Digital jammer and jamming method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a digital jammer and a jamming method thereof, relates to the technical field of radio frequency jamming, and solves the problem that in the prior art, single high-power sweep frequency jamming equipment is used in an airport area, and when an unmanned aerial vehicle is interfered and intruded, communication equipment in an airport which is used in a compliant manner is influenced. The interference unit can be gradually increased from the minimum power until the interference effect is achieved, and excessive interference and energy waste are avoided. Moreover, DDS digital interference generation is adopted, the frequency is accurate and adjustable, and accurate interference of the unmanned aerial vehicle can be realized in combination with frequency point detection equipment. Besides, the method is realized by building a plurality of small-power distributed cloud deck directional jammers, when the black flying unmanned aerial vehicle intrudes, the distributed cloud deck directional jammers calculate the interference direction and interference power according to the target orientation detected by the detection equipment, a focused high-intensity electromagnetic interference area is formed in the target direction, and the interference direction and interference power are calculated according to the target orientation detected by the detection equipment. Therefore, the capability of low accidental damage interference is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of radio frequency interference, and particularly to a digital jammer and a jamming method thereof. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, the drone industry has developed rapidly, the applications of drones have become more and more extensive, and the inventory has also shown an increasing trend year by year. However, at the same time, drones have brought serious security threats to various social places. In recent years, incidents of drones affecting and attacking important infrastructure have occurred from time to time, and there is an urgent need for effective drone countermeasure technologies. The wireless signal jamming technology is the most common drone countermeasure technology, which jams the wireless signals such as remote control, video transmission, and navigation of drones by transmitting jamming radio frequency signals, so as to achieve the purpose of driving away, jamming or forcing the drones to land.

[0003] Currently, the most commonly used wireless signal jamming technology on the market is an analog sweep jamming device using a VCO voltage-controlled oscillator. First, a triangular wave with a frequency of about dozens of KHz is generated by a triangular wave generator, and this triangular wave drives the voltage control terminal of the VCO, so that the VCO will output a swept radio frequency signal, which is then amplified and transmitted through an antenna to emit the jamming signal. This technical solution has the characteristic of low cost. However, due to the certain discreteness of the characteristics of VCO devices, frequency adjustment is required for each channel of each VCO-based jammer; at the same time, since the output frequency of the VCO changes with temperature, a certain protection bandwidth needs to be reserved to avoid the VCO frequency drifting out of the range to be jammed. Moreover, most drones communicate using a communication protocol in the form of OFDM modulation multiplexing, and the communication protocol has an error correction mechanism and strong anti-sweeping interference ability, and often requires a strong jamming power to achieve a good jamming effect. In some special scenarios, such as airport areas, using a single high-power sweep jamming device often affects the communication equipment within the airport that is used in compliance while jamming the invading drones.

[0004] In view of this, a digital jammer and a jamming method thereof are needed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Aiming at the problem that when using a single high-power sweep jamming device in the airport area in the prior art, it will also affect the communication equipment within the airport that is used in compliance while jamming the invading drones, the present invention provides a digital jammer and a jamming method thereof, which can start from the minimum power, gradually increase until the jamming effect is achieved, avoid excessive jamming and energy waste, and use DDS digital jamming generation with precise frequency adjustment. Combined with a frequency point detection device, precise jamming of drones can be realized. The specific technical solutions are as follows:

[0006] A digital jammer includes:

[0007] The time synchronization module is used to provide a time reference signal;

[0008] The digital interference generating unit is controlled by the MCU controller to make the DDS generator and the local oscillator source of the corresponding frequency band work through the SPI signal line. The frequency-sweeping signal generated by the DDS is mixed with the corresponding local oscillator signal through a filter, generating a frequency-sweeping signal near the corresponding frequency band. After passing through the filter and the amplifier, it is radiated outward by a directional antenna;

[0009] The main control board is respectively connected to the time synchronization module and the digital interference generating unit, and is used to receive the time reference signal of the time synchronization module and control the on / off of the digital interference generating unit at the same time;

[0010] The AC-DC power module is respectively connected to the main control board, the time synchronization module and the digital interference generating unit, and is used to supply power to the main control board, the time synchronization module and the digital interference generating unit.

[0011] Preferably, there are several digital interference generating units, and the frequency bands of each digital interference generating unit are different. Each digital interference generating unit is connected to the main control board. The main control board is used to receive the time reference signal of the time synchronization module and control the on / off of several digital interference generating units at the same time.

[0012] Preferably, there are at least four digital interference generating units, and the frequency bands of the four digital interference generating units correspond to 5.8 GHz / 5.2 GHz / 2.4 GHz / 1.5 GHz.

[0013] Preferably, the digital interference generating unit includes a DDS module, an MCU module, a first filter, a second filter, a mixing module, a local oscillator module, an amplification module and a directional antenna; the DDS module is respectively connected to the MCU module and the first filter, the MCU module is respectively connected to the main control board, the DDS module and the local oscillator module, the local oscillator module is respectively connected to the MCU module and the mixing module, the mixing module is respectively connected to the first filter, the second filter and the local oscillator module, the second filter is respectively connected to the mixing module and the amplification module, and the amplification module is also connected to the directional antenna;

[0014] Preferably, the amplification module includes a drive amplification module and a power amplification module. Among them, the drive amplification module is respectively connected to the filter and the power amplification module, and the power amplification module is respectively connected to the drive amplification module and the directional antenna.

[0015] Preferably, it further includes a turntable, and the digital interference generating unit is mounted on the turntable, and the directional antenna is directed at the target to be disposed through the turntable.

[0016] Preferably, the turntable includes a housing, a horizontal motor, a pitching motor and its control module, providing the function of rotating the load device to direct the directional antenna to the target to be disposed of.

[0017] A method for superimposing RF intensity interference, applying the digital jammer as described above, includes the following steps:

[0018] Step 1, multiple digital jammers are deployed distributively with a deployment interval of more than 300 meters;

[0019] Step 2, the time information of the main control board inside the digital jammer is unified through the time synchronization module;

[0020] Step 3, the UAV detection device detects the UAV's longitude, latitude and altitude coordinate information and reports it to the digital jammer in real time;

[0021] Step 4, the antenna of the gimbal control device of the digital jammer points to the direction of the UAV target, and at the same time, the digital sweep interference is turned on with the minimum power amplifier gain;

[0022] Step 5, the UAV detection device continuously evaluates the interference effect and judges whether the UAV target has made a forced landing or been driven away;

[0023] Step 6, the digital jammer gradually increases the interference power until the interference is effective.

[0024] A method for superimposing RF band interference, applying the digital jammer as described above, includes the following steps:

[0025] Step 1, multiple digital jammers are deployed at a common point;

[0026] Step 2, the DDS generators of the interference units inside multiple digital jammers generate sweep interference signals with interleaved frequency bands;

[0027] Step 3, the UAV detection device detects the UAV's longitude, latitude and altitude coordinate information and reports it to multiple digital jammers in real time;

[0028] Step 4, the antenna of the gimbal control device of the digital jammer points to the direction of the UAV target, and at the same time, the digital sweep interference is turned on with the minimum power amplifier gain;

[0029] Step 5, the UAV detection device continuously evaluates the interference effect and judges whether the UAV target has made a forced landing or been driven away;

[0030] Step 6, the digital jammer gradually increases the interference power until the interference is effective.

[0031] A processor is used to run a program, wherein the program, when running, executes the method as described above.

[0032] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0033] Efficient power control with step - by - step power adjustment: The jammer can start from the minimum power and gradually increase it until the jamming effect is achieved, avoiding excessive jamming and energy waste.

[0034] Precisely adjustable frequency: Using DDS digital interference generation, the frequency is precisely adjustable. Combined with frequency point detection equipment, precise interference on drones can be achieved.

[0035] Spatial intensity superposition interference: It is achieved by setting up multiple small - power distributed pan - tilt jammers. When a black - flying drone intrudes, the distributed pan - tilt jammers calculate the interference direction and power according to the target azimuth detected by the detection equipment (radar, spectrum), and form a focused high - intensity electromagnetic interference area in the target direction, thus achieving the ability of low - collateral - damage interference. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art. In all the drawings, similar elements or parts are generally denoted by similar reference numerals. In the drawings, the elements or parts are not necessarily drawn to actual scale.

[0037] Figure 1 It is the schematic diagram of the module connection principle of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 2 It is the schematic diagram of the method operation process of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0039] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are some, but not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0040] It should be understood that when used in this specification and the appended claims, the terms "comprises" and "comprising" indicate the presence of the described features, wholes, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, wholes, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or their combinations.

[0041] It should also be understood that the terms used in the specification of the present invention are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention. As used in the specification of the present invention and the appended claims, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" are intended to include the plural forms.

[0042] It should also be further understood that the term "and / or" used in the specification and appended claims of the present invention refers to any combination and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, and includes these combinations.

[0043] In one embodiment of the present invention, a digital jammer is provided, as Figure 1 shown, which is composed of a turntable, an AC-DC power module, a main control board, a time synchronization module, a 5.8GHz digital interference generating unit, a 5.2GHz digital interference generating unit, a 2.4GHz digital interference generating unit, a 1.5GHz digital interference generating unit and corresponding directional antennas; the AC-DC power module is used to supply power to the main control board, the time synchronization module, and the four digital interference generating units of 5.8GHz / 5.2GHz / 2.4GHz / 1.5GHz; the main control board is used to receive the time reference signal of the time synchronization module and at the same time control the on / off of the four digital interference generating units of 5.8GHz / 5.2GHz / 2.4GHz / 1.5GHz; the four digital interference generating units of 5.8GHz / 5.2GHz / 2.4GHz / 1.5GHz are controlled by an MCU controller through SPI signal lines to make the DDS generator and the local oscillator source corresponding to the 5.8GHz / 5.2GHz / 2.4GHz / 1.5GHz frequency bands work, and the swept-frequency signal generated by the DDS is mixed with the corresponding local oscillator signal through a filter to generate a swept-frequency signal near the 5.8GHz / 5.2GHz / 2.4GHz / 1.5GHz frequency bands, which is radiated externally through a band-pass filter, first-stage drive amplification, second-stage power amplification, and a directional antenna.

[0044] Among them, the time synchronization module is used to provide a time reference signal; the digital interference generating unit is controlled by an MCU controller through SPI signal lines to make the DDS generator and the local oscillator source corresponding to the corresponding frequency band work, and the swept-frequency signal generated by the DDS is mixed with the corresponding local oscillator signal through a filter to generate a swept-frequency signal near the corresponding frequency band, and after passing through a filter and an amplifier, it is radiated externally by a directional antenna; the main control board is respectively connected to the time synchronization module and the digital interference generating unit, and is used to receive the time reference signal of the time synchronization module and at the same time control the on / off of the digital interference generating unit; the AC-DC power module is respectively connected to the main control board, the time synchronization module and the digital interference generating unit, and is used to supply power to the main control board, the time synchronization module and the digital interference generating unit.

[0045] The time synchronization module is a device or module used to provide a unified time reference. Its core function is to ensure that each device or unit in the entire system can operate under the same time standard. In this embodiment, the time synchronization module uses GPS / Beidou time synchronization or network time synchronization. The time synchronization module receives the standard time information from external time signal sources (such as GPS, Beidou satellite signals, IRIG-B time codes, etc.) and completes synchronization with these time signals. The time synchronization module can also output standard frequency signals, such as 2MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, etc. These frequency signals are usually used to calibrate the clocks of other devices. When the external time signal source is lost or unavailable, the time synchronization module can continue to maintain the continuity and accuracy of time through an internal timekeeping unit (such as an oven-controlled crystal oscillator or a rubidium atomic clock).

[0046] The digital interference generating unit includes a DDS module, an MCU module, a first filter, a second filter, a mixing module, a local oscillator module, an amplification module, and a directional antenna; the DDS module is respectively connected to the MCU module and the first filter, the MCU module is respectively connected to the main control board, the DDS module, and the local oscillator module, the local oscillator module is respectively connected to the MCU module and the mixing module, the mixing module is respectively connected to the first filter, the second filter, and the local oscillator module, the second filter is respectively connected to the mixing module and the amplification module, and the amplification module is also connected to the directional antenna. The amplification module includes a drive amplification module and a power amplification module. Among them, the drive amplification module is respectively connected to the filter and the power amplification module, and the power amplification module is respectively connected to the drive amplification module and the directional antenna.

[0047] In addition, it further includes a turntable. The digital interference generating unit is mounted on the turntable, and the directional antenna is pointed at the target to be disposed of through the turntable. The turntable includes a housing, a horizontal motor, a pitching motor, and its control module, and can provide the function of rotating the payload device to make the directional antenna point at the target to be disposed of.

[0048] In this embodiment, it should be noted that the turntable can be understood as an antenna turntable or an antenna pointing turntable, which is a device that can realize the rotation of the antenna in the horizontal and vertical directions, and is used to adjust the direction of the antenna so that it can point to different target positions. Antenna turntables are very mature in technology and are widely used in various scenarios that require high-precision pointing control. For example, some precision turntables can achieve high repeat positioning accuracy (such as below 5 arc seconds) and high-rigidity design. In addition, the antenna turntable can also be customized according to different needs, such as single-axis or multi-axis turntables. Based on this, the specific structure of the turntable will not be elaborated here, and its function is only to make the directional antenna point at the target to be disposed of.

[0049] In an embodiment of the present invention, a method for superimposing radio frequency intensity interference is provided, such as Figure 2As shown, the use of a drone detection device and a digital jammer includes the following working steps:

[0050] Step 1: Multiple digital jammers are deployed distributively with an interval of more than 300 meters.

[0051] Step 2: The time information of the internal main control board of the digital jammer is unified through the time synchronization module.

[0052] Step 3: The drone detection device detects the longitude, latitude, and altitude coordinate information of the drone and reports it to the digital jammer in real time.

[0053] Step 4: The antenna of the gimbal control device of the digital jammer points to the target direction of the drone, and at the same time, digital sweep jamming is enabled with the minimum power amplifier gain.

[0054] Step 5: The drone detection device continuously evaluates the jamming effect and determines whether the drone target has made an emergency landing or been driven away.

[0055] Step 6: The digital jammer gradually increases the jamming power until the jamming is effective.

[0056] Among them, the drone detection device is a radar detection device, a spectrum detection device, an optoelectronic detection device, or a combination of the above devices.

[0057] In an embodiment of the present invention, a method for superimposed interference in the radio frequency band is provided. As Figure 2 shown, the use of a drone detection device and more than three digital jammers includes the following working steps:

[0058] Step 1: Multiple digital jammers are deployed at a common site.

[0059] Step 2: The DDS generators of the internal interference units of multiple digital jammers generate sweep jamming signals with staggered frequency bands.

[0060] Step 3: The drone detection device detects the longitude, latitude, and altitude coordinate information of the drone and reports it to multiple digital jammers in real time.

[0061] Step 4: The antenna of the gimbal control device of the digital jammer points to the target direction of the drone, and at the same time, digital sweep jamming is enabled with the minimum power amplifier gain.

[0062] Step 5: The drone detection device continuously evaluates the jamming effect and determines whether the drone target has made an emergency landing or been driven away.

[0063] Step 6: The digital jammer gradually increases the jamming power until the jamming is effective.

[0064] Among them, the drone detection device is a radar detection device, a spectrum detection device, an optoelectronic detection device, or a combination of the above devices.

[0065] Among them, the radar detection device is a device that uses the reflection characteristics of electromagnetic waves to detect the position, speed, and shape of targets. It detects drones by emitting electromagnetic waves and receiving reflected signals. It can provide information such as the distance, azimuth, speed, and altitude of drones, forming a three-dimensional motion situation. The radar system has the characteristics of all-weather operation, wide-area coverage, and high-precision detection, and can work stably under complex meteorological conditions. In addition, the radar can also work in coordination with spectrum detection devices and optoelectronic tracking devices to achieve high-precision positioning and tracking of drones;

[0066] The spectrum detection device is mainly used to monitor and analyze signals in the radio spectrum. It can scan and capture radio signals in a specific frequency band in real time, and identify the source, type, and frequency of the signals. It identifies drones by analyzing the spectrum characteristics of radio signals. It can capture the remote control signals and video transmission signals of drones, and extract parameters such as the frequency, bandwidth, and power of the signals, so as to achieve the detection and positioning of drones. This device adopts the FFT algorithm and the TDOA+AOA hybrid positioning system, and can respond quickly and achieve high-precision positioning. The spectrum detection device has the characteristics of high sensitivity, wide-frequency band coverage, and all-weather monitoring, and is suitable for complex electromagnetic environments;

[0067] The optoelectronic detection device is a device that converts optical signals into electrical signals based on the photoelectric effect. It can use sensors in the visible light or infrared bands to detect drones. It combines optical imaging and infrared imaging technologies to detect and track drones during the day and at night. The optoelectronic detection system is usually equipped with a high-resolution camera, an infrared thermal imager, and a laser rangefinder, and can provide high-precision target information in complex environments. Its advantages lie in high detection accuracy and good adaptability to low-altitude targets.

[0068] In summary, the jammer of the present invention can start from the minimum power and gradually increase until the jamming effect is achieved, avoiding excessive jamming and energy waste. Moreover, the present invention uses DDS digital jamming generation, with precise frequency adjustment, and in combination with a frequency point detection device, can achieve precise jamming of drones. In addition, the present invention draws on the principles and ideas of tumor radiotherapy, and is realized by building multiple small-power distributed cloud platform directional jammers. When a black-flying drone breaks in, the distributed cloud platform directional jammers calculate the jamming direction and jamming power according to the target azimuth detected by the detection devices (radar, spectrum), and form a focused high-intensity electromagnetic interference area in the target direction, so as to achieve the ability of low-collateral damage jamming.

[0069] Those of ordinary skill in the art can realize that the units of each example described in combination with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented by electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of the two. To clearly illustrate the interchangeability of hardware and software, the composition of each example has been generally described according to functions in the above description. Whether these functions are executed in a hardware or software manner depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Professional technicians can use different methods for each specific application to implement the described functions, but such implementation should not be considered to exceed the scope of the present invention.

[0070] In the embodiments provided by the present invention, it should be understood that the division of units is only a logical function division. In actual implementation, there may be other division methods. For example, multiple units can be combined into one unit, one unit can be split into multiple units, or some features can be ignored, etc.

[0071] In addition, the functional units in each embodiment of the present invention can be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit can exist physically alone, or two or more units can be integrated into one unit. The above-mentioned integrated units can be implemented in the form of hardware or in the form of software functional units.

[0072] If the above-mentioned integrated unit is implemented in the form of a software functional unit and sold or used as an independent product, it can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of the present invention, in essence, or the part that contributes to the prior art, or all or part of the technical solution, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions for causing a computer device (which can be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to execute all or part of the steps of the methods described in each embodiment of the present invention. The foregoing storage medium includes: various media such as USB flash drives, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), mobile hard disks, magnetic disks, or optical discs that can store program codes.

[0073] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit them. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements for some or all of the technical features. These modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of each embodiment of the present invention, and they should all be covered by the scope of the claims and the description of the present invention.

Claims

1. A digital jammer, characterized in that: include: Timing module, used to provide time reference signal; The digital interference generating unit is controlled by the MCU controller through the SPI signal line to control the DDS generator and the local oscillator source of the corresponding frequency band. The sweep signal generated by the DDS is mixed with the corresponding local oscillator signal through the filter to generate a sweep signal near the corresponding frequency band. After passing through the filter and amplifier, it is radiated outward by the directional antenna. The main control board is connected to the timing module and the digital interference generating unit respectively, and is used to receive the time reference signal of the timing module and control the on and off of the digital interference generating unit; The AC-DC power supply module is respectively connected to the main control board, the timing module and the digital interference generating unit, and is used to supply power to the main control board, the timing module and the digital interference generating unit.

2. A digital jammer according to claim 1, characterized in that: There are several digital interference generating units, and the frequency band of each digital interference generating unit is different. Each digital interference generating unit is connected to the main control board, which is used to receive the time reference signal of the timing module and control the on and off of several digital interference generating units at the same time.

3. A digital jammer according to claim 2, characterized in that, There are at least four digital interference generating units, and the frequency bands of the four digital interference generating units correspond to four types: 5.8 GHz / 5.2 GHz / 2.4 GHz / 1.5 GHz.

4. A digital jammer according to claim 1, characterized in that: The digital interference generating unit includes a DDS module, an MCU module, a first filter, a second filter, a mixing module, a local oscillator module, an amplifying module and a directional antenna; the DDS module is respectively connected to the MCU module and the first filter, the MCU module is respectively connected to the main control board, the DDS module and the local oscillator module, the local oscillator module is respectively connected to the MCU module and the mixing module, the mixing module is respectively connected to the first filter, the second filter and the local oscillator module, the second filter is respectively connected to the mixing module and the amplifying module, and the amplifying module is also connected to the directional antenna.

5. A digital jammer according to claim 4, characterized in that: The amplification module includes a driving amplification module and a power amplification module, wherein the driving amplification module is connected to the filter and the power amplification module respectively, and the power amplification module is connected to the driving amplification module and the directional antenna respectively.

6. A digital jammer according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a turntable, on which the digital interference generating unit is mounted, and through which the directional antenna is directed toward the target to be processed.

7. A digital jammer according to claim 6, characterized in that: The turntable includes a shell, a horizontal motor, a pitch motor and a control module thereof, and provides a load equipment rotation function so that the directional antenna points to the target to be handled.

8. A radio frequency intensity superposition interference method, characterized in that: Using a drone detection device and a digital jammer as described in any one of claims 1 to 7 above, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Multiple digital jammers are deployed in a distributed manner with an interval of more than 300 meters; Step 2: The time information of the main control board inside the digital jammer is unified through the time synchronization module; Step 3: The drone detection equipment detects the longitude and latitude coordinates of the drone and reports it to the digital jammer in real time; Step 4: The digital jammer gimbal controls the device antenna to point toward the target direction of the drone, and turns on digital frequency sweep jamming with minimum power amplifier gain; Step 5: The drone detection equipment continuously evaluates the jamming effect and determines whether the drone target is forced to land or driven away; Step six: The digital jammer gradually increases the jamming power until the jamming is effective.

9. A radio frequency band superposition interference method, characterized in that: Using a drone detection device and a digital jammer as described in any one of claims 1 to 7 above, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Multiple digital jammers are deployed at the same location; Step 2: DDS generators of the internal interference units of the multiple digital jammers generate frequency-interleaved swept-frequency interference signals; Step 3: The drone detection equipment detects the longitude and latitude coordinates of the drone and reports multiple digital jammers in real time; Step 4: The digital jammer gimbal controls the device antenna to point toward the target direction of the drone, and turns on digital frequency sweep jamming with minimum power amplifier gain; Step 5: The drone detection equipment continuously evaluates the jamming effect and determines whether the drone target is forced to land or driven away; Step six: The digital jammer gradually increases the jamming power until the jamming is effective.

10. A processor, characterized in that: The processor is used to run a program, wherein the program executes the method according to any one of claims 8 to 9 when running.

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