Environment monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction

Abstract

The invention relates to an environment monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction, and relates to the technical field of tunnel boring machine (TBM) construction environment monitoring, and the system comprises a data acquisition module, a processor module, a wireless communication module, a display alarm module, a terminal receiving module and a power supply module. The data acquisition module is arranged in a key area and used for monitoring harmful gas and meteorological construction environment monitoring data, wireless transmission of the data is achieved through the LORA technology, the processor module analyzes the data in real time, the terminal receiving module receives, analyzes and stores the data, the power supply module is combined with solar energy for charging, and stable operation of the system is ensured. The system has high expansibility and compatibility, can be adjusted according to the requirements of different construction projects, optimizes network coverage by using a multi-point layout strategy, determines the optimal layout of the sensors through rationality analysis, realizes comprehensive real-time monitoring of various construction environment monitoring data, and improves the construction environment monitoring efficiency. The TBM construction environment is effectively controlled in time, the construction safety is improved, and the energy consumption cost is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the technical field of construction environment monitoring of tunnel boring machines (TBMs), and in particular to an environment monitoring system based on TBM construction in highway tunnels. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of highway tunnel construction, TBM (Full Face Rock Tunnel Boring Machine) has been widely used in tunnel construction due to its high efficiency and safety. However, during the TBM construction process, due to the complex and changeable underground environment, problems such as poor air quality, high temperature, high humidity, and excessive harmful gases are often faced. These problems not only affect the health of construction workers but may also lead to equipment failures and even safety accidents. Currently, there are some monitoring systems for tunnel construction environments at home and abroad, but the functions of these systems are relatively single and cannot comprehensively and timely reflect the real situation of the construction site. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive monitoring system that integrates the monitoring of various construction environment monitoring data.

[0003] The prior art (CN114200881A) discloses a tunnel environment construction monitoring system, including: a sensor module, a processor module, a wireless transceiver module, a power supply module, a monitoring module, and a control center; among them, the sensor module is used to detect the content values of harmful gases and oxygen, detect the water accumulation situation in the tunnel, and monitor whether there is an open fire in the tunnel. The processor module is used to store and convert the monitoring data of the sensor module. The wireless transceiver module is used to connect to the processor module and transmit the converted data to the command center. The power supply module is used to supply power to each system and each module. This invention monitors its safety by installing a sensor module in the tunnel, and the monitoring data is timely fed back to the control center. When the data is abnormal, the control center can promptly dispatch the monitoring module to take pictures of the detection points of the sensor module, so as to facilitate the control center to more intuitively grasp the specific situation of the abnormal points. However, it is found that there are the following technical problems: the monitoring range of traditional single-point sensors is limited and it is difficult to achieve full coverage; the cost of distributed fiber optic sensing technology is high and the response speed is slow; the power consumption of wireless sensor networks is large and they are easily interfered. These problems seriously affect the real-time monitoring and early warning effect of the construction environment, and reduce the construction safety and efficiency.

[0004] In view of the above related technologies, a solution is now proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this application is to provide an environment monitoring system based on TBM construction in highway tunnels to solve the technical problem that the functions in the prior art are relatively single and cannot comprehensively and timely reflect the real situation of the construction site.

[0006] An environmental monitoring system based on TBM construction of highway tunnels provided by this application adopts the following technical solution: An environmental monitoring system based on TBM construction of highway tunnels, the system includes a data acquisition module, a processor module, a wireless communication module, a display and alarm module, a terminal receiving module and a power supply module; The data acquisition module is used to be arranged at appropriate positions inside the construction tunnel of the TBM to monitor and obtain various construction environment monitoring data that change during the construction process; The processor module is used to perform real-time processing and analysis on the construction environment monitoring data collected by the data acquisition module, and after processing the data, transmit the encoded data to the terminal receiving module through the wireless communication module for data management; The wireless communication module adopts LORA wireless communication technology and is used to be arranged in the TBM construction environment to form a self-organizing network. After the data acquisition module and the processor module complete the encoding of the construction environment monitoring data, the encoded data is transmitted to the terminal receiving module through the wireless communication module; The display and alarm module, which is connected to the processor module together with the data acquisition module, is used to wake up the display and alarm module to emit a warning signal through the transmitted data of the processor module after it is detected that the construction environment monitoring data exceeds the safety threshold; The terminal receiving module is used to receive the monitoring data transmitted by the wireless communication module and perform analysis and processing, and provide decision-making support for construction management personnel based on the received data and processing results. The power supply module is used to provide continuous and stable power supply for the terminal receiving module to maintain the continuous operation of the terminal receiving module and conduct comprehensive and real-time accurate monitoring of the TBM construction.

[0007] By adopting the above technical solution, the data acquisition module is deployed inside the TBM construction tunnel to monitor the changes in the construction environment monitoring data. The processor module processes and analyzes the collected monitoring data in real time. This design realizes the multi-faceted monitoring of various construction environment monitoring data in the TBM construction environment, and transmits the encoded data through the wireless communication module. Among them, the wireless communication module uses LORA technology to form an ad-hoc network and is responsible for data transmission. The receiving sensitivity of LORA wireless communication technology is the highest among current civilian wireless communication technologies, reaching -142.5 dBM. Moreover, LORA wireless communication technology has the advantages of long-distance transmission, low power consumption, high capacity, and strong anti-interference ability, providing an efficient and reliable wireless data transmission solution for TBM tunnel construction. An external display and warning module is set on the processor module. This module presets a safety threshold and issues a warning signal when the threshold is exceeded. This design can timely remind the staff to take corresponding measures in case of abnormalities, reducing the probability of safety accidents. Finally, the data is summarized to the terminal receiving module, which receives and analyzes the data to provide decision support, providing real-time, intuitive, and accurate construction environment monitoring data for project management personnel. The power supply module provides stable power supply for the system and powers the terminal receiving module. The method of combining the power grid and solar energy is used to make the terminal receiving module on the ground operate continuously and stably, improving the environmental protection and economy of the system.

[0008] Preferably, the data acquisition module includes a harmful gas monitoring unit and a meteorological environment monitoring unit. The harmful gas monitoring unit is used to monitor the change parameters of harmful gases appearing in the construction environment during TBM construction in real time and accurately. The harmful gases include SO2, CH4, and H2S. The meteorological environment monitoring unit is used to monitor the natural construction environment monitoring data during TBM construction in real time and accurately. The natural construction environment monitoring data includes oxygen content and dust content. The data acquisition module is connected to the processor module, enabling the harmful gas monitoring unit and the meteorological environment monitoring unit to enter the processor module for encoding the real-time collected data of the construction environment.

[0009] By adopting the above solution, in the key areas of tunnel construction, such as poorly ventilated working faces and areas with concentrated machinery, the harmful gas monitoring unit is installed at fixed points to capture the real-time data of harmful gases. The meteorological environment monitoring unit is reasonably arranged according to the size and structural characteristics of the tunnel to ensure that it can comprehensively and accurately collect the required meteorological data. Through the comprehensive monitoring of the processor module, the real-time monitoring data helps the manager understand the quality of the construction environment and adjust the ventilation or other environmental control equipment according to the data to maintain a suitable working environment. At the same time, in case of emergencies, the system can quickly issue a warning, providing valuable time for emergency response and enhancing the emergency response ability.

[0010] Preferably, the display and warning module includes a lighting warning unit and a sound warning unit. The lighting warning unit is configured to emit lights with a brightness exceeding a preset brightness after receiving data exceeding a safety threshold; the sound warning unit is configured to emit sounds with a volume exceeding a preset volume after receiving data exceeding a safety threshold.

[0011] By adopting the above solution, the lighting warning unit is installed in conspicuous positions in the construction area, such as tunnel entrances, workstations, etc., to ensure that everyone can see it. The lighting warning unit is connected to the processor module. Once the processor analyzes that the data exceeds the preset threshold, the lighting warning is immediately triggered. The sound warning unit ensures that the sound warning can cover the entire construction area, enabling all personnel to hear the warning. When the monitored data exceeds the safety threshold, the sound warning unit will be automatically activated to timely remind the construction personnel to take countermeasures. In this design, the prominent lights and harsh sounds can quickly attract the attention of the construction personnel, prompting them to take immediate action, thereby enhancing the overall safety awareness. The timely warning allows the construction team to respond quickly, take emergency evacuation or other safety measures, and effectively avoid or reduce accident losses.

[0012] Preferably, the wireless communication module uses LORA modulation and demodulation technology for the monitored data. The LORA modulation and demodulation technology optimizes LORA by adjusting the spreading factor, modulation bandwidth, and coding rate. In LORA wireless communication, the packet size and transmission time are determined by calculating the number of symbols of the payload. The calculation formula for the number of symbols of the payload is: Where: PL represents the number of bytes of the payload; SF represents the spreading factor; H represents the use of the header; DE represents the LowDateOptimize set to 0 or 1; CR represents the coding rate; the value range is 1 - 4. The value range of the spreading factor is generally from 0 to 12. When the value of the spreading factor is 7 - 12, it will improve the anti-interference ability and coverage range, but increase the transmission time and energy consumption; when the value of the spreading factor is less than 7, it will reduce the anti-interference ability and coverage range, but reduce the transmission time and energy consumption. Select a spreading factor with a suitable value according to the actual communication environment and requirements to optimize the number of payload symbols. The modulation bandwidth affects the data transmission rate and communication distance. A narrower modulation bandwidth can increase the communication distance, but reduce the data transmission rate; a wider modulation bandwidth will reduce the communication distance, but increase the data transmission rate. Select a suitable modulation bandwidth according to the calculated value of the number of symbols of the payload and the actual environment. The selection of the coding rate affects the reliability and energy consumption of data transmission. When the coding rate is above 4, the reliability of data transmission can be improved, but the energy consumption will increase; when the coding rate is below 4, the reliability of data transmission can be reduced, but the energy consumption will decrease. Select appropriate spreading factors, modulation bandwidths, and coding rates according to the calculated number of symbols of the payload and the actual application scenario to balance the link budget.

[0013] By adopting the above solutions, according to the specific requirements of the construction environment, select appropriate spreading factors and calculate the balance among link budget, anti-interference ability, and spectrum occupancy in wireless communication to achieve the best communication effect. Among them, in LORA modulation technology, the selection of the spreading factor directly affects the signal coverage range and anti-interference ability. By increasing the spreading factor, the anti-interference ability of the signal can be enhanced, but at the same time, the data transmission rate will be reduced, and the number of symbols of the payload is the key factor determining the packet size and transmission time. By calculating the number of symbols through the formula, the packet size can be adjusted according to actual needs to optimize the transmission process. By optimizing the parameter settings of LORA, the link coverage range of the wireless communication module can be significantly expanded to ensure effective data transmission in a vast construction area. By optimizing the parameter settings of LORA, the link coverage range of the wireless communication module can be significantly expanded to ensure effective data transmission in a vast construction area.

[0014] Preferably, in the transmission mode, the wireless communication module only activates the radio frequency, PLL, and PA when it is necessary to send packet data. The data transmission process is as follows: it remains in the standby state before sending. After initializing the TX module, write the paload into the FIFO, then switch to the transmission state and modulate the data into a signal through the wireless communication module and send it out. When the sending is completed, a TXDone interrupt is generated, and at the same time, it switches back to the standby state to complete a sending process.

[0015] By adopting the above solutions, the wireless communication module only activates the radio frequency front end when sending data and is usually in the low-power standby state, thus significantly reducing the overall power consumption of the system. Reducing power consumption not only saves energy but also helps to extend the service life of the wireless communication module and its battery. Through efficient FIFO management and automated state switching, the wireless communication module can reduce the workload of the processor while ensuring data transmission efficiency.

[0016] Preferably, the terminal receiving module includes a wireless receiving unit and a server unit. The wireless receiving unit is used to search for the preamble transmitted by the wireless communication module within a given time and construct a receiving path with the wireless receiving unit to receive monitoring data. The server unit is used to clean, organize, analyze, and store the received monitoring data.

[0017] By adopting the above solution, through the established receiving path, the wireless receiving unit can receive the monitoring data from the wireless communication module. The wireless receiving unit searches for the preamble from the wireless communication module within a given time window, which is a synchronization signal. The server unit is used to lock and identify the data to be transmitted, clean the received data, remove invalid or incorrect data to ensure data quality, organize the cleaned data, store it in a certain format or structure for subsequent use and management, and at the same time extract useful information for the management personnel from the analysis results, such as the alarm for exceeding the standard of the construction environment detection data, the operating status of the equipment, etc. Extract valuable information and provide the functions of querying and editing for users, which helps the management personnel to more accurately evaluate the construction environment conditions and make more reasonable management decisions.

[0018] Preferably, the power supply module includes a power supply unit and a solar charging unit. The power supply unit is used to be connected to the power grid through a storage battery, and the solar charging unit is used to assist in power supply to the power supply unit.

[0019] By adopting the above solution, the power supply unit is connected to the power grid through a high-capacity storage battery. The storage battery serves as an intermediate energy storage device and can store electrical energy when the power grid supplies power. The power supply unit is equipped with an intelligent battery management system to monitor the charge and discharge status of the storage battery, ensure the healthy operation of the battery and extend its life. The solar charging unit captures sunlight and converts it into electrical energy by installing solar panels at appropriate positions, such as the roofs of facilities near the tunnel entrance or on special brackets. Through the auxiliary power supply of the solar charging unit, the direct power demand of the power supply module for the power grid is reduced. Especially in areas with sufficient sunlight, solar energy, as a renewable energy source, improves the energy self-sufficiency rate of the entire monitoring system, enabling the system to still operate normally during unstable power grid or maintenance periods. During the construction of long tunnels, the continuous connection between the construction area and the external solar charging unit is maintained through extension cables.

[0020] Preferably, the data acquisition module, the processor module, and the display and alarm module are arranged in the TBM construction environment, and the arrangement method adopts multi-point layout. The method of multi-point layout is: confirm the key monitoring areas according to the characteristics of the TBM construction environment. The key monitoring areas include but are not limited to: the heading face, ventilation openings, drainage ditches, shotcrete areas, and muck discharge ports. After reasonable analysis, the data acquisition modules are arranged at intervals, and each group of data acquisition modules is connected to the wireless communication module through the processor module.

[0021] By adopting the above - mentioned solution, through reasonable multi - point layout, the comprehensive monitoring of key areas is ensured, the accuracy and precision of data collection are improved, the density of monitoring points is adjusted according to the construction environment and surrounding rock types, the optimal allocation of resources is realized, resource waste is avoided. Combining with the characteristics of LORA wireless communication technology of the wireless communication module, which can support thousands of nodes in an area, the monitoring points can be set at more accurate positions, potential safety risks can be detected in time, the safety of the construction area and its surrounding environment is guaranteed, and through accurate data collection and analysis, scientific decision - making support is provided for construction management personnel, improving the management efficiency.

[0022] Preferably, the rationality analysis is that construction personnel judge the location of the TBM construction environment and make judgments step by step to layout the data collection module. The specific process is as follows: Step 1, in the construction environment with relatively shallow depth, in deep foundation pit construction, the interval requirement of the monitoring layout formed by using the data collection module is controlled within 10 meters; Step 2, in the case of relatively large depth, layout according to the surrounding rock types around the construction environment. The surrounding rock types include but are not limited to: for Class Ⅰ surrounding rock, it is 5 - 20m, for Class Ⅱ surrounding rock, it is 20 - 40m, and other surrounding rock types; Step 3, when there are important buildings, pipelines or other infrastructure in the TBM construction area, the number and density of monitoring points need to be increased near these areas, and the layout interval of the monitoring points can be appropriately reduced.

[0023] By adopting the above - mentioned solution, in the construction environment with relatively shallow depth, when using the LORA system for data collection, the monitoring layout should be controlled within 10 meters. This dense layout can ensure the accuracy and real - time performance of data collection, help to detect potential problems in time and make adjustments. For the construction environment with relatively large depth, layout according to the surrounding rock types. The layout interval for Class Ⅰ surrounding rock is 5 - 20 meters, and for Class Ⅱ surrounding rock is 20 - 40 meters. This differential layout strategy can effectively cope with the challenges under different geological conditions and improve the accuracy of monitoring. When there are important buildings, pipelines or other infrastructure in the TBM construction area, the number and density of monitoring points need to be increased near these areas, and the layout interval of the monitoring points is appropriately reduced, which can more accurately monitor the impact of construction on the surrounding environment and ensure construction safety.

[0024] In summary, the present application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects: 1. It realizes the comprehensive, real - time and efficient monitoring of various construction environment monitoring data in the TBM construction environment of highway tunnels, improving construction safety and efficiency; 2. It adopts low - cost, low - power - consumption and high - stability LORA wireless communication technology and solar charging technology, reducing the construction and maintenance costs of the system; 3. An alarm display module is added, which can timely remind the staff to take corresponding measures in case of abnormalities, reducing the probability of safety accidents. 4. By reasonably arranging the sensor module and optimizing the data processing algorithm, the accuracy and reliability of the monitoring data are improved. 5. The system has good scalability and compatibility, and can flexibly add or subtract modules according to actual needs to adapt to TBM construction projects of different scales and types. Description of the Drawings

[0025] Figure 1 is a framework diagram of an environmental monitoring system for highway tunnel TBM construction according to the present application; Figure 2 is a flow chart of LORA data transmission in the wireless communication module; Figure 3 is a flow chart for the rationality analysis of the layout of the data acquisition module according to the present application. Detailed Embodiments

[0026] The following will further elaborate on the present application in conjunction with the attached Figure 1 - attached Figure 3 , to further illustrate the present application in detail.

[0027] The embodiments of the present application disclose an environmental monitoring system for highway tunnel TBM construction.

[0028] Referring to Figure 1 , an environmental monitoring system for highway tunnel TBM construction, the system includes a data acquisition module, a processor module, a wireless communication module, an alarm display module, a terminal receiving module and a power supply module; The data acquisition module is used to be arranged at appropriate positions inside the construction tunnel of the TBM to monitor and obtain various construction environment monitoring data that change during the construction process; The processor module is used to perform real-time processing and analysis on the construction environment monitoring data collected by the data acquisition module, and after processing the data, transmit the encoded data to the terminal receiving module for data management in a timely and accurate manner through the wireless communication module; the wireless communication module adopts LORA wireless communication technology and is used to be arranged in the TBM construction environment to form a self-organizing network. After the data acquisition module and the processor module complete the encoding of the construction environment monitoring data, the encoded data is transmitted to the terminal receiving module through the wireless communication module; The display and alarm module preset the safety threshold and is connected to the processor module together with the data acquisition module. After the construction environment monitoring data is detected to exceed the safety threshold, the display and alarm module is woken up through the data transmission of the processor module to send out a warning signal; the terminal receiving module is used to receive the monitoring data transmitted by the wireless communication module and perform analysis and processing, providing decision-making support for construction management personnel based on the received data and processing results. The power supply module is used to provide continuous and stable power supply for the terminal receiving module to maintain the continuous operation of the terminal receiving module and conduct comprehensive and real-time accurate monitoring of TBM construction.

[0029] Specifically, the data acquisition module is connected to the processor module by cable or wirelessly, and transmits the collected data to the processor module. The function of the data acquisition module is to collect key construction environment monitoring data in the TBM construction environment in real time, providing basic data for subsequent data processing and analysis. The processor module usually contains one or more microprocessors, which are responsible for processing the data transmitted by the data acquisition module. The processor module is connected to the data acquisition module by wired or wireless means, and is connected to the wireless communication module through a serial port or other communication interfaces. It plays the role of initially processing the data collected by the data acquisition module, such as filtering, amplification, A / D conversion, etc., and then transmitting the data to the wireless communication module to be sent to the terminal receiving module. The wireless communication module uses LORA technology or other low-power wide area network technologies to be responsible for wireless data transmission. The display and alarm module is connected to the processor module and receives the data transmitted by the processor module. The display and alarm module is used to display the monitoring data in real time. Once it detects that the construction environment monitoring data exceeds the preset safety threshold, it will issue visual and auditory alarms to remind the on-site personnel. The terminal receiving module is connected to the wireless communication module through the wireless network and receives the data it transmits. The function of the terminal receiving module is to receive and store the data sent by the wireless communication module, analyze and process the data, and provide a visual interface for users for further decision-making and management. The function of the power supply module is to provide stable and reliable power supply for each module of the entire monitoring system to ensure the continuous operation of the system.

[0030] Refer to Figure 1, The data acquisition module includes a harmful gas monitoring unit and a meteorological environment monitoring unit. The harmful gas monitoring unit is used to monitor in real time and accurately the change parameters of harmful gases that appear in the construction environment during TBM construction. The harmful gases it monitors include but are not limited to: CO, CO2, CH2O, TVOC. The meteorological environment monitoring unit is used to monitor in real time and accurately the natural construction environment monitoring data during TBM construction. The natural construction environment monitoring data includes but is not limited to: temperature and humidity, air pressure, vapor pressure, oxygen content, and dust content. The data acquisition module is connected to the processor module, enabling the real-time collected data of the harmful gas monitoring unit and the meteorological environment monitoring unit on the construction environment to enter the processor module for encoding.

[0031] Specifically, for the harmful gas monitoring unit, a high-sensitivity and fast-response harmful gas sensor can be selected, and a monitor of model BYC300 can be used. Harmful gas sensors are installed at key areas in the TBM construction site, such as poorly ventilated working faces, near mechanical equipment, and workers' rest areas, etc., to ensure that the concentration changes of harmful gases can be monitored in a timely and accurate manner. The harmful gas monitoring unit monitors in real time the concentration of harmful gases in the construction environment and transmits the monitoring data to the processor module through cables or wireless signals. For the meteorological environment monitoring unit, a meteorological environment sensor with high accuracy and good stability can be selected, and a monitor of model Guardian can be used. Meteorological environment sensors are arranged at multiple key points in the TBM construction site to comprehensively monitor the climatic conditions of the construction environment. The meteorological environment monitoring unit collects in real time the temperature and humidity, air pressure, vapor pressure, etc. data of the construction environment and transmits these data to the processor module in real time. At the same time, the data acquisition module adopts a modular design, which is convenient for flexibly adding or removing specific monitoring units according to actual needs. Among them, after the processor module receives the raw data transmitted by the data acquisition module, it first performs A / D conversion, and then encodes the data for the convenience of transmission by the wireless communication module. And the software built in the processor module can perform preliminary analysis on the received data, such as over-limit judgment, trend analysis, etc., and can trigger alarms or notifications according to preset rules. At the same time, the processor module has a data backup function to prevent data loss caused by accidental power outages or other failures.

[0032] Refer to Figure 1 , The display and warning module includes a light warning unit and a sound warning unit. The light warning unit is used to emit eye-catching lights after receiving data exceeding the safety threshold, and the sound warning unit is used to emit harsh sounds after receiving data exceeding the safety threshold.

[0033] Specifically, the light warning unit uses high-brightness, multi-color LED lights as the warning light source to ensure clear visibility in different environments. For example, green indicates normal, yellow indicates warning, and red indicates danger. The light warning unit should be installed in conspicuous positions at the TBM construction site, such as the construction entrance, the central control room, important passages, etc., so that personnel can quickly see the warning signal. At the same time, it should have an independent power supply system to ensure normal operation even in the event of a main power failure. The sound warning unit uses a high-decibel siren, and the sound type can be continuous beeping or pulsating beeping to ensure that it can be clearly heard in a noisy construction environment. The sound warning unit should be installed in key positions that can cover the entire construction area, such as near the fan, the equipment concentration area, etc., to achieve the widest possible sound transmission. The display warning module is connected to the processor module wirelessly or wiredly and receives the monitoring data transmitted by the processor module in real time. When the monitoring data transmitted by the processor module exceeds the safety threshold of the display warning module, the light warning unit and the sound warning unit are activated simultaneously to achieve dual visual and auditory warnings. At the same time, to prevent false alarms, a manual reset function can be set. After confirming the cause of the alarm and taking corresponding measures, the warning signal can be turned off through manual operation.

[0034] Refer to Figure 1 , the wireless communication module uses LORA modulation and demodulation technology for the monitoring data. In this LORA modulation and demodulation technology, LORA is optimized by adjusting the spreading factor, modulation bandwidth, and coding rate, thereby expanding the coverage range of the wireless communication module link. In LORA wireless communication, the data packet size and transmission time are determined by calculating the number of symbols of the payload, thereby optimizing the data transmission process. The calculation formula for the number of symbols of the payload is: The wireless communication module is set according to the relationship between the link budget, anti-interference ability, and spectrum occupancy calculated based on the calculated number of symbols. Specifically, the specific meanings of each symbol in the formula are as follows: PL represents the number of bytes of the payload; SF represents the spreading factor; when using a header, H = 0, when there is no header, H = 1; when LowDateOptimize is set to 1, DE = 1, otherwise, DE = 0; CR represents the coding rate, and the value range is 1-4. Among them, the header is divided into an explicit header mode and an implicit header mode. The explicit header mode is the default operation mode. In this mode, the header contains relevant information about the payload, including: 1. The length of the payload in bytes; 2. The forward error correction code rate; 3. Whether to open the optional 16-bit payload CRC header and send it according to the maximum error correction code (4 / 8); In addition, the header also contains its own CRC, enabling the receiver to discard invalid headers; In the implicit header mode, under specific circumstances, if the payload length, coding rate, and CRC are fixed or known, it is more effective to shorten the transmission time by invoking the implicit header mode. In this case, the payload length, error coding rate, and CRC at both ends of the wireless link need to be set manually.

[0035] Calculate the number of symbols of the payload according to the formula for calculating the number of bytes of the payload in the above LORA modulation technology. This value is directly related to the size and transmission time of the data packet. The calculation formula takes into account the effects of the spreading factor, modulation bandwidth, and coding rate. According to the calculated number of symbols, balance the size and transmission time of the data packet, and enhance the robustness of the signal against external interference by adjusting the spreading factor and coding rate. Especially at the construction site with a complex electromagnetic environment, while ensuring the communication quality, minimize the spectral occupancy of the signal as much as possible to avoid interference with other wireless devices. According to the calculated number of symbols of the payload, the payload time can be calculated, so as to facilitate the staff to optimize the data transmission process. The formula for the payload time is: Tpayload = payloadSymNbTsym. At the same time, according to the number of symbols of the payload, the transmission time can be calculated. The calculation formula for the transmission time is: T packet = T preamble + T payload The transmission time refers to the total time required from the start of sending the data packet to the complete sending of the data packet. Understanding the transmission time helps to evaluate the performance of the network, such as throughput and latency, so as to adjust the spreading factor.

[0036] The value range of the spreading factor is usually from 0 to 12. A suitable spreading factor can ensure a certain anti-interference ability and coverage range while controlling the transmission time and energy consumption. When the value of the spreading factor is 7 - 12, the anti-interference ability and coverage range will be improved, but the transmission time and energy consumption will increase; when the value of the spreading factor is less than 7, the anti-interference ability and coverage range will be reduced, but the transmission time and energy consumption will be reduced. Select a suitable spreading factor according to the actual communication environment and requirements to optimize the number of payload symbols; The modulation bandwidth affects the data transmission rate and communication distance. A narrower modulation bandwidth can increase the communication distance but reduce the data transmission rate; a wider modulation bandwidth will reduce the communication distance but increase the data transmission rate. Select a suitable modulation bandwidth according to the calculated value of the number of symbols of the payload and the actual environment, and select according to the channel conditions of the actual TBM construction environment. Use a wider modulation bandwidth to increase the data transmission rate when the channel conditions are good; while use a narrower modulation bandwidth to ensure communication stability when the channel conditions are poor; The selection of the coding rate affects the reliability and energy consumption of data transmission. When the coding rate is above 4, the reliability of data transmission can be improved, but the energy consumption will increase; when the coding rate is below 4, the reliability of data transmission can be reduced, but the energy consumption will decrease. According to the number of symbols of the calculated payload and the actual application scenario, based on the calculated number of payload symbols and real-time communication requirements, the system can dynamically allocate channels for devices, thereby balancing the link budget.

[0037] Refer to Figure 2 In the transmission mode, the wireless communication module only activates the radio frequency, PLL, and PA when it is necessary to send packet data. The data transmission process is as follows: it remains in the standby state before sending. After initializing the TX module, the paload is written into the FIFO, and then it switches to the transmission state to modulate the data into a signal through the wireless communication module and send it out. When the transmission is completed, a TXDone interrupt is generated, and at the same time, it switches back to the standby state again to complete a transmission process.

[0038] Specifically, when there is no data transmission task, the wireless communication module remains in the low-power standby state. In this state, the radio frequency part, phase-locked loop, and power amplifier are all in the off or low-power mode to save energy. When there is a data transmission task, the wireless communication module first performs the initialization work of the TX module, including configuring radio frequency parameters, starting the phase-locked loop to stabilize the frequency, and preparing the power amplifier. The FIFO, as a data buffering mechanism, can temporarily store the data to be sent to ensure the continuity and integrity of the data. After completing the FIFO write, the wireless communication module switches to the transmission state. At this time, the radio frequency part is activated, the PLL stabilizes the signal frequency, and the PA amplifies the signal for easy transmission. The wireless communication module uses the LORA modulation technology to modulate the data in the FIFO into a signal suitable for wireless transmission. This signal contains all the payload data, as well as possible preambles, CRC check codes, etc. Once the data packet is sent, the wireless communication module will generate a TXDone interrupt indicating that the transmission task has been completed. After the transmission is completed, the wireless communication module immediately switches back to the standby state, turning off the radio frequency, PLL, and PA to reduce energy consumption, so that it can quickly return to the low-power state and wait for the next transmission task. By only activating the radio frequency, PLL, and PA during transmission, the wireless communication module can effectively save energy and extend the battery life. This interrupt can be used to notify the system processor or other relevant modules that the transmission has been completed for subsequent processing.

[0039] Refer to Figure 1, the terminal receiving module includes a wireless receiving unit and a server unit. The wireless receiving unit is used to search for the preamble transmitted by the wireless communication module within a given time, and build a receiving path with the wireless receiving unit to receive the monitoring data. The server unit is used to clean, sort, analyze and store the received monitoring data, and extract valuable information for the management personnel to query and edit.

[0040] Specifically, the wireless receiving unit continuously searches for the preamble transmitted from the wireless communication module within a given time. The preamble is the starting part of the LORA signal, which is used to synchronize the receiving device and identify the start of the data packet. Once the preamble is detected, the wireless receiving unit establishes a receiving path with the wireless communication module to ensure that the data packet can be received completely. The server unit cleans the received data, removes invalid or incorrect data segments, and ensures the integrity and accuracy of the data. The cleaned data is sorted and classified, grouped according to different sensor types or timestamps for subsequent processing and analysis. The sorted data is analyzed in depth to extract valuable information, such as the change trend of the construction environment monitoring data, the records of abnormal events, etc. The wireless receiving unit and the server unit work together to achieve the real-time monitoring and early warning functions of the TBM construction environment.

[0041] Refer to Figure 1 , the power supply module includes a power supply unit and a solar charging unit. The power supply unit is used to connect to the power grid through a storage battery, and the solar charging unit is used to assist in powering the power supply unit, reducing the power demand of the power supply module on the power grid by charging the storage battery.

[0042] Specifically, the power supply unit is connected to the power grid through a cable to ensure that it can stably provide power support for the entire monitoring system when the power grid power supply is normal. The power supply unit is built with a battery management system, which is responsible for monitoring and managing the charge and discharge status of the storage battery to ensure the life and performance of the storage battery. Solar panels are installed at appropriate positions in the power supply module to capture sunlight and convert it into electrical energy. The solar charging unit uses the electrical energy generated by the solar panels to assist in powering the power supply unit, reducing the dependence on the power grid power. The power supply unit and the solar charging unit in the power supply module work together to achieve efficient management and distribution of electrical energy through an intelligent controller. Moreover, both the power supply unit and the solar charging unit have overload protection functions to prevent damage to equipment or fire caused by excessive current.

[0043] Refer to Figure 3, the data acquisition module, the processor module, and the display and alarm module are set in the TBM construction environment, and the setting method adopts multi-point layout. The method of multi-point layout is as follows: confirm the key monitoring areas according to the characteristics of the TBM construction environment. The key monitoring areas include but are not limited to: the tunnel face, ventilation openings, drainage ditches, shotcrete areas, and muck discharge ports. After rationality analysis, the data acquisition modules are arranged at intervals, and each group of data acquisition modules is connected to the wireless communication module through the processor module; The rationality analysis is carried out by construction personnel to judge the location of the TBM construction environment and make judgments step by step to arrange the data acquisition modules. The specific process is as follows: Step 1, in the construction environment with relatively shallow depth, in deep foundation pit construction, the interval requirements for the monitoring layout composed of data acquisition modules are controlled within 10 meters; Step 2, in the case of relatively large depth, arrange according to the surrounding rock types of the construction environment. The surrounding rock types include but are not limited to: Class I surrounding rock is 5 - 20m, Class II surrounding rock is 20 - 40m, and other surrounding rock types; Step 3, if there are important buildings, pipelines, or other infrastructure in the TBM construction area, it is necessary to increase the number and density of monitoring points near these areas, and the layout interval of the monitoring points can be appropriately reduced.

[0044] Specifically, according to the characteristics of the TBM construction environment, determine the areas that need to be key monitored, including but not limited to the tunnel face, ventilation openings, and drainage ditches. These areas are the places where environmental changes are most likely to occur during the construction process, so special attention is required. Through on-site investigation and analysis of historical data, further refine and confirm the key positions for monitoring: Step 1: In the construction environment with relatively shallow depth, the interval requirements for the monitoring layout composed of data acquisition modules are controlled within 10 meters, which can ensure the full coverage of the entire construction environment and timely detect and handle abnormal situations.

[0045] Step 2: In the construction environment with relatively large depth, arrange according to the surrounding rock types of the construction environment. The surrounding rock types include but are not limited to Class I surrounding rock of 5 - 20 meters and Class II surrounding rock of 20 - 40 meters. Adjust the layout density of the data acquisition modules according to different surrounding rock types to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data.

[0046] Step 3: When there are important buildings, pipelines, or other infrastructure in the TBM construction area, it is necessary to increase the number and density of monitoring points near these areas, and the layout interval of the monitoring points can be appropriately reduced to ensure real-time monitoring in these key areas.

[0047] After the layout is completed, each group of data acquisition modules is connected to the wireless communication module through the processor module, and the collected data is processed and then transmitted to the terminal receiving module in a timely manner for analysis and management.

[0048] The implementation principle of the embodiments of this application is as follows: According to the characteristics of the TBM construction environment, such as key areas like the tunnel face, ventilation openings, and drainage ditches, data acquisition modules are set up in a multi-point layout manner. This method can comprehensively cover the construction environment and real-time monitor various construction environment monitoring data. The collected data is transmitted to the processor module, which is responsible for real-time processing and analysis of the data. The processor module is also responsible for encoding the processed data for transmission through the wireless communication module. The wireless communication module uses LORA technology, which is a low-power, long-distance wireless communication technology. By adjusting the spreading factor, modulation bandwidth, and coding rate, LORA technology can provide a stable wireless connection within a large range and optimize the data transmission efficiency. The power supply unit is connected to the power grid through a storage battery to provide continuous and stable power supply for the terminal receiving module. Then, the wireless receiving unit is responsible for searching and receiving the preamble and monitoring data transmitted by the wireless communication module. The server unit cleans, organizes, analyzes, and stores the received data to provide decision-making support for management personnel.

[0049] The embodiments of this specific implementation manner are all preferred embodiments of this application, and do not limit the protection scope of this application accordingly. The same components are represented by the same reference numerals. Therefore, all equivalent changes made according to the structure, shape, and principle of this application should be covered within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. An environmental monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction, characterized in that: The system includes a data acquisition module, a processor module, a wireless communication module, a display alarm module, a terminal receiving module and a power supply module; The data acquisition module is used to be arranged at a suitable position inside the construction tunnel of the TBM, so as to monitor and obtain various construction environment monitoring data that change during the construction process; The processor module is used to process and analyze the construction environment monitoring data collected by the data collection module in real time, and after processing the construction environment monitoring data, transmit the encoded data to the terminal receiving module through the wireless communication module for data management; The wireless communication module adopts LORA wireless communication technology, and is used to be arranged in the TBM construction environment to form a self-organizing network. After the data acquisition module and the processor module complete the encoding of the construction environment monitoring data, the encoded data is transmitted to the terminal receiving module through the wireless communication module; The display alarm module is connected to the processor module together with the data acquisition module, and is used to wake up the display alarm module and send out an early warning signal through the transmission data of the processor module after monitoring that the construction environment monitoring data exceeds the safety threshold; The terminal receiving module is used to receive the monitoring data transmitted by the wireless communication module and perform analysis and processing, and provide decision support for the construction management personnel based on the received data and processing results; The power supply module is used to provide power supply to the terminal receiving module.

2. The environmental monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The data acquisition module includes a harmful gas monitoring unit and a meteorological environment monitoring unit. The harmful gas monitoring unit is used to perform real-time and accurate monitoring of the changing parameters of harmful gases appearing in the construction environment during TBM construction. The harmful gases include SO2, CH4 and H2S; the meteorological environment monitoring unit is used to perform real-time and accurate monitoring of the natural construction environment monitoring data during TBM construction. The natural construction environment monitoring data includes oxygen content and dust content; the data acquisition module is connected to the processor module so that the harmful gas monitoring unit and the meteorological environment monitoring unit collect real-time data of the construction environment and enter the processor module for encoding.

3. The environmental monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The display warning module includes a light warning unit and a sound warning unit. The light warning unit is used to emit light with a brightness exceeding a preset brightness after receiving data exceeding a safety threshold; the sound warning unit is used to emit a sound with a volume exceeding a preset volume after receiving data exceeding a safety threshold.

4. The environmental monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The wireless communication module adopts LORA modulation and demodulation technology for monitoring data. LORA modulation and demodulation technology optimizes LORA by adjusting the spreading factor, modulation bandwidth and coding rate. At the same time, the data packet size and transmission time are determined by calculating the number of symbols of the effective load in LORA wireless communication. The calculation formula of the number of symbols of the effective load is: Where: PL indicates the number of bytes in the payload; SF indicates the spreading factor; H indicates the use of the header; DE indicates that LowDateOptimize is set to 0 or 1; CR indicates the coding rate; the value range is 1-4, The value range of the spreading factor is usually 0 to 12. When the value of the spreading factor is 7-12, the anti-interference capability and coverage range will be improved, but the transmission time and energy consumption will be increased; when the value of the spreading factor is less than 7, the anti-interference capability and coverage range will be reduced, but the transmission time and energy consumption will be reduced. The spreading factor with a suitable value is selected according to the actual communication environment and requirements to optimize the number of payload symbols; The modulation bandwidth affects the data transmission rate and communication distance. A narrower modulation bandwidth can increase the communication distance, but will reduce the data transmission rate; a wider modulation bandwidth will reduce the communication distance, but will increase the data transmission rate. The appropriate modulation bandwidth is selected according to the calculated value of the number of symbols of the effective load and the actual environment. The selection of the coding rate affects the reliability and energy consumption of data transmission. When the coding rate is above 4, the reliability of data transmission can be improved, but the energy consumption will increase; when the coding rate is below 4, the reliability of data transmission can be reduced, but the energy consumption will be reduced; According to the calculated number of symbols of the effective load and in combination with the actual application scenario, the appropriate spreading factor, modulation bandwidth and coding rate are selected to balance the link budget.

5. The environmental monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction according to claim 1 is characterized in that: In the sending mode, the wireless communication module will start the RF, PLL and PA only when the data packet data needs to be sent. The data sending process is: it is in standby state before sending. After initializing the TX module, the paload is written into the FIFO, and then switched to the sending state to modulate the data into a signal through the wireless communication module and send it out. When the sending is completed, a TXDone interrupt is generated, and it switches to the standby state again to complete a sending process.

6. The environmental monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The terminal receiving module includes a wireless receiving unit and a server unit. The wireless receiving unit is used to search for the leading code transmitted by the wireless communication module within a given time, and to establish a receiving path with the wireless receiving unit to receive monitoring data; the server unit is used to clean, organize, analyze and store the received monitoring data.

7. The environmental monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The power supply module includes a power supply unit and a solar charging unit. The power supply unit is used to be connected to a power grid via a storage battery; the solar charging unit is used to provide auxiliary power to the power supply unit.

8. The environmental monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The data acquisition module, processor module and display alarm module are arranged in a TBM construction environment, and the arrangement adopts a multi-point arrangement. The method of multi-point arrangement is as follows: according to the characteristics of the TBM construction environment, the key monitoring areas are confirmed, and the key monitoring areas include but are not limited to: the tunnel face, ventilation openings, drainage ditches, spray mixing areas and slag outlets. After a rationality analysis, the data acquisition modules are arranged at intervals, and each group of the data acquisition modules is connected to the wireless communication module through the processor module.

9. The environmental monitoring system based on highway tunnel TBM construction according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The rationality analysis is performed by the construction personnel to determine the location of the TBM construction environment, and the determination is made in steps to arrange the data acquisition module. The specific process is as follows: Step 1: In a shallow depth construction environment, the monitoring points formed by the data acquisition module are required to be spaced within 10 meters during deep foundation pit construction; Step 2: In the case of a large depth, the layout is carried out according to the surrounding rock types of the construction environment. The surrounding rock types include but are not limited to: Class I surrounding rock is 5 to 20 meters, Class II surrounding rock is 20 to 40 meters and other surrounding rock types; Step three: If there are important buildings, pipelines or other infrastructure in the TBM construction area, it is necessary to increase the number and density of monitoring points near these areas, and the spacing between monitoring points can be appropriately reduced.

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