Flame-retardant seawater-resistant polyester cable and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a flame-retardant seawater-resistant polyester cable and a preparation method thereof. According to the scheme, the surface of the polyester cable is coated with a polyurethane coating with flame-retardant and seawater-resistant functions; the preparation method comprises the following steps: reacting 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide with trimethylolpropane allyl ether to obtain a phosphorus-containing chain extender with a flame retardant function; the preparation method comprises the following steps: reacting diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, a hydrophilic chain extender, a catalyst, a micromolecule chain extender and a phosphorus-containing flame-retardant functional chain extender to obtain a prepolymer; cooling and neutralizing the prepolymer, adding deionized water, stirring, and removing acetone to obtain polyurethane with flame-retardant and seawater-resistant functions; the polyester cable is soaked in polyurethane with flame-retardant and seawater-resistant functions, taken out and dried; and repeating for a plurality of times to obtain the flame-retardant seawater-resistant polyester cable. The polyester cable has seawater-resistant and flame-retardant functions, the preparation method is simple and convenient, and the polyester cable has wide application prospects in the fields of ocean engineering, ship shipping, marine fishery and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a polyester cable and a preparation method thereof, in particular to a flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] In the marine engineering, shipping and offshore fisheries industries, polyester cables are widely used due to their high strength, low elongation and good flexibility. It undertakes important tasks such as ship mooring, cargo lifting and offshore facility fixing, and plays a decisive role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of operations. However, in the marine environment, the high salinity, strong corrosiveness and complex chemicals of seawater continue to corrode polyester cables. In such an environment for a long time, the fiber structure of the cable is destroyed, the strength drops sharply, and its service life is greatly shortened. At the same time, fire safety is also an issue that cannot be ignored. Polyester materials are flammable in themselves. Once a fire occurs in places such as ships and offshore platforms, polyester cables will burn rapidly, not only will their own structure be quickly destroyed, but also will promote the spread of fire, posing a huge threat to the safety of life and property. Polyurethane materials have excellent wear resistance, chemical corrosion resistance and good flexibility. It is one of the commonly used polyester cable coatings at present, because the coating formed by it can improve the seawater resistance of polyester cables. However, the flame retardant performance of polyurethane is low, and the flame retardant performance of polyester cables coated with it as a coating is also low. Therefore, when polyurethane is used as a coating for polyester cables, how to simultaneously take into account seawater resistance and flame retardancy is a difficult problem that needs to be solved urgently. Summary of the invention

[0003] In order to overcome the problems existing in the background technology, the present invention provides a flame retardant and seawater resistant polyester cable and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method of the present invention is simple, and the obtained polyester cable has good flame retardancy and seawater resistance, and has broad application prospects in the fields of marine engineering, ship shipping, marine fisheries, etc.

[0004] To achieve the above purpose, the scheme of the present invention is to coat the surface of a polyester cable with a flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane coating; the method is to react 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether to obtain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender; react diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender, catalyst, small molecule chain extender, and phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender to obtain a prepolymer; cool and neutralize the prepolymer, add deionized water for stirring, remove acetone, and obtain a flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane; soak the polyester cable in the flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane, take it out and dry it; repeat several times to obtain a flame retardant and seawater resistant polyester cable.

[0005] More specifically, the specific technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve its technical problem is:

[0006] 1. A flame retardant and seawater resistant polyester cable:

[0007] The surface of the polyester cable is coated with a flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane coating, and the chemical structure of the flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane is as follows:

[0008]

[0009] Among them, n ranges from 30 to 40, the wavy line represents the repeating segment part in the chemical structure of the flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane, and NCO represents the isocyanate group.

[0010] The flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane is mainly polymerized by diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender, small molecule chain extender and hydrophilic chain extender. The mass ratio of diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender, small molecule chain extender, phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender, neutralizer and catalyst is 45-55: 35-45: 5-10: 8-10: 1-5: 5-20: 5-10: 0.04-0.06.

[0011] The phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender has a content of 1-15 wt% in the flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane and is prepared from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether, and the chemical structural formula is as follows:

[0012]

[0013] The phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender is obtained by reacting 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether in a nitrogen atmosphere within a temperature range of 120-160° C. for 10-15 hours, then cooling to room temperature and purifying by distillation.

[0014] The diisocyanate is at least one of isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate and cyclohexyl diisocyanate.

[0015] The petroleum-based polyol is at least one of polypropylene glycol, polyoxypropylene polyol and polytetramethylene glycol.

[0016] The bio-oil-based polyol is at least one of castor oil, soybean oil and linseed oil.

[0017] The small molecule chain extender is at least one of 1,4-butanediol, ethylene glycol and hexanediol.

[0018] The hydrophilic chain extender is at least one of 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid and 2,2-dimethylol butyric acid.

[0019] 2. A method for preparing a flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable, the method comprising the following steps:

[0020] Step 1) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether are reacted to obtain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender;

[0021] Step 2) in a nitrogen atmosphere, diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender and catalyst are first reacted at a certain temperature, and after heating, small molecule chain extender and phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender obtained in step 1) and acetone are sequentially added, and the reaction is continued to obtain a prepolymer;

[0022] Step 3) cooling and neutralizing the prepolymer obtained in step 2), adding deionized water and stirring, and removing acetone by rotary evaporation to obtain the polyurethane having both flame retardancy and seawater resistance;

[0023] Step 4) fully immersing the polyester cable in the flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyurethane obtained in step 3), taking out the polyester cable, and drying it;

[0024] Step 5) Repeat step 4) several times to obtain the flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable.

[0025] The step 1) is specifically to mix 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether in a molar ratio of 1.1:1 under a nitrogen atmosphere, stir and react at 120-160° C. for 10-15 hours, cool to room temperature, and purify by distillation to obtain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender.

[0026] In the step 2), diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender and catalyst are stirred and reacted at 65-85° C. for 1-3 hours, and after heating to 75-90° C., small molecule chain extender and phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender are added, and then acetone is added to adjust the viscosity of the system and the reaction is continued for 5-9 hours.

[0027] The catalyst is at least one of dibutyltin dilaurate and stannous octoate.

[0028] In the step 3), the prepolymer is cooled to 35-50° C., a neutralizing agent is added for neutralization for 30-40 minutes, deionized water is poured in, and stirred at a speed of 600-1000 r / min for 20-30 minutes; the neutralizing agent is at least one of triethylamine and triethanolamine.

[0029] The solid content of the obtained polyurethane with flame retardant and seawater resistant functions is 25-35%.

[0030] In the step 2) and step 3), the mass ratio of diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender, small molecule chain extender, phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender, neutralizer, and catalyst is: 45-55: 35-45: 5-10: 8-10: 1-5: 5-20: 5-10: 0.04-0.06.

[0031] In the step 2), the amount of acetone added is 1-5 mL of acetone per 1 g of the whole composition consisting of diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender, small molecule chain extender, phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender and catalyst.

[0032] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0033] The preparation method of the invention is simple, and the surface of the obtained polyester cable is covered with a polyurethane coating with flame retardant and seawater resistant functions, petroleum-based polyols, bio-oil-based polyols, and a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender are introduced into the main chain of the polyurethane molecule, and the phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender is prepared by reacting 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether.

[0034] The flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane coating of the present invention combines the characteristic molecular structures of petroleum-based polyols, bio-oil-based polyols, and phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extenders, giving polyester cables excellent flame retardant and seawater resistant properties. Bio-oil-based polyols, as derivatives of natural bio-oils, have excellent charring properties and low smoke release when burned; the characteristic benzene ring structure and phosphorus element of the phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender make its thermal decomposition stability and flame retardant properties better, which can improve the charring efficiency and inhibit melt dripping, thereby improving the flame retardant properties of polyester cables. The seawater resistance is mainly attributed to: the penetration, bonding and film-forming effects of the flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane on the polyester cable, and the hydrophobicity of organic groups such as carbamate in the molecular structure of such polyurethane. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The present invention is further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0036] Embodiments of the present invention are as follows:

[0037] In the following examples, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (97%), trimethylolpropane allyl ether (95%), isophorone diisocyanate (99%), polypropylene glycol 2000, castor oil (CP), 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid (98%), dibutyltin dilaurate (95%), 1,4-butanediol (99.5%), triethylamine (99%), and polyester cable are commercially available materials.

[0038] Seawater wicking test method: add 1 ml of red ink to 30 ml of artificial seawater, immerse the tail of a 10 cm long polyester cable completely, take it out after 48 hours and record the water absorption length.

[0039] Embodiment 1:

[0040] (1) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 21.8 g of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and 17.4 g of trimethylolpropane allyl ether were stirred and reacted at 150° C. for 12 h, cooled to room temperature, and purified by distillation to obtain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender;

[0041] (2) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 10 g of isophorone diisocyanate, 8 g of polypropylene glycol 2000, 1.4 g of castor oil, 1.7 g of 2,2-dihydroxymethylpropionic acid and 0.011 g of dibutyltin dilaurate were stirred and reacted at 80° C. for 2.5 h, the system was heated to 85° C., 0.8 g of 1,4-butanediol and 1.2 g of the phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender obtained in step 1) were added, 20 mL of acetone was added, and the reaction was continued to obtain a prepolymer;

[0042] (3) cooling the prepolymer obtained in step 2) to 45° C., adding 1.3 g of triethylamine to neutralize for 40 min, adding 45 mL of deionized water and stirring for 30 min, and removing acetone by rotary evaporation to obtain the flame retardant polyurethane, which is recorded as FRWPU5;

[0043] (4) fully immersing the polyester cable in the FRWPU5 obtained in step 3), taking out the polyester cable, and drying it;

[0044] (5) Repeat step 4) several times until the mass fraction of the FRWPU5 coating in the polyester rope after coating is 30%, thereby obtaining the flame-retardant polyester rope, which is recorded as PET rope-FRWPU5.

[0045] The results of the seawater wicking resistance test are shown in Table 1.

[0046] The UL-94 flame retardant performance test results are shown in Table 2.

[0047] Embodiment 2:

[0048] (1) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 21.8 g of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and 17.4 g of trimethylolpropane allyl ether were stirred and reacted at 150° C. for 12 h, cooled to room temperature, and purified by distillation to obtain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender;

[0049] (2) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 10 g of isophorone diisocyanate, 8 g of polypropylene glycol 2000, 1.4 g of castor oil, 1.7 g of 2,2-dihydroxymethylpropionic acid and 0.011 g of dibutyltin dilaurate were stirred and reacted at 80° C. for 2.5 h, the system was heated to 85° C., 0.5 g of 1,4-butanediol and 2.5 g of the phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender obtained in step 1) were added, 22 mL of acetone was added, and the reaction was continued to obtain a prepolymer;

[0050] (3) cooling the prepolymer obtained in step 2) to 45° C., adding 1.3 g of triethylamine to neutralize for 40 min, adding 59 mL of deionized water and stirring for 30 min, and removing acetone by rotary evaporation to obtain the flame retardant polyurethane, which is recorded as FRWPU10;

[0051] (4) fully immersing the polyester cable in the FRWPU10 obtained in step 3), taking out the polyester cable, and drying it;

[0052] (5) Repeat step 4) several times, so that the mass fraction of the FRWPU10 coating in the polyester rope after coating is 30%, and obtain the flame-retardant polyester rope, which is recorded as PET rope-FRWPU10.

[0053] The results of the seawater wicking resistance test are shown in Table 1.

[0054] The UL-94 flame retardant performance test results are shown in Table 2.

[0055] Embodiment 3:

[0056] (1) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 21.8 g of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and 17.4 g of trimethylolpropane allyl ether were stirred and reacted at 150° C. for 12 h, cooled to room temperature, and purified by distillation to obtain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender;

[0057] (2) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 10 g of isophorone diisocyanate, 8 g of polypropylene glycol 2000, 1.4 g of castor oil, 1.7 g of 2,2-dihydroxymethylpropionic acid and 0.011 g of dibutyltin dilaurate were stirred and reacted at 80° C. for 2.5 h, the system was heated to 85° C., 0.2 g of 1,4-butanediol and 3.9 g of the phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender obtained in step 1) were added, 25 mL of acetone was added, and the reaction was continued to obtain a prepolymer;

[0058] (3) cooling the prepolymer obtained in step 2) to 45° C., adding 1.3 g of triethylamine to neutralize for 40 min, adding 62 mL of deionized water and stirring for 30 min, and removing acetone by rotary evaporation to obtain the phosphorus-containing flame retardant waterborne polyurethane, which is recorded as FRWPU15;

[0059] (4) fully immersing the polyester cable in the FRWPU15 obtained in step 3), taking out the polyester cable, and drying it;

[0060] (5) Repeat step 4) several times until the mass fraction of the FRWPU15 coating in the polyester rope after coating is 30%, thereby obtaining the flame-retardant polyester rope, which is recorded as PET rope-FRWPU15.

[0061] The results of the seawater wicking resistance test are shown in Table 1.

[0062] The UL-94 flame retardant performance test results are shown in Table 2.

[0063] Comparative Example 1:

[0064] (1) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 10 g of isophorone diisocyanate, 8 g of polypropylene glycol 2000, 1.4 g of castor oil, 1.7 g of 2,2-dihydroxymethylpropionic acid and 0.011 g of dibutyltin dilaurate were stirred and reacted at 80° C. for 2.5 h, the system was heated to 85° C., 1.3 g of 1,4-butanediol was added, 20 mL of acetone was added, and the reaction was continued to obtain a prepolymer;

[0065] (2) cooling the prepolymer obtained in step 1) to 45° C., adding 1.3 g of triethylamine to neutralize for 40 min, adding 55 mL of deionized water and stirring for 30 min, and removing acetone by rotary evaporation to obtain the flame retardant polyurethane, which is recorded as FRWPU;

[0066] (3) fully immersing the polyester cable in the FRWPU obtained in step 2), taking out the polyester cable, and drying it;

[0067] (4) Repeat step 3) several times until the mass fraction of the FRWPU coating in the polyester rope after coating is 30%, thereby obtaining the flame-retardant polyester rope, which is recorded as PET rope-FRWPU.

[0068] The results of the seawater wicking resistance test are shown in Table 1.

[0069] The UL-94 flame retardant performance test results are shown in Table 2.

[0070] Table 1: Seawater wicking test results

[0071] sample Wicking height (mm) Blank 65 Comparative Example 1 12 Example 1 10 Example 2 15 Example 3 25

[0072] Table 2: UL-94 flame retardant performance test results

[0073]

[0074] The blank sample is a pure polyester cable, the comparative example 1 does not contain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender, and the examples 1, 2 and 3 contain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender. The results of the seawater wicking test show that the wicking height of the blank sample after 48 hours is 65 mm. Compared with the blank sample, the wicking heights of the comparative example and the example are significantly reduced. As the mass fraction of the phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender in the polyurethane increases, the wicking height increases, but is still significantly less than the wicking height of the blank sample.

[0075] The UL-94 flame retardant test results of the blank sample and comparative example 1 show that the coating of comparative example 1 has improved seawater resistance but reduced flame retardant performance. However, with the introduction and increase in the amount of phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender, the flame retardant performance gradually improves.

[0076] From this comparison, it can be seen that the polyester cable of the present invention has seawater resistance and flame retardancy, and the preparation method is simple, and has broad application prospects in the fields of marine engineering, ship shipping, marine fisheries, etc.

[0077] The above embodiments are used to explain the present invention rather than to limit the present invention. Any modifications and changes made to the present invention within the spirit of the present invention and the protection scope of the claims are applicable to the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable, characterized in that: The surface of the polyester cable is coated with a flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane coating, and the chemical structure of the flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane is as follows: Among them, the value range of n is 30-40, the wavy line represents the repeating segment part in the chemical structure of the flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane, and NCO represents the isocyanate group.

2. The flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable according to claim 1, characterized in that: The flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane is mainly polymerized by diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender, small molecule chain extender and hydrophilic chain extender. The mass ratio of diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender, small molecule chain extender, phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender, neutralizer and catalyst is 45-55: 35-45: 5-10: 8-10: 1-5: 5-20: 5-10: 0.04-0.

06.

3. The flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable according to claim 1, characterized in that: The phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender has a content of 1-15 wt% in the flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane and is prepared from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether, and the chemical structural formula is as follows:

4. A flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that: The phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender is obtained by reacting 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether in a nitrogen atmosphere within a temperature range of 120-160° C., then cooling to room temperature, and purifying by distillation.

5. The flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable according to claim 1, characterized in that: The diisocyanate is at least one of isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate and cyclohexyl diisocyanate; The petroleum-based polyol is at least one of polypropylene glycol, polyoxypropylene polyol, and polytetramethylene glycol; The bio-oil-based polyol is at least one of castor oil, soybean oil, and linseed oil; The small molecule chain extender is at least one of 1,4-butanediol, ethylene glycol, and hexanediol; The hydrophilic chain extender is at least one of 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid and 2,2-dimethylol butyric acid.

6. A method for preparing the flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The method comprises the following steps: Step 1) Under a nitrogen atmosphere, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether are reacted to obtain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender; Step 2) in a nitrogen atmosphere, diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender and catalyst are first reacted at a certain temperature, and after heating, small molecule chain extender and phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender obtained in step 1) and acetone are sequentially added, and the reaction is continued to obtain a prepolymer; Step 3) cooling and neutralizing the prepolymer obtained in step 2), adding deionized water and stirring, and removing acetone by rotary evaporation to obtain the flame retardant and seawater resistant polyurethane; Step 4) fully immersing the polyester cable in the flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyurethane obtained in step 3), taking out the polyester cable, and drying it; Step 5) Repeat step 4) several times to obtain the flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable.

7. The method for preparing a flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable according to claim 6, characterized in that: The step 1) is specifically to mix 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide and trimethylolpropane allyl ether in a molar ratio of 1.1:1 under a nitrogen atmosphere, stir and react at 120-160° C. for 10-15 hours, cool to room temperature, and purify by distillation to obtain a phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender.

8. The method for preparing a flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable according to claim 6, characterized in that: In the step 2), diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender and catalyst are stirred and reacted at 65-85° C. for 1-3 hours, and after heating to 75-90° C., small molecule chain extender and phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender are added, and then acetone is added and the reaction is continued for 5-9 hours.

9. The method for preparing a flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable according to claim 6, characterized in that: In the step 3), the prepolymer is cooled to 35-50° C., a neutralizing agent is added for neutralization for 30-40 minutes, deionized water is poured in, and stirred at a speed of 600-1000 r / min for 20-30 minutes; the neutralizing agent is at least one of triethylamine and triethanolamine.

10. The method for preparing a flame-retardant and seawater-resistant polyester cable according to claim 6, characterized in that: In the step 2) and step 3), the mass ratio of diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender, small molecule chain extender, phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender, neutralizer, and catalyst is: 45-55: 35-45: 5-10: 8-10: 1-5: 5-20: 5-10: 0.04-0.

06. In the step 2), the amount of acetone added is 1-5 mL of acetone per 1 g of the whole composition consisting of diisocyanate, petroleum-based polyol, bio-oil-based polyol, hydrophilic chain extender, small molecule chain extender, phosphorus-containing flame retardant functional chain extender and catalyst.

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