Method for relieving siraitia grosvenorii continuous cropping obstacles by utilizing biochar and application

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for relieving siraitia grosvenorii continuous cropping obstacles by utilizing charcoal and application, and belongs to the field of siraitia grosvenorii planting technology and waste resource utilization. The method comprises the following steps: S1, siraitia grosvenorii waste is manually collected, and after enough siraitia grosvenorii waste is collected, soil and impurities on the surface are removed, and then the siraitia grosvenorii waste is washed with water; s2, crushing and carbonizing the siraitia grosvenorii waste: crushing the siraitia grosvenorii waste through a crushing device to form siraitia grosvenorii waste powder, and further performing high-temperature anaerobic carbonization to form siraitia grosvenorii waste biochar. The soil conditioner can effectively relieve continuous cropping siraitia grosvenorii soil acidification, improve the number of soil microorganisms, improve soil fertility, reduce the risk of soil heavy metal cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury pollution and inhibit the incidence rate of mosaic disease, southern blight and root knot nematode disease, and has a good removal effect on pesticides fosthiazate, thiophanate methyl, chlorothalonil and methamidophos.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical fields of Siraitia grosvenorii cultivation technology and waste resource utilization technology, and in particular to a method and application for alleviating continuous cropping obstacles of Siraitia grosvenorii by using biochar. Background Art

[0002] Siraitia grosvenorii, the fruit of a perennial vine plant in the Cucurbitaceae family, with aliases such as Lahanguo, false balsam pear, smooth fruit Momordica cochinchinensis, Jinbuhuan, naked turtle bar, etc., is hailed as the "fairy fruit" by people. Its leaves are heart-shaped, dioecious, flowering in summer and fruiting in autumn. It contains rich vitamin C, glycosides, fructose, glucose, protein, lipids, etc., and has the effect of relieving cough and reducing phlegm. It is mainly planted in Guangxi, Hunan and other places. Siraitia grosvenorii is an important crop with both medicinal and edible uses in China. The mogroside contained in it has a high sweetness and does not produce calories, and is a precious raw material in the beverage and candy industries, and is one of the best substitutes for sucrose.

[0003] Continuous cropping obstacle refers to the phenomenon that the same crop or its related species are continuously planted in the same plot. Even under normal management conditions, there are still phenomena such as deteriorated growth state, decreased yield and quality, and serious pests and diseases. The reasons for the occurrence of continuous cropping obstacles in crops generally include: changes in soil physical and chemical properties, changes in soil microbial community structure, crop pests and diseases, autotoxic allelopathy, etc. Most of the Siraitia grosvenorii planting areas are hilly slopes, and land resources are relatively scarce. Large-scale continuous cropping is very common. After continuous cropping of Siraitia grosvenorii in the same plot for 3 to 4 years, most plots need to be changed, and some are delayed to 5 years. Long-term continuous cropping of Siraitia grosvenorii leads to problems such as soil acidification, decreased fertility, reduced microbial activity, and increased occurrence of pests and diseases. For example, mosaic disease, southern blight and root-knot nematode disease are the main pests and diseases of Siraitia grosvenorii. With the expansion of the planting area of Siraitia grosvenorii, continuous cropping obstacle has become the main problem faced in the current production of Siraitia grosvenorii, which has had an adverse impact on the yield and quality of Siraitia grosvenorii, and seriously restricted the healthy development of the Siraitia grosvenorii industry.

[0004] At the same time, in the cultivation management of Siraitia grosvenorii, in order to reduce diseases such as soil root-knot nematode disease, at the end of the growing season, farmers often dig out the roots of Siraitia grosvenorii and discard or burn them together with the plants. Discarding will become a potential source of disease transmission, exacerbating the continuous cropping obstacle problem of Siraitia grosvenorii. Burning has a low added value, is easy to cause environmental pollution, affects the ecological environment, and also leads to the waste of Siraitia grosvenorii waste roots and plant resources, and is not conducive to the sustainable development of Siraitia grosvenorii. Therefore, exploring an environmentally friendly and high-added-value way to utilize the roots and plants of Siraitia grosvenorii waste is also an urgent problem that needs to be solved by those skilled in the art.

[0005] Biochar is a carbon-rich solid substance produced by the pyrolysis of biomass materials in an anaerobic environment. It has strong adsorption characteristics and high thermal stability, and has a certain remediation effect on soil fertility, soil heavy metal pollution, and residual pesticides. The potential environmental benefits of biochar have received extensive attention. So far, the research on biochar has mostly focused on herbaceous agricultural straws such as wheat, corn, and rice, as well as feces and sludge waste. However, there are significant differences in the method system and properties of biochar prepared from vine plant waste raw materials. Preparing biochar from the mixture of the roots and plants of the vine plant Siraitia grosvenorii waste is expected to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Siraitia grosvenorii while solving the disposal problem of the roots and plants of Siraitia grosvenorii waste, and can create more economic value.

[0006] Currently, in production, chemical fertilizers are mostly applied to the soil and pesticides are sprayed to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Siraitia grosvenorii. This technical solution has a certain effect on Siraitia grosvenorii orchards with a short planting period. However, as the continuous cropping years increase, its efficiency will decrease. Moreover, the long-term excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides will also bring problems such as soil acidification, heavy metal and pesticide pollution in the Siraitia grosvenorii orchard. For example, a high copper concentration in the soil will cause serious disorders in the physiological and respiratory processes of plants, thereby hindering plant growth, aggravating soil environmental pollution, and also having a certain harm to human health, which is not conducive to the sustainable and healthy development of the Siraitia grosvenorii industry.

[0007] Patent CN2016110831693 discloses a soil conditioner for continuous cropping of crops and its preparation method, which relates to a biological conditioner. However, the requirements for the conditions for the microorganisms to exert their activity are high, the storage period is short, the preparation process is cumbersome, and the cost is also relatively high. In addition, the biological method is limited by factors such as field conditions and product prices, resulting in great application difficulties. Moreover, the biological conditioner does not contain alkaline substances and nutrient substances, and cannot play a role in alleviating soil acidification and improving soil fertility in multiple aspects. This method is not applicable to alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Siraitia grosvenorii.

[0008] Patent CN117682919A provides an organic fertilizer that can improve the soil and alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle and its preparation method, which is a combination of 1.0 - 17.0 parts of black soldier fly frass, 1.0 - 17.0 parts of earthworm manure, 0.5 - 2.0 parts of straw, and 0.5 - 2.0 parts of vermiculite. However, this invention patent is used to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of traditional organic fertilizers, which is different from the research purpose and application object described in this patent. This preparation method is not suitable for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Siraitia grosvenorii.

[0009] Patent CN107586229B provides a biochar-based soil conditioner for continuous peanut cropping, its preparation method and application. The soil conditioner includes the following raw materials: 18.0 - 36.0 parts of straw or 3.3 - 6.6 parts of peanut shells, 6.0 - 12.0 parts of silicon fertilizer, 1.0 - 2.0 parts of urea, 3.0 - 6.0 parts of diammonium phosphate, and 4.0 - 8.0 parts of potassium sulfate. Among them, the straw exists in the form of biochar. However, the preparation process is relatively complex, the added chemical fertilizers are likely to cause soil acidification, and important parameters such as the heating rate in biochar preparation are not clearly defined, and the cost is relatively high, which is not suitable for large-scale application. In contrast, this patent uses the widely distributed root systems and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste as raw materials, adopts a mobile carbonization furnace, obtains materials locally and carbonizes and returns them to the field. The operation is simple and the cost is low, which is suitable for large-scale production and has more practical significance in the resource utilization of agricultural waste.

[0010] It can be seen that considering the specificity of the mixture of the root systems and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste, the above-mentioned related methods are not applicable to alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori. Facing the problem of continuous cropping obstacle in Momordica grosvenori cultivation and a large number of difficult-to-treat root systems and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste, it is urgent to develop a soil regulation method for treating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori by preparing biochar from the mixture of the root systems and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste. While recycling a large amount of root systems and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste, it can also conduct ecological restoration on the soil continuous cropping obstacle, which has important significance for practicing the concept of green, ecological, environmental-friendly crop cultivation.

[0011] However, in the prior art, there has been no report on the research and development of preparing biochar from the mixture of the root systems and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste and its application potential in alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori. Summary of the Invention

[0012] The purpose of this part is to outline some aspects of the embodiments of the present invention and briefly introduce some preferred embodiments. Some simplifications or omissions may be made in this part, as well as in the abstract and title of the present invention, to avoid obscuring the purpose of this part, the abstract, and the title. However, such simplifications or omissions shall not be used to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0013] The object of the present invention is to address the technical problems existing in the background art. The present invention proposes a method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori using biochar. The Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared by the present invention can be used as a soil conditioner for practical application, which can effectively alleviate the acidification of the soil for continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori, improve the soil microbial quantity, enhance the soil fertility, reduce the risk of soil heavy metal cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury pollution, inhibit the incidence of mosaic disease, southern blight and root-knot nematode disease, have good removal effects on pesticides such as fosthiazate, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil and methamidophos, improve the physiological and ecological functions of the leaves of continuous cropping Momordica grosvenori, the yield and quality of the fruits, effectively alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori, can be applied in the fields of agriculture, forestry and environment, is suitable for large-scale production and promotion, and has good application prospects.

[0014] The present invention proposes a method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori using biochar, comprising the following steps:

[0015] S1 Step of collecting Momordica grosvenori waste. In this step, Momordica grosvenori waste is collected manually. After collecting enough Momordica grosvenori waste, the surface soil and impurities are removed and then it is washed with water.

[0016] S2 Step of crushing and carbonizing Momordica grosvenori waste. In this step, the Momordica grosvenori waste is crushed by a crushing device to form Momordica grosvenori waste powder. After collecting the Momordica grosvenori waste powder, the Momordica grosvenori waste powder is placed in a carbonization furnace, and the Momordica grosvenori waste powder is subjected to high-temperature anaerobic carbonization. The powder after high-temperature carbonization processing is filtered again to obtain Momordica grosvenori waste biochar.

[0017] S3 Step of circular fertilization. In this step, a circular fertilization trench is dug around the roots of Momordica grosvenori, and the above-mentioned Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is buried inside the circular fertilization trench.

[0018] By adopting the above technical solution, this solution can effectively avoid problems such as the decline of soil fertility during continuous cropping by recycling Momordica grosvenori waste, thereby ensuring that the size of the fruits of Momordica grosvenori in each season meets the planting requirements.

[0019] Preferably, in the step of collecting Momordica grosvenori waste, after removing the soil and impurities, it is naturally dried for 8 h, then dried at a temperature of 60 °C to 80 °C until the moisture content is 15%, and then crushed to 4 - 5 cm.

[0020] By adopting the above technical solution, this solution can avoid the decomposition of the organic nutrients in the waste due to high temperature by controlling the temperature between 60 °C and 80 °C, thereby ensuring that the nutrient elements of the waste will not be lost.

[0021] Preferably, the step of crushing and carbonizing the monk fruit waste is carried out by heating the mixture to 300°C to 700°C at a heating rate of 20°C / min under a nitrogen or argon atmosphere, carbonizing the mixture at a constant temperature for 2h to 4h, then cooling the mixture to room temperature, crushing the mixture, and passing the mixture through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain monk fruit waste biochar.

[0022] By adopting the above technical solution, this solution can prevent the oxidation of waste inside the carbonization furnace by performing high-temperature carbonization in a protective gas environment, and the high-temperature environment can eliminate bacterial microorganisms in the waste.

[0023] Preferably, in the circular fertilization step, a circular fertilization ditch is dug around the continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori plants, and then the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is applied to the 0-30 cm soil of the continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori garden at a ratio of 1% to 8% of the dry soil weight at one time and mixed evenly.

[0024] Preferably, the monk fruit waste is underground roots and above-ground plants, and the mass ratio of the roots to the plants is 1:2.

[0025] By adopting the above technical solution, this solution can ensure a more reasonable nutrient ratio in monk fruit waste by having a mass ratio of roots to plants of 1:2, while more plant ratios can supplement the trace elements needed in the growth process of monk fruit plants.

[0026] Preferably, in the step of crushing and carbonizing the monk fruit waste, the carbonization equipment is a movable carbonization furnace, the reaction pressure is maintained at 0.1 MPa, and the gas flow rate of the nitrogen or argon is 200 mL / min.

[0027] By adopting the above technical solution, the present solution can ensure that the external oxygen air environment cannot enter the carbonization furnace through the flowing protective gas.

[0028] Preferably, in the biochar step, the biochar yield in this step is 40.09% to 61.22%, and the specific surface area is 71.02 to 150.69 m 2 / g, with an average pore diameter of 4.59 - 7.56 nm, a cation exchange capacity of 41.55 - 74.81 cmol / kg, an ash content of 20.11% - 46.19%, a pH value of 7.18 - 10.15, acidic functional groups of 0.53 - 1.01 mmol / g, basic functional groups of 0.82 - 1.29 mmol / g, total functional groups of 1.83 - 2.13 mmol / g, total carbon content of 57.46% - 68.08%, total nitrogen content of 1.04% - 1.43%, total phosphorus content of 3.16 - 5.89 g / kg, total potassium content of 21.88 - 53.29 g / kg, total sulfur content of 0.34% - 0.77%, available phosphorus content of 70.98 - 168.02 mg / kg, calcium content of 10.01 - 23.22 mg / g, magnesium content of 10.12 - 17.68 mg / g, iron content of 6.22 - 15.42 mg / g, manganese content of 1.23 - 4.44 mg / g, zinc content of 1.31 - 4.10 mg / g. The content of heavy metal element chromium is 3.43 - 5.13 mg / kg, the content of lead is 1.97 - 2.54 mg / kg, the content of arsenic is 1.43 - 1.96 mg / kg, the content of cadmium is 0.044 - 0.098 mg / kg, the content of copper is 2.02 - 2.56 mg / g, the content of nickel is 14.52 - 24.96 mg / kg, and mercury element is not detected.

[0029] By adopting the above technical solution, the heavy metals in the biochar are detected in this solution, thus avoiding the poisoning reaction of plants.

[0030] Preferably, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is used for returning to the field in Momordica grosvenori orchards to improve the soil, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is used for ecological restoration of soil polluted by heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic or / and copper, and the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is used for removing pesticides thiazolophos, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil or / and methamidophos in the soil.

[0031] By adopting the above technical solution, the effect of organic cultivation of Momordica grosvenori can be achieved by removing pesticides in the soil in this solution.

[0032] Preferably, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is used to improve the physiological and ecological functions of the leaves of continuous cropping Momordica grosvenori, the yield and quality of the fruits, and effectively alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori.

[0033] Preferably, it is the biochar prepared under the condition of 500 °C, and the effect is better under the application amount of 6%. The Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is used to reduce the absorption amount of heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic or / and mercury by the intercropped leafy vegetables and root vegetables in Momordica grosvenori.

[0034] By adopting the above technical solution, the biochar prepared under the condition of 500 °C in this solution can control the carbonization degree of the biochar, thereby ensuring the stability of the subsequent application effect.

[0035] In summary, the present invention includes at least one of the following beneficial effects:

[0036] 1. The present invention first selects the mixture of the roots and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste as the raw material for preparing biochar. It is rich in quantity, low in price and extremely easy to obtain. The preparation method is simple, which reduces the cost of biochar preparation, turns waste into treasure, effectively solves the problem of insufficient resource utilization of Momordica grosvenori waste in the prior art, reduces the pollution to the environment caused by the incineration or discard of Momordica grosvenori waste, and is beneficial to environmental protection; the present invention can realize the in-situ carbonization of Momordica grosvenori waste, avoiding the difficult-to-alleviate problems of raw material storage and transportation in large-scale centralized treatment.

[0037] 2. The biochar prepared by the present invention has a high yield, a relatively high pH value, a large specific surface area, a high cation exchange capacity, and the heavy metal elements chromium, lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel do not exceed the standard, and mercury is not detected, having the advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainable development; it has a large variety and rich content of mineral elements, and returning it to the field in-situ is an effective compensation measure for the lack of soil nutrients in Momordica grosvenori orchards caused by the removal of Momordica grosvenori roots and plant wastes. It can be used as a soil conditioner to improve the soil fertility of continuous cropping Momordica grosvenori orchards and effectively alleviate soil acidification, and has good prospects for large-scale application and promotion.

[0038] 3. The biochar prepared by the present invention has rich surface functional groups and strong adsorption performance. It can be used as an environmental remediation material, which can reduce the pollution risk of heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic and copper in continuous cropping soil, has a good removal effect on pesticides such as fosthiazate, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil and methamidophos, can improve the physiological and ecological functions of continuous cropping Momordica grosvenori leaves, the yield and quality of fruits, effectively alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori, and can reduce the absorption of heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic or / and mercury by leafy vegetables and root vegetables intercropped in Momordica grosvenori orchards, having good ecological, environmental and economic effects. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for describing the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings.

[0040] Figure 1 It is a flow chart of a method and application for using biochar to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 2Changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the Siraitia grosvenorii orchard one year after the preparation of biochar from Siraitia grosvenorii waste in Example 1;

[0042] Figure 3 Changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the Siraitia grosvenorii orchard one year after the application of biochar prepared from Siraitia grosvenorii waste in Example 2;

[0043] Figure 4 Changes in the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the Siraitia grosvenorii orchard one year after the application of biochar prepared from Siraitia grosvenorii waste in Example 3;

[0044] Figure 5 Comparison chart of changes in the number of soil microorganisms in the Siraitia grosvenorii orchard one year after the application of biochar prepared from Siraitia grosvenorii waste;

[0045] Figure 6 Changes in the contents of available cadmium, available lead, available arsenic and available copper in the soil (mg / kg) one year after the application of biochar prepared from Siraitia grosvenorii waste;

[0046] Figure 7 Changes in the heavy metal contents in the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii (mg / kg) one year after the application of biochar prepared from Siraitia grosvenorii waste;

[0047] Figure 8 Effects of applying biochar prepared from Siraitia grosvenorii waste on the physiological ecology of the leaves of continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii;

[0048] Figure 9 Effects of applying biochar prepared from Siraitia grosvenorii waste on the fruit yield of continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii;

[0049] Figure 10 Effects of applying biochar prepared from Siraitia grosvenorii waste on the fruit quality of continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii;

[0050] Figure 11 Effects of biochar prepared from Siraitia grosvenorii waste on the enzyme activities of Siraitia grosvenorii fruits;

[0051] Figure 12 Effects of biochar on the mosaic disease and southern blight of continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii;

[0052] Figure 13 Effects of biochar on root-knot nematodes in the soil of continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii;

[0053] Figure 14 Effects of biochar on the absorption of heavy metals by pakchoi (leafy vegetables) (mg / kg);

[0054] Figure 15 Effects of biochar on the absorption of heavy metals by radishes (root vegetables) (mg / kg); Specific implementation mode

[0055] The following is combined with the appendix Figures 1-15A further detailed description of the present invention is provided below.

[0056] Example 1

[0057] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, the present invention discloses a method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori using biochar. Collect the roots and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste, remove the surface soil and impurities, wash with water, naturally dry for 8 h, then bake at a temperature of 60 °C until the moisture content is 15%, and then crush to 4 - 5 cm.

[0058] Place the crushed Momordica grosvenori waste in a mobile carbonization device, heat it to 300 °C at a heating rate of 20 °C / min in an atmosphere of nitrogen with a gas flow rate of 200 mL / min, keep it carbonized at a constant temperature for 4 h, then cool to room temperature, crush, and pass through a 100 - mesh sieve to obtain Momordica grosvenori waste biochar.

[0059] Analysis of biochar quality indicators: Accurately weigh the cooled biochar and calculate the biochar yield; use nitrogen as the adsorption medium and measure the specific surface area and pore volume with a specific surface area and porosity tester. The cation exchange capacity is determined by the ammonium acetate exchange method, and the pH value is measured with a Sartorius PP - 20 type pH meter. The determination of the number of surface acidic (basic) oxygen - containing functional groups is carried out by the Boehm titration method. The ash content is determined using the charcoal test method (GB / T17664 - 1999). The carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur contents are determined using a German Elementar Vario EL III elemental analyzer. The total phosphorus is decomposed by sulfuric acid - hydrogen peroxide and determined by the vanadium molybdate yellow colorimetric method; the available phosphorus is extracted with sodium bicarbonate and determined by the molybdenum antimony resistance colorimetric method; the total potassium is determined by the flame photometer method. The contents of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, etc. are determined using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP, PE optima 5300DV, USA).

[0060] The biochar yield of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared in this Example 1 is 61.22%, and the specific surface area is 71.02 m 2 / g, with an average pore diameter of 4.59 nm, a cation exchange capacity of 41.55 cmol / kg, an ash content of 20.11%, a pH value of 7.18, 1.01 mmol / g of acidic functional groups, 0.82 mmol / g of basic functional groups, 1.83 mmol / g of total functional groups, a total carbon content of 57.46%, a total nitrogen content of 1.04%, a total phosphorus content of 3.16 g / kg, a total potassium content of 21.88 g / kg, a total sulfur content of 0.34%, an available phosphorus content of 70.98 mg / kg, a calcium content of 10.01 mg / g, a magnesium content of 10.12 mg / g, an iron content of 6.22 mg / g, a manganese content of 1.23 mg / g, a zinc content of 1.31 mg / g. The content of heavy metal element chromium is 3.43 mg / kg, the content of lead is 1.97 mg / kg, the content of arsenic is 1.43 mg / kg, the content of cadmium is 0.044 mg / kg, the content of copper is 2.02 mg / g, the content of nickel is 14.52 mg / kg, and mercury element is not detected

[0061] The present invention also provides a method and application for relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori by using the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared by the above method, and the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is used for ecological restoration of the soil polluted by heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic or / and copper in the continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori orchard

[0062] The present invention also provides a method and application for relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori by using the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared by the above method, and the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is used for improving the physiological and ecological functions of the leaves of continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori, and the yield and quality of the fruits

[0063] The present invention also provides a method and application for relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori by using the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared by the above method, and the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is used for removing pesticides fosthiazate, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil / and methamidophos in the soil of the Momordica grosvenori orchard

[0064] The present invention also provides an application of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared by the above method, and is characterized in that the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is used for reducing the absorption amount of heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic or / and mercury by the leafy vegetables and root vegetables interplanted in the Momordica grosvenori orchard

[0065] Example 2

[0066] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above Embodiment 1, the method and application for relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori by using biochar further include:

[0067] (1) Collect the roots and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste, remove the soil and impurities on the surface, wash with water, naturally dry for 8 h, then bake at a temperature of 70 °C until the moisture content is 15%, and then crush to 4 - 5 cm

[0068] (2) Place the above-mentioned broken Momordica grosvenori waste in a mobile carbonization device, and under the atmosphere of argon with a gas flow rate of 200 mL / min, heat it to 500 °C at a heating rate of 20 °C / min, keep it carbonized at a constant temperature for 3 h, then cool it to room temperature, crush it, and pass through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain Momordica grosvenori waste biochar.

[0069] The yield of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared in this Example 2 is 55.83%, the specific surface area is 150.69 m 2 / g, the average pore diameter is 6.44 nm, the cation exchange capacity is 73.12 cmol / kg, the ash content is 44.28%, the pH value is 9.66, the acidic functional group is 0.84 mmol / g, the basic functional group is 1.29 mmol / g, the total functional group is 2.13 mmol / g, the total carbon content is 62.11%, the total nitrogen content is 1.43%, the total phosphorus content is 5.89 g / kg, the total potassium content is 53.29 g / kg, the total sulfur content is 0.77%, the available phosphorus content is 168.02 mg / kg, the calcium content is 23.22 mg / g, the magnesium content is 17.68 mg / g, the iron content is 15.42 mg / g, the manganese content is 4.44 mg / g, the zinc content is 4.10 mg / g. The content of heavy metal element chromium is 4.48 mg / kg, the lead content is 2.22 mg / kg, the arsenic content is 1.78 mg / kg, the cadmium content is 0.069 mg / kg, the copper content is 2.31 mg / g, the nickel content is 20.30 mg / kg, and the mercury element is not detected.

[0070] Example Three

[0071] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this example, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above Example 1, the method and application for using biochar to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori further include:

[0072] (1) Collect the roots and plants of Momordica grosvenori waste, remove the soil and impurities on the surface, wash them with water, naturally dry them for 8 h, then bake them at a temperature of 80 °C until the moisture content is 15%, and then crush them to 4 - 5 cm;

[0073] (2) Place the above-mentioned broken Momordica grosvenori waste in a mobile carbonization device, and under the atmosphere of nitrogen with a gas flow rate of 200 mL / min, heat it to 700 °C at a heating rate of 20 °C / min, keep it carbonized at a constant temperature for 2 h, then cool it to room temperature, crush it, and pass through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain Momordica grosvenori waste biochar.

[0074] The yield of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared in this Example 3 is 40.09%, the specific surface area is 100.14 m 2 / g, with an average pore diameter of 7.56 nm, a cation exchange capacity of 74.81 cmol / kg, an ash content of 46.19%, a pH value of 10.15, 0.53 mmol / g of acidic functional groups, 1.13 mmol / g of basic functional groups, 1.66 mmol / g of total functional groups, a total carbon content of 68.08%, a total nitrogen content of 1.22%, a total phosphorus content of 4.63 g / kg, a total potassium content of 49.85 g / kg, a total sulfur content of 0.52%, an available phosphorus content of 112.29 mg / kg, a calcium content of 17.66 mg / g, a magnesium content of 10.12 mg / g, an iron content of 9.85 mg / g, a manganese content of 4.12 mg / g, a zinc content of 3.75 mg / g. The content of heavy metal element chromium is 5.13 mg / kg, the content of lead is 2.54 mg / kg, the content of arsenic is 1.96 mg / kg, the content of cadmium is 0.098 mg / kg, the content of copper is 2.56 mg / g, the content of nickel is 24.96 mg / kg, and mercury element is not detected.

[0075] The pH values of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared in Examples 1 to 3 of the present invention are all alkaline; the biochar has a large variety and high content of mineral elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and can be used as an external input source of soil nutrient elements; referring to the standard of "Biochar-based Organic Fertilizer" (NY / T 3618-2020) and the Class A limit value of GB 4284-2018, the contents of heavy metal elements chromium, lead, arsenic, cadmium, and nickel in the biochar do not exceed the standard, and are also lower than the limit standard in "Ecological Indicators of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, and Mercury in Fertilizers" (GB / T 23349-2009). Mercury is not detected, it is environmentally friendly and there is no secondary pollution; the biochar has a large specific surface area and cation exchange capacity, and rich surface functional groups, which can provide more adsorption sites for the removal of heavy metals and residual pesticides in contaminated soil. Especially in Example 2, the comprehensive quality performance of the biochar obtained under the condition of 500 °C is relatively excellent in terms of physical properties, surface composition, mineral element content, etc.

[0076] Example Four

[0077] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in Example 1 above, the method and application for using biochar to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori further include:

[0078] The improvement effect 1 of the soil in the continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori orchard.

[0079] Dig a circular fertilization ditch around the Siraitia grosvenorii plants, and return the Siraitia grosvenorii waste biochar prepared in Example 1 to the field locally, and apply it once to the 0-30 cm soil in the Siraitia grosvenorii orchard with 4 consecutive cropping years. The mass ratio to the dry weight of the soil is 0% (control, without applying biochar), 1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%, a total of 6 treatments, with 4 replicates for each treatment, and mix well. The soil is acidic soil. Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods used in the following examples are all conventional methods, and the materials, reagents, etc. used, unless otherwise specified, can be purchased from commercial channels. From Figure 2 It can be seen that after 1 year of application, compared with the control, based on the average value of the 0-30 cm soil layer, the soil bulk density (BD, g / cm 3 ) decreased by 2.56% - 21.79%, the soil pH value increased by 0.22 - 1.13, the natural water content (SWC, %) increased by 5.25% - 30.53%, the soil organic carbon (SOC, g / kg) increased by 5.39% - 34.48%, the total nitrogen (TN, g / kg) increased by 5.48% - 69.86%, the total phosphorus (TP, g / kg) increased by 12.50% - 62.50%, the total potassium (TK, g / kg) increased by 12.52% - 63.21%, the available nitrogen (AN, mg / kg) increased by 3.92% - 59.05%, the available phosphorus (AP, mg / kg) increased by 1.39% - 39.58%, and the available potassium (AK, mg / kg) increased by 6.25% - 33.27%. The total calcium (TCa, mg / kg) increased by 3.99% - 45.72%, the total magnesium (TMg, mg / kg) increased by 3.03% - 6.70%, the total sodium (TNa, mg / kg) decreased by 4.23% - 23.29%, the total aluminum (TAI, mg / kg) decreased by 0.53% - 21.14%, the exchangeable calcium (EXCa, mg / kg) increased by 2.60% - 42.61%, the exchangeable magnesium (EXMg, mg / kg) increased by 11.22% - 55.90%, the exchangeable sodium (EXNa, mg / kg) decreased by 12.01% - 24.67%, the exchangeable aluminum (EXAI, cmol / kg) decreased by 5.61% - 51.95%, the exchangeable acid (EXAc, cmol / kg) decreased by 9.52% - 48.41%, and the exchangeable hydrogen (EXHy, cmol / kg) decreased by 17.99% - 40.74%.

[0080] Example Five

[0081] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this example, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above Example 1, the method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Siraitia grosvenorii using biochar further include:

[0082] The improvement effect of the soil in the continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii orchard 2.

[0083] Dig a circular fertilization ditch around the Siraitia grosvenorii plants, and return the Siraitia grosvenorii waste biochar prepared in Example 2 to the field locally, and apply it once to the 0-30 cm soil in the Siraitia grosvenorii orchard with 4 consecutive years of cropping. The mass ratio to the dry weight of the soil is 0% (control, without applying biochar), 1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%, with a total of 6 treatments, and each treatment has 4 replicates, and mix well. The soil is acidic soil. From Figure 3 It can be seen that after 1 year of application, compared with the control, based on the average value of the 0-30 cm soil layer, the soil bulk density (BD, g / cm 3 ) decreased by 4.49% - 27.56%, the soil pH value increased by 0.46 - 1.50, the natural water content (SWC, %) increased by 10.59% - 38.23%, the soil organic carbon (SOC, g / kg) increased by 18.30% - 82.19%, the total nitrogen (TN, g / kg) increased by 27.40% - 113.70%, the total phosphorus (TP, g / kg) increased by 37.50% - 140.63%, the total potassium (TK, g / kg) increased by 21.92% - 87.08%, the available nitrogen (AN, mg / kg) increased by 10.73% - 94.95%, the available phosphorus (AP, mg / kg) increased by 7.64% - 76.39%, and the available potassium (AK, mg / kg) increased by 18.03% - 56.01%. The total calcium (TCa, mg / kg) increased by 35.98% - 71.31%, the total magnesium (TMg, mg / kg) increased by 8.13% - 29.26%, the total sodium (TNa, mg / kg) decreased by 10.12% - 24.75%, the total aluminum (TAI, mg / kg) decreased by 12.74% - 31.27%, the exchangeable calcium (EXCa, mg / kg) increased by 14.11% - 61.06%, the exchangeable magnesium (EXMg, mg / kg) increased by 32.12% - 98.42%, the exchangeable sodium (EXNa, mg / kg) decreased by 19.90% - 37.81%, the exchangeable aluminum (EXAI, cmol / kg) decreased by 14.63% - 68.29%, the exchangeable acid (EXAc, cmol / kg) decreased by 17.70% - 61.44%, and the exchangeable hydrogen (EXHy, cmol / kg) decreased by 24.34% - 46.56%.

[0084] Example Six

[0085] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above Example One, the method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Siraitia grosvenorii using biochar further include:

[0086] The improvement effect of the soil in the continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii orchard 3.

[0087] Dig a circular fertilization ditch around the Momordica grosvenori plants, and return the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared in Example 3 to the field on the spot, and apply it once to the 0-30 cm soil of the Momordica grosvenori orchard with 4 consecutive years of cropping. The mass ratio to the dry weight of the soil is 0% (control, without applying biochar), 1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%, a total of 6 treatments, with 4 replicates for each treatment, and mix well. The soil is acidic soil. From Figure 4 It can be seen that after 1 year of application, compared with the control, based on the average value of the 0-30 cm soil layer, the soil bulk density (BD, g / cm 3 ) decreased by 9.62% - 35.26%, the soil pH value increased by 0.80 - 1.63, the natural water content (SWC, %) increased by 12.74% - 45.18%, the soil organic carbon (SOC, g / kg) increased by 14.54% - 61.11%, the total nitrogen (TN, g / kg) increased by 10.96% - 90.41%, the total phosphorus (TP, g / kg) increased by 31.25% - 90.63%, the total potassium (TK, g / kg) increased by 19.57% - 80.82%, the available nitrogen (AN, mg / kg) increased by 6.83% - 83.81%, the available phosphorus (AP, mg / kg) increased by 4.86% - 56.94%, and the available potassium (AK, mg / kg) increased by 11.06% - 49.86%. The total calcium (TCa, mg / kg) increased by 13.01% - 52.48%, the total magnesium (TMg, mg / kg) increased by 4.10% - 22.13%, the total sodium (TNa, mg / kg) decreased by 6.86% - 23.17%, the total aluminum (TAI, mg / kg) decreased by 5.08% - 27.62%, the exchangeable calcium (EXCa, mg / kg) increased by 5.86% - 55.53%, the exchangeable magnesium (EXMg, mg / kg) increased by 20.97% - 77.72%, the exchangeable sodium (EXNa, mg / kg) decreased by 17.79% - 33.75%, the exchangeable aluminum (EXAI, cmol / kg) decreased by 9.51% - 54.88%, the exchangeable acid (EXAc, cmol / kg) decreased by 12.85% - 51.92%, and the exchangeable hydrogen (EXHy, cmol / kg) decreased by 20.11% - 45.50%.

[0088] From Examples 4 - 6 above, it can be seen that the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared in Examples 1 - 3 can increase the nutrient contents such as organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the soil of the Momordica grosvenori orchard with 4 consecutive years of cropping after 1 year of application, increase the contents of mineral elements such as calcium and magnesium, at the same time increase the soil pH value, reduce the contents of sodium, aluminum, exchangeable acid and exchangeable hydrogen that can characterize the soil acidity, effectively alleviate the soil acidification in the Momordica grosvenori orchard, and show a significant soil improvement effect. Among them, the comprehensive performance of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared in Example 2 is the best, and 6% is the best application rate.

[0089] Example Seven

[0090] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above-mentioned Embodiment 1, the method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Siraitia grosvenorii using biochar further include:

[0091] The improvement effect of the number of soil microorganisms in the continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii orchard.

[0092] Dig a circular fertilization ditch around the Siraitia grosvenorii plants, and apply the Siraitia grosvenorii waste biochar 1 (Embodiment 1), biochar 2 (Embodiment 2), and biochar 3 (Embodiment 3) prepared in Embodiments 1 to 3 to the 0-30 cm soil of the continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii orchard for 4 years in-situ. The mass ratios with the dry weight of the soil are 0% (control, without applying biochar) and 6%, with 2 treatments, and each treatment has 4 replicates, and mix well. After 1 year of applying biochar, based on the average value of the 0-30 cm soil layer, from Figure 5 it can be seen that compared with the control, among the three main soil microorganism populations, the numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes increased to varying degrees, with the increase ranges being 72.52% - 111.45% and 28.86% - 75.76% respectively, and the number of fungi decreased, with the decrease range being 33.33% - 67.99% (P < 0.05). Biochar significantly improved the number of soil microorganisms in the Siraitia grosvenorii orchard. The numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly higher than those of the control, while the number of fungi that easily caused plant diseases tended to decrease, which was beneficial to slowing down the occurrence of root soil-borne diseases and played a role in improving the soil of the continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii land.

[0093] Example Eight

[0094] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above-mentioned Embodiment 1, the method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Siraitia grosvenorii using biochar further include:

[0095] The remediation effect of slightly contaminated soil with heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic, and copper.

[0096] Adopt the circular ditch application method, and apply the Siraitia grosvenorii waste biochar 1 (Embodiment 1), biochar 2 (Embodiment 2), and biochar 3 (Embodiment 3) prepared in Embodiments 1 to 3 to the 0-30 cm soil of the continuously cropped Siraitia grosvenorii orchard slightly contaminated with heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic, and copper respectively. The mass ratio of the Siraitia grosvenorii waste biochar to the dry weight of the soil is 6%, with no application of biochar as the control (CK), with 4 treatments, and each treatment has 4 replicates. From Figure 6It can be seen that compared with the control, after 1 year of applying biochar, the contents of available cadmium, available lead, available arsenic, and available copper in the soil decreased to varying degrees, with the reduction ranges being 25.81% - 64.52%, 23.59% - 72.04%, 31.63% - 60.20%, and 32.48% - 64.79% (P < 0.05). This indicates that the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar can significantly reduce the absorbability of the available contents of heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic, and copper in the slightly polluted soil of the Momordica grosvenori orchard with 4 years of continuous cropping, and reduce the toxicity of heavy metals to Momordica grosvenori.

[0097] Example Nine

[0098] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this example, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in Example One above, the method and application for using biochar to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori further include:

[0099] The remediation effect on the heavy metal content in Momordica grosvenori fruits.

[0100] Adopt the annular groove application method, and apply the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar 1 (Example 1), biochar 2 (Example 2), and biochar 3 (Example 3) prepared in Examples 1 - 3 to the 0 - 30 cm soil of the Momordica grosvenori orchard with 4 years of continuous cropping and slightly polluted by heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic, and copper at one time. The mass ratio of Momordica grosvenori waste biochar to the dry weight of the soil is 6%. Taking no application of biochar as the control (CK), there are 4 treatments, and each treatment has 4 replicates. Figure 7 For the changes in the contents of cadmium, lead, arsenic, and copper in Momordica grosvenori fruits in the soil slightly polluted by cadmium, lead, arsenic, and copper with continuous cropping, compared with the control, after 1 year of applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar 1, biochar 2, and biochar 3, the contents of heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic, and copper in Momordica grosvenori fruits decreased significantly, with the reduction ranges being 31.82% - 59.09%, 32.49% - 64.98%, 42.69% - 71.35%, and 46.21% - 72.50% respectively, reducing the accumulation of heavy metals in Momordica grosvenori fruits, and all meeting the national food pollutant limit standards (GB2762 - 2017, GB15199 - 94).

[0101] As can be seen from Examples 8 and 9 above, after 1 year of applying the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared in Examples 1 - 3, it can significantly reduce the available contents of heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic, and copper in the slightly polluted soil of the Momordica grosvenori orchard with 4 years of continuous cropping, reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in Momordica grosvenori fruits, has a good function of repairing soil heavy metal pollution, and is suitable for the ecological restoration of cadmium, lead, arsenic, and copper - polluted soils.

[0102] Example Ten

[0103] As Figures 1-15As shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above-mentioned Embodiment 1, the method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori using biochar further include:

[0104] The effect on the physiological ecology of Momordica grosvenori leaves.

[0105] Adopt the annular groove application method, and apply the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar 1 (Embodiment 1), biochar 2 (Embodiment 2) and biochar 3 (Embodiment 3) prepared in Embodiments 1 to 3 to the Momordica grosvenori orchard with 4 consecutive years of cropping at one time. The mass ratio of Momordica grosvenori waste biochar to the dry weight of the soil is 6%. Without applying biochar as the control (CK), there are 4 treatments, and each treatment has 4 replicates. Figure 8 For the changes in the physiological and ecological indexes of Momordica grosvenori leaves with 4 consecutive years of cropping after applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar for 1 year. Compared with the control, after applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar 1, biochar 2 and biochar 3, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid c, relative chlorophyll content, free proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein in Momordica grosvenori leaves increased significantly, and the leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and stomatal conductance increased. The increase ranges of each index were 6.34% - 18.31%, 19.35% - 54.84%, 10.71% - 32.14%, 5.52% - 22.02%, 14.11% - 46.24%, 29.13% - 70.08%, 29.21% - 75.28%; 8.87% - 107.95%, 8.59% - 27.34%, 25.25% - 68.05%, 58.23% - 392.41%. It shows that the application of biochar is beneficial to the synthesis and accumulation of chlorophyll and carbohydrates in Momordica grosvenori plant leaves, promotes the synthesis of regulatory plant osmotic substances such as free proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein, improves the osmotic balance ability of Momordica grosvenori under continuous cropping, enhances the photosynthetic efficiency and growth and development of leaves, and effectively alleviates the adverse effects brought by continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori.

[0106] Embodiment Eleven

[0107] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above-mentioned Embodiment 1, the method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori using biochar further include:

[0108] The growth-promoting effect on the fruit yield of Momordica grosvenori.

[0109] Using the circular trench application method, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1 (Example 1), 2 (Example 2), and 3 (Example 3) prepared in Examples 1 to 3 were respectively applied once to Momordica grosvenori orchards with continuous cropping for 2 to 5 years. The mass ratio of Momordica grosvenori waste biochar to dry soil weight was 6%. Without applying biochar as a control (CK), there were 4 treatments, with 4 replicates for each treatment. Figure 9 For the change in the yield of continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori after applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar for 1 year, compared with the control, after applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1, 2, and 3, the yield of Momordica grosvenori fruits increased significantly. The increase rates of the average yield per plant were 20.75% - 53.35%, 18.62% - 41.31%, 46.28% - 65.69%, 153.30% - 225.94%, and 211.64% - 354.11% respectively.

[0110] Example Twelve

[0111] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this example, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in Example 1 above, the method and application for using biochar to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles of Momordica grosvenori further include:

[0112] The improvement effect on the quality of Momordica grosvenori fruits.

[0113] Using the circular trench application method, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1 (Example 1), 2 (Example 2), and 3 (Example 3) prepared in Examples 1 to 3 were respectively applied once to Momordica grosvenori orchards with continuous cropping for 4 years. The mass ratio of Momordica grosvenori waste biochar to dry soil weight was 6%. Without applying biochar as a control (CK), there were 4 treatments, with 4 replicates for each treatment. Figure 10 For the change in the quality of continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori after applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar for 1 year, compared with the control, after applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1, 2, and 3, the contents of soluble solids, vitamins, total sugars, mogrosides, proteins, starches, and amino acids in Momordica grosvenori fruits increased significantly. The increase rates of each index were 9.14% - 25.53%, 11.89% - 18.63%, 8.58% - 19.15%, 15.98% - 42.27%, 6.73% - 13.41%, 17.99% - 27.25%, and 8.46% - 21.14% respectively, indicating that applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar improved the quality of continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori fruits.

[0114] Example Thirteen

[0115] As Figures 1-15As shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above-mentioned Embodiment 1, the method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori using biochar further include:

[0116] The effect on the activity of protective enzymes in Momordica grosvenori fruits.

[0117] Using the circular groove application method, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar 1 (Embodiment 1), biochar 2 (Embodiment 2), and biochar 3 (Embodiment 3) prepared in Embodiments 1 to 3 were respectively applied once to the Momordica grosvenori orchard with 4 years of continuous cropping. The mass ratio of Momordica grosvenori waste biochar to the dry weight of the soil was 6%. Without applying biochar as a control (CK), there were 4 treatments, and each treatment had 4 replicates. Figure 11 This is the change in the enzyme activity of Momordica grosvenori fruits 1 year after applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar. Compared with the control, applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar 1, biochar 2, and biochar 3 significantly increased the content of protective enzymes (nitrate reductase, peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) in Momordica grosvenori fruits, with the increase ranges being 10.11% - 58.69%, 5.13% - 32.10%, 29.66% - 109.08%, and 61.54% - 126.92% respectively, while malondialdehyde decreased by 48.28% - 71.03%. Malondialdehyde is the product of cell membrane lipid peroxidation and can indicate the degree of membrane damage. The higher the content of malondialdehyde, the greater the degree of oxidation of plant cells. The above shows that Momordica grosvenori waste biochar improves the activity of protective enzymes in Momordica grosvenori fruits, maintains the integrity of the cell membrane, and helps enhance the stress resistance of Momordica grosvenori under continuous cropping.

[0118] From the above Embodiments 10 to 13, it can be seen that applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar can significantly improve the physiological and ecological functions of the leaves of continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori, increase the fruit yield, promote the accumulation of soluble solids, vitamin C, total sugar, reducing sugar, and mogrosides in Momordica grosvenori, improve the resistance of Momordica grosvenori to continuous cropping stress, and improve the fruit quality of Momordica grosvenori. Comparatively speaking, the effect of preparing Momordica grosvenori waste biochar at 500°C in Example 2 is relatively better.

[0119] Example Fourteen

[0120] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this embodiment, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above-mentioned Embodiment 1, the method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori using biochar further include:

[0121] The inhibitory effect on Momordica grosvenori diseases and pests.

[0122] Using the circular groove application method, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1 (Example 1), 2 (Example 2), and 3 (Example 3) prepared in Examples 1 to 3 were respectively applied once into the Momordica grosvenori orchard with 4 consecutive years of cropping. The mass ratio of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar to the dry weight of the soil was 6%. Taking no application of biochar as the control (CK), there were 4 treatments, and each treatment had 4 replicates. Figure 12 Regarding the effects of applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar on the mosaic disease and southern blight of continuously cropped Momordica grosvenori, compared with the control, 1 year after applying the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar, the incidence rates of the mosaic disease and southern blight of Momordica grosvenori decreased by 44.22% - 77.26% and 48.16% - 83.45% respectively; the disease indices gradually decreased, and the control effects were 40.96% - 76.39% and 42.64% - 80.21%. Comparatively speaking, the effects of Example 2 and Example 3 were better.

[0123] Control effect on root-knot nematodes of Momordica grosvenori.

[0124] Using the circular groove application method, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1 (Example 1), 2 (Example 2), and 3 (Example 3) prepared in Examples 1 to 3 were respectively applied once into the Momordica grosvenori orchard with 4 consecutive years of cropping. The mass ratio of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar to the dry weight of the soil was 6%. Taking no application of biochar as the control (CK), there were 4 treatments, and each treatment had 4 replicates. From Figure 13 It can be seen that compared with the control, 1 year after applying the Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1, 2, and 3, the numbers of Meloidogyne javanica J2, root egg masses, egg masses per gram of roots, the number of eggs per single egg mass, and the incidence rate of root-knot nematodes in the Momordica grosvenori soil were significantly reduced, and the reduction ranges were 16.11% - 46.33%, 20.00% - 55.00%, 17.36% - 38.61%, 4.50% - 21.38%, and 63.28% - 83.20% respectively. Comparatively speaking, the effects of Example 2 and Example 3 were better.

[0125] Example 15

[0126] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this example, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in Example 1 above, the method and application for using biochar to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori further include:

[0127] Removal effect on common pesticides in the Momordica grosvenori orchard.

[0128] The Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1 (Example 1), biochar 2 (Example 1), and biochar 3 (Example 3) prepared in Examples 1 to 3 were separately and fully mixed with aqueous solutions of fosthiazate, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil, and methamidophos at a certain concentration according to a solid-liquid ratio of 6%. Without applying biochar as a control (CK), there were 4 treatments, with 5 replicates for each treatment, totaling 80 experimental tubes. Under dark conditions, an adsorption experiment was carried out by constant temperature oscillation at 30 °C for 24 hours, and the rotation speed of the shaker was 150 rpm. The results showed that the removal rates of fosthiazate were 88.11%, 92.19%, and 90.33% respectively, the removal rates of thiophanate-methyl were 91.28%, 94.48%, and 96.13% respectively, the removal rates of chlorothalonil were 87.59%, 91.78%, and 89.02% respectively, and the removal rates of methamidophos were 92.12%, 96.58%, and 93.86% respectively. It indicates that the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar has a significant removal effect on the commonly used pesticides fosthiazate, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil, and methamidophos in Momordica grosvenori orchards. Comparatively speaking, the removal effect of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared in Example 2 is relatively better.

[0129] Example XVI

[0130] As Figures 1-15 shown, in this example, in order to solve the existing problems, based on the same concept as in the above Example 1, the method and application for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori using biochar further include:

[0131] The effect of inhibiting the absorption of heavy metals by intercropping leafy vegetables (pak choi) and root vegetables (radish) in Momordica grosvenori.

[0132] Using the annular groove application method, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1 (Example 1), biochar 2 (Example 2), and biochar 3 (Example 3) prepared in Examples 1 to 3 were separately applied once to the soil of leafy vegetables (pak choi) intercropped with Momordica grosvenori that was slightly polluted by cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury. The mass ratio of Momordica grosvenori waste biochar to the dry weight of the soil was 6%. Without applying biochar as a control (CK), there were 4 treatments, with 4 replicates for each treatment. Figure 14 For the changes in the contents of cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury in leafy vegetables (pak choi) in soil slightly polluted by cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury, compared with the control, after one growing season of applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochars 1, biochar 2, and biochar 3, the absorption of heavy metal elements such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury by pak choi was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and the reduction ranges were 69.56% - 78.65%, 33.33% - 70.96%, 56.71% - 82.20%, and 12.50% - 43.75% respectively, and the national standards GB2752, BG4810, GB14961, and BG15201 for cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury heavy metal elements were achieved.

[0133] Figure 15 For the changes in the contents of cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury in the root vegetable radish in moderately cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury - polluted soil, taking no application of biochar as the control (CK), there were 4 treatments, with 4 replicates for each treatment. Compared with the control, after one growing season of applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar 1 (Example 1), biochar 2 (Example 2) and biochar 3 (Example 3), the absorption of heavy metal elements such as cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury by radish was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and the reduction ranges were 74.55% - 82.44%, 51.42% - 77.43%, 57.90% - 82.80%, 69.23% - 79.49% respectively, and the national standards of GB2752, BG4810, GB14961 and BG15201 for cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury heavy metal elements were met.

[0134] The above Figure 14 and Figure 15 show that applying Momordica grosvenori waste biochar can effectively reduce the absorption of heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury by leafy vegetables and root vegetables intercropped with Momordica grosvenori, and all of them do not exceed the national limit standards.

[0135] In summary, the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar prepared by the present invention has high contents of mineral nutrient elements, large specific surface area and cation exchange capacity, rich surface functional groups, which improves the soil nutrient content, improves the soil microbial quantity, significantly alleviates soil acidification. The Momordica grosvenori waste biochar has a significant remediation function for cadmium, lead, arsenic and copper - polluted soil; it promotes the photosynthetic efficiency and growth and development of Momordica grosvenori leaves under continuous cropping, significantly increases the content of osmotic substances in the leaves, improves the protective enzyme activity of Momordica grosvenori fruits, enhances the stress resistance and adaptability of Momordica grosvenori, and has a positive promoting effect on the yield and quality of Momordica grosvenori under continuous cropping, effectively alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of Momordica grosvenori. At the same time, it solves the problem of difficult disposal of the roots and plants of current Momordica grosvenori waste, avoids potential environmental pollution, and significantly reduces the absorption of heavy metals by leafy vegetable pakchoi and root vegetable radish intercropped with Momordica grosvenori. Comparatively speaking, the application effect of the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar obtained at 500 °C in Example 2 is better when the application amount is 6%. The present invention has simple operation, low input cost, environmental friendliness and good effect, and has good popularization and application value under the field conditions of continuous cropping obstacles of Momordica grosvenori and other crops.

[0136] The above are all the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited accordingly. Therefore, all equivalent changes made according to the structure, shape and principle of the present invention should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1 is a step of collecting monk fruit waste, in which the monk fruit waste is collected manually, and after sufficient monk fruit waste is collected, soil and impurities on the surface are removed and then washed with water; S2 is a step of crushing and carbonizing the monk fruit waste, in which the monk fruit waste is crushed by a crushing device to form monk fruit waste powder, after collecting the monk fruit waste powder, the monk fruit waste powder is placed in a carbonization furnace, the monk fruit waste powder is subjected to high-temperature anaerobic carbonization, and the carbonized powder after the high-temperature carbonization process is filtered to obtain the monk fruit waste biochar; S3 is a circular fertilization step, in which a circular fertilization ditch is dug around the roots of the Momordica grosvenori and the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar is buried inside the circular fertilization ditch.

2. The method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step of collecting monk fruit waste includes removing soil and impurities, naturally drying for 8 hours, drying at a temperature of 60° C. to 80° C. to a moisture content of 15%, and then crushing to 4 to 5 cm.

3. A method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori according to claim 2, characterized in that: The step of crushing and carbonizing the waste monk fruit is to heat the mixture to 300°C to 700°C at a heating rate of 20°C / min under a nitrogen or argon atmosphere, carbonize the mixture at a constant temperature for 2h to 4h, then cool the mixture to room temperature, crush the mixture, and pass it through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain the waste monk fruit biochar.

4. A method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori according to claim 3, characterized in that: The circular fertilization step comprises digging a circular fertilization ditch around the continuously planted Momordica grosvenori plants, and then applying the Momordica grosvenori waste biochar to the 0-30 cm soil of the continuously planted Momordica grosvenori garden at a ratio of 1% to 8% of the dry soil weight at one time and mixing evenly.

5. The method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori according to claim 4, characterized in that: The monk fruit waste is underground root system and above-ground plants, and the mass ratio of the root system to the plant is 1:

2.

6. The method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori according to claim 5, characterized in that: In the step of crushing and carbonizing the monk fruit waste, the carbonization equipment is a movable carbonization furnace, the reaction pressure is maintained at 0.1 MPa, and the gas flow rate of the nitrogen or argon is 200 mL / min.

7. The method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori according to claim 6, characterized in that: The biochar step has a biochar yield of 40.09% to 61.22% and a specific surface area of ​​71.02 to 150.69 m 2 / g, average pore size 4.59~7.56nm, cation exchange capacity 41.55~74.81cmol / kg, ash content 20.11%~46.19%, pH value 7.18~10.15, acidic functional group 0.53~1.01mmol / g, basic functional group 0.82~1.29mmol / g, total functional group 1.83~2.13mmol / g, total carbon content 57.46%~68.08%, total nitrogen content 1.04%~1.4 3%, total phosphorus content 3.16~5.89g / kg, total potassium content 21.88~53.29g / kg, total sulfur content 0.34%~0.77%, effective phosphorus content 70.98~168.02mg / kg, calcium content 10.01~23.22mg / g, magnesium content 10.12~17.68mg / g, iron content 6.22~15.42mg / g, manganese content 1.23~4.44mg / g, zinc content 1.31~4.10mg / g. The heavy metal element chromium content is 3.43-5.13 mg / kg, lead content is 1.97-2.54 mg / kg, arsenic content is 1.43-1.96 mg / kg, cadmium content is 0.044-0.098 mg / kg, copper content is 2.02-2.56 mg / g, nickel content is 14.52-24.96 mg / kg, and mercury element is not detected.

8. The method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori according to claim 7, characterized in that: The waste biochar of Momordica grosvenori is used for returning Momordica grosvenori gardens to fields and for improving soil. The waste biochar of Momordica grosvenori is used for ecological restoration of soil contaminated by heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic and / or copper. The waste biochar of Momordica grosvenori is used for removing pesticides thiophanate-methyl, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil and / or methyl parathion from soil.

9. The method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori according to claim 8, characterized in that: The monk fruit waste biochar is used to improve the physiological and ecological functions of the leaves of continuously planted monk fruit, and the yield and quality of the fruit, and effectively alleviates the obstacles of continuous planting of monk fruit.

10. The method and application of using biochar to alleviate the obstacle of continuous cropping of Momordica grosvenori according to claim 9, characterized in that: The biochar prepared at 500°C is preferred, and has a better effect at an application rate of 6%. The monk fruit waste biochar is used to reduce the absorption of heavy metals cadmium, lead, arsenic or / and mercury by monk fruit intercropped with leafy vegetables and root vegetables.

Images