Processing method of red-mouth swim bladder

Abstract

The invention relates to swimming bladders, in particular to a processing method of red-mouth swimming bladders, which is realized according to the following steps: cutting dry red-mouth swimming bladders into small square blocks with the length of 1-2cm, and taking quantitative cut clean swimming bladder rubber blocks for later use; taking an auxiliary material talcum powder or clam powder, putting the auxiliary material talcum powder or clam powder into a stir-frying container, heating to a specified temperature, adding the clean swimming bladder blocks, uniformly stir-frying for a specified time, quickly taking out the swimming bladder blocks, screening out the auxiliary material, and cooling; the dosage of the auxiliary materials is appropriate when the swim bladder can be completely buried and the rest part is left during frying. Wherein the auxiliary materials are fried at the temperature of 160-170 DEG C for 1.5 minutes. After stir-frying with clam meal or talcum powder, the finished product has no significant difference in character, puffing degree and water-soluble extract, and the male swim bladder and the female swim bladder have significant difference due to the difference in meat thickness. The technological parameters are stable and feasible, repeatability is achieved, and the processing technology end point error caused by subjective judgment is avoided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to fish swim bladders, and particularly to a processing method for the swim bladder of Protonibea diacanthus Background Art

[0002] Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepede) (which belongs to various fish species of the family Sciaenidae) is a precious marine fish, mainly distributed in the southeastern coast of China (such as Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang, etc.). Its swim bladder (commonly known as "golden threadfin fish maw") is a traditional precious Chinese medicinal material, known as the "king of fish maws" and has extremely high medicinal value. However, due to the scarcity of wild resources, it has now been listed as a first-class protected animal in China, and fishing and trade are prohibited. Currently, there is artificial breeding

[0003] At present, fish swim bladders are included in local standards under names such as "fish swim bladder", "raw fish swim bladder", "yellow croaker swim bladder", "fish swim bladder decoction pieces", "fish swim bladder glue", etc. Since ancient times, the most common processing method has been frying. In clinical applications (such as Jujing Pills in "The Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment", Yubiao Powder in "The Compendium of Surgery", and Biaofeng Powder in "The Compendium of Traditional Chinese Medicine"), fish swim bladders are mostly made into pills and powders in the form of powder for medicinal use. The fish swim bladder itself is tough in texture. After frying, it becomes swollen, fluffy, and crispy in texture, making it easy to be crushed into preparations, dispensed and decocted, which helps to exert the medicinal effect. It can also correct the fishy smell and reduce the greasy nature. However, until now, there are still many unclear points in the regulations on the processing technology parameters of fish swim bladders in "National Chinese Medicine Processing Specifications" (1988 edition) and local standards, lacking quantitative indicators. In actual large-scale production, the degree of processing of decoction pieces mainly depends on the experience of pharmaceutical workers, and the influence of human factors is relatively large. There is no report on the corresponding processing method for the swim bladder of artificially cultivated Protonibea diacanthus as a precious medicinal material

[0004] Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a processing technology that is suitable for the swim bladder of Protonibea diacanthus and has clear process parameters Summary of the Invention

[0005] Object of the Invention

[0006] The present invention provides a processing method for the swim bladder of Protonibea diacanthus, which has not been reported in the literature

[0007] Technical Solution

[0008] A processing method for the swim bladder of Protonibea diacanthus, characterized in that it is realized according to the following steps

[0009] Cut the dried swim bladder of Protonibea diacanthus into small cubes with a length of 1 - 2 cm. Take a quantitative amount of the cut and cleaned fish swim bladder glue blocks and set aside. Take auxiliary materials talcum powder or clam powder and place them in a frying container, heat to the specified temperature, put in the cleaned fish swim bladder blocks, stir-fry evenly for the specified time, quickly take out, sieve out the auxiliary materials, and let it cool. The amount of auxiliary materials should be such that when frying, the fish swim bladder can be completely buried and there is a surplus

[0010] Furthermore: By investigating the frying temperature and frying time, the optimal processing technology is obtained as follows: frying with the auxiliary material at a temperature of 160-170°C for 1.5 minutes. After frying with clam powder or talc powder, there are no significant differences in the properties, puffing degree, and water-soluble extracts of the finished products. There are significant differences between male swim bladders and female swim bladders due to the difference in meat thickness.

[0011] Beneficial effects

[0012] By sorting out the processing methods of redmouth croaker swim bladders specified in local standards, the processing method of swim bladders in this experiment is determined as follows: Cut the dried swim bladders into small pieces with a length of 1-2 cm using a large chopping knife. Take a certain amount of cut and cleaned swim bladder glue pieces and set aside. Put the auxiliary material (talc powder or clam powder) into the frying container, heat it to the specified temperature, put in the cleaned swim bladder pieces, stir-fry evenly for the specified time, quickly take them out, sift out the auxiliary material, and let it cool. The amount of the auxiliary material should be appropriate so that it can completely cover the swim bladders during frying and there is some remaining.

[0013] By investigating the frying temperature and frying time, the optimal processing technology is obtained as follows: frying with the auxiliary material at a temperature of 160-170°C for 1.5 minutes. After frying with clam powder or talc powder, there are no significant differences in the properties, puffing degree, and water-soluble extracts of the finished products. There are significant differences between male swim bladders and female swim bladders due to the difference in meat thickness. The optimal processing technology selected in the present invention is applicable to two kinds of auxiliary materials, namely talc powder or clam powder, and male or female swim bladders. The process parameters are stable and feasible, with repeatability, avoiding errors in the end point of the processing technology caused by subjective judgment.

[0014] The fried swim bladder is in the form of irregular white to yellowish-white lumps, with some being curly. The surface is rough, attached with a small amount of talc powder, swollen, loose and foamy, with a crispy texture, hollow and loose in the middle, and a honeycomb-like cross-section. It has a slightly fragrant smell, is not burnt or charred, and is sticky when chewed. The moisture content determination results are between 6.6% and 8.3%, with an average value of 7.5%. It is preliminarily determined that the moisture content of the fried swim bladder should not exceed 9.0%. The total ash content determination results are between 1.1% and 1.8%, with an average value of 1.5%. It is preliminarily determined that the total ash content of the fried swim bladder should not exceed 2.0%; the acid-insoluble ash content results are between 0.0% and 0.1%, with an average value of 0.0%. It is preliminarily determined that the acid-insoluble ash content of the fried swim bladder should not exceed 0.1%. The water-soluble extract determination results are between 73.8% and 80.5%, with an average value of 78.1%. It is preliminarily determined that the water-soluble extract of the fried swim bladder should not be less than 70.0%. Lead, cadmium, and mercury were not detected, and the arsenic content results are between 0.1 mg / kg and 0.3 mg / kg, with an average value of 0.3 mg / kg; the copper content results are between 0.3 mg / kg and 0.7 mg / kg, with an average value of 0.5 mg / kg. It is preliminarily determined that taking 1.0 g of this product, the heavy metal content should not exceed 1.0 mg / kg. The analysis of the properties, moisture, ash, water-soluble extract, heavy metals, and harmful elements of the pilot-scale fried swim bladder provides data reference for its quality control, so as to ensure the safety and effectiveness of clinical use. Description of the Drawings

[0015] Figure 1 , Diagram of the swim bladder medicinal material; where: A: JM-1 B: JM-2 C: JM-3 D: JM-4 E: JM-5 F: Translucent diagram of male and female swim bladders;

[0016] Figure 2 , Frying process flow of the red-mouthed croaker swim bladder.

[0017] Figure 3 , Comparison before and after processing of the swim bladder, where: A Female swim bladder medicinal material B Male swim bladder medicinal material C Processed female swim bladder D Processed male swim bladder E Cross-section before processing of the swim bladder F Cross-section after processing of the swim bladder G Surface before processing of the swim bladder H Surface after processing of the swim bladder. Detailed Description of the Invention

[0018] Through the observation of the properties of the swim bladder samples, it is found that there are slight differences between male and female swim bladders: the male swim bladder has uneven meat thickness, that is, it has the characteristic of "thick and thin meat", and the nasolabial fold is obvious; the female swim bladder has uniform meat thickness and the nasolabial fold is not obvious. Therefore, the present invention examines male and female swim bladders separately.

[0019] Generally, the factors affecting the processing technology mainly include processing temperature, processing time, auxiliary material dosage, etc. Since the "National Chinese Medicine Processing Specification" and many local standards have clearly defined the dosage of auxiliary materials, the present invention no longer examines the factor of auxiliary material dosage (taking a sufficient amount of auxiliary materials to completely immerse the swim bladder pieces therein to obtain sufficient scalding).

[0020] The invention investigates the frying temperature and time of two auxiliary materials, namely, clam powder and talcum powder, and two kinds of fish maws, male and female, respectively, and evaluates the quality of the processing technology from three aspects, namely, properties, swelling degree and water-soluble extract (fish maws are generally made into pills or decoctions in the form of powder in clinical applications, so water-soluble extracts are selected as one of the indicators), and selects the best processing technology of fish maws. Among them, the frying temperature takes the auxiliary material temperature as the main reference temperature when feeding, and records the other three temperature indicators: the bottom temperature of the pot, the edge temperature of the pot and the surface temperature of the fish maw, so as to establish a processing temperature control parameter system and improve the reproducibility of the processing results.

[0021] Example 1

[0022] 1. Experimental Materials

[0023] (1) Sample materials

[0024] The fish maw samples used in the present invention were provided by Yifanghai (Guangdong) Ocean Ranch Co., Ltd., and the specific information is shown in Table 1.

[0025] Table 1 Fish bladder sample information

[0026]

[0027] Among them: JM-1, JM-2, and JM-3 are female fish, and the difference is that the size of the fish bladder is different due to the different ages of the fish. JM-4 and JM-5 are male fish, and the difference between the two is the same as above. Therefore, the present invention selects fish bladders JM-3 and JM-5 as small-scale experimental samples. The demand for pilot samples is large, so the female fish bladders and male fish bladders are mixed evenly after pre-treatment and set aside.

[0028] (2) Accessories

[0029] Talc powder (Guilin Aerospace Pharmaceutical Talc Co., Ltd.), clam powder (Anhui Xinglin Jinfang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.)

[0030] (3) Main instruments and equipment

[0031] Table 2 Instruments and equipment used in the present invention

[0032]

[0033] 2. Experimental methods

[0034] 2.1 Pretreatment process research

[0035] Due to the thick and tough texture of the swim bladder, pretreatment is required before subsequent processing operations. For the convenience of slicing, the pretreatment process in the processing specifications of some regions is to soften it by steaming first, slice it, and then dry it. However, through preliminary experiments, it was found that while steaming the swim bladder makes its texture softer, its viscosity also increases, resulting in some residues during the operation and being time-consuming. The National Chinese Medicine Processing Specification (1988 Edition) and multiple local standards stipulate to directly "cut it into small cubes". Since the swim bladder is a precious medicinal material, in order to reduce the losses caused in this step, this experiment decided to use a large chopping knife to cut the dried swim bladder into small cubes with a length of 1 - 2 cm for subsequent processing experiments.

[0036] 2.2 Pilot-scale Process Research

[0037] Test method: Take 50 g of the cut clean swim bladder glue blocks and set aside. Take the auxiliary materials (talc powder or clam powder) and place them in a frying container, heat to the specified temperature, put in the clean swim bladder blocks, stir-fry evenly for the specified time, quickly take out, sieve off the auxiliary materials, and let it cool. The amount of auxiliary materials should be such that it can completely bury the swim bladder during frying and there is some remaining.

[0038] After the preliminary processing experiment, referring to the processing endpoints described in the National Chinese Medicine Processing Specification and local standards, the preliminary optimized processing parameters are shown in Table 3:

[0039] Table 3 Investigation Factor Level Table of Processing Technology

[0040]

[0041] Note: Explanation of the processing technology numbering: I, II, III correspond to different auxiliary material temperature ranges, and 1, 2, 3 correspond to different frying times.

[0042] 2.3 Semi-industrial-scale Process Research

[0043] Through the significance difference analysis of the pilot-scale test results, there is no significant difference in the total scores of the processed products obtained by frying with talc powder and clam powder respectively. Therefore, both auxiliary materials will not be simultaneously investigated in the semi-industrial-scale experiment. After statistics, among a total of 46 local standards, 34 stipulate the use of clam powder as the auxiliary material, and 27 stipulate the use of talc powder. So, in the semi-industrial-scale experiment, clam powder, which is required by most local standards and has been used since ancient times, is selected. And there is a significant difference in the total scores between male and female swim bladders, so they still need to be investigated separately in the semi-industrial-scale experiment.

[0044] Semi-industrial-scale preliminary experiment: Based on the optimal frying temperature and frying time selected in the pilot-scale test, expand the range up and down, and measure the total score of the processed product. The results of the semi-industrial-scale preliminary experiment show that the best process selected in the pilot-scale test is still the best in the semi-industrial-scale experiment. Therefore, the same process parameters are still used in the semi-industrial-scale experiment.

[0045] Formal pilot experiment: Take a quantitative amount of cut and cleaned fish swim bladder glue blocks and set aside. Put 10 kg of clam powder into the frying container, heat it to the specified temperature, put in the cleaned fish swim bladder blocks, stir-fry evenly for the specified time, quickly take out, sift off the clam powder, and let it cool. The pilot experiment feeding situation is shown in Table 4.

[0046] Table 4 Pilot experiment feeding situation (n = 3 for female fish swim bladder, n = 2 for male fish swim bladder)

[0047]

[0048] 2.4 Evaluation indicators for processing technology

[0049] ① Appearance characteristics: It should meet the standard of "irregular lumps from white to yellowish-white. Bulging, loose and foamy, crispy texture, hollow in the middle, honeycomb-like cross-section. Slightly fragrant, not charred or burnt".

[0050] ② Method for measuring the puffing degree

[0051] Small-scale experiment measuring method: Take the fish swim bladder blocks before frying, weigh them, denoted as m1, place them in a graduated cylinder, measure their volume, denoted as V1 (take the average of three measurements). After frying and cooling, weigh them, denoted as m2, place them in a graduated cylinder, measure their volume, denoted as V2 (take the average of three measurements). Calculate the puffing degree (%) according to the following formula.

[0052] Pilot experiment measuring method: Weigh the total weight of the fish swim bladder blocks to be fed before frying, denoted as m1, take a 100 g sample from them, measure its volume, denoted as V1 (take the average of three measurements). After frying and cooling, weigh the processed product, denoted as m2, first calculate the total yield before and after frying, multiply the volume measurement sample amount before frying (i.e., 100 g) by the total yield to obtain the volume measurement sample amount that should be measured after frying, and measure its volume, denoted as V2 (take the average of three measurements). Calculate the puffing degree according to the following formula.

[0053]

[0054] ③ Method for measuring the extract

[0055] It is determined according to the hot extraction method in the determination method of extracts 1. Water-soluble extracts in General Principles 2201 of the Fourth Part of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition.

[0056] It can be seen from the processing purpose of this product that the processing mainly makes the texture of the drug become fluffy and crispy. Therefore, the puffing degree is selected as the evaluation index, and the weight coefficient is set to 0.3; for traditional Chinese medicines to exert their medicinal effects, the level of active ingredients represents the quality of the medicinal effects. Therefore, the content of water-soluble extracts is selected as the evaluation index, and the weight coefficient is set to 0.7. The processing technology of this product is determined by comprehensive evaluation of the above indicators.

[0057] 2.4 Character research

[0058] Take samples from the fried fish swim bladder for observation, and record characteristics such as shape, color, texture, and smell.

[0059] 2.5 Moisture determination

[0060] Determination is carried out according to the second method, the drying method, in General Chapter 0832, Moisture Determination Method, of the Fourth Part of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition).

[0061] 2.6 Ash determination

[0062] Determine the total ash and acid-insoluble ash of fried fish swim bladder according to the ash determination method in General Chapter 2302 of the Fourth Part of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition).

[0063] 2.7 Determination of water-soluble extractives

[0064] Determination is carried out according to the hot extraction method in the water-soluble extractives determination method 1 of the extractives determination method in General Chapter 2201 of the Fourth Part of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition).

[0065] 2.8 Determination of heavy metals and harmful elements

[0066] Entrust Guangzhou Jinzhi Testing Technology Co., Ltd. to carry out the determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry according to the lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and copper determination method in General Chapter 2321 of the Fourth Part of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition).

[0067] 3 Experimental results

[0068] (1) Evaluate whether the appearance properties of the processed products meet the standards according to the factor level table of the processing technology in Table 3 of the small-scale test process in 2.2, and determine their puffing degree and water extractives content. The determination results of the puffing degree and water extractives content in the small-scale test are shown in Table 5.

[0069] Table 5 Test results of fish swim bladder stir-frying process with talc powder and clam powder (small-scale test) (n = 2)

[0070]

[0071] JM-1 - JM5 represent the fish swim bladder numbers; H represents stir-frying with talc powder; G represents stir-frying with clam powder; I, II, and III correspond to different auxiliary material temperature ranges; 1, 2, and 3 correspond to different stir-frying times.

[0072] Further summarize Table 5 to obtain Table 6, the total score analysis table

[0073] Table 6 Total score analysis table of different auxiliary materials and different fish swim bladders under different processing technology parameters (small-scale test)

[0074]

[0075] As can be seen from Table 6, when the auxiliary material is talc powder or clam powder, the processed products obtained by stir-frying at 160 - 170 °C for 1.5 min have the highest total score, and this condition is applicable to both male and female fish swim bladders.

[0076] (2) The pilot-scale experiment is carried out with the optimal process selected in the small-scale experiment.

[0077] The determination results of the puffing degree and water extract content in the pilot-scale experiment are shown in Table 7.

[0078] Table 7 Results of the stir-frying process experiment of fish swim bladder with clam powder (pilot-scale) (n = 3 for female fish swim bladder, n = 2 for male fish swim bladder)

[0079]

[0080] The results of the small-scale experiment are similar to those of the pilot-scale experiment, indicating that the selected processing parameters are feasible.

[0081] (3) Results of the investigation on the stir-frying temperature

[0082] Taking the temperature of the auxiliary material as the main reference temperature during feeding, and simultaneously recording the other three temperature indicators: the temperature at the bottom of the pot, the temperature at the edge of the pot, and the temperature on the surface of the fish swim bladder. The temperature indicators for the pilot-scale experiment are shown in detail in Table 8. The temperature results are relatively constant, which can provide a data basis for establishing a temperature control parameter system and improve the reproducibility of the processing results.

[0083] Table 8 Temperature indicators for the pilot-scale experiment (°C)

[0084]

[0085] (4) Study on the properties before and after processing

[0086] The dried fish swim bladder before processing: The dried fish swim bladder is in sheet form. The female fish swim bladder is relatively round, and the male fish swim bladder is in the shape of a saddle. Both are light yellow, with a horny surface, slightly shiny, semi-transparent, tough in texture, not easy to break or tear, and the fracture surface is fibrous. It has a slight fishy smell.

[0087] Fried fish swim bladder: Irregular lumps from white to yellowish-white, some are curled. The surface is rough, attached with a small amount of auxiliary material (clam powder), bulging and spongy, crispy in texture, hollow in the middle, and the cross-section is honeycombed. It has a slight fragrance and is not charred. It has stickiness when chewed.

[0088] The overall morphology, cross-section and surface comparison of the fish swim bladder medicinal material and its processed product are shown in Figure 3 .

[0089] (5) Moisture determination

[0090] There are 5 batches of this product in total. The measured results are between 6.6 - 8.3%, with an average value of 7.5% (see Table 9). The upper limit after a 20% increase is 9.0%. It is initially proposed that the moisture content of the fried fish swim bladder should not exceed 9.0%.

[0091] Table 9 Results of moisture determination of fried fish swim bladder (pilot-scale) (%)

[0092]

[0093] The "Beijing Chinese Herbal Pieces Processing Specifications (2023 Edition)", "Shandong Chinese Herbal Pieces Processing Specifications (2022 Edition)", "Ningxia Chinese Herbal Pieces Processing Specifications (2017 Edition)", and "Shandong Chinese Herbal Pieces Processing Specifications (2012 Edition)" require that the moisture content of stir-fried swim bladder shall not exceed 14.0%. The "Hunan Chinese Herbal Pieces Processing Specifications (2021 Edition)" and the "Jiangxi Chinese Herbal Pieces Processing Specifications (2008 Edition)" require that it shall not exceed 13.0%. The "Hubei Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Standards (2018 Edition)" require that it shall not exceed 10.0%. The moisture inspection results of stir-fried swim bladder meet the moisture content requirements in the local standards.

[0094] (6) Ash determination

[0095] There are 5 batches of this product in total. The measured results of the total ash are between 1.1% and 1.8%, with an average value of 1.5%. The upper limit after a 20% increase is 1.8%. It is initially proposed that the total ash of stir-fried swim bladder shall not exceed 2.0%. The measured results of the acid-insoluble ash are between 0.0% and 0.1%, with an average value of 0.0%. It is initially proposed that the acid-insoluble ash of stir-fried swim bladder shall not exceed 0.1%. See Table 10 for details.

[0096] Table 10 Ash determination results of stir-fried swim bladder (pilot scale) (%)

[0097]

[0098] The requirements for the ash content of stir-fried swim bladder in the local standards are shown in Table 11. The inspection results of the total ash and acid-insoluble ash in this experiment meet the content requirements in the local standards.

[0099] Table 11 Requirements for the ash content of stir-fried swim bladder in the local standards (%)

[0100]

[0101] Note: - indicates not required

[0102] (7) Determination of water-soluble extractives

[0103] There are 5 batches of this product in total. The measured results are between 73.8% and 80.5%, with an average value of 78.1% (see Table 12). The average value multiplied by 90% is 70.3%. It is initially proposed that the content of water-soluble extractives of stir-fried swim bladder shall not be less than 70.0%.

[0104] Table 12 Determination results of water-soluble extractives of stir-fried swim bladder (pilot scale) (%)

[0105]

[0106] Currently, only the "Hunan Chinese Herbal Pieces Processing Specifications (2021 Edition)" have requirements for the content of water-soluble extractives of stir-fried swim bladder, which shall not be less than 60.0%. The inspection results of the water-soluble extractives in this experiment meet the content requirements in the local standards.

[0107] (8) Determination of Heavy Metals and Harmful Elements

[0108] For these 5 batches of this product, no lead, cadmium, or mercury was detected. The arsenic content results were between 0.1 - 0.3 mg / kg, with an average of 0.3 mg / kg; the copper content results were between 0.3 - 0.7 mg / kg, with an average of 0.5 mg / kg, as shown in Table 13. It is preliminarily proposed that for 1.0 g of this product, the heavy metal content shall not exceed 1.0 mg / kg. Currently, there are no requirements for the heavy metal and harmful element contents of fried fish swim bladder in local standards.

[0109] Table 13 Determination Results of Heavy Metals and Harmful Elements in Fried Fish Swim Bladder (Pilot Scale) (mg / kg)

[0110]

[0111] Note: - indicates not detected.

Claims

1. A method for preparing red-billed croaker maw, characterized in that: Follow these steps to achieve this: Cut the dried fish maw of red-billed sturgeon into small cubes of 1-2 cm in length, take a certain amount of cut clean fish maw glue blocks and set them aside; take the auxiliary material talcum powder or clam powder and put it in a frying container, heat it to the specified temperature, put in the clean fish maw blocks, stir-fry evenly for the specified time, take it out quickly, sieve out the auxiliary materials, and let it cool; the amount of auxiliary materials should be enough to bury the fish maw completely during frying and leave some remaining.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The auxiliary materials are stir-fried at 160~170 ℃ for 1.5 min.

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