Ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system based on block chain

Abstract

The invention provides a block chain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon transaction system, and the system comprises a shipborne terminal which is disposed on a ship and is used for recording the carbon emission of the ship and generating a ship carbon footprint in a carbon footprint block chain; the shipping enterprise has a carbon account established based on the block chain, and the carbon right of the shipping enterprise is automatically deducted by the smart contract according to the ship carbon footprint after the carbon right block chain accesses the carbon footprint block chain in a cross-chain manner; the carbon emission supervision mechanism is used for distributing a carbon right according to the volume of the shipping enterprise at the starting time of each emission control period, calculating the navigation carbon tax of the ship based on the ship carbon footprint, and deducting the carbon tax from the corresponding shipping enterprise according to the navigation carbon tax; and the carbon transaction mechanism is used for the shipping enterprise to perform carbon right transaction. According to the invention, the security and integrity of data can be guaranteed, and emission reduction is stimulated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the fields of ship carbon trading and blockchain technology, and particularly relates to a ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system based on blockchain. Background Art

[0002] With the increasing global attention to climate change, reducing greenhouse gas emissions has become an international consensus. In the shipping industry, ship emissions are one of the important carbon sources. To encourage emission reduction behaviors, many countries and regions have started implementing carbon tax policies and exploring the establishment of carbon trading markets.

[0003] Currently, traditional carbon trading mainly relies on a centralized management system, which has problems such as opaque information, high risk of data tampering, high transaction costs, and low efficiency. In addition, due to the lack of effective supervision mechanisms and technical support, it is difficult to ensure the authenticity and accuracy of carbon emission data.

[0004] Blockchain is a distributed database technology that stores data in the form of blocks and uses cryptographic methods to ensure the security and integrity of the data. Each block contains a certain amount of transaction information and is encrypted and linked to the previous block to form a continuously growing chain. This design makes the data unable to be tampered with in the network because any attempt to modify the data in a block will disrupt the continuity of the entire chain. Through a decentralized network structure, blockchain technology realizes the distributed sharing and management of data, thus ensuring the security and reliability of the data without the need for a trusted intermediary. This technology uses cryptographic methods to ensure the security and integrity of the data, can establish trust without the need for a centralized authority, and is applicable to various application scenarios such as digital currency and supply chain management. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is: to provide a ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system based on blockchain, which can guarantee the security and integrity of data and encourage emission reduction.

[0006] The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the above technical problem is: a ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system based on blockchain, including the constituent elements that are nodes of the blockchain. Each constituent element exchanges data through the generalized ship Internet of Things and runs a blockchain program. The constituent elements include on-board terminals, shipping enterprises, carbon emission supervision agencies, and carbon trading agencies; among them,

[0007] The on-board terminal is deployed on the ship and is used to record the carbon emissions of the ship and generate a ship carbon footprint in the carbon footprint blockchain;

[0008] As the right holder of the ship, the shipping enterprise has a carbon account established based on the blockchain. The carbon account records carbon rights, which refer to the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent that the carbon emission regulatory department allocates to the shipping enterprise for emission within a carbon emission control cycle. After the carbon rights corresponding to the shipping enterprise cross-chain access the carbon footprint blockchain on the carbon rights blockchain, they are automatically deducted by the smart contract according to the ship's carbon footprint. The carbon rights are traded by the shipping enterprise according to its needs.

[0009] The carbon emission regulatory agency is used to allocate carbon rights according to the scale of the shipping enterprise at the start time of each carbon emission control cycle, calculate the navigation carbon tax of the ship based on the ship's carbon footprint, and deduct and refund the carbon tax to the affiliated shipping enterprise according to the navigation carbon tax.

[0010] The carbon trading agency is used for the shipping enterprise to conduct carbon rights trading.

[0011] According to the above solution, the blockchain program runs based on the generalized ship Internet of Things architecture, including the underlying data layer, the blockchain network layer, and the blockchain. Among them, the ship Internet of Things is an implementation form of the Internet of Things in the field of water transportation, covering various shipborne and shore-based communication units and their communication links, forming a network model mainly composed of nodes and edges. The generalized ship Internet of Things refers to taking ships and ship shore control stations as nodes, covering a wider range of stakeholders in the ship Internet of Things, realizing data interconnection between ships and between ship and shore, and all associated entities related to ship carbon emissions and carbon trading can access the generalized ship Internet of Things.

[0012] The underlying data layer encapsulates the chain structure of block data, and the block data includes the carbon footprint of the ship, carbon tax accounting, and carbon trading information.

[0013] The blockchain network layer consists of a P2P network composed of each node through edges.

[0014] The blockchain propagates data or issues announcements in the form of a gossip protocol based on the generalized ship Internet of Things architecture.

[0015] The blockchain includes a carbon footprint blockchain and a carbon rights blockchain. Among them, the carbon footprint blockchain is used to record the ship's carbon footprint, and the on-board terminal publishes announcements of the ship's carbon emissions and location information to the carbon footprint blockchain for updating. The carbon rights blockchain is used to record the carbon rights balance information of the shipping enterprise, ship carbon tax information, and shipping enterprise carbon trading information. Among them, the carbon rights balance information of the shipping enterprise is automatically deducted by the smart contract according to the ship's carbon footprint, the ship carbon tax information is obtained by the carbon emission regulatory agency deducting and refunding the carbon tax to the shipping enterprise to which the on-board terminal belongs, and the shipping enterprise carbon trading information is obtained by the shipping enterprise conducting carbon trading in the carbon trading agency.

[0016] According to the above solution, both the carbon footprint blockchain and the carbon rights blockchain adopt the DPoS consensus mechanism. A certain number of nodes are elected by all nodes as witnesses, and the rotating witness nodes act as representatives to cooperate and take turns to record accounts and generate blocks.

[0017] The block stores a set of temporary accounting information packed by the rotating witnesses; after the rotating witness nodes assemble the collected information into a block and announce it to the blockchain, other nodes verify the new block. After the new block passes the verification, the other nodes recognize the new block. After the new block passes the verification, the temporary accounting information in it becomes permanent information and is updated to the corresponding ledger in each participating node locally.

[0018] According to the above solution, a compliance cycle is divided into several time slots, and the ship carbon footprint in a compliance cycle includes a set of carbon footprint information for each time slot in this compliance cycle;

[0019] The carbon footprint information for each time slot includes the ship's position, cargo volume, and carbon emissions during that time slot; the carbon emissions during one time slot are obtained by multiplying the consumption of type c fuel during that time slot by the carbon content coefficient of type c fuel.

[0020] According to the above solution, the carbon emission regulatory agency is specifically used for:

[0021] Allocating carbon rights according to the shipping enterprise size at the start time of each compliance cycle, and formulating and announcing the carbon efficiency benchmark for this compliance cycle; the carbon efficiency benchmark includes the tax refund limit, tax deduction limit, and the first coefficient;

[0022] Formulating and releasing a smart contract, which calculates the carbon efficiency of each ship based on the ship carbon footprint by time slot. If the carbon efficiency of a ship is greater than the tax deduction limit, then the product of the difference between the carbon efficiency and the tax deduction limit, the ship's sailing distance, cargo volume, and the first coefficient is used as the additional navigation carbon tax that the ship needs to pay. If the carbon efficiency of a ship is less than the tax refund limit, then the product of the difference between the tax refund limit and the carbon efficiency, the ship's sailing distance, cargo volume, and the first coefficient is used as the navigation carbon tax that the ship needs to return;

[0023] The smart contract accesses the carbon footprint blockchain by time slot, deducts the carbon consumption of the ships owned by each shipping enterprise from the carbon rights ledger of this shipping enterprise regularly, and updates the aforementioned ship navigation carbon tax to the carbon rights ledger of the shipping enterprise to which the ship belongs, so as to realize the rewards and punishments of returning carbon tax or levying carbon tax.

[0024] According to the above solution, the carbon emission regulatory agency is also used for:

[0025] Formulating and announcing the static carbon efficiency benchmark for this compliance cycle at the start time of each compliance cycle; the static carbon efficiency benchmark only includes the second coefficient;

[0026] Calculating the carbon efficiency of the ship during the stationary process, and using the product of the carbon efficiency during the stationary process, the second coefficient, and the cargo volume as the additional navigation carbon tax that the ship needs to pay.

[0027] According to the above solution, the carbon efficiency during a time slot is the ratio of the carbon emissions during that time slot to the cargo volume.

[0028] According to the above solution, the carbon trading institution is specifically used for:

[0029] Receiving the quantity and price of carbon rights to be sold by shipping enterprises with a demand for carbon sales, sorting and publishing them according to certain rules for shipping enterprises with a demand for carbon purchases to choose;

[0030] Updating the published information every time a time interval passes;

[0031] Receiving the transaction applications of shipping enterprises purchasing carbon and receiving the funds for purchasing carbon rights;

[0032] Verifying the validity of the transaction, that is, verifying the consistency between the change information of the carbon rights balance of both parties in the carbon rights blockchain and the transaction application;

[0033] After the verification of the transaction validity passes, transferring the funds for purchasing carbon rights to the corresponding shipping enterprise selling carbon;

[0034] Submitting the transaction to the witness nodes of the carbon rights blockchain to assemble it into a block and publishing it to the carbon rights blockchain for other nodes to update their local blockchains.

[0035] According to the above solution, the carbon trading institution is also used for:

[0036] Withholding a portion of carbon rights from the transaction as transaction costs, and the rate of transaction costs is fixed; the transaction costs are used for rewarding the witness nodes in the blockchain for verifying and assembling blocks, and for transferring to the carbon emission regulatory agency as a tax rebate reward.

[0037] According to the above solution, shipping enterprises are also used to determine whether to conduct carbon trading based on the following situations:

[0038] Situation 1: When a shipping enterprise holds more carbon rights than the predicted future demand for carbon rights, make a decision on the quantity and price of carbon rights to be sold based on the predicted carbon rights market price;

[0039] Situation 2: When a shipping enterprise holds fewer carbon rights than the minimum carbon rights holding amount and less than the future demand for carbon rights, buy carbon rights;

[0040] Situation 3: When a shipping enterprise holds more carbon rights than the minimum carbon rights holding amount and less than the future demand for carbon rights, only buy carbon rights if the current carbon rights market price is less than the maximum acceptable market carbon price;

[0041] The predicted future demand for carbon rights and the predicted carbon rights market price are obtained by the shipping enterprise's assessment; the minimum carbon rights holding amount and the maximum acceptable market carbon price are preset values; the current carbon rights market price is set by the carbon trading institution.

[0042] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: By forming a ship carbon footprint based on the on-board terminal, an announcement is issued to the blockchain program on the basis of the generalized ship Internet of Things architecture. The blockchain is used to encapsulate ship footprint, carbon rights, and carbon trading information, making the ship carbon footprint transparent and public, and ensuring the security and integrity of data. A carbon tax system is introduced, and the carbon tax is deducted and refunded by the carbon emission supervision agency. A carbon trading agency is introduced for shipping enterprises to conduct carbon rights trading, thereby motivating shipping enterprises to make a green transformation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the principle of an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0044] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer and more understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention.

[0045] The present invention provides a ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system based on blockchain, as Figure 1 shown, which includes constituent elements as nodes of the blockchain. Each constituent element exchanges data through the Generalized Internet of Ship (GIoS) and runs a blockchain program. The constituent elements include on-board terminals, shipping enterprises, carbon emission supervision agencies, and carbon trading agencies. The on-board terminals are deployed on ships, and shore-based stations are respectively deployed for shipping enterprises, carbon emission supervision agencies, and carbon trading agencies. The on-board terminals and the shore-based stations of each unit act as nodes to transmit data, and the communication links between the nodes act as edges to transmit data.

[0046] In this system, the on-board terminal is used to record the carbon emissions of the ship and generate a ship carbon footprint in the carbon footprint blockchain. As the right holder of the ship, the shipping enterprise has a carbon account established based on the blockchain. The carbon account records carbon rights. Carbon rights refer to the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted allocated to the shipping enterprise by the carbon emission supervision department within a carbon emission control period. In this embodiment, it is agreed that one carbon right is equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide that can be emitted. After the carbon rights corresponding to the shipping enterprise cross-chain access the carbon footprint blockchain, they are automatically deducted by the smart contract according to the ship carbon footprint. The carbon rights are traded by the shipping enterprise according to its needs. The carbon emission supervision agency is used to allocate carbon rights according to the scale of the shipping enterprise at the start time of each carbon emission control period, calculate the navigation carbon tax of the ship based on the ship carbon footprint, and deduct and refund the carbon tax to the affiliated shipping enterprise according to the navigation carbon tax. The carbon trading agency is used for shipping enterprises to conduct carbon rights trading.

[0047] The Internet of Ships (IoS) is an implementation form of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the field of water transportation, covering various shipborne and shore-based communication units and their communication links, forming a network model mainly composed of nodes and edges. The Generalized Internet of Ships (GIoS) refers to a network with ships and shore-based console stations as nodes, covering a wider range of stakeholders such as shipping companies, carbon emission regulatory agencies, and carbon trading agencies. It realizes the interconnection of data between ships and between ships and the shore, so that all associated entities related to ship carbon emissions and shipping company carbon trading can access the GIoS.

[0048] The aforementioned main components run blockchain programs based on the GIoS architecture. The blockchain programs run based on the generalized Internet of ships architecture, including the underlying data layer, the blockchain network layer, and the blockchain.

[0049] The underlying data layer encapsulates the chained structure of block data. The block data includes the carbon footprint of ships, carbon tax accounting, and carbon trading information. A block consists of a block header and a block body. The block header contains information such as the block number, the timestamp of block generation, the block hash value, the hash value of the previous block, the hash value of information such as the carbon footprint, and the private key signature of the witness. The block body stores information such as the carbon footprint, carbon rights, and carbon trading packed by the witness in the form of a hash tree. The leaf nodes of the hash tree are information such as the carbon footprint, carbon rights, and carbon trading, and the intermediate nodes and the root node are the hash values after hash calculation of the information in the next layer.

[0050] The blockchain network layer consists of a P2P network formed by connecting nodes through edges. The blockchain spreads data or publishes announcements in the form of a gossip protocol based on the generalized Internet of ships architecture.

[0051] The blockchain running on the GIoS includes a carbon footprint blockchain and a carbon rights blockchain.

[0052] The carbon footprint blockchain, namely the distributed carbon footprint ledger, is used to record the carbon footprint of ships. The shipborne terminal publishes announcements of the carbon emissions and location information of this ship to the carbon footprint blockchain for updating. All members of the GIoS participate in the calculations on the blockchain nodes and publish announcements of the slot carbon emissions, cargo volume, and location information during the ship's voyage to this carbon footprint blockchain.

[0053] The carbon rights blockchain, namely the distributed carbon rights ledger, is used to record the carbon rights balance information of shipping companies, ship carbon tax information, and shipping company carbon trading information. The member nodes are mainly shipping companies, carbon emission regulatory agencies, and carbon trading agencies. Among them, the carbon rights balance information of shipping companies is automatically deducted by smart contracts according to the carbon footprint of ships. The ship carbon tax information is obtained by the carbon emission regulatory agency deducting and refunding carbon tax from the shipping company to which the shipborne terminal belongs. The shipping company carbon trading information is obtained by the shipping company conducting carbon trading in the carbon trading agency.

[0054] Both the carbon footprint blockchain and the carbon credit blockchain adopt the DPoS consensus mechanism. A certain number of nodes are elected by all nodes as witnesses, and the rotating witness nodes act as representatives to cooperate and take turns to record accounts and generate blocks. The initial witness nodes are randomly selected from the rotating witnesses. After each rotating witness node serves for a certain period, the GIoS nodes except the current witness nodes are organized to vote. The node with the highest number of votes replaces the current witness node. All GIoS nodes except the current witness nodes in the blockchain have the right to participate in the election, and the number of witness nodes is proportional to the number of nodes in GIoS. The block stores the set of temporary accounting information packed by the rotating witness; after the rotating witness node assembles the information collected into a block and publishes a notice to the blockchain, other nodes verify the new block. After passing the verification, the new block is recognized. After the new block passes the verification, the temporary accounting information in it becomes permanent information and is updated to the corresponding ledger in each participating node locally.

[0055] The blockchain nodes are divided into super nodes and ordinary nodes. The super nodes include carbon emission regulatory agencies and carbon trading agencies. Compared with ordinary nodes, super nodes have more stable and powerful online computing power and storage capacity, and have a greater chance of becoming block-producing nodes; ordinary nodes include on-board terminals and shipping enterprises and other nodes.

[0056] The on-board terminal is used to record the carbon emissions of the ship and generate the ship's carbon footprint in the carbon footprint blockchain. Specifically, during the voyage of the ship, as time changes, the ship's position and load capacity are constantly changing. The on-board terminal records the ship's fuel consumption, the ship's position at the corresponding time slot, and the ship's load capacity at the corresponding time slot in real time according to a certain time slot and stores them. Then, after converting the ship's fuel consumption into the ship's carbon emissions, it is published to the carbon footprint blockchain to form the ship's carbon footprint.

[0057] The ship is equipped with a fuel metering module and a satellite positioning module, and the on-board terminal is the carbon footprint blockchain, which is responsible for collecting the ship's position information location, cargo capacity information Capacity, the ship's fuel consumption fuel, and is the terminal for ship notice data and ship access to GIoS. Ship i (i = 1, 2,..., Num) The carbon footprint of the ship in the emission control period T is expressed as footprint i ={FP i (t 0 +nΔt), FP i (t 0 +(n + 1)Δt),...}, where it is assumed that t 0 +nΔt is the first information broadcast time slot in the current emission control period, where ship iis the digital ID that can uniquely identify the identity of a ship. Num is the total number of ships, and t 0 is the initialization time of the entire system. Δt is the time slot for broadcasting the fuel consumption and satellite positioning of the ship, and t 0 +nΔt represents that ship i has experienced n time slots since departure. FP i (t 0 +nΔt) represents the carbon footprint information of ship i during the nth time slot during navigation, specifically expressed as FPi(t 0 +nΔt) = {location(t 0 +nΔt), Capacity(t 0 +nΔt), CEi(t 0 +nΔt)}, where CE i (t 0 +nΔt) represents the carbon emissions of ship i during the nth time slot during navigation, specifically calculated as CE i (t 0 +nΔt) = fuel c (t 0 +nΔt)α c , fuel c (t 0 +nΔt) represents the fuel consumption of type c fuel of ship i during the nth time slot of navigation, and α c represents the carbon content coefficient of type c fuel.

[0058] When the on-board terminal publishes its carbon footprint information to surrounding ships, the information elements to be included are {ship i , FP i (t 0 +νΔt)} ν＝n,n+1,... . ship i (i = 1, 2,..., Num) publishes its carbon footprint information to the GIoS. These information are assembled into a block by a certain rotating witness and then broadcast to the carbon footprint blockchain. After being verified by other nodes, they officially become a block on this blockchain.

[0059] According to the on-board terminal collecting the real-time fuel reserve of the ship, by calculating the difference between the fuel reserve at the time of t 0 +nΔt and the fuel reserve at the time of t 0 +(n - 1)Δt during the navigation of ship i, fuel c (t0 + nΔt) is obtained. The on-board terminal converts fuel c (t 0 +nΔt) through a formula to obtain CE i (t 0 +nΔt) during the navigation of ship i.

[0060] During the navigation of ship i, at the t 0 + nΔt moment, satellite positioning information, Capacity, and CE i (t 0 + nΔt) are assembled into the footprint at the t 0 + nΔt moment i (t 0 + nΔt). Adding the ship of ship i i , the carbon footprint information FP of the ship is assembled i (t 0 + nΔt) and then collected and announced to the carbon footprint ledger.

[0061] The member nodes of the carbon rights blockchain are mainly shipping enterprises, carbon emission regulatory agencies, and carbon trading agencies. Shipping enterprises establish carbon accounts in the carbon rights blockchain, and carbon rights are recorded in the carbon accounts. At the beginning of each emission control cycle T, the carbon emission regulatory agency allocates initial carbon rights to shipping enterprises according to the prior quota. The carbon rights blockchain witness node checks the transaction information and carbon rights balance CRight of the carbon account of shipping enterprise j j (t 0 + nΔt) after assembly and broadcasts it to the carbon rights blockchain at regular intervals. After verification, the carbon trading and carbon rights balance information are recorded in the carbon rights blockchain. j = 1, 2, …, Θ, where Θ is the total number of shipping enterprises participating in emission control. The smart contract of the carbon rights blockchain accesses the carbon footprint blockchain across chains at regular intervals to obtain the carbon footprint information of ship navigation, and deducts the carbon rights in the carbon account of the shipping enterprise to which the ship belongs. When the carbon rights in the carbon account of a shipping enterprise are positive, it means that there is still a carbon rights balance in the carbon account of the shipping enterprise. When the carbon rights in the carbon account of a shipping enterprise are negative, it means that the carbon emissions of the shipping enterprise have exceeded the carbon rights it owns.

[0062] The carbon emission regulatory agency calculates the navigation carbon tax of the ship based on the carbon footprint information and deducts and refunds the tax to the shipping company to which it belongs according to the carbon tax.

[0063] Specifically, at the start time of each emission control cycle, carbon rights are allocated according to the scale of the shipping enterprise, and the carbon efficiency benchmark CBenchmark of this emission control cycle is formulated and announced period = [CLowerbound period , CHigherbound period , where period represents the periodth emission control cycle, CLowerbound period represents the carbon efficiency benchmark tax refund limit of the emission control cycle period, and CHigherbound period represents the carbon efficiency benchmark tax deduction limit of the emission control cycle period.

[0064] Formulate and release smart contracts. The smart contracts calculate the carbon efficiency of each ship based on the ship's carbon footprint at time slots. If the carbon efficiency of a ship is greater than the tax deduction limit, the product of the difference between the carbon efficiency and the tax deduction limit, the ship's sailing distance, cargo volume, and the first coefficient is used as the additional navigation carbon tax to be levied on the ship. If the carbon efficiency of a ship is less than the tax refund limit, the product of the difference between the tax refund limit and the carbon efficiency, the ship's sailing distance, cargo volume, and the first coefficient is used as the navigation carbon tax to be returned to the ship. Expressed by a formula: According to the sailing distance distance i (t 0 +nΔt), cargo volume Capacity i (t 0 +nΔt), and carbon emissions CE i (t 0 +nΔt) in the ship carbon footprint ledger for each ship's nth time slot of sailing, the carbon efficiency of ship i during the nth time slot of sailing can be calculated When CEfficiency i (t 0 +nΔt)>CHigherbound period , the carbon efficiency level of ship i during the nth time slot of sailing is lower than the carbon efficiency benchmark stipulated in the emission control period period. Determine the difference between the carbon efficiency of ship i during the nth time slot of sailing and the carbon efficiency benchmark as diff i (t 0 +nΔt)=CHigherbound period -CEfficiency i (t 0 +nΔt). The shipping company owning the ship needs to be additionally levied a carbon tax tax i (t 0 +nΔt)=k 1 (distance i (t 0 +nΔt)Capacity i (t 0 +nΔt)diff i (t 0 +nΔt)), when CEfficiency i (t 0 +nΔt)<CLowerbound period , it proves that the carbon efficiency level of ship i during the nth time slot of sailing is higher than the carbon efficiency benchmark stipulated in the emission control period period. Determine the difference between the carbon efficiency of ship i during the nth time slot of sailing and the carbon efficiency benchmark as diff i (t 0 +nΔt)=CLowerbound period-CEfficiency i (t 0 +nΔt), the shipping company owning the ship is additionally refunded the carbon tax tax i (t 0 +nΔt)=k 2 (distance i (t 0 +nΔt)Capacity i (t 0 +nΔt)diff i (t 0 +nΔt)). k 2 is a preset value and can be set according to the emission control requirements.

[0065] The smart contract accesses the carbon footprint blockchain by time slot, deducts the carbon consumption of the ships owned by each shipping company from the carbon right ledger of this shipping company at regular intervals, and updates the aforementioned ship navigation carbon tax to the carbon right ledger of the shipping company to which the ship belongs, so as to realize the rewards and punishments of refunding or levying carbon tax.

[0066] When the ship is in a stationary state, since the ship engine is still running and emitting carbon. Therefore, for the carbon footprint when the ship is stationary, the carbon emission supervision agency formulates and announces the stationary carbon efficiency benchmark for this cycle at T start The carbon efficiency of the nth time slot during the stationary process of ship i For the situation where the ship is stationary, only carbon tax is levied on the ship without refund reward, and the shipping company owning the ship needs to be additionally levied carbon tax k 1 is a preset value and can be set according to the emission control requirements.

[0067] It should be noted that the calculation of the carbon tax part is automatically calculated by the smart contract according to the carbon emissions during the ship navigation in the carbon footprint distributed blockchain ledger after cross-chain, and after being verified by the witness nodes, it is assembled into a block and announced to the carbon right blockchain.

[0068] Shipping companies make carbon right trading decisions based on the carbon right balance. Shipping companies that need to conduct carbon right trading complete carbon right trading with the support of carbon trading institutions. Carbon trading institutions are super nodes in the carbon right blockchain. The witness nodes of the carbon right blockchain collect the carbon trading information of shipping companies and assemble it into a block and record it in the carbon right blockchain.

[0069] In the process of carbon trading, carbon trading institutions play a role in supervising carbon trading. At the beginning of the emission control cycle, the carbon emission supervision institution replenishes the initial carbon rights for each controlled shipping enterprise according to the emission control requirements of the emission control cycle. The system prepares two recovery plans according to the carbon right emission control cycle: one is that the carbon rights allocated in a certain emission control cycle T are only valid within that cycle, and the remaining carbon rights are cleared after the cycle ends; the other is that the carbon rights allocated in a certain emission control cycle T can be transferred to the next emission control cycle, and the shipping enterprise decides the timing of trading carbon rights according to the above plan.

[0070] The change of carbon rights of shipping enterprises is affected by several factors: 1. The carbon emissions during the navigation of the ships under the name of the shipping enterprise form the ship carbon footprint, and the corresponding carbon rights in the carbon account of the shipping enterprise are deducted; carbon tax refund and carbon tax penalty deduction are carried out for the shipping enterprise based on the high or low navigation carbon efficiency of the ships under the name of the shipping enterprise during the navigation process. 2. The shipping enterprise can conduct carbon right trading with the carbon trading institution based on the blockchain according to its own needs and the carbon right market price forecast as described in 1.

[0071] Assume that shipping company j introduces a certain algorithm to calculate the carbon emissions at the nth time slot as ExpectedCE j (t 0 +nΔt), and at the same time, shipping enterprise j uses the time series prediction method to predict the MarketPrice at the next (t 0 +m·PriceUpdateSlot) moment based on the historical MarketPrice, MarketPrice[t 0 +m·PriceUpdateSlot], and formulates its own carbon trading purchase strategy according to the predicted carbon right market price;

[0072] To cope with unexpected situations, shipping enterprises generally need to ensure that their carbon rights are not less than the minimum carbon right holding amount MinCRight. At the same time, the shipping enterprise sets the maximum acceptable market price of carbon MaxPrice.

[0073] According to the above description, shipping enterprises make the following carbon trading decisions:

[0074] Situation 1: When the shipping enterprise holds more carbon rights than the predicted future demand for carbon rights, make a selling decision on the quantity and price of carbon rights according to the predicted MarketPrice[t 0 +m·PriceUpdateSlot];

[0075] Situation 2: When the shipping enterprise holds fewer carbon rights than MinCRight and less than the future demand for carbon rights, buy carbon rights;

[0076] Scenario 3: When a shipping company holds more carbon rights than the minimum holding but less than the carbon rights demanded in the future, if the current MarketPrice < MaxPrice, it will buy carbon rights; if MarketPrice > MaxPrice, it will neither buy nor sell.

[0077] The carbon trading institution is specifically used for:

[0078] Receiving the quantity and price of carbon rights that shipping companies with carbon selling needs want to sell, sorting and publishing them according to certain rules for shipping companies with carbon buying needs to choose;

[0079] Updating the published information every time interval;

[0080] Receiving the trading applications of shipping companies purchasing carbon and receiving the funds for purchasing carbon rights;

[0081] Verifying the validity of the transaction, that is, verifying the consistency between the change information of the carbon right balances of both parties in the carbon right blockchain and the trading application;

[0082] After the trading validity is verified, transferring the funds for purchasing carbon rights to the corresponding shipping company selling carbon;

[0083] Submitting the transaction to the witness nodes of the carbon right blockchain to assemble it into a block and publishing it to the carbon right blockchain for other nodes to update their local blockchains.

[0084] Based on the responsibilities of the above carbon trading institution, the specific steps of carbon trading are as follows:

[0085] Step 1: Shipping company j judges the trading opportunity and trading demand according to the carbon right balance CRight j (t 0 +nΔt). Shipping companies with carbon trading needs publish the quantity and unit price of carbon rights that their own companies want to sell in the carbon trading institution based on the blockchain. The carbon trading institution sorts the quantity and unit price of carbon rights that each shipping company wants to sell from low to high for shipping companies with carbon buying needs to select the best. The carbon trading institution will update the carbon right pricing information every time interval PriceUpdateSlot.

[0086] Step 2: Shipping company A with carbon buying needs selects the best shipping company B that lists carbon rights for sale, initiates a trading application, and transfers the funds for purchasing carbon rights to the trading institution.

[0087] Step 3: Shipping company B transfers the sold carbon rights to shipping company A through the blockchain and updates the carbon right balance CRight j (t 0It is released to the blockchain at +nΔt), and the trading institution verifies the transaction validity between shipping companies A and B. After the transaction passes the verification, the trading institution transfers the funds for purchasing carbon rights to shipping company B. The carbon rights blockchain witness node assembles the transaction into a block and releases it to the blockchain for other nodes to update their local blockchains.

[0088] Shipping companies conduct transactions in the carbon trading institution based on the blockchain. The carbon trading institution retains a portion of carbon rights as transaction costs, which consist of two aspects. One aspect is for rewarding the witness nodes in the blockchain for verifying and assembling blocks, and the other aspect is that after being retained by the exchange, it is transferred to the carbon emission regulatory agency as a tax refund reward. The reward for the witness nodes on the blockchain for verifying and assembling blocks and the rate of the transaction fees retained by the exchange are fixed.

[0089] The carbon trading institution monitors the pricing of carbon rights sold by shipping companies in real time. For the unit price of carbon rights sold by shipping companies, it can be at the market price of carbon rights per unit MarketPrice(t 0 +m·PriceUpdateSlot), where t 0 +m·PriceUpdateSlot refers to the market price of carbon rights per unit at this time, which is the market price of carbon rights per unit after m carbon rights unit price update time intervals since t 0 Set the floating range threshold k 3 (0 < k 3 <1). The transaction price at that time needs to be between MarketPrice(1 - k 3 ) and MarketPrice(1 + k 3 ). If shipping companies directly trade carbon rights without going through the carbon trading institution, all trading risks shall be borne by the relevant shipping companies. Among them, k 3 is a preset value and can be set according to the emission control requirements.

[0090] The reward packaging fee for the witness nodes in the blockchain in the transaction costs of shipping companies is directly completed on the blockchain. When the witness nodes verify the transaction and assemble the block, it is assembled into the block as a packaging reward and released together.

[0091] In addition, the carbon trading institution also retains a portion of carbon rights from the transaction as transaction costs, and the rate of transaction costs is fixed; the transaction costs are used for rewarding the witness nodes in the blockchain for verifying and assembling blocks, and for transferring to the carbon emission regulatory agency as a tax refund reward. In this embodiment, shipping companies conduct transactions in the carbon trading institution based on the blockchain. During the transaction process, the carbon trading institution retains a certain ratio k 4 of carbon rights as transaction fees, and then transfers them to the carbon emission regulatory agency as the carbon rights source for refunding carbon tax to shipping companies. Among them, k 4 is a preset value and can be set according to the emission control requirements.

[0092] If the carbon account balance of a shipping enterprise in the carbon rights ledger is negative, the shipping enterprise needs to purchase carbon rights from other emission control enterprises through carbon trading to offset the additional carbon dioxide emissions during the enterprise operation. If the balance in the shipping enterprise's carbon account is still negative at the end of T, the shipping enterprise will be penalized.

[0093] The present invention will be further described below through a specific example.

[0094] The ship carbon footprint consists of ship carbon footprint points and voyage segments. The ship carbon footprint points include ship time slot carbon emissions, ship cargo volume, location tags, and time tags; the voyage segment represents the part that connects the ship carbon footprint points.

[0095] Ship i (1, 2,..., Num)'s carbon footprint is denoted as footprint i ={FP i (t 0 ),..., FP i (t 0 +nΔt),...}, where ship i is the digital ID that uniquely identifies the ship's identity, Δt is the time slot of the fuel consumption recorded by the on-board terminal, t 0 +nΔt indicates that ship i has experienced n time slots since departure, and FP i (t 0 +nΔt) represents the carbon footprint information of ship i during the nth time slot during navigation, specifically expressed as FP i (t 0 +nΔt)={location(t 0 +nΔt), Capacity(t 0 +nΔt), CE i (t 0 +nΔt)}.

[0096] Among them, CE i (t 0 +nΔt) represents the carbon emissions of ship i during the nth time slot during navigation, and the specific calculation is CE i (t 0 +nΔt)=fuel c (t 0 +nΔt)α c , fuel c (t 0 +nΔt) represents the fuel consumption of ship i of type c during the nth time slot of navigation, and α c represents the carbon content coefficient of type c fuel.

[0097] When the on-board terminal publishes its carbon footprint information to surrounding ships, the information elements to be included are {ship i ,FP i (t 0 +νΔt)} ν＝n,n+1,... 。ship i (i = 1, 2, …, Num) publishes its carbon footprint information to IoS, and after being verified, these information are assembled into blocks and published to the blockchain running on GIoS.

[0098] According to the update process of the ship's carbon footprint, the corresponding values are assigned to the variables here as an example:

[0099] The format of the information published by the ship's voyage carbon footprint points is expressed as follows:

[0100] FP i (t 0 +nΔt) = MessageBody|MessageThumb|Sign ShipPriKey [MessageThumb]

[0101] MessageBody = data|ship i |Location|n|Capacity|Timestamp;

[0102] MessageThumb = Hash[MessageBody];

[0103] The carbon footprint information body MessageBody: The carbon footprint main structure, including information such as the carbon footprint content field, ship identity, longitude and latitude, time slot number, deadweight, etc.;

[0104] The carbon footprint information digest MessageThumb: The result after hashing the carbon footprint information using an encryption function that meets the confidentiality requirements;

[0105] The ship's private key signature Sign ShipPriKey : Sign the message information digest with the ship's corresponding private key to prevent the message from being tampered with and provide non-repudiation;

[0106] The unique digital ID that can identify the ship's identity, such as the ship's IMO code ship i : ship i = 9188623;

[0107] The starting departure time t of the ship's voyage 0 : t 0 = 202001010900;

[0108] Ship carbon footprint point release time slot interval Δt: Δt = 5 min;

[0109] Number of time slots n experienced by the ship from the start of navigation to the present: n = 1000;

[0110] Location label location(t 0 + nΔt) of the nth time slot of the ship: location(t 0 + nΔt) = (N114, W27);

[0111] Cargo capacity Capacity(t 0 + nΔt) of the nth time slot of the ship: Capacity(t 0 + nΔt) = 5000 t;

[0112] Fuel type c, where heavy oil is set to 1, light oil is set to 2, liquefied natural gas is set to 3, and electric energy is set to 4: c = 1; Carbon content α of the fuel, for the convenience of understanding, the carbon content of heavy oil is set to 0.5, light oil is set to 0.4, liquefied natural gas is set to 0.2, and electric energy is set to 0: α 1 = 0.5;

[0113] Fuel consumption fuel c (t 0 + nΔt) of the nth time slot of the ship: fuel c (t 0 + nΔt) = 0.05 t;

[0114] Carbon emission CE i (t 0 + nΔt) of the nth time slot of the ship: CE i (t 0 + nΔt) = fuel c (t 0 + nΔt)α c = 0.05 × 0.5 = 0.025 t;

[0115] Hash[MessageBody] = 4ac5bd7bfaf071df6fac6035cd80899a13e03715d1e0a08a6a3e0a1f: Value obtained after hashing and encrypting the ship carbon footprint information;

[0116] TimeStamp = 202001042020: Timestamp of the information released by the on-board terminal.

[0117] As described above, the carbon footprint information released by the ship with IMO number 9188623 at the 1000th time slot after the start of the voyage shall be: [9188623, (N114, W27), 202001010900, 1000, 5000,..., 202001042020]|4ac5bd7bfaf071df6fac6035cd80899a13e03715d1e0a08a6a3e0a1f|Sign ShipPriKey [MessageThumb].

[0118] The above carbon footprint release information is announced by the on-board terminal to the carbon footprint blockchain. After being verified and passed by the witness node, the witness node assembles this carbon footprint information into a block and then announces it to the carbon footprint blockchain. After being verified and recognized by the GIoS node, it is loaded into the local chain.

[0119] The carbon footprint information of each ship's voyage is stored in the blockchain program. According to the carbon emission control requirements of the control period, the carbon efficiency benchmark CBenchmark of this period is formulated and announced by the carbon emission supervision agency at T start year =[CLowerbound year , CHigherbound year and recorded in the blockchain. Through cross-chain technology, the carbon rights ledger of shipping enterprises obtains the carbon footprint information of ship voyages. According to the voyage distance distance i (t 0 +nΔt), cargo capacity Capacity i (t 0 +nΔt) and carbon emission CE i (t 0 +nΔt) in the nth time slot of each ship's voyage in the ship carbon footprint ledger, the carbon efficiency CEfficiency i (t 0 +nΔt) of the ith ship during the nth time slot of the voyage can be calculated.

[0120] According to the calculation and update process of ship carbon tax, the corresponding values are assigned to the variables here as an example:

[0121] CLowerbound 2024 =3×10 -6 : The tax return limit of the carbon efficiency benchmark for the control period;

[0122] CHigherbound 2024 =5×10 -6 : The tax levy limit of the carbon efficiency benchmark for the control period;

[0123] k 1= 0.3: Coefficient of additional carbon tax levied on ship navigation;

[0124] k 2 = 0.3: Coefficient of additional carbon tax refunded for ship navigation;

[0125] distance i (t 0 + nΔt) = 2.315 km: Navigation distance of ship i in the nth time slot;

[0126] Carbon efficiency of ship i in the nth time slot of navigation;

[0127] Therefore, CEfficiency i (t 0 + nΔt) < CLowerbound 2024 , the carbon efficiency level of ship i in the nth time slot during navigation is higher than the carbon efficiency benchmark specified in the emission control period.

[0128] diff i (t 0 + nΔt) = CLowerbound 2024 - CEfficiency i (t 0 + nΔt) = 0.84×10 -6 : Difference between the carbon efficiency and the carbon efficiency benchmark of ship i in the nth time slot during navigation;

[0129] tax i (t 0 + nΔt) = k 2 (distance i (t 0 + nΔt)Capacity i (t 0 + nΔt)diff i (t 0 + nΔt)) = 0.3×(2.315×5000×0.84×10 -6 ) = 0.0029169: Value of additional carbon tax refunded for ship i in the nth time slot of navigation;

[0130] Similarly, assume that the navigation carbon efficiency of ship i in the nth time slot at this time is 6.67×10 -6 , then CEfficiency i (t 0 + nΔt) > CHigherbound 2024 , the carbon efficiency level of ship i in the nth time slot during navigation is lower than the carbon efficiency benchmark specified in the emission control period.

[0131] diff i (t 0 +nΔt) = CHighbound 2024 -CEfficiency i (t 0 +nΔt) = -0.67×10 -6

[0132] tax i (t 0 +nΔt) = k 1 (distance i (t 0 +nΔt)Capacity i (t 0 +nΔt)diff i (t 0 +nΔt)) = 0.3×(2.315×5000×(-0.67×10 -6 )) = -0.002326575: The additional carbon tax value for ship i in the nth time slot;

[0133] Subsequently, the carbon rights blockchain witness nodes calculate and collect the carbon taxes for each ship's voyage within a period of time, assemble them into a block, and publish a notice to the carbon rights blockchain.

[0134] The carbon rights changes of shipping enterprises are affected by several factors:

[0135] 1. The carbon emissions of the ships under the name of a shipping enterprise during navigation form the ship's carbon footprint, corresponding to the deduction of carbon rights in the shipping enterprise's carbon account; carbon tax refunds and carbon tax penalty deductions are made for the shipping enterprise based on the high or low navigation carbon efficiency of the ships under the name of the shipping enterprise during navigation.

[0136] 2. A shipping enterprise can conduct carbon rights trading in a blockchain-based carbon trading institution based on the carbon rights surplus or deficit and the carbon rights market price in the shipping enterprise's carbon rights ledger.

[0137] Shipping enterprises establish carbon accounts in the blockchain program based on GIoS.

[0138] At the start of each emission control period T, the carbon emission regulatory agency will allocate a certain amount of initial carbon rights to shipping enterprises according to a proportion and transfer the initial carbon rights of each shipping enterprise to the shipping enterprise's carbon account.

[0139] CRight j (t 0 +(n - 1)Δt) = 500: The carbon account balance of shipping enterprise j (j = 1, 2,..., Θ) in the (n - 1)th time slot;

[0140] Assume that vessel i belongs to shipping enterprise j. Through cross-chain technology, it accesses the carbon footprint ledger to obtain the carbon emissions CE of vessel i during the nth time slot of its voyage. i (t 0 +nΔt) = 0.025t, and the smart contract in the carbon credit blockchain calculates tax i (t 0 +nΔt) by reading the obtained CE i (t 0 +nΔt), and correspondingly deducts or adds the carbon credits in the carbon account balance of the shipping enterprise.

[0141] Therefore, CRight j (t 0 +nΔt) = CRight j (t 0 +(n - 1)Δt) + tax i (t 0 +nΔt) - CE i (t 0 +nΔt) = 500 + 0.0029169 - 0.025 = 499.9779169: the carbon account balance of shipping enterprise j in the nth time slot. Then, the remaining carbon credits of the shipping enterprise are collected and assembled into a block and uploaded to the blockchain for announcement. Moreover, the information on the remaining carbon credits after the shipping enterprise conducts carbon trading will also be updated in the blockchain, thus forming the carbon credit ledger of the shipping enterprise.

[0142] Based on the historical price of the carbon credit market, the shipping enterprise makes predictions and decisions according to its own needs, and conducts carbon credit trading in the carbon trading institution based on the blockchain. The process of carbon credit trading is as follows:

[0143] Step 1: The shipping enterprise judges the trading opportunity and trading demand according to the remaining carbon credits CRight j (t 0 +nΔt) in the carbon credit ledger. The shipping enterprises with carbon trading demands announce the quantity and unit price of the carbon credits they want to sell in the carbon trading institution based on the blockchain. The carbon trading institution sorts the quantity and unit price of the carbon credits to be sold by each shipping enterprise from low to high, so that the shipping enterprises with the need to purchase carbon credits can make an optimal choice. The carbon credit sales information will be updated by the carbon trading institution every time interval PriceUpdateSlot.

[0144] Step 2: The shipping enterprise j with the need to purchase carbon credits makes an optimal choice of shipping enterprise B that offers carbon credits for sale, initiates a trading application, and transfers the funds for purchasing carbon credits to the trading institution.

[0145] Step 3: Shipping enterprise B transfers the sold carbon credits to shipping enterprise j through the blockchain and updates the remaining carbon credits CRightj (t 0 + nΔt) is released to the blockchain, and the trading institution verifies the transaction validity between shipping company j and B. After the transaction is verified, the trading institution transfers the funds for purchasing carbon rights to shipping company B, and the carbon right blockchain witness node assembles the transaction into a block and releases it to the blockchain for other nodes to update their local blockchains.

[0146] Shipping companies trade in the carbon trading institution based on the blockchain, and the carbon trading institution retains a portion of carbon rights as transaction costs. The rewards for witnesses on the blockchain to verify and assemble blocks and the rates for transaction fees retained by the exchange are fixed and can be adjusted according to emission control requirements.

[0147] For the unit price of carbon rights sold by shipping companies, a floating range threshold k can be set according to the then market price of carbon rights, MarketPrice 3 (0 < k 3 < 1), and the transaction price at that time should be between MarketPrice(1 - k 3 ) and MarketPrice(1 + k 3 ).

[0148] According to the carbon trading process of shipping companies, the corresponding values are assigned to the variables here as examples:

[0149] PriceUpdateSlot = 1h: The time interval for the carbon trading institution to update the information on sold carbon rights;

[0150] SaleNumber B = 10: Shipping company B lists 10 carbon rights for sale in the carbon trading institution;

[0151] SalePrice B = 500: The price of a single carbon right listed by shipping company B for sale in the carbon trading institution;

[0152] SaleNumber C = 10: Shipping company C lists 10 carbon rights for sale in the carbon trading institution;

[0153] SalePrice C = 600: The price of a single carbon right listed by shipping company C for sale in the carbon trading institution;

[0154] MarkePrice = 500: The market price of carbon rights;

[0155] k 3 = 0.2: The fluctuation threshold of the carbon right selling price;

[0156] Premium = 0.01: The rate for the exchange to retain transaction fees;

[0157] When a shipping enterprise sells carbon rights in real-time listing, the price should be between MarketPrice(1 - k 3 ) = 500×0.8 = 400 and MarketPrice(1 + k 3 ) = 500×1.2 = 600.

[0158] Shipping enterprise j optimally selects shipping enterprise B that lists and sells carbon rights, initiates a transaction application, and transfers the funds for purchasing carbon rights Fund = SaleNumber B ×SalePrice B = 10×500 = 5000 to the trading institution.

[0159] The carbon trading institution will retain a portion of the carbon rights Premium×SaleNumber B = 0.1 as the transaction cost. Shipping enterprise B transfers 9.9 carbon rights to shipping enterprise j through the blockchain and publishes the remaining carbon rights to the blockchain. The trading institution verifies the transaction validity between shipping enterprise j and B. After the transaction passes the verification, the trading institution assembles the transaction into a block and publishes it to the blockchain for other nodes to update the local blockchain.

[0160] After carbon trading, the balance in the carbon account of shipping enterprise j is CRight j (t 0 +(n + 1)Δt) = CRight j (t 0 +nΔt)+SaleNumber B (1 - Premium) = 499.9779169+10×(1 - 0.01) = 509.8779169.

[0161] It should be understood that those of ordinary skill in the art can make improvements or transformations based on the above description, and all such improvements and transformations should fall within the protection scope of the appended claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system, characterized by: It includes the components that serve as nodes of the blockchain. Each component exchanges data and runs the blockchain program through the generalized ship networking. The components include shipboard terminals, shipping companies, carbon emission regulatory agencies and carbon trading institutions; among them, The shipboard terminal is deployed on the ship to record the carbon emissions of the ship and generate the ship's carbon footprint in the carbon footprint blockchain; As the rights holder of the ship, the shipping company has a carbon account established based on the blockchain. The carbon account records the carbon rights. The carbon rights refer to the carbon dioxide equivalent that the carbon emission regulatory department allocates to the shipping company to emit during a control cycle. After the carbon rights blockchain accesses the carbon footprint blockchain across the chain, the corresponding shipping company's carbon rights are automatically deducted by the smart contract according to the ship's carbon footprint. The shipping company trades carbon rights according to demand. Carbon emission regulatory agencies are responsible for allocating carbon rights according to the size of shipping companies at the beginning of each emission control cycle, calculating the navigation carbon tax of ships based on the carbon footprint of ships, and deducting carbon tax from affiliated shipping companies according to the navigation carbon tax; Carbon trading institutions are used to support shipping companies in carbon trading.

2. The blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system according to claim 1 is characterized by: The blockchain program runs on the generalized ship networking architecture, including the underlying data layer, the blockchain network layer and the blockchain; among them, the ship networking is a form of implementation of the Internet of Things in the field of water transportation, covering various types of ship-borne and shore-based communication units and their communication links, forming a network model with nodes and edges as the main body; the generalized ship networking refers to using ships and ship-based control stations as nodes to cover a wider range of stakeholders in the ship networking scope, realize the interconnection and intercommunication of data between ships and ships and shores, and all entities related to ship carbon emissions and carbon trading can access the generalized ship networking; The underlying data layer encapsulates the chain structure of block data, which includes the ship’s carbon footprint, carbon tax accounting, and carbon trading information; The blockchain network layer consists of a P2P network composed of nodes connected by edges; Blockchain uses rumor protocols to disseminate data or publish announcements based on the generalized ship networking architecture; The blockchain includes two blockchains: the carbon footprint blockchain and the carbon rights blockchain. Among them, the carbon footprint blockchain is used to record the carbon footprint of the ship, and the shipboard terminal publishes the carbon emissions and location information of the ship to the carbon footprint blockchain for update; the carbon rights blockchain is used to record the carbon rights balance information of shipping companies, ship carbon tax information and shipping company carbon trading information. The accounts include carbon emission regulatory departments, carbon trading departments and shipping companies. The shipping company's carbon rights balance information is obtained by the smart contract after automatic deduction based on the ship's carbon footprint and carbon trading updates. The ship's carbon tax information is obtained by the carbon emission regulatory agency to deduct carbon tax from the shipping company to which the shipboard terminal belongs. The shipping company's carbon trading information is obtained by the shipping company conducting carbon trading in a carbon trading institution.

3. The blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system according to claim 2 is characterized by: Both the carbon footprint blockchain and the carbon rights blockchain adopt the DPoS consensus mechanism. All nodes elect a certain number of nodes as witnesses, and the rotating witness nodes act as representatives to collaborate and take turns to record and produce blocks. The block stores a collection of temporary accounting information packaged by the rotating witness; after the rotating witness node assembles the collected information into a block and publishes a notice to the blockchain, other nodes verify the new block and approve the new block after the verification. After the new block passes the verification, the temporary accounting information in it becomes permanent information and is updated to the corresponding ledger in the local area of ​​each participating node.

4. The blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system according to claim 1 is characterized by: A control and emission cycle is divided into a number of time slots, and the carbon footprint of a ship in a control and emission cycle includes a collection of carbon footprint information of each time slot in the control and emission cycle; The carbon footprint information of each time slot includes the ship's position, cargo capacity and carbon emissions during the time slot; the carbon emissions during a time slot are obtained by multiplying the Class C fuel consumption during the time slot by the carbon content coefficient of the Class C fuel.

5. The blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system according to claim 2 is characterized by: Carbon emission regulators are specifically used to: At the beginning of each emission control cycle, carbon rights are allocated according to the size of shipping companies, and the carbon efficiency benchmark for that emission control cycle is formulated and announced; the carbon efficiency benchmark includes the tax rebate limit, tax deduction limit and the first coefficient; Formulate and publish smart contracts. The smart contracts calculate the carbon efficiency of each ship based on the ship's carbon footprint according to the time slot. If the carbon efficiency of the ship is greater than the tax deduction limit, the difference between the carbon efficiency and the tax deduction limit and the product of the ship's sailing distance, cargo capacity and the first coefficient will be used as the additional navigation carbon tax to be levied on the ship. If the carbon efficiency of the ship is less than the tax refund limit, the difference between the tax refund limit and the carbon efficiency and the product of the ship's sailing distance, cargo capacity and the first coefficient will be used as the navigation carbon tax to be returned by the ship; The smart contract accesses the carbon footprint blockchain according to time slots, deducts the carbon consumption of each ship owned by the shipping company from the carbon rights ledger of this shipping company on a regular basis, and updates the aforementioned ship navigation carbon tax to the carbon rights ledger of the shipping company to which the ship belongs, thereby realizing the reward and punishment of carbon tax refund or carbon tax collection.

6. The blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system according to claim 5 is characterized by: Carbon regulators are also used to: At the beginning of each emission control period, the static carbon efficiency benchmark for that period shall be formulated and announced; the static carbon efficiency benchmark shall only include the second coefficient; The carbon efficiency of the ship during the stationary process is calculated, and the product of the carbon efficiency during the stationary process, the second coefficient and the cargo capacity is used as the additional navigation carbon tax to be levied on the ship.

7. The blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system according to claim 5 is characterized by: The carbon efficiency during a time slot is the ratio of carbon emissions to cargo volume during the time slot.

8. The blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system according to claim 3 is characterized by: Carbon trading institutions are specifically used to: Receive the quantity and price of carbon rights that shipping companies with carbon sales needs want to sell, and sort and publish them according to certain rules for shipping companies with carbon purchase needs to choose; Update the published information every time interval; Receive trading applications from shipping companies that purchase carbon rights and receive funds for purchasing carbon rights; Verify the validity of the transaction, that is, verify the consistency between the change information of the carbon rights balance of both parties in the carbon rights blockchain and the transaction application; After the transaction validity is verified, the funds for purchasing carbon rights will be transferred to the corresponding shipping company selling carbon; The transactions are assembled into blocks by the witness nodes of the carbon rights blockchain and published to the carbon rights blockchain for other nodes to update their local blockchains.

9. The blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system according to claim 8 is characterized by: Carbon trading institutions are also used to: A portion of the carbon rights are set aside from the transaction as transaction costs, and the transaction cost rate is fixed; the transaction costs are used as rewards for witness nodes in the blockchain to verify the assembly of blocks, and are transferred to carbon emission regulatory agencies as tax rebate rewards.

10. The blockchain-based ship carbon tax accounting and carbon trading system according to claim 8 is characterized by: Shipping companies also use it to determine whether to conduct carbon trading based on the following situations: Scenario 1: When the carbon rights held by a shipping company are greater than the predicted future demand for carbon rights, the company makes a decision on the quantity and price of carbon rights for sale based on the predicted market price of carbon rights; Scenario 2: When the carbon rights held by a shipping company are less than the minimum carbon rights held and less than the carbon rights required in the future, it buys carbon rights; Scenario 3: When the carbon rights held by a shipping company are greater than the minimum carbon rights held and less than the future carbon rights required, the company will only buy carbon rights when the current market price of carbon rights is less than the highest acceptable market price of carbon rights; The future forecast demand for carbon rights and the forecast market price of carbon rights are obtained through evaluation by shipping companies; the minimum carbon rights holding amount and the highest acceptable market price of carbon rights are preset values; the current market price of carbon rights is set by the carbon trading institution.

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