Feed additive or feed for laying hens and application of feed additive or feed in relieving fallopian tube inflammation of laying hens

Abstract

The invention discloses a feed additive which comprises 4% of moringa oleifera powder or 4% of mulberry powder and a feed containing the additive, the feed additive is applied to feeding of laying hens, and results show that moringa oleifera or mulberry feed has remarkable influence on organ weight, immune indexes and antioxidant capacity of the laying hens; the feed can effectively relieve adverse effects of salpingitis on organ weight, immune indexes, oxidation resistance, tissue damage caused by inflammation and the like of the laying hens, and improves immunity of the laying hens and resistance to salpingitis. Furthermore, it is found that the moringa oleifera feed or the mulberry feed can effectively inhibit inflammatory factors caused by salpingitis and improve the oxidation resistance of the fallopian tubes of the laying hens, so that the moringa oleifera feed and the mulberry feed can effectively relieve the symptoms of the salpingitis of the laying hens by improving the immune function, inhibiting inflammatory response and enhancing the oxidation resistance, and the moringa oleifera feed and the mulberry feed have good application prospects. The feed is capable of improving the immunity of laying hens, reducing the use of medicines for treating salpingitis to a certain extent, reducing the use of antibiotics, and ensuring the safe production of laying hens.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field of laying hen breeding and feed formula, and in particular to a laying hen feed additive or feed and application thereof in relieving laying hen oviduct inflammation. Background Art

[0002] Salpingitis is a common disease that seriously affects the health and production performance of laying hens. It is mainly manifested by infection and inflammatory response of the oviduct, usually caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Salpingitis not only leads to a decrease in egg production and deterioration of egg quality in laying hens, but may also cause other reproductive system diseases, which in turn cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry. At present, the traditional prevention and treatment method for salpingitis is mainly the use of antibiotics. However, the long-term use of antibiotics may lead to drug residues and the production of drug-resistant strains, causing food safety and environmental health problems. Therefore, it is imperative to find natural, safe and effective alternative solutions.

[0003] Moringa oleifera, as a multifunctional plant that has been widely studied and applied, has attracted attention in the field of poultry farming in recent years. Moringa leaves, seeds and roots are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals and antimicrobial peptides.

[0004] Mulberry tree belongs to the genus Morus (Morus.L) of the family Moraceae. It is a perennial deciduous woody plant with high nutritional value. Its crude protein content is higher than that of alfalfa, and its amino acid composition is relatively balanced. It also contains a variety of functional active substances, mainly including flavonoids, phytosterols, polysaccharides, pigments, alkaloids, volatile oils, 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), etc. It has the effects of lowering blood sugar, lowering blood lipids, and anti-oxidation. It is a high-quality forage plant resource. Summary of the invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a new feed additive and a feed containing the additive, and feed the feed containing the additive to feed laying hens infected with fallopian tube inflammation, so as to study a new feed and method for resisting / relieving fallopian tube inflammation, improving the immunity of laying hens and the resistance to fallopian tube inflammation. The feed can be fed to laying hens to improve their resistance to fallopian tube inflammation and relieve the symptoms of inflammatory reaction, and improve the immunity of laying hens. The feed is natural, safe and effective, can reduce the use of drugs and drug residues, and is safer.

[0006] According to the first aspect of the present invention, a feed additive for laying hens is provided, which is 4% moringa powder or 4% mulberry powder. By adding the additive to the feed and feeding the feed to laying hens infected with fallopian tube inflammation, the changes in tissue and organ weight, organ index changes, and fallopian tube damage caused by inflammation can be effectively alleviated, and the immunity of laying hens and their resistance to fallopian tube inflammation can be improved. Feeding laying hens with the feed can improve their resistance to fallopian tube inflammation and reduce inflammatory reactions, improve the immunity of laying hens, and is natural, safe, and effective, can reduce drug use and drug residues, and is safer.

[0007] According to a second aspect of the present invention, a laying hen feed is provided, which can relieve inflammation of the oviduct of laying hens, and the feed comprises a basic feed and a 4% moringa powder or a 4% mulberry powder additive. Thus, by feeding laying hens infected with oviduct inflammation with the feed, changes in tissue and organ weight, changes in organ indexes, and oviduct damage caused by inflammation can be effectively alleviated, and the immunity of laying hens and their resistance to oviduct inflammation can be improved. Feeding laying hens with the feed can improve their resistance to oviduct inflammation and reduce inflammatory reactions, improve the immunity of laying hens, and is natural, safe, and effective, can reduce drug use and drug residues, and is safer.

[0008] In some embodiments, the feed comprises the following components expressed by dry matter content percentage: 57% corn, 4% moringa powder or 4% mulberry powder, 25% soybean meal, 8% stone powder, 1% soybean oil, and 5% premix; the premix, calculated per kilogram of complete feed, contains the following components: VA 9000IU, VD3 3500IU, VE 20IU, VK 3 2mg, VB 1 5mg, VB 2 7mg, VB 12 0.02mg, biotin 0.2mg, folic acid 1mg, niacin 45mg, manganese 100mg, zinc 75mg, iron 80mg, copper 8mg, iodine 0.35mg, selenium 0.30mg.

[0009] According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a feed additive for use in laying hen farming, wherein the feed additive is 4% moringa powder or 4% mulberry powder. Thus, by adding the additive to the feed of laying hens for feeding, the immunity and disease resistance of laying hens, especially the resistance to salpingitis, can be improved.

[0010] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, a laying hen feed is provided for use in laying hen breeding, whereby the laying hen's immunity and disease resistance, especially resistance to salpingitis, can be improved by feeding the laying hen with the feed.

[0011] According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a feed additive for use in preparing a product for improving the resistance of laying hens to oviduct inflammation, wherein the feed additive is 4% moringa powder or 4% mulberry powder. The feed additive is prepared into a corresponding product, such as feed, and applied to the feeding of laying hens, thereby improving the resistance of laying hens to oviduct inflammation.

[0012] According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a feed additive in preparing a product for improving the immunity of laying hens, the feed additive being 4% of Moringa powder or 4% of Mulberry powder. Thus, by preparing a corresponding product such as feed with the feed additive and applying it to the feeding of laying hens, the immunity and resistance of laying hens can be improved.

[0013] According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a feed additive in preparing a product for relieving inflammation in the oviduct of laying hens, the feed additive being 4% Moringa powder or 4% Mulberry powder. Thus, the feed additive is used to prepare a corresponding product, such as feed, and is used in the feeding of laying hens to relieve and reduce the effects of inflammation on laying hens.

[0014] According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a feed additive for use in preparing a product for improving abnormal weight of tissues and organs of laying hens caused by salpingitis, the feed additive being 4% of Moringa powder or 4% of Mulberry powder, and the tissues and organs including any one or more of spleen, ovary, fallopian tube, and abdominal fat. Thus, by preparing a corresponding product such as feed through the feed additive and applying it to the feeding of laying hens, the loss of tissues and organs caused by inflammation can be alleviated, which is specifically reflected in the abnormal increase in the weight of tissues and organs, thereby alleviating and reducing the impact of inflammation on laying hens.

[0015] According to the ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a feed additive for use in preparing a product for alleviating abnormal organ indexes caused by salpingitis in laying hens, the feed additive being 4% moringa powder or 4% mulberry powder, and the organ indexes comprising any one or more of heart index, liver index, spleen index, ovary index, fallopian tube index, and abdominal fat index. Thus, by preparing corresponding products such as feeds through the feed additives and applying them to the feeding of laying hens, the loss of tissues and organs caused by inflammation can be alleviated, which is specifically reflected in the improvement of abnormal tissue and organ indexes, thereby alleviating and reducing the impact of inflammation on laying hens.

[0016] According to the tenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a feed additive for use in preparing a product for alleviating oviduct damage caused by oviductitis in laying hens, the feed additive being 4% moringa powder or 4% mulberry powder, and the oviduct damage comprising abnormalities in any one or more of the following indicators: wrinkle density, wrinkle height, and number of glandular cells per unit. Thus, by preparing a corresponding product such as feed with the feed additive and applying it to the feeding of laying hens, the effect of inflammation on oviduct damage can be alleviated, thereby alleviating and reducing the effect of inflammation on laying hens.

[0017] According to the eleventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a feed additive for use in preparing a product for inhibiting inflammatory factors caused by salpingitis in laying hens, the feed additive being 4% moringa powder or 4% mulberry powder, the inflammatory factors comprising any one or more of chicken interferon-γ, chicken tumor necrosis factor-α, chicken interleukin-1β, chicken interleukin-6, and chicken interleukin-10. Thus, by preparing a corresponding product such as feed with the feed additive and applying it to the feeding of laying hens, the effect of inflammation on laying hens can be alleviated and reduced by inhibiting inflammatory factors.

[0018] According to the twelfth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a feed additive for preparing a product for alleviating abnormal antioxidant capacity of laying hens caused by salpingitis, wherein the feed additive is 4% Moringa powder or 4% Mulberry powder. Thus, by preparing a corresponding product such as feed with the feed additive and applying it to the feeding of laying hens, the antioxidant capacity of laying hens can be improved, thereby resisting inflammatory reactions, and alleviating and reducing the effects of inflammation on laying hens.

[0019] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0020] The present application feeds the laying hens infected with salpingitis (processed by phenol glue modeling) by adding moringa powder or mulberry powder as additives into feed. Studies have shown that moringa or mulberry feed have a significant effect on laying hen organ weight, immune index and antioxidant capacity, and can effectively alleviate the adverse effects of salpingitis on laying hen organ weight, immune index, antioxidant capacity and inflammation caused by tissue damage, etc., and improve the immunity of laying hens and the resistance to salpingitis. And further found that moringa feed or mulberry feed can effectively suppress the inflammatory factors caused by salpingitis, and improve the antioxidant capacity of laying hen oviduct, indicating that moringa and mulberry feed can effectively alleviate the symptoms of laying hen salpingitis by improving immune function, suppressing inflammatory response and enhancing antioxidant capacity, improve laying hen immunity, and reduce the use of drugs for treating salpingitis to a certain extent, reduce the use of antibiotics, and ensure the safe production of laying hens. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] Figure 1 This is a histopathological observation picture of the oviduct of laying hens;

[0022] Figure 2 This is the graph of the morphological observation and statistical results of the oviduct tissue of laying hens: CON represents the control group, YZ-CON represents the inflammatory blank group, YZ-LM represents the inflammatory Moringa group, and YZ-CON represents the inflammatory Morus alba group. The same letters represent no significant difference (p>0.05), and different letters represent significant difference (p<0.05). DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] The invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0024] 1. Test materials and their preparation

[0025] Collect Moringa branches and leaves, cut them into pieces and dry them in the shade, then dry them in an oven at 40°C. After they are completely dried, grind them in a grinder and sieve them through a 20-mesh sieve to make Moringa powder.

[0026] Mulberry branches and leaves are collected, cut into pieces and dried in the shade, then dried in an oven at 40°C at low temperature, crushed in a grinder after being completely dried, and sieved through a 20-mesh sieve to make mulberry powder.

[0027] Prepare phenol slurry: weigh 30 ml of liquefied phenol, 5 g of gelatin, and 20 ml of glycerol, mix them, add distilled water to 100 ml, and store them in a sealed bottle.

[0028] 2. Research subjects

[0029] The experimental animals were 441-day-old laying hens of Jingfen No. 6, purchased from Guangdong Santianxian Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd.

[0030] 3. Modeling of salpingitis in laying hens

[0031] Twenty-four healthy 441-day-old Jingfen No. 6 laying hens were selected and treated with phenol glue to establish a laying hen salpingitis model. The method is as follows: one person fixes the laying hen, with the head facing down and the cloaca facing up, and gently presses down on both sides of the cloaca of the laying hen, while the other hand supports the chest of the laying hen to turn the oviduct opening out; another person injects the prepared phenol glue into the uterine part of the oviduct. After the injection, the laying hen is placed in a cage for observation for 24 hours. If the laying hen's anus is swollen, yellow-white feces are discharged, the perianal feathers are contaminated, and bloody eggs are produced, the model is considered to be successfully established.

[0032] 4. Experimental design and grouping

[0033] Twenty-four laying hens in good health and similar body shape were selected and randomly divided into a blank control group (6) and a modeling group. The 18 laying hens in the modeling group were treated with phenol glue modeling. The 18 laying hens were then randomly divided into three groups. They were the phenol glue control treatment group (inflammatory blank group), the 4% Moringa group (inflammatory Moringa group) and the 4% Mulberry group (inflammatory Mulberry group). The blank control group and the phenol glue control treatment group (inflammatory blank group) were fed with a basal diet, the 4% Moringa group (inflammatory Moringa group) laying hens were fed with a diet supplemented with 4% Moringa powder, and the 4% Mulberry group (inflammatory Mulberry group) laying hens were fed with a diet supplemented with 4% Mulberry powder. The laying hens were caged and fed with free access to food and water for a total of 8 days. The composition and nutritional level of the basal diet are shown in Tables 1 and 2. On the 9th day, 5 laying hens were selected from each group for slaughter and sampling.

[0034] Table 1 Basic diet composition

[0035]

[0036] Premix (calculated per kg of complete feed): VA 9000IU, VD 3 3500IU, VE 20IU, VK3 2mg, VB 1 5mg, VB 2 7mg, VB 12 0.02mg, biotin 0.2mg, folic acid 1mg, niacin 45mg, manganese 100mg, zinc 75mg, iron 80mg, copper 8mg, iodine 0.35mg, selenium 0.30mg.

[0037] Table 2 Basic ration nutritional level

[0038]

[0039] 5. Feeding and management

[0040] During the experiment, the chickens were kept in cages, with 16 hours of light, the temperature in the chicken house was controlled at about 25℃, the relative humidity was about 77%, artificial feeding, and free drinking water. The experimental period was 16 days, including 7 days of pre-feeding period, 1 day of modeling, and 8 days of formal experiment. The status of the chickens was observed every day.

[0041] 6. Measurement indicators and methods

[0042] 6.1. Organ index determination

[0043] Weigh the body weight, fallopian tube weight, spleen and other organs to calculate the organ index. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0044] Organ index (%) = weight of each organ / living weight × 100.

[0045] 6.2 Histopathological Observation

[0046] The oviduct uterus of laying hens was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and then embedded in paraffin, sliced, and stained with HE for microscopic examination one week later. The fold height, fold density, and number of glandular cells per unit length were calculated. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0047] Fold density = number of folds / mucosal area (number / mm 2 )

[0048] The number of glandular cells per unit length = the number of glandular cells / the length of tubular gland. The number of glandular cells per unit length (cells / mm).

[0049] 6.3. Determination of serum immunoglobulins

[0050] Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) were determined using double-antibody one-step sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The above immunoglobulin ELISA kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.

[0051] 6.4. Determination of serum inflammatory markers

[0052] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.

[0053] 6.5. Determination of serum antioxidant indexes

[0054] Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione catalase (GSH-Px), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.

[0055] 7. Statistical analysis

[0056] The experimental data were sorted by Excel and analyzed by SPSS22.0 (IBM, USA). One-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for the data with normal distribution and non-normal distribution, respectively, and the parametric Tukey test or non-parametric Tamhane test was used for multiple comparisons.

[0057] 8. Results Analysis

[0058] 8.1 Effects of Moringa and Mulberry Diets on Organ Weights and Organ Indexes in Laying Hens

[0059] The test results of the effects of Moringa powder and mulberry powder feed on the organ weight of laying hens are shown in Table 3 below:

[0060] Table 3 Effects of adding Moringa oleifera and Mulberry tree feed to laying hens in the inflammation model on the organ weight of laying hens

[0061]

[0062] Note: Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (P<0.05), and the same letters indicate insignificant differences (P>0.05).

[0063] The results from Table 3 show that:

[0064] There were no significant differences in body weight, heart and liver weight among the control group, inflammation blank group, inflammation Moringa group and inflammation Mulberry group (p>0.05), indicating that inflammation had no significant effect on the weight of these tissues and organs.

[0065] Spleen weight: Compared with the control group, the spleen weight of the inflammation blank group was significantly increased (p<0.05), indicating that inflammation will increase the spleen weight; however, compared with the inflammation blank group, the spleen weight of the inflammation Moringa group was significantly decreased (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference compared with the control group (p>0.05), indicating that the addition of Moringa powder can alleviate the impact of inflammatory response on the spleen and reduce spleen weight; although the spleen weight of the inflammation mulberry group was reduced compared with the inflammation blank group, the difference was not significant, and there was no significant difference between the group and the control group.

[0066] Ovarian weight: The ovarian weight of the inflammation blank group increased compared with the control group, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05), indicating that the effect of inflammatory response on ovarian weight was not significant; at the same time, although the ovarian weight of the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation mulberry group increased significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05), there was no significant difference with the inflammation blank group (p>0.05), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can help increase ovarian weight in the case of inflammatory infection.

[0067] Fallopian tube weight: Compared with the control group, the fallopian tube weight of the inflammation blank group increased significantly (p<0.05), indicating that inflammation will increase the weight of the fallopian tube; compared with the inflammation blank group, the fallopian tube weight of the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation mulberry group decreased, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Although the fallopian tube weight of the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation mulberry group increased compared with the control group, the difference was not significant (p>0.05), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can improve the increase in fallopian tube weight caused by inflammatory response to a certain extent.

[0068] Abdominal fat weight: The abdominal fat in the inflammatory blank group was reduced compared with the control group, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05), indicating that the inflammatory response had little effect on the abdominal fat weight; however, the abdominal fat weight in the inflammatory Moringa group was significantly reduced compared with the control group or the inflammatory blank group (p<0.05), indicating that Moringa powder can reduce the abdominal fat of laying hens; and the abdominal fat in the inflammatory mulberry group was reduced compared with both the control group and the inflammatory blank group, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05).

[0069] The above results show that after the oviduct inflammation stimulation of laying hens, the immune organs of laying hens, such as the liver or spleen, will increase in weight due to the inflammation stimulation to perform immune functions and relieve the inflammatory symptoms. After feeding laying hens infected with oviduct inflammation with Moringa powder as a feed additive, the spleen weight was significantly lower than that of the inflammation blank group, indicating that Moringa powder can resist the effect of inflammatory response on spleen weight and improve the immunity of laying hens; and Moringa powder as feed can also reduce the effect of inflammatory response on oviduct weight to a certain extent; and it can significantly reduce the abdominal fat of laying hens (p<0.05), indicating that adding Moringa powder to feed can reduce the abdominal fat of laying hens. Mulberry powder as a feed additive can alleviate the effect of inflammatory response on the spleen, oviduct weight, and abdominal fat weight of laying hens to a certain extent, and improve the immunity of laying hens to a certain extent.

[0070] The test results of the effects of Moringa and Mulberry feed on laying hen organ indexes are shown in Table 4 below:

[0071] Table 4 Effects of adding Moringa oleifera and Mulberry tree feed to laying hens in the inflammation model on the organ indexes of laying hens

[0072]

[0073] Note: Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (P<0.05), and the same letters indicate insignificant differences (P>0.05).

[0074] The results from Table 4 show that:

[0075] Cardiac index: The cardiac index of the inflammation blank group was significantly increased compared with the control group (p<0.05), indicating that the inflammatory response will increase the cardiac index, and inflammation has a significant effect on the heart weight of laying hens; the cardiac index of the inflammatory Moringa group was lower than that of the inflammation blank group, but higher than that of the control group, and the differences were not significant (p>0.05), indicating that Moringa powder can alleviate the effect of inflammation on the cardiac index to a certain extent; the cardiac index of the inflammation mulberry group was significantly lower than that of the inflammation blank group (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference between it and the control group (p>0.05), indicating that mulberry powder can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on the cardiac index of laying hens.

[0076] Liver index: The liver index of the inflammation blank group was significantly increased compared with the control group (p<0.05), indicating that the inflammatory response will increase the liver index of laying hens, and inflammation has a significant effect on the liver weight of laying hens; while the liver index of the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation Morus alba group was significantly reduced compared with the inflammation blank group (p<

[0077] 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on the liver index of laying hens.

[0078] Spleen index: The spleen index of the inflammation blank group was significantly increased compared with the control group (p<0.05), indicating that the inflammatory response would increase the spleen index of laying hens, and inflammation had a significant effect on the spleen weight of laying hens; while the spleen index of the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation Morus alba group was significantly reduced compared with the inflammation blank group (p<

[0079] 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on the spleen index of laying hens.

[0080] Ovarian index: Compared with the control group, the ovarian index of the inflammation blank group, the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation Morus alba group were significantly increased (p<0.05).

[0081] Oviduct index: compared with the control group, the oviduct index of the inflammation blank group was significantly increased (p<0.05), indicating that the inflammatory response will increase the oviduct index of laying hens, and inflammation has a significant effect on the weight of the oviduct of laying hens; the oviduct index of the inflammatory Moringa group and the inflammatory mulberry group was significantly decreased compared with the inflammation blank group (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference between them and the control group (p>0.05), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on the oviduct index of laying hens.

[0082] Abdominal fat index: The abdominal fat index of the inflammation blank group increased compared with the control group, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05), indicating that inflammation had no significant effect on the abdominal fat index of laying hens; however, the abdominal fat index of the inflammation Moringa group was significantly reduced compared with the inflammation blank group and the control group (p<

[0083] 0.05), indicating that adding Moringa powder to feed can significantly reduce the abdominal fat index; the abdominal fat index of the inflammatory mulberry group was significantly lower than that of the inflammatory blank group (p<0.05), although it was lower than that of the control group, the difference was not significant (p>0.05), indicating that mulberry powder can inhibit the effect of inflammation on increasing the abdominal fat index and can reduce the abdominal fat index to a certain extent.

[0084] The above results show that both Moringa and mulberry have positive effects on the immune organs (such as spleen and liver) and body weight of laying hens. Moringa enhances the immunity of laying hens through its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, effectively alleviating the adverse effects of inflammation on laying hens and the effects on the immune organs of laying hens. This may be because the natural polyphenols and flavonoids in Moringa can improve the body's antioxidant capacity, thereby improving the immunity of laying hens and alleviating the effects of inflammation on laying hens.

[0085] The natural antioxidants in mulberry leaves, such as quercetin and polysaccharides, can enhance immune function and improve organ indexes. Mulberry can improve the liver function of laying hens, regulate blood sugar levels and enhance the body's disease resistance. However, compared with moringa, mulberry's effect is milder and less effective in immune enhancement and organ growth.

[0086] 8.2 Histological Observation of the Oviduct of Laying Hens

[0087] Depend on Figure 1 It can be seen that after HE staining and sectioning the uterine part of the oviduct of laying hens and observing under a microscope, it can be seen that the inflammation blank group, the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation Morus group all have different degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration.

[0088] Further analysis of the slices revealed that the results were as follows: Figure 2 As shown:

[0089] Wrinkle density: The wrinkle density of the inflammation blank group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.05), indicating that inflammation can reduce the wrinkle density of the oviduct of laying hens. The wrinkle density of the inflammation Moringa group was significantly higher than that of the inflammation blank group (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05), indicating that Moringa powder feed can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on the wrinkle density of the oviduct; the wrinkle density of the inflammation mulberry group was higher than that of the inflammation blank group, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05), indicating that mulberry powder had no significant effect on the wrinkle density of the oviduct.

[0090] Wrinkle height: The wrinkle height of the inflammation blank group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.05), indicating that inflammation can reduce the height of the oviduct folds of laying hens. The wrinkle height of the inflammation Moringa group was significantly higher than that of the inflammation blank group (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference between it and the control group (p>0.05), indicating that Moringa powder feed can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on the height of oviduct folds; the wrinkle density of the inflammation mulberry group was higher than that of the inflammation blank group, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05), and there was no significant difference between it and the control group (p>0.05), indicating that the effect of mulberry powder on the height of oviduct folds was not as good as that of Moringa powder.

[0091] The number of glandular cells per unit: The number of glandular cells per unit in the inflammation blank group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p<0.05), indicating that inflammation can reduce the number of glandular cells per unit in the oviduct of laying hens. The number of glandular cells per unit in the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation Mulberry group was significantly higher than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.05), and significantly lower than that in the blank control group (p<0.05), indicating that Moringa powder feed or Mulberry powder feed can alleviate the effect of inflammation on the number of glandular cells per unit in the oviduct to a certain extent.

[0092] Moringa has a significant effect on improving the oviduct of inflamed laying hens. Histological observations show that Moringa can significantly reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells and maintain the integrity of tissue structure. This effect may be closely related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components (such as flavonoids and polyphenols) rich in Moringa. Moringa can improve the function of the oviduct by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response, alleviate the impact of inflammation on the oviduct, and improve the immunity and resistance of laying hens.

[0093] Mulberry also exhibits a certain tissue repair effect. Studies have shown that the polysaccharides and flavonoids in mulberry have strong anti-inflammatory effects, can reduce tissue damage and cell apoptosis, and thus improve the structure of fallopian tube tissue.

[0094] 8.3 Effects of Moringa and Mulberry Feed on Immune Parameters of Laying Hens

[0095] 8.3.1 Effects of Moringa oleifera and Mulberry on Serum Inflammatory Factors in Laying Hens

[0096] The effects of Moringa powder and mulberry powder added as additives to feed on serum inflammatory factors in laying hens are shown in Table 5:

[0097] Table 5 Serum inflammatory factor indexes of laying hens with inflammatory model supplemented with Moringa oleifera and Mulberry

[0098]

[0099] Note: Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (P<0.01), and the same letters indicate insignificant differences (P>0.01).

[0100] The results from Table 5 show that:

[0101] Chicken interferon Y (IFN-Y): Compared with the control group, the concentration of inflammatory factor IFN-Y in the inflammation blank group was significantly increased (p<0.01), indicating that the inflammatory response will increase the IFN-Y concentration in laying hens, and inflammation has a significant effect on the immune index IFN-Y of laying hens; the IFN-Y concentration in the inflammation Moringa group was lower than that in the inflammation blank group, but the difference was not significant, but its concentration was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that Moringa powder can alleviate the effect of inflammation on laying hens to a certain extent, and improve the immunity and resistance of laying hens to inflammation; the IFN-Y concentration in the inflammation mulberry group was significantly lower than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), but its concentration was still significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that mulberry powder can significantly alleviate the effect of inflammation on laying hens, and improve their immunity and resistance to inflammation.

[0102] Chicken tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α): Compared with the control group, the concentration of inflammatory factor TNF-α in the inflammation blank group was significantly increased (p<0.01), indicating that the inflammatory response will increase the TNF-α concentration in laying hens, and inflammation has a significant effect on the immune index TNF-α of laying hens; while the TNF-α concentration in the inflammatory Moringa group or the inflammatory mulberry group was significantly lower than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), but its concentration was still significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can significantly alleviate the impact of inflammation on laying hens, improve their immunity and resistance to inflammation.

[0103] Chicken interleukin 1β (IL-1β): Compared with the control group, the concentration of inflammatory factor IL-1β in the inflammation blank group was significantly increased (p<0.01), indicating that the inflammatory response will increase the concentration of IL-1β in laying hens, and inflammation has a significant effect on the immune index IL-1β of laying hens; while the concentration of IL-1β in the inflammatory Moringa group or the inflammatory mulberry group was significantly lower than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), but its concentration was still significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can significantly alleviate the impact of inflammation on laying hens, improve their immunity and resistance to inflammation.

[0104] Chicken interleukin 6 (IL-6): Compared with the control group, the concentration of inflammatory factor IL-6 in the inflammation blank group was significantly increased (p<0.01), indicating that the inflammatory response will increase the IL-6 concentration in laying hens, and inflammation has a significant effect on the immune index IL-6 of laying hens; while the IL-6 concentration in the inflammatory Moringa group or the inflammatory mulberry group was significantly lower than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), but its concentration was still significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can significantly alleviate the impact of inflammation on laying hens, improve their immunity and resistance to inflammation.

[0105] Chicken interleukin 10 (IL-10): Compared with the control group, the concentration of inflammatory factor IL-10 in the inflammation blank group was significantly reduced (p<0.01), indicating that the inflammatory response will reduce the IL-10 concentration in laying hens, and inflammation has a significant effect on the immune index IL-10 of laying hens; while the IL-10 concentration in the inflammatory Moringa group or the inflammatory mulberry group was significantly increased compared with the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), but its concentration was still significantly lower than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can significantly alleviate the impact of inflammation on laying hens, improve their immunity and resistance to inflammation.

[0106] The above results show that Moringa has a significant effect in reducing the expression of inflammatory factors (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), especially inhibiting the inflammatory response by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. The anti-inflammatory effect of Moringa is closely related to its rich antioxidants (such as vitamin C and β-carotene), which can effectively alleviate tissue damage caused by inflammation, effectively alleviate the impact of inflammation on laying hens, and improve the immunity and resistance of laying hens to inflammation.

[0107] The natural anti-inflammatory substances in mulberry, especially quercetin and other flavonoids, can effectively inhibit the overexpression of inflammatory factors. Studies have shown that mulberry is more advantageous in regulating chronic inflammation. However, compared with moringa, the anti-inflammatory effect of mulberry may be more suitable for alleviating mild to moderate inflammatory reactions. 8.3.2 Effects of moringa and mulberry on serum immunoglobulin levels in laying hens

[0108] The effects of adding moringa powder and mulberry powder as additives to laying hen feed on the serum immunoglobulin levels of laying hens are shown in Table 6:

[0109] Table 6 Serum immune factor indexes of laying hens with inflammatory model supplemented with Moringa oleifera and Mulberry

[0110]

[0111] Note: Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (P<0.05), and the same letters indicate insignificant differences (P>0.05).

[0112] The results from Table 6 show that:

[0113] Total protein TP: The total protein TP concentration in the inflammation blank group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that the inflammatory response would increase the total protein TP concentration in laying hens, and inflammation would cause a significant increase in the total protein TP in laying hens; the total protein TP concentration in the inflammatory Moringa group increased compared with the inflammatory blank group, but the difference was not significant, and its concentration was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that Moringa powder would further increase the total protein expression level in laying hens; the total protein TP concentration in the inflammatory mulberry group was significantly increased compared with both the inflammatory blank group and the control group (p<0.01).

[0114] Serum immune factor A (IgA): The IgA concentration in the inflammation blank group was higher than that in the control group, but the difference was not significant, indicating that inflammation had little effect on the IgA concentration; the IgA concentration in the inflammation Moringa group was significantly lower than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), and there was no significant difference from the control group, indicating that Moringa powder can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on IgA; the IgA concentration in the inflammation mulberry group was lower than that in the inflammation blank group, and increased compared with the control group, but the differences were not significant, indicating that mulberry powder can alleviate the effect of inflammation on IgA to a certain extent.

[0115] Serum immune factor G (IgG): The IgG concentration in the inflammation blank group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that the inflammatory response will lead to an increase in the IgG concentration in laying hens, and inflammation has a significant effect on the IgG in laying hens; the IgG concentration in the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation Mulberry group was significantly lower than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), but significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01). This indicates that Moringa powder or Mulberry powder can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on the IgG of laying hens, indicating that Moringa powder or Mulberry powder can effectively alleviate the inflammation and reaction of laying hens, and improve the resistance to inflammation and the immunity of laying hens.

[0116] Serum immune factor M (IgM): Compared with the control group, the IgM concentration in the inflammation blank group was significantly increased (p<0.01), indicating that the inflammatory response will increase the IgM concentration of laying hens, and inflammation has a significant effect on IgM of laying hens; the IgM concentration in the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation Mulberry group was significantly lower than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), but significantly higher than the control group (p<0.01), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on IgM, indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can effectively alleviate inflammation and reaction of laying hens, and improve inflammation resistance and immunity of laying hens.

[0117] The above results show that Moringa powder or mulberry powder added as an additive to feed has a good alleviating effect on the inflammatory response of laying hens, and can effectively alleviate the increased expression of immune proteins (such as IgA, IgM and IgG) caused by the inflammatory response, so that the expression level of immune proteins tends to the control group, that is, tends to the normal level. This shows that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can effectively enhance the humoral immune response, improve the immunity and resistance to inflammation of laying hens.

[0118] 8.4 Effects of Moringa and Mulberry Feed on Antioxidant Indexes of Laying Hens

[0119] The effects of adding moringa powder and mulberry powder as additives to laying hen feed on the antioxidant indexes of laying hens are shown in Table 7:

[0120] Table 7 Serum antioxidant factor indexes of laying hens with inflammatory model supplemented with Moringa oleifera and Mulberry

[0121]

[0122]

[0123] Note: Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (P<0.05), and the same letters indicate insignificant differences (P>0.05).

[0124] The results from Table 7 show that:

[0125] Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC): The T-AOC concentration in the inflammatory blank group was higher than that in the control group, but the difference was not significant, indicating that the inflammatory response had no significant effect on the T-AOC of laying hens; the T-AOC concentration in the inflammatory Moringa group was significantly increased compared with the inflammatory blank group and the control group (p<0.05); the T-AOC concentration in the inflammatory mulberry group was not significantly different from that in the inflammatory blank group and the control group.

[0126] Catalase (CAT): Compared with the control group, the CAT concentration in the inflammatory blank group increased significantly (p<0.05), indicating that the inflammatory response has a significant effect on the CAT concentration of laying hens; the CAT concentration in the inflammatory Moringa group and the inflammatory Mulberry group was not significantly different from that in the inflammatory blank group, but was significantly increased compared with the control group (p<0.05).

[0127] Malondialdehyde (MDA): The MDA concentration in the inflammation blank group was significantly increased compared with the control group (p<0.01), indicating that the inflammatory response had a significant effect on the MDA of laying hens; the MDA concentration in the inflammatory Moringa group was significantly lower than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), and there was no significant difference from the control group, indicating that Moringa powder can effectively alleviate the effect of inflammation on the MDA expression of laying hens; the T-AOC concentration in the inflammation mulberry group was significantly lower than that in the inflammation blank group (p<0.01), but still significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.01), indicating that mulberry powder can alleviate the effect of inflammation on the MDA expression of laying hens to a certain extent.

[0128] Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px): The GSH-Px concentration in the inflammatory blank group was higher than that in the control group, but the difference was not significant, indicating that the inflammatory response had no significant effect on the GSH-Px of laying hens; the GSH-Px concentration in the inflammatory Moringa group and the inflammatory mulberry group was significantly increased compared with the inflammatory blank group and the control group (p<0.01), indicating that either Moringa powder or mulberry powder can significantly increase the GSH-Px concentration, and the effect of Moringa powder is more significant.

[0129] Total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD): The T-SOD concentration in the inflammation blank group was higher than that in the control group, but the difference was not significant, indicating that the inflammatory response had no significant effect on the T-SOD of laying hens; the T-SOD concentration in the inflammation Moringa group and the inflammation Mulberry group was significantly increased compared with the inflammation blank group and the control group (p<0.01), indicating that Moringa powder or mulberry powder can significantly increase the T-SOD concentration, and the effect of mulberry powder is more significant.

[0130] The above results show that Moringa has a significant antioxidant effect. The rich natural antioxidant ingredients in Moringa, such as polyphenols, vitamin C, β-carotene and flavonoids, can significantly increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and TAC and reduce the damage of free radicals. This shows that Moringa can effectively improve the antioxidant capacity of laying hens, thereby enhancing their immune response and production performance.

[0131] The polyphenols and flavonoids in mulberry, especially quercetin, can effectively increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce oxidative stress. Although the antioxidant effect of mulberry is not as strong as that of moringa, it can still play an important role in anti-oxidative stress and immune regulation.

[0132] In conclusion, this study preliminarily confirmed the potential of Moringa and Mulberry as feed additives in alleviating oviduct inflammation in laying hens. Through their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects, they can not only effectively alleviate the symptoms of oviduct inflammation, but also improve the immune function and production performance of laying hens. With the increasing demand for antibiotic alternatives in the poultry industry, Moringa and Mulberry show broad application prospects as natural, safe and effective alternatives. Moreover, their application in poultry farming is expected to provide a feasible way to solve the problems caused by the current use of antibiotics.

Claims

1. Laying hen feed additives, including: The feed additive is 4% of Moringa powder or 4% of mulberry powder.

2. Laying hen feed, including: The feed can relieve inflammation of the oviduct of laying hens, and the feed comprises a basic feed and the additive as claimed in claim 1.

3. The laying hen feed according to claim 2, wherein The feed comprises the following components expressed by dry matter content percentage: 57% corn, 4% moringa powder or 4% mulberry powder, 25% soybean meal, 8% stone powder, 1% soybean oil, and 5% premix; The premix contains the following components per kilogram of complete feed: VA 9000IU, VD33500IU, VE 20IU, VK3 2mg, VB1 5mg, VB2 7mg, VB 12 0.02mg, biotin 0.2mg, folic acid 1mg, niacin 45mg, manganese 100mg, zinc 75mg, iron 80mg, copper 8mg, iodine 0.35mg, selenium 0.30mg.

4. Use of the additive according to claim 1 or the laying hen feed according to claim 2 or 3 in laying hen breeding.

5. Use of the additive described in claim 1 in preparing a product for improving the resistance of laying hens to oviduct inflammation, or in preparing a product for improving the immunity of laying hens, or in preparing a product for relieving oviduct inflammation in laying hens.

6. Use of the additive of claim 1 in preparing a product for improving abnormal weight of tissues and organs in laying hens caused by salpingitis, wherein: The tissues and organs include any one or more of the spleen, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and abdominal fat.

7. Use of the additive of claim 1 in preparing a product for alleviating abnormal organ indexes of laying hens caused by salpingitis, wherein: The organ index includes any one or more of a heart index, a liver index, a spleen index, an ovarian index, a fallopian tube index, and an abdominal fat index.

8. Use of the additive of claim 1 in preparing a product for alleviating oviduct damage caused by oviductitis in laying hens, wherein: The fallopian tube damage includes abnormality in any one or more of the following indicators: fold density, fold height, and number of glandular cells per unit area.

9. Use of the additive of claim 1 in preparing a product for inhibiting inflammatory factors caused by salpingitis in laying hens, wherein: The inflammatory factors include any one or more of chicken interferon Y, chicken tumor necrosis factor α, chicken interleukin 1β, chicken interleukin 6, and chicken interleukin 10.

10. Use of the additive according to claim 1 in preparing a product for alleviating abnormal antioxidant capacity of laying hens caused by salpingitis.

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