the highest, reaching 4.23 kg / d. Dry matter intake (DMI) is an important indicator of animal appetite and feed intake capacity. A higher DMI generally indicates that the animal is able to take in more nutrients to support its growth and development. In this study, the dry matter intake of the MA and HA groups was significantly higher than that of the LA group, which can be attributed to the sugar and cellulose components contained in the sugarcane tail leaves, and the texture and flavor were improved after pelleting.

[0035] Feed-to-weight ratio is an important indicator for measuring feed utilization efficiency. A lower feed-to-weight ratio indicates that more weight gain can be produced per unit of feed, reflecting the efficient conversion capacity of feed. The feed-to-weight ratio of the LA group was the lowest, indicating that low addition of sugarcane tail leaves can improve feed utilization efficiency. Although the feed-to-weight ratio of the HA group was relatively high, this group was still able to maintain good growth performance through a higher dry matter intake.

[0036] Example 2

[0037] This embodiment is another example of the sugarcane tail leaf complete pellet feed for weaned calves and water buffaloes, and the preparation method and application thereof according to the present invention. The diet and management of the experimental animals are the same as those in Example 1.

[0038] By comparing the effects of different amounts of sugarcane tail leaf added to complete pellet feed on rumen fermentation parameters of calf buffalo, its effect in promoting rumen health and fermentation efficiency was evaluated (see Table 3).

[0039] Table 3 Effects of different nutritional levels of sugarcane tail complete pellets on rumen fermentation parameters of weaned buffalo calves

[0040]

[0041] According to Table 3, different amounts of sugarcane tail leaf addition have a significant effect on the production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Volatile fatty acids are important products of ruminant energy metabolism, of which acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid are the main components. When ruminants eat a diet with a high roughage content, rumen fermentation mainly produces acetic acid, which is an important product of ruminant energy metabolism. It is mainly produced through cellulose degradation and is a key volatile fatty acid for the host to obtain energy. Higher acetic acid concentrations generally indicate that the rumen has a strong ability to degrade cellulose and can provide more energy for the host. In this study, the acetic acid concentration of the LA group reached 60.49mmol / L, showing a higher cellulose degradation ability, which may be related to the moderate amount of sugarcane tail leaf added to this group, providing sufficient cellulose substrate. The acetic acid concentration of the HA group was 48.40mmol / L, which was lower than that of the LA group, but its acetic acid ratio (72.19%) was the highest among the three groups. Propionic acid is an important precursor for glucose synthesis in ruminants and is of great significance for maintaining the host's sugar metabolism. Higher propionate concentrations usually indicate more active carbohydrate metabolism in the rumen, which can provide more glucose precursors for the host. In this study, the propionate concentration of the LA group was 17.27 mmol / L, indicating a higher carbohydrate metabolism capacity.

[0042] Ammonia nitrogen is an important nitrogen source for rumen microorganisms to synthesize proteins, and the stability of its concentration is crucial for the growth and metabolism of rumen microorganisms. Appropriate ammonia nitrogen concentration can promote the synthesis of microbial proteins and improve the utilization of protein in feed. In this study, the ammonia nitrogen concentration of the MA group was 10.62 mg / dL, the highest among the three groups, indicating that a moderate amount of added sugarcane tail leaves can effectively promote the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen, thereby supporting protein synthesis by rumen microorganisms. The acetate / propionate ratio is an important indicator reflecting the rumen fermentation pattern. A higher ratio usually indicates that rumen fermentation is more inclined to cellulose degradation, while a lower ratio indicates that carbohydrate metabolism is more active. In this study, the acetate / propionate ratios of the three groups were all above 3, indicating that sugarcane tail leaves can make rumen fermentation more inclined to produce acetate, which helps ruminants to utilize cellulose more efficiently.

[0043] Example 3

[0044] This embodiment is another example of the sugarcane tail leaf complete pellet feed for weaned calves and water buffaloes, and the preparation method and application thereof of the present invention. The diet and management of the experimental animals are the same as those in Example 1.

[0045] The effects of different amounts of sugarcane tail leaf added to complete pellet feed on the rumen microbial flora of calf buffalo are shown in Table 4.

[0046] The feces of each group were tested by 16s microbial diversity sequencing. As shown in Table 4, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Xylanibacter, Quinella, and Prevotellaceae UCG-003 were the dominant genera under the conditions of feeding sugarcane tail leaf pellets. Among them, the Christensenellaceae R-7, Xylanibacter, and Quinella genera in the LA group were the highest among the three groups, reaching 13.18%, 11.95%, and 7.45%, respectively. The Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Prevotellaceae UCG-003 genera in the HA group were the highest among the three groups, reaching 13.05% and 4.58%, respectively. Figure 2 It can be seen that from the perspective of the subordinate level, Chao1 index and observed species both show LA>HA>MA

[0047] Table 4 The proportion of top 5 bacterial genera in the rumen of each group of buffalo calves

[0048] trend.

[0049] In the present invention, different addition amounts of sugarcane tail leaves have a significant impact on the rumen microbial community of calves and promote the colonization of specific bacterial genera.

[0050] The R-7 group of Christensenaceae belongs to the phylum Firmicutes and is closely related to the host's metabolic efficiency and lipid metabolism. Studies have shown that this genus plays an important role in host health and energy metabolism, and may affect the overall health of the host by regulating the host's metabolic pathways. It is closely related to the host's metabolic efficiency and lipid metabolism. Xylanobacteria mainly degrade complex carbohydrates such as cellulose and xylan. It is an important cellulose-degrading bacteria in the rumen of ruminants. Its function is closely related to improving feed digestion efficiency and energy recovery. Quinella can participate in ammonia circulation and protein metabolism in the rumen. Its presence in the rumen is of great significance to maintaining the normal function of the rumen and the host's nutrient absorption.

[0051] In the MA group (22.5% sugarcane tail leaves were added), the abundance of the RIKEN RC9 intestinal group was relatively high. Studies have shown that this genus plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and cellulose degradation. UCG-003 of the Prevotellaceae family is closely related to rumen fermentation efficiency and host health. The increase in its relative abundance may be related to the complex carbohydrates such as fructose provided by a high proportion of sugarcane tail leaves. These substrates promote the growth of this genus, thereby improving the rumen fermentation efficiency. Although the microbial community in the MA group does not have a high abundance of a single genus, combined with the rumen fermentation indicators in Example 2, the total volatile fatty acid concentration of the MA group (96.54 mmol / L) is higher than that of the HA group, indicating that its comprehensive metabolic capacity is stronger.

[0052] The RC9 gut bacteria of the Rikenellaceae family belong to the Bacteroidetes phylum and are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism and cellulose degradation. They are widely present in the rumen of ruminants and provide energy to the host by breaking down complex plant polysaccharides. In the HA group, a higher amount of sugarcane tail leaf addition significantly promoted the colonization of the RC9 gut bacteria of the Rikenellaceae family, indicating that it has a strong ability to metabolize carbohydrates in a high-fiber environment. At the same time, the abundance of UCG-003 of the Prevotellaceae family in the HA group was also high, further enhancing the rumen's ability to degrade cellulose. This high-addition environment provides these bacterial genera with abundant substrates, enabling them to perform efficient cellulose degradation and fermentation functions in the rumen.

[0053] The above embodiments are merely explanations of the present invention and are not limitations of the present invention. Those skilled in the art may make modifications to the present invention without creative contributions as needed, and all such modifications shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A complete granular feed of sugarcane tail leaves for weaned calves and water buffaloes, characterized in that: The feed comprises the following components by weight percentage: 32% corn, 30.4% soybean meal, 1.8% stone powder, 1.2% calcium hydrogen phosphate, 0.6% salt, 15%-30% sugarcane tail leaves, 0%-15% peanut vines, and 4% premix, wherein the concentrate-to-roughage ratio of the complete granular feed is controlled at 7:3, and the premix contains the following ingredients: 2800 IU of vitamin A, 2800 IU of vitamin D3, 112 IU of vitamin E, 82.32 mg of vitamin B1, 0.06 mg of vitamin B12, 7 mg of copper, 139.72 mg of iron, 117.88 mg of zinc, 80.08 mg of manganese, 1.26 mg of iodine, 0.34 mg of selenium, and 0.44 mg of cobalt.

2. The complete granular feed of sugarcane tail leaves for weaned calf buffalo according to claim 1, characterized in that: The content of the sugarcane tail leaf is 15%, and the content of the peanut vine is 15%.

3. The complete granular feed of sugarcane tail leaves for weaned calf buffalo according to claim 1, characterized in that: The content of sugarcane tail leaves is 22.5%, and the content of peanut vines is 7.5%.

4. The complete granular feed of sugarcane tail leaves for weaned calf buffalo according to claim 1, characterized in that: The content of the sugarcane tail leaf is 30%, and the content of the peanut vine is 0%.

5. The complete granular feed of sugarcane tail leaves for weaned calf buffalo according to claim 1, characterized in that: The nutritional level of the complete pellet feed is calculated by weight percentage as follows: dry matter 92.10% to 94.43%, gross energy 17.62 to 19.63 MJ / kg, crude protein 19.10% to 22.50%, crude fat 2.56% to 2.60%, neutral detergent fiber 35.49% to 41.37%, acid detergent fiber 13.38% to 16.32%, calcium 1.19% to 1.20%, and phosphorus 0.64%.

6. A method for preparing a complete pellet feed of sugarcane tail leaves for weaned calf buffaloes according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: a. Weigh each raw material component according to the weight percentage; b. Drying and crushing the sugarcane tail leaves and peanut vines; c. Mix the raw material components evenly; d. The mixed raw materials are granulated to prepare complete pellet feed.

7. A use of the complete granular feed of sugarcane tail leaves for weaned calf buffaloes as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The feed is used for feeding weaned buffalo calves aged 4 to 6 months.

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