Planting method for improving quality, increasing yield and preventing root rot of asparagus

Abstract

The invention relates to a planting method for improving quality, increasing yield and preventing root rot of asparagus. The planting method comprises the steps of seedling raising, ridging, transplanting, interplanting, water and fertilizer management and the like. According to the method, in the planting process, soil used for asparagus planting is deeply ploughed through a rotary cultivator, 25 t / ha biochar is added and evenly mixed in a soil layer 20 cm away from the earth surface, then the biochar and sandy soil are additionally laid on the top of the soil every half a year, and through broad bean interplanting and water and fertilizer supply in a drip irrigation mode, the infection rate of asparagus root rot is reduced, and the yield of asparagus root rot is increased. Compared with a traditional method, the method has a good application prospect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of planting, and particularly relates to a planting method for improving the quality and increasing the yield of asparagus and preventing root rot. Background Art

[0002] Asparagus is an erect herb, up to 1 meter in height, with roots 2 - 3 mm thick. The stem is smooth, often drooping in the later stage, and the branches are relatively weak. Phylloclades are in clusters of 3 - 6 each, nearly flattened cylindrical, slightly obtusely angled, slender, often slightly curved, 5 - 30 mm long, 0.3 - 0.5 mm thick; scale - like leaves have spiny short spurs or nearly no spurs at the base. Flowers are axillary, 1 - 4 per cluster, green - yellow; pedicels are 8 - 12 (-14) mm long, with joints in the upper part or near the middle; male flowers: perianth is 5 - 6 mm long; filaments are adnate to the perianth segments below the middle; female flowers are smaller, perianth is about 3 mm long, berries are 7 - 8 mm in diameter, red when ripe, with 2 - 3 seeds. The asparagus stem is divided into underground stem and above - ground stem, each with different functions. Asparagus has a fibrous root system, consisting of fleshy storage roots and fibrous absorbing roots. The fleshy storage roots develop from the nodes of the underground rhizome, mostly distributed in the soil layer 30 cm from the ground surface, with a long lifespan. As long as the growth point is not damaged, it can continuously extend forward every year, generally reaching about 2 meters, playing the role of fixing the plant and storing the assimilated nutrients of the stems and leaves.

[0003] Asparagus is one of the top ten famous vegetables in the world, also known as Asparagus officinalis, and enjoys the reputation of "the king of vegetables" in the international market. Asparagus is rich in various amino acids, proteins and vitamins, and their contents are higher than those of general fruits and vegetables. Especially asparagine and trace elements such as selenium, molybdenum, chromium, manganese in asparagus have the effects of regulating the body's metabolism and improving the body's immunity. Long - term consumption of asparagus can promote digestion, enhance appetite, delay aging, and has curative effects on diseases such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, heart disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc.

[0004] At present, the planting area of asparagus in China is relatively large. However, root rot is a common fungal - caused disease in the process of asparagus planting, mainly affecting the roots and underground stems of asparagus. In the initial stage of the disease, small brown spots will appear on the roots and underground stems. As the disease progresses, the spots gradually turn dark brown, and the xylem and phloem tissues of the roots gradually rot, eventually leading to complete root rot, yellowing and withering of the plants, and even withering and death. There are no obvious symptoms in the above - ground part in the initial stage of the disease. Generally, the disease worsens during the peak growth period of asparagus. The stems and leaves become thin and weak, grow poorly, and eventually wither, seriously affecting the yield and quality of asparagus planting.

[0005] The existing control technologies for asparagus root rot usually include: planting control, chemical control, and physical control. In agricultural planting control, it is usually adopted to avoid selecting plots with the previous crops being forest land, orchards, or mulberry orchards, because the rotting of tree roots is likely to breed pathogens. It is preferred to select sandy loam or loam plots with flat terrain, good drainage, and loose soil. The previous crops are recommended to be gramineous crops such as wheat and corn. However, in conventional planting methods, there are problems such as poor control effect on root rot and high cost. Chemical control usually uses various disinfectants to disinfect seeds and soil, but it has problems such as environmental pollution, pesticide residues being toxic, and affecting edibility. Physical control usually adopts covering the field with plastic film or straw to reduce the spread of pathogens by rain splash, but it has the problem of poor control effect on root rot.

[0006] In order to overcome the above problems, we need to provide a planting method for improving the quality, increasing the yield, and preventing root rot of asparagus, reducing the infection rate of asparagus root rot, improving the yield and quality of asparagus, and reducing the risk of asparagus planting. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In order to overcome the problems existing in the background technology, the present application provides a planting method for improving the quality, increasing the yield, and preventing root rot of asparagus. By measures such as improving the planting soil with biochar, intercropping asparagus with broad beans, adding and spreading biochar and sandy soil on the soil top, and using drip irrigation for water and fertilizer management, the infection rate of asparagus root rot is reduced, the yield and quality of asparagus are improved, and the ecological environment is not affected.

[0008] To achieve the above object, the present invention is realized by the following technical solutions:

[0009] The planting method for improving the quality, increasing the yield, and preventing root rot of asparagus specifically includes the following steps:

[0010] (1) Seedling raising: Select healthy asparagus seedlings without pests and diseases, plant them in the substrate, and cultivate them for 3 weeks.

[0011] (2) Ridging: Deeply plow the soil for asparagus planting with a rotary tiller, add 25 t / ha of biochar, and uniformly mix it in the soil layer 20 cm deep from the ground surface. After the soil improvement is completed, level the land and form ridges.

[0012] (3) Transplanting: Transplant the seedlings that survived the cultivation in step (1) into the soil described in step (2). The plant spacing of asparagus is 30 cm, and the row spacing is 1 m.

[0013] (4) Intercropping: On the basis of step (3), intercropping asparagus with broad beans, intercropping two rows of broad beans between the asparagus rows, and adding and spreading 15 t / ha of mixed soil on the soil top every six months. The intercropping time is in March every year.

[0014] (5) Water and fertilizer management: Drip irrigation tapes are used for water and fertilizer management. The irrigation time and amount are as follows: During the harvesting period, irrigate every 7 days; during the plant maintenance period, irrigate every 7 - 12 days, and each irrigation is 300 m 3 / ha; Apply water-soluble fertilizers with the drip irrigation tapes during each irrigation.

[0015] Further preferably, in step (1), the substrate is a mixed substrate with a mass ratio of peat to perlite of 5:1, and the environmental temperature is maintained at 30°C.

[0016] Further preferably, in step (2), the width of the ridge is 1.6 m, the height of the ridge is 30 cm, and the width of the bottom of the ridge is 30 cm.

[0017] Further preferably, in step (4), the row spacing between broad beans and asparagus is 30 cm, the row spacing between broad beans is 40 cm, and the plant spacing of broad beans is 20 cm.

[0018] Further preferably, in step (4), the mixed soil is a mixture of biochar and sandy soil with a mass ratio of 1:15. Among them, by mass percentage, the sandy soil is soil with a sand content of 80% - 90%.

[0019] Further preferably, in step (5), a 16 - drip - hole double - hole drip irrigation tape is laid in the middle of the asparagus and broad bean planting rows. The drip irrigation tape is made of PE material, the drip hole spacing is 30 cm, and the wall thickness of the pipe tape is 0.3 mm.

[0020] Further preferably, in step (5), the water - soluble fertilizer is Wolan NPK macronutrient water - soluble fertilizer. The water - soluble fertilizer is dissolved in the irrigation water and evenly applied with the drip irrigation tape. The calculation method for the fertilization dose Q each time is as follows:

[0021] Q = (200 kg / ha)×I / 365×D

[0022] Where: Q: Single - time irrigation and fertilization dose (kg)

[0023] I: Planting area (ha)

[0024] D: Irrigation interval time (d).

[0025] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are only exemplary and explanatory, and cannot limit this application.

[0026] Advantages of the present invention:

[0027] 1. A planting method for improving the quality and increasing the yield of asparagus and preventing root rot provided by this application reduces the infection rate of asparagus root rot. The infection rate of asparagus root rot can be stably controlled below 3%, which is significantly lower than that of traditional planting methods. This is because biochar is added to the soil, and biochar and sandy soil are additionally spread on the top of the soil every six months, improving the soil condition, enhancing the soil air permeability and drainage capacity, reducing the soil temperature and humidity, inhibiting the growth and spread of pathogenic bacteria, and being beneficial to the growth and development of asparagus roots. Intercropping with broad beans can improve the microbial community structure of asparagus roots, reduce the abundance of some potentially harmful bacterial groups, and at the same time increase the abundance of some beneficial bacterial groups. These effects work together to achieve the effect of reducing the infection rate of asparagus root rot.

[0028] 2. This application manages fertilizer and water through intercropping and drip irrigation, improving the yield and quality of asparagus. The yield per mu of asparagus can reach 79 kg, and the content of nutritional components in the harvested asparagus is significantly increased. This is because drip irrigation can accurately control the supply of fertilizer and water, better meeting the needs of asparagus growth and development. In addition, when intercropping with broad beans, the roots of the two crops interact with each other, increasing the abundance of large soil aggregates and reducing the abundance of smaller categories of aggregates. Large soil aggregates can improve water infiltration and nutrient cycling, thereby improving soil fertility, which contributes to the improvement of the yield and quality of asparagus. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of asparagus / broad bean intercropping planting.

[0030] Figure 2 It is a comparison chart of the incidence of asparagus root rot under different planting modes.

[0031] Figure 3 It is a comparison chart of the microbial community structure of asparagus rhizosphere soil under different planting modes. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0032] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and beneficial effects of the present invention clearer, the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below for the convenience of those skilled in the art to understand.

[0033] The embodiment of the present invention provides a planting method for improving the quality and increasing the yield of asparagus and preventing root rot, which can effectively reduce the infection rate of asparagus root rot, improve its yield and quality, and is beneficial to reducing the risk of agricultural planting.

[0034] Unless otherwise specified, the reagents and materials used in the following embodiments are all purchased from the market.

[0035] Example 1: Cultivating asparagus in a rain-sheltered smart agriculture greenhouse

[0036] (1) Seedling raising: Select healthy asparagus seedlings without pests and diseases. The asparagus variety is UC157F1. Plant them in a substrate with a peat:perlite ratio of 5:1 (w / w) and cultivate for 3 weeks, maintaining the environmental temperature at 30°C;

[0037] (2) Ridging: Deeply plow the soil for asparagus planting with a rotary tiller, add 25 t / ha of biochar, and evenly mix it in the soil layer 20 cm deep from the ground surface. After the soil improvement is completed, level the land and ridge. The width of the ridge is 1.6 m, the height of the ridge is 30 cm, and the width of the bottom of the ridge is 30 cm. The biochar used is made from straw and purchased from Yunnan Huayuan Activated Carbon Co., Ltd. The initial conductivity of this biochar is 20.0 ms / cm, pH is 7.9, the cation exchange capacity is 31.8 cmol / kg, and the organic matter content is 913.1 g / kg;

[0038] (3) Transplanting: Transplant the seedlings that survived the cultivation in step (1) into the soil described in step (2). The plant spacing of asparagus is 30 cm, and the row spacing is 1 m;

[0039] (4) Intercropping: On the basis of step (3), intercropping asparagus with broad beans. The broad bean variety is Green Treasure Seven Stars. Make two sowing grooves between the asparagus rows. The distance between the sowing grooves and the asparagus rows is 30 cm, and the row spacing of the sowing grooves is 40 cm. Then broadcast plump broad bean seeds at intervals of 20 cm in the sowing grooves, and then cover the sowing grooves with soil. The intercropping time is in March every year after transplanting asparagus, and 15 t / ha of mixed soil is additionally spread on the top of the soil every six months. The mixed soil is a mixture of biochar and sandy soil with a mass ratio of 1:15. Among them, calculated by mass ratio, the sandy soil is soil with a sand content of 90%;

[0040] (5) Water and fertilizer management: Use drip irrigation tape for water and fertilizer management. Lay a 16-drip sheet-type double-hole drip irrigation tape in the middle of the asparagus and broad bean planting rows. The drip irrigation tape is made of PE material, the drip hole spacing is 30 cm, and the wall thickness of the pipe belt is 0.3 mm. The irrigation time and amount are as follows: During the harvesting period, irrigate every 7 days, and during the plant cultivation period, irrigate every 12 days. Each irrigation is 300 m 3 / ha. Each time of irrigation, apply water-soluble fertilizer along with the drip irrigation tape. The water-soluble fertilizer is Wolan NPK macronutrient water-soluble fertilizer, and the total annual consumption per hectare is 200 kg. Dissolve the water-soluble fertilizer in the irrigation water and apply it evenly along with the drip irrigation tape. The calculation method of the fertilization dose Q each time is:

[0041] Q = (200 kg / ha) × I / 365 × D

[0042] In the formula: Q: Single irrigation fertilization dose (kg)

[0043] I: Planting area (ha)

[0044] D: Irrigation interval time (d).

[0045] Example 2: Cultivating Asparagus in a Rain-Sheltered Plastic Greenhouse in a Yunnan Red Soil Experimental Field

[0046] (1) Seedling raising: Select healthy asparagus seedlings without pests and diseases. The asparagus variety is UC157F1 and is planted in a substrate of peat:perlite at a ratio of 5:1 (w / w) and cultivated for 3 weeks while maintaining the environmental temperature at 30°C;

[0047] (2) Ridging: Deeply plow the soil for asparagus cultivation with a rotary tiller, add 25 t / ha of biochar, and evenly mix it in the soil layer 20 cm deep from the ground surface. After soil improvement, level the land and form ridges. The width of the ridge is 1.6 m, the height of the ridge is 30 cm, and the width of the bottom of the ridge is 30 cm. The biochar used is made from straw and is purchased from Yunnan Huayuan Activated Carbon Co., Ltd. The initial conductivity of this biochar is 20.0 ms / cm, pH is 7.9, the cation exchange capacity is 31.8 cmol / kg, and the organic matter content is 913.1 g / kg;

[0048] (3) Transplanting: Transplant the seedlings that survived the cultivation in step (1) into the soil described in step (2). The plant spacing of asparagus is 30 cm and the row spacing is 1 m;

[0049] (4) Intercropping: On the basis of step (3), intercropping asparagus with broad beans. The broad bean variety is Green Treasure Seven Stars. Make two rows of sowing grooves between the asparagus rows. The distance between the sowing grooves and the asparagus row is 30 cm, and the row spacing of the sowing grooves is 40 cm. Then, broadcast plump broad bean seeds at intervals of 20 cm in the sowing grooves, and then cover the sowing grooves with soil. The intercropping time is in March every year after transplanting asparagus, and 15 t / ha of mixed soil is additionally spread on the top of the soil every six months. The mixed soil is a mixture of biochar and sandy soil with a mass ratio of 1:15. Among them, calculated by mass ratio, the sandy soil is soil with a sand content of 80%;

[0050] (5) Water and fertilizer management: Use drip irrigation belts for water and fertilizer management. Lay a 16-drop double-hole drip irrigation belt in the middle of the asparagus and broad bean planting rows. The drip irrigation belt is made of PE material, the drip hole spacing is 30 cm, and the wall thickness of the pipe belt is 0.3 mm. The irrigation time and dosage are as follows: During the harvesting period, irrigate every 7 days, and during the plant cultivation period, irrigate every 10 days. Each irrigation is 300 m 3 / ha. When irrigating each time, apply water-soluble fertilizer along with the drip irrigation belt. The water-soluble fertilizer is Wolan NPK macronutrient water-soluble fertilizer, and the total annual dosage per hectare is 200 kg. Dissolve the water-soluble fertilizer in the irrigation water and apply it evenly along with the drip irrigation belt. The calculation method for the fertilization dose Q each time is:

[0051] Q=(200 kg / ha)×I / 365×D

[0052] Where: Q: Single irrigation fertilization dose (kg)

[0053] I: Planting area (ha)

[0054] D: Irrigation interval (d).

[0055] Comparative Example 1: Asparagus was planted alone, no biochar was added to the soil, no additional biochar and sandy soil were spread later, and it was not intercropped with any other crops. All other steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0056] Comparative Example 2: Asparagus was planted alone, not intercropped with any other crops, and all other steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0057] Comparative Example 3: No biochar was added to the soil, no additional biochar and sandy soil were spread later, and all other steps were the same as in Example 1.

[0058] Data analysis: The asparagus in Examples 1, 2 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3 were all planted on October 15, 2022, and the data was statistically obtained in September of the following year, that is, September 2023. The results are shown in the attached drawings of the specification and Tables 1, 2, 3.

[0059] From the attached Figure 2 It can be seen that compared with Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3, the incidence of root rot in Examples 1 and 2 was significantly lower than that in the comparative examples. The incidence of root rot in Example 1 was the lowest, at 0.81%. The incidence of root rot in Comparative Example 1 (single cropping of asparagus), that is, the traditional planting method, was the highest. Compared with Comparative Example 1, the incidence of root rot in Comparative Example 2 (applying biochar in single cropping of asparagus) and Comparative Example 3 (intercropping with broad beans) was reduced to a certain extent. These results indicate that the application of biochar is beneficial to inhibiting the root rot of asparagus. Intercropping with broad beans may reduce diseases through interspecific complementarity, and combining with biochar can further amplify this effect.

[0060] In terms of yield, as can be seen from Table 1, the asparagus yields in Examples 1 and 2 were significantly improved compared with all comparative examples. Among them, the yield in Example 1 was the highest, at 1.18 t / ha, and the average yield was increased by 74.7% compared with all comparative examples. In terms of quality, according to the data in Table 1, compared with Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3, the contents of crude protein and soluble protein in asparagus in Example 1 were significantly improved, and the soluble sugar was increased by 37.5% on average. Oxalic acid contained in asparagus is an important factor affecting its quality. If the content of oxalic acid is relatively high, it will make it taste a bit bitter, affecting the taste and eating experience. The increase in the content of soluble sugar can neutralize the slight bitterness or astringency of asparagus itself, directly enhancing the sweet taste when eaten fresh, especially when eaten raw or slightly cooked.

[0061] These data show that the planting method used in this application can extremely significantly improve the yield and quality of asparagus. The mode of asparagus-broad bean intercropping combined with the application of biochar is a relatively reasonable and efficient planting mode.

[0062] Table 1 Comparison Table of Asparagus Yield and Quality under Different Planting Modes

[0063]

[0064] To further explain the working principle of the planting mode of the present application, the present application also provides other data.

[0065] From the attached specification Figure 3 It can be seen that compared with all comparative examples, Example 1 significantly reduced the relative abundances of Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria in the soil of asparagus roots compared with all comparative examples. The former decreased from about 20% to 15%, and the latter decreased from 35% to about 30%; at the same time, Example 1 promoted the increase in the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi in the soil of asparagus roots. The former increased from about 20% to 25%, and the latter increased from about 10% to 15%. Compared with all comparative examples, the input of root exudates of broad beans in Example 1 increased the available carbon and nitrogen sources in the soil, thus promoting the increase in the relative abundances of some bacterial classes such as Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, from about 5% and 10% to about 8% and 12% respectively. Further, compared with Comparative Example 2, in Example 1, biochar was applied on the basis of the intercropping mode, and the relative abundances of Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were further reduced to about 12% and 28%, while the relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi were further increased to 28% and 18%. At the same time, the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in Example 1 were also further increased to about 10% and 15% under the intercropping mode with biochar application.

[0066] These results indicate that the asparagus-broad bean intercropping mode can significantly improve the soil microbial community structure, reduce the abundances of some potentially harmful bacterial groups, and at the same time increase the abundances of some beneficial bacterial groups. The introduction of broad beans further promoted the increase of some bacterial classes. On this basis, the application of biochar can further enhance this beneficial change in the microbial community structure.

[0067] In terms of soil nutrients, as can be seen from Table 2, compared with Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 3, the soil nutrient contents in Examples 1 and 2 were significantly improved. The total nitrogen increased by an average of 20.1%, the available potassium increased by an average of 40%, and the available phosphorus increased by an average of 30.4%.

[0068] Table 2 Comparison Table of Soil Nutrient Contents under Different Planting Modes

[0069]

[0070] In terms of soil particle size, as can be seen from Table 3, compared with all comparative examples, Examples 1 and 2 significantly increased the soil particle size above the 1 mm grade and significantly reduced the soil particle size in the 0.5 - 0.25 mm grade.

[0071] Table 3 Comparative table of the effects of different planting patterns on the soil particle size in the 0-20 cm soil layer of the asparagus root zone

[0072]

[0073] Combining the data in Table 2 and Table 3, it is speculated that the increase in the abundance of large soil aggregates and the decrease in the abundance of smaller categories of aggregates are due to the intercropping and the application of biochar. Large soil aggregates can improve water infiltration and nutrient cycling, thereby increasing soil fertility.

[0074] It can be seen from this that the planting method of asparagus / faba bean intercropping combined with biochar application and drip irrigation water-saving irrigation adopted in the present invention has obvious advantages over the traditional planting method in terms of reducing the incidence of asparagus root rot and improving the yield and quality of asparagus.

[0075] The embodiments of the present application have been described above. The above description is exemplary, not exhaustive, and is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Many modifications and variations are obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The choice of terms used herein is intended to best explain the principles of the embodiments, practical applications, or improvements to technologies in the market, or to enable other ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A planting method for improving the quality and yield of asparagus and preventing and treating root rot, characterized in that: The planting method comprises the following steps: (1) Seedling cultivation: Select healthy asparagus seedlings without diseases or insect pests, plant them in a substrate, and cultivate them for 3 weeks; (2) Ridge making: The soil for asparagus cultivation was deep-turned with a rotary tiller, and 25 t / ha of biochar was added and evenly mixed into the soil layer 20 cm below the surface. After the soil improvement was completed, the land was tilled and ridges were made; (3) Transplanting: Transplanting the seedlings grown in step (1) into the soil described in step (2), with the asparagus plant spacing being 30 cm and the row spacing being 1 m; (4) Interplanting: Based on step (3), asparagus and broad beans are interplanted, two rows of broad beans are interplanted between the asparagus rows, and 15 t / ha of mixed soil is spread on the top of the soil every six months. The interplanting time is March every year; (5) Water and fertilizer management: drip irrigation belts are used for water and fertilizer management. The irrigation time and amount are as follows: irrigation every 7 days during harvesting, and irrigation every 7-12 days during plant growth. Each irrigation is 300m 3 / ha; water-soluble fertilizers are applied with the drip tape every time water is irrigated.

2. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (1), the substrate is a mixed substrate of peat and perlite in a mass ratio of 5:1, and the ambient temperature is maintained at 30°C.

3. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (2), the width of the ridge is 1.6 m, the height of the ridge is 30 cm, and the width of the ridge bottom is 30 cm.

4. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (4), the row spacing between broad beans and asparagus is 30 cm, the row spacing between broad beans is 40 cm, and the plant spacing between broad beans is 20 cm.

5. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (4), the mixed soil is a mixture of biochar and sandy soil in a mass ratio of 1:15, wherein the sandy soil is soil with a sand content of 80%-90% based on mass percentage.

6. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), 16-drip sheet double-hole drip irrigation tape is laid between the asparagus and broad bean planting rows. The drip irrigation tape is made of PE material, the drip hole spacing is 30 cm, and the pipe tape wall thickness is 0.3 mm.

7. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), the water-soluble fertilizer is Wolan NPK macro-element water-soluble fertilizer, which is dissolved in irrigation water and evenly applied with a drip irrigation tape. The calculation method of the fertilizer dosage Q for each application is: Q = (200 kg / ha) × I / 365 × D Where: Q: single irrigation fertilizer dosage (kg) I: Planting area (ha) D: watering interval (d).

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