Method for determining ecological protection priority area based on human activity and ecosystem service

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for determining an ecological protection priority area based on human activities and ecosystem services, and belongs to the technical field of ecological protection, resource management and computer programs. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring and processing climate, human activity and ecosystem service data, constructing a human activity intensity index, evaluating ecosystem service and establishing an ecological protection priority area typicality-sensitivity framework, and finding out space-time evolution characteristics of ecosystem service under the dual pressure influence of climate change and human activity. And optimizing configuration of natural factors, man-made interference and ecological system service key variable factors, and determining an ecological system preferential protection area. According to the method, the influence of human activities on four typical ecological systems including water conservation, carbon reserve, soil conservation and habitat quality under climate change is quantified, and a typicality-sensitivity framework is provided; spatio-temporal changes of climate and human activity intensity, spatio-temporal changes of ecosystem services and an influence mechanism of climate and human activities on the ecosystem services can be visually observed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical fields of ecological protection, resource management, and computer programs, and relates to a method for determining ecological protection priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services. Background Art

[0002] With the continuous expansion of global climate change, ecological destruction, and human activities, the change of ecosystem services has gradually become an important factor affecting the quality of the natural environment. In recent years, people have paid more and more attention to the delineation of ecological protection priority areas, hoping to achieve the goals of environmental protection and sustainable development through optimizing resource allocation and ecological protection measures. However, most of the existing methods for delineating ecological protection priority areas only rely on a single factor (such as ecological sensitivity, species diversity, etc.) for analysis, lack of considering the impact of human activities on ecosystem services, and have great limitations in application at the spatial scale. Ecosystem services include water conservation, carbon storage, soil conservation, habitat quality, etc., which are closely related to the health of the ecological environment. Human activities, such as land use, urbanization process, agricultural production, etc., will directly or indirectly change the level of ecosystem services and affect regional ecological security.

[0003] To achieve the sustainability of national parks, it is necessary to determine the potential priority protection areas of national parks. The existing framework of the national park zoning system is less. The definition of protected areas by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) clearly mentions the protection of "nature and its related ecosystem services", and the typicality and representativeness of biodiversity and ecological environment are the basic requirements of the protection planning theory, but they have not been well reflected in the planning and development of nature reserves. The relationship between human activities and ecosystem services is an aspect that must be considered in the planning of nature reserves. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish an appropriate framework to combine ecosystem services and their responses to human activities in order to determine the areas of habitat fragmentation and priority protection of ecosystems. In addition, ecosystem services change over time, and the evaluation results of ecosystem services in a single time period may not necessarily reflect the spatio-temporal changes of the ecosystem in a certain area. Therefore, how to comprehensively consider the interaction between human activities and ecosystem services and accurately delineate ecological protection priority areas has become an important issue in current ecological protection research. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention provides a method for determining ecological protection priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services in view of the problems of the prior art.

[0005] Method for determining ecological protection priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services, comprising the following steps: acquisition and processing of climate, human activity and ecosystem service data, construction of human activity intensity index, evaluation of ecosystem services, and typicality-sensitivity framework of ecological protection priority areas, finding out the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of ecosystem services under the dual pressures of climate change and human activities, optimizing the configuration of key variable factors of natural factors, human disturbances and ecosystem services, and determining the areas for priority protection of ecosystems.

[0006] The advantages of the present invention are: quantifying the impacts of human activities on four typical ecosystems, namely water conservation, carbon storage, soil conservation and habitat quality under climate change, revealing the impact mechanisms of natural and human variables on ecosystem services, the proposed typicality-sensitivity framework is reasonable and effective, fully considering the indicators in all aspects of climate, human activities and ecosystem services, optimizing the configuration of key variable factors such as natural factors, human disturbances and ecosystem services in the study area to achieve more refined zoning, visually observing the spatio-temporal changes of climate and human activity intensity, the spatio-temporal changes of ecosystem services, and the impact mechanisms of climate and human activities on ecosystem services, and determining the ecological protection priority areas through zoning. The results are of great significance for realizing the ecological protection of regional national parks, providing important references for local governments to put forward targeted ecological restoration and environmental management measures, and also providing a method for other regional studies, which is of great significance for sustainable development. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or in the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the following drawings are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, without creative efforts, other drawings can also be obtained based on these drawings. As shown in the figures:

[0008] Figure 1 It is the overall technical flow chart of the typicality-sensitivity framework for determining ecological protection priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services of the present invention.

[0009] Figure 2 It is the typicality-sensitivity framework of the ecological protection priority areas of the present invention.

[0010] Figure 3 It is the spatio-temporal changes of human activities in the first batch of national parks of the present invention.

[0011] Figure 4 It is the spatio-temporal changes of ecosystem services in the first batch of national parks from 2000 to 2023 of the present invention.

[0012] Figure 5For the time evolution of the ecosystem services of the first batch of national parks of the present invention from 2000 to 2023.

[0013] Figure 6 For the spatial distribution pattern of the carbon storage, habitat quality, soil conservation, and water conservation priority protection areas of the first batch of national parks of the present invention.

[0014] Figure 7 For the spatial distribution pattern of the comprehensive priority protection areas of the ecosystem services of the first batch of national parks of the present invention. Detailed implementation manners

[0015] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0016] Embodiment 1: As Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 4 , Figure 5 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 shown, a method for determining ecological protection priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services, to explore the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of ecosystem services under the dual pressures of climate change and human activities, reasonably optimize the configuration of key variable factors such as natural factors, human disturbances, and ecosystem services, determine the areas for priority ecological protection, achieve more refined zoning, and provide a reference for the construction and sustainable development of the national park system.

[0017] A method for determining ecological protection priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services mainly includes the acquisition and processing of climate, human activity, and ecosystem service data, the construction of human activity intensity indices, the evaluation of ecosystem services, and the typicality-sensitivity framework of ecological protection priority areas. Its overall technical process is as Figure 1 shown.

[0018] A method for determining ecological protection priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services includes the following steps:

[0019] Step 1: Acquisition and processing of climate, human activity, and ecosystem service data

[0020] Collect meteorological data, remote sensing data, and statistical data from 2000 to 2023. All data are from public data product service websites (Table 1). Among them, LULC is divided into 6 categories according to human activity status: cultivated land, forest land, grassland, water area, construction land, and unused land; buffer zone analysis is carried out on roads according to 0.2 km, 0.5 km, 1 km, 1.5 km, and 2 km outside the expressways, national highways, provincial roads, and railways. All data are preprocessed based on the ArcGIS 10.2 platform. Considering the resolution of each dataset and research needs, tools such as resampling and projection transformation are used to project the data space into Albers projection with a spatial resolution of 1 km, as shown in the data source in Table 1.

[0021] Table 1 Data Source

[0022]

[0023] Step 2: Construction of Human Activity Intensity Index

[0024] Select five factors, namely population density (PD), gross domestic product (GDP), night-time light (NL), land use (LULC), and road network (RN), to participate in the construction of the human activity intensity index. After removing outliers, projection transformation, and normalization of the data, the 5 indicators are converted into grid data with a resolution of 1 km, ranging from 0 to 100. The analytic hierarchy process is used to calculate the weights of PD, LULC, GDP, NL, and RN. The final formula for the human activity intensity is as follows:

[0025]

[0026] Among them, α i respectively represent PD, GDP, NL, LULC, and RN, and ω i represents the weights corresponding to PD, GDP, NL, LULC, and RN.

[0027] Using the difference in human activity intensity between 2020 and 2000, a dynamic human activity index (ΔHAI) is constructed, and the formula is as follows:

[0028] ΔHAI = HAI 2023 - HAI 2000

[0029] In the formula, negative and positive values of ΔHAI respectively represent the decrease and increase of human activities from 2023 to 2000.

[0030] Step 3: Ecosystem Service Assessment

[0031] Select four typical ecosystem services related to water resource management, biodiversity conservation, carbon storage, and land resource protection: water conservation, carbon storage, soil conservation, and habitat quality. Use the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model to evaluate the spatio-temporal changes of various ecosystem services in 2000, 2010, and 2023.

[0032] Water conservation

[0033] Water conservation is one of the important service functions of natural ecosystems. Through factors such as precipitation data, vegetation transpiration, surface evapotranspiration, root depth, soil thickness, and available water for vegetation, the Water Yield module of the InVEST model is used to estimate the water yield of the basin. It is assumed that the water yield of each grid cell flows into the basin outlet through runoff, without distinguishing surface, subsurface, and base flow water volumes, and the value of precipitation minus actual evapotranspiration is used as the water yield of the study area.

[0034] Soil conservation

[0035] The soil conservation service function refers to the ability of ecosystems to regulate erosion to prevent soil loss and store and retain sediments. The Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) module of the InVEST model is used for estimation. Based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation, SDR further considers the interception of sediment and sediment upstream of the grid during the calculation process.

[0036] Carbon storage

[0037] Carbon storage represents the release of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems, thus slowing down the growth rate of carbon dioxide in the current atmosphere. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is of great significance in regulating the global carbon balance, mitigating the greenhouse effect, and maintaining global climate stability. Therefore, NPP is used as a representative of carbon storage, and the CASA model, along with remote sensing data, meteorological data, and soil data, is used to estimate the MODIS images (250m) of the national park from 2000 to 2024.

[0038] Habitat quality

[0039] Habitat quality refers to the comprehensive ability of ecosystems to create conditions suitable for the long-term survival and sustainable development of individuals and entire populations, and is used to evaluate the quality of the ecological environment within a region.

[0040] Integrated ecosystem services

[0041] Standardize the four ecosystem services of water conservation, carbon storage, soil conservation, and habitat quality, and use the weighted average method to calculate the comprehensive ecosystem service value under dimensionless conditions to obtain the total ecosystem service (TES). This index reflects the overall level of ecosystem services. Calculate the change value of ecosystem services through the amounts of various ecosystem services in 2000, 2010, and 2023. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0042]

[0043] TESC = ES in - ES in-1 (n = 2000, 2010, 2023)

[0044] Among them, TES is the value of the comprehensive ecosystem service, ES i is each ecosystem service, and W i is the weight of each index. Set each index to 0.25, and TESC is the change value of ecosystem services.

[0045] Step 4: Typicality - Sensitivity Framework for Ecologically Protected Priority Areas

[0046] Determine the areas that should be given priority for ecological protection based on the typicality - sensitivity framework ( Figure 2 ). Among them, the importance value of ecosystem services in pixels represents typicality, and the value of human activities is used to represent the sensitivity of the habitat ecosystem to human pressure. Use the maximum - minimum method to normalize the typicality and sensitivity values to the range of 0 - 100. Based on the resampling of the typicality value and sensitivity value to 0 - 100, with typicality as the abscissa and sensitivity as the ordinate, divide the coordinate axes into three parts to obtain the ranges of 0 - 33, 33 - 66, and 66 - 100 to determine the priority protection areas. Divide the plot into 9 quadrants to distinguish areas with high typicality and sensitivity, medium - high typicality and sensitivity, medium - low typicality and sensitivity, high typicality areas and high sensitivity areas. Among them, the first priority area and the second priority area have high typicality and medium - high sensitivity, and are areas with relatively high ecosystem services but relatively serious human interference. The non - priority areas include areas with medium to low typicality and poor sensitivity. The high - typicality areas are areas with the highest human activities, and the high - sensitivity areas are areas with the highest ecosystem services.

[0047] Example 2: Spatiotemporal Changes and Spatial Zoning Examples of Ecosystem Services in the First Batch of National Parks under Climate and Human Interference. The method for determining ecologically protected priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services includes the following steps:

[0048] Step 1: Data Acquisition and Processing

[0049] Based on the public data product service website (Table 1), meteorological data, remote sensing data, and statistical data from 2000 to 2023 were downloaded. Among them, land use was classified into 6 categories according to the status of human activities: cultivated land, forest land, grassland, water area, construction land, and unused land; buffer zone analysis was carried out on roads according to 0.2 km, 0.5 km, 1 km, 1.5 km, and 2 km outside the expressways, national highways, provincial highways, and railways. Considering the resolution of each dataset and research needs, the nearest neighbor method was used to convert all data to a 1 km resolution.

[0050] Taking the first batch of national parks, Sanjiangyuan National Park (SJY), Giant Panda National Park (GP), Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park (NCTL), Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (HTR), and Wuyishan National Park (WYM) as the study areas, the downloaded data was cropped using vector boundary data. Finally, the human activity indicators of the first batch of national parks in 2000, 2010, and 2023 were obtained, including: population density data, gross domestic product data, night light data, land use data, and road network data; climate indicators included: temperature data, precipitation data, and wind speed data; other indicators: net primary productivity data, soil erosion data, and PM2.5 data, etc.

[0051] Step 2: Construction of human activity intensity index

[0052] Based on the extracted human activity indicators for three years, the weights of population density, land use, gross domestic product, night light, and road network were calculated to be 0.28, 0.25, 0.21, 0.14, and 0.12 respectively using the analytic hierarchy process. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0053]

[0054] Among them, α i respectively represent population density, land use, gross domestic product, night light, and road network, ω i represents the weights corresponding to the 5 indicators, HAI is the human activity intensity, PD is the population density factor, GDP is the gross domestic product, NL is the night light, LULC is the land use, and RN is the road network.

[0055] Using the raster calculator tool in ArcGIS software, the spatio-temporal changes of the human activity intensity of the first batch of national parks in 2000, 2010, and 2023 were obtained, and the results are as Figure 3As shown in the figure, from a spatial perspective, from 2000 to 2023, the human activities of GP showed a distribution pattern with high in the middle and low around. HTR showed a distribution pattern with high in the west and low in the east. NCTL showed a distribution pattern with low in the west and high in the east. SJY showed a distribution pattern with low in the middle and high around. WYM showed a distribution pattern with low in the west and high in the east and high in the middle. The areas with high human activities in the five national parks were mainly distributed in areas of roads, railways and construction land.

[0056] Step 3: Ecosystem service assessment

[0057] Based on the obtained indicators for three years, the values of four types of ecosystem services, namely water conservation, carbon storage, soil conservation and habitat quality, were calculated using the InVEST model and CASA model, and the results were visually displayed using ArcGIS software. The results are as Figure 4 shown.

[0058] From the spatial distribution of water conservation, the water conservation of GP showed a distribution characteristic of high in the west and low in the east. HTR showed a distribution characteristic of high in the east and low in the west. NCTL showed a distribution characteristic of high in the middle and low around. SJY showed a distribution characteristic of high in the south and high in the east and low in the west. The overall water conservation of WYM was relatively high, mainly distributed in the northern and central regions. From the spatial distribution of carbon storage, the carbon storage of GP showed a distribution characteristic of high in the north and south and low in the middle. HTR showed a distribution characteristic of high in the north and south and high in the west and low in the east. NCTL showed a distribution characteristic of high in the east and low in the west and high in the middle. SJY showed a relatively high distribution in the southeast and a relatively low distribution in the northwest. WY showed a distribution characteristic of high in the northern and central regions. From the spatial distribution of soil and water conservation, the high-value areas of soil and water conservation in GP were mainly distributed in the central area. The high-value areas of HTR were mainly distributed in the east and central regions. NCTL was mainly distributed in the southeast. The high-value areas of SJY were mainly distributed in the central and southern regions, with relatively low values in the west. WY was mainly distributed in the west and north. From the spatial distribution of habitat quality, the habitat quality of GP showed a spatial distribution pattern of low in the middle and high around, with relatively small spatial inter-annual changes. Both HTR and NCTL showed a spatial distribution pattern of high in the middle and low around. The habitat quality of SJY was relatively poor, with a relatively low forest coverage rate, but there was a significant improvement in 2023. WYM showed a distribution pattern of low in the east and south, and most of the areas with low habitat quality were affected by roads and railways.

[0059] Step 4: Standardize the four ecosystem services, and use the weighted average method to calculate the dimensionless comprehensive ecosystem service value to obtain the total ecosystem service (TES). This index reflects the overall level of ecosystem services. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0060]

[0061] Among them, TES is the value of the comprehensive ecosystem service, ES i is each ecosystem service, and W i is the weight of each index. In this paper, each index is set to 0.25. TESC is the change value of the ecosystem service. The results are as Figure 5 shown.

[0062] Based on the calculated human activity indices and ecosystem services in 2000, 2010, and 2023, the typicality-sensitivity framework is used to identify the priority protection areas of human activities and four types of ecosystem services through ArcGIS software, as Figure 6 shown. The priority areas of NPP, habitat quality, soil conservation, and water yield in GP are mainly distributed in the middle of the study area, and the area of the non-priority area is the largest. The priority areas of carbon storage, habitat quality, and water yield in HTR are mainly distributed in the west, east, and near the central road of HTR, and soil conservation is mainly distributed in the area from the middle to the west. The priority areas of carbon storage, habitat quality, and water yield in NCTL are mainly distributed in the south, north, and near the east road and railway of NCTL, and soil conservation is mainly distributed in the southern area. The priority areas of carbon storage, habitat quality, soil conservation, and water yield in SJY are mainly distributed in the middle and south, and the area of the non-priority area is the largest. The priority areas of carbon storage, habitat quality, soil conservation, and water yield in WYM are mainly distributed in the southeast and north, and the area of the non-priority area is the largest. Among them, the areas of high typicality in carbon storage and habitat quality in GP, HTR, and NCTL are the smallest, and the areas of high sensitivity in soil conservation and water yield are the smallest. The areas of high typicality in habitat quality and soil conservation in WYM are the smallest, and the areas of high sensitivity in carbon storage and water yield are the smallest. The area of high sensitivity in habitat quality in SJY is the largest, with a relatively low corresponding population density (PD), good ecological conditions, little impact from human activities, and a wide spatial distribution area.

[0063] Based on ArcGIS, the priority protection areas of the four ecosystem services in the five national parks are overlaid to determine the areas that are currently severely disturbed and in urgent need of ecological environment protection. As Figure 7As shown in the figure, the typicality-sensitivity analysis shows that GP has a total of 2,352 square kilometers of comprehensive priority protection areas, accounting for 8.68% of the GP area, mainly distributed in the central and northern regions. SJY has 1,214 square kilometers of comprehensive priority protection areas, accounting for 1.16% of the SJY area, mainly distributed in the central, southern, and some eastern regions. The non-priority area has the largest proportion. WYM has 30 square kilometers of comprehensive priority protection areas, accounting for 3.03% of the WYM area, mainly distributed in the southern, northern, and some eastern regions. HTR has 699 square kilometers of comprehensive priority protection areas, accounting for 16.16% of the HTR area, mainly distributed in the central and eastern regions. NCTL has 3,978 square kilometers of comprehensive priority protection areas, accounting for 20.92% of the NCTL area, mainly distributed in the central, southern, and eastern regions. Generally speaking, the study identified a total of 8,273 square kilometers of comprehensive priority protection areas in the first batch of national parks. Among them, HTR and NCTL are more highly disturbed, and the overall ecological protection effect of SJY is good, with a relatively small area of regions that need to be focused on.

[0064] From the example results, it can be seen that the typicality-sensitivity framework for determining ecological protection priority areas proposed in this invention based on human activities and ecosystem services has a good effect. It comprehensively considers indicators related to human activities and ecosystem services, clearly shows the spatio-temporal changes in the climate, human activities, and ecosystem services in the study area, reasonably optimizes the configuration of key variable factors such as natural factors, human disturbances, and ecosystem services, determines the areas for priority ecological protection, and based on the tool evaluation results, can specifically put forward suggestions and measures for social and economic development and ecological protection, achieving more refined zoning and providing reference for the construction and sustainable development of the national park system.

[0065] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. The method for determining ecological protection priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services is characterized by: Acquisition and processing of climate, human activities and ecosystem service data, construction of human activity intensity index, ecosystem service assessment and typicality-sensitivity framework of ecological protection priority areas, to find out the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of ecosystem services under the dual pressures of climate change and human activities, optimize the configuration of natural factors, human interference and key variable factors of ecosystem services, and determine the priority areas for ecosystem protection.

2. The method for determining ecological protection priority areas based on human activities and ecosystem services according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Contains the following steps: Step 1: Acquisition and processing of climate, human activities and ecosystem service data: Meteorological data, remote sensing data and statistical data for three years were collected and divided into six categories according to human activities: cultivated land, forest land, grassland, water area, construction land and unused land; buffer zone analysis was conducted on highways, national roads, provincial roads and railways at 0.2 km, 0.5 km, 1 km, 1.5 km and 2 km on both sides. All data were pre-processed and resampling and projection conversion tools were used to project the data space into Albers projection with a spatial resolution of 1 km. Step 2: Construction of human activity intensity index: Five factors, namely population density (PD), gross domestic product (GDP), night lights (NL), land use (LULC), and road network (RN), were selected to construct the human activity intensity index. After outliers were removed, projected, and normalized, the five indicators were converted into grid data with a resolution of 1 km, ranging from 0 to 100. The weights of PD, LULC, GDP, NL, and RN were calculated using the hierarchical analysis method. The final calculation formula for human activity intensity is as follows: Among them, α i Represent PD, GDP, NL, LULC and RN respectively, ω i Indicates the weights corresponding to PD, GDP, NL, LULC and RN, The dynamic human activity index (ΔHAI) is constructed using the differences in the four annual human activity intensities, and the formula is as follows: ΔHAI=HAI 2023 -HAI 2000 In the formula, negative and positive values ​​of ΔHAI represent the decrease and increase of annual human activities, respectively. Step 3: Ecosystem services assessment: Four typical ecosystem services related to water resource management, biodiversity protection, carbon storage and land resource protection were selected: water conservation, carbon storage, soil conservation and habitat quality. The InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) model was used to evaluate the spatiotemporal changes of each ecosystem service in three years. Ecosystems include water conservation: Water conservation is one of the important service functions of natural ecosystems. The water yield of the basin is estimated using the Water Yield module of the InVEST model based on precipitation data, vegetation transpiration, surface evapotranspiration, root depth, soil thickness, and available water for vegetation. It is assumed that the water yield of each grid cell flows into the basin outlet through runoff, without distinguishing between surface, underground, and baseflow water. The value of precipitation minus actual evapotranspiration is used as the water yield of the study area. Ecosystems include soil conservation: Soil conservation service refers to the ability of an ecosystem to regulate erosion to prevent soil loss and to store and retain sediments. This study used the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) module of the InVEST model for estimation. Based on the general soil and water loss equation, SDR further considers the interception of silt and sediment upstream of the grid during the calculation process. Ecosystems contain carbon stocks including: Carbon storage represents the release of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Using NPP as a proxy for carbon storage, the CASA model and remote sensing data, meteorological data, and soil data were used to estimate five years of MODIS images (250 m) of the national park. Ecosystems include habitat quality: Habitat quality refers to the comprehensive ability of an ecosystem to create conditions suitable for the long-term survival and sustainable development of individuals and entire populations. It is used to evaluate the quality of the ecological environment in a region. Ecosystems include a combination of ecosystem services: The four ecosystem services of water conservation, carbon storage, soil conservation and habitat quality are standardized, and the dimensionless comprehensive ecosystem service value is calculated by weighted average method to obtain the total ecosystem service (TES). This index reflects the overall level of ecosystem services. The change value of ecosystem services is calculated by the annual amount of various ecosystem services. The calculation formula is as follows: TESC=ES in -IS in-1 (n=2000,2010,2023) Among them, TES is the value of comprehensive ecosystem services, ES i To serve various ecosystems, i is the weight of each indicator, each indicator is set to 0.25, TESC is the change value of ecosystem services, Step 4: Typicality-sensitivity framework of ecological protection priority areas: The importance value of ecosystem services in pixels represents typicality, and the value of human activities is used to represent the sensitivity of habitat ecosystems to human pressure. The maximum-minimum method is used to normalize typicality and sensitivity values ​​to a range of 0-100. On the basis of resampling typicality and sensitivity values ​​to 0-100, the coordinate axis is divided into three parts with typicality as the horizontal axis and sensitivity as the vertical axis, obtaining the ranges of 0-33, 33-66, and 66-100 to determine the priority protection area. The plot is divided into 9 quadrants, distinguishing high typicality and sensitivity areas, medium to high typicality and sensitivity areas, medium to low typicality and sensitivity areas, high typicality areas, and high sensitivity areas. Among them, the first priority area and the second priority area have high typicality and medium-high sensitivity, which are areas with high ecosystem services but severe human interference. Non-priority areas include areas with medium to low typicality and poor sensitivity. High typicality areas are areas with the highest anthropogenic activities, and high sensitivity areas are areas with the highest ecosystem services.

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