Gene gun

Abstract

The invention relates to a gene gun which is provided with an accelerator module. And an accelerator module coupled to the initiator module and generating supersonic waves by means of the subsonic waves generated by the initiator module. The supersonic wave delivers the particles to cells within the tissue. The accelerator module may include a detonation-detonation transition material and a detonation output material. An example of the detonation-detonation transition material is 5-nitrotetrazole cuprous (I). Other examples of the detonation-detonation transition material are lead azide. An example of the detonation output material is pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of an application with an application date of October 29, 2020, an application number of 202080076864.5, and an invention title of "Gene Gun". Technical Field

[0002] This application relates to devices and methods for gene therapy. More specifically, this application relates to devices and methods related to particle delivery systems for biolistic methods of delivering exogenous DNA (transgenes) to cells. Background Art

[0003] A gene gun can accelerate doped small metal particles to the highest possible speed. The particles pass through tissue on their way to the target cells. Since the particles have such high speed and density and are very small, they can penetrate the tissue without causing permanent damage to the tissue. Regarding the damage caused by the particles, since the size of the penetration path is small, it is easily repaired by the tissue. When reaching the target cells, the dopant (including DNA) is inserted into the nucleus of the cells.

[0004] In addition, Patent Document 1 discloses a gene gun that uses gas to accelerate a solution containing a biological material instead of using metal particles to deliver the biological material to cells.

[0005] Prior Art Documents

[0006] Patent Documents

[0007] Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-236657 Summary of the Invention

[0008] Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0009] Currently, the practical limit for accelerating particles is the speed of sound in the gas medium used. The fastest existing technology is to accelerate particles in a helium atmosphere to increase the speed of sound, thereby increasing the practical limit of particle speed. This technology limits the effectiveness of existing gene guns due to restricting the penetration depth of the particles (the particle penetration depth is a function of particle speed). The only other gas with a fast speed of sound is hydrogen, but there is a risk of flammability.

[0010] Means for Solving the Problems

[0011] In certain specific medical applications, it may be advantageous to utilize a biological projectile particle delivery system. In a particular embodiment, in the case of a gene gun, in order to achieve a speed of doped metal particles faster than the speed of sound in any gas, it relies on a detonation (explosion) phenomenon. In a particular embodiment, the gene gun generates an explosive wave that passes through, but does not damage, the wall or wall section. The explosive wave passes through the wall at the speed of sound of the wall material. For example, in a particular embodiment, the wall is made of stainless steel. In the case of stainless steel, the speed of sound is 5,790 m / s. On the opposite side of the wall are doped metal particles. In the above example, the doped metal particles are released at the initial speed of the detonation (explosion) wave, i.e., 5,790 m / s. This is much higher than 1,007 m / s, which is the speed of sound in helium gas.

[0012] One approach involves an accelerator module that is configured to be connected to a detonator module and generate a supersonic wave from a subsonic wave generated by the detonator module. The supersonic wave is configured to deliver particles to cells within a tissue. The accelerator module includes a body that has a propagation axis and defines a receptacle having a bottom surface. The receptacle includes a first portion and a second portion disposed between the first portion and the bottom surface. The accelerator module further includes: a first material disposed in the first portion, a second material disposed in the second portion, a wall section at least partially defined between the bottom surface of the receptacle and the outer surface of the body, and a plurality of doped metal particles in contact with the outer surface of the body and substantially aligned along the propagation axis with the bottom surface. To generate the supersonic wave, the first material and the second material are configured to be triggered by the subsonic wave generated by the detonator module. The supersonic wave is configured to pass through the wall section and then accelerate the plurality of doped metal particles to a certain speed.

[0013] In certain specific ways, it includes: the above speed is supersonic.

[0014] In certain specific ways, it includes: the above speed is a speed sufficient to penetrate the above cells within the above tissue (penetrate into the cells).

[0015] Certain specific ways include: the above first material is a deflagration-to-detonation material (DDT).

[0016] Certain specific ways include: the above deflagration-to-detonation material includes dry explosive (dry gunpowder).

[0017] Certain specific ways include: the above deflagration-to-detonation material includes lead azide.

[0018] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned deflagration-detonation transition material has copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1).

[0019] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned second material is a detonating output material.

[0020] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned detonating output material is dry gunpowder (dry explosive).

[0021] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned detonating output material has pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

[0022] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned wall section has stainless steel.

[0023] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned main body has a wall section.

[0024] Some specific ways include: Select the material of the above-mentioned wall section so that the wall section does not break when a supersonic wave passes through it.

[0025] Some specific ways include: Select the thickness of the above-mentioned wall section so that the wall section does not break when a supersonic wave passes through it.

[0026] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned main body has a base and a cap. The cap is configured to be fixed to the base that forms at least a part of the above-mentioned container between them.

[0027] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned container is further configured to receive at least a part of the above-mentioned initiator module in a state where the cap is not fixed to the base. The container is configured to fix the initiator module relative to the main body when the cap is fixed to the base.

[0028] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned main body has an opening to the above-mentioned container. The opening is formed in the size and shape such that a part of the above-mentioned initiator module passes through the opening when the initiator module is connected to the accelerator module.

[0029] Some specific ways include: A part of the above-mentioned initiator module is at least one electric pin.

[0030] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned main body has an ejection cylinder (release tube) that is configured on the opposite side of the above-mentioned wall section when observed from the above-mentioned container. The above-mentioned ejection cylinder is in line (arranged in a row) with the above-mentioned propagation axis. The above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles are arranged in the ejection cylinder.

[0031] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned ejection cylinder is a straight cylinder, and the cross-section of the above-mentioned ejection cylinder has the same size as the cross-section of the above-mentioned container.

[0032] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned accelerator module is a component of a gene gun.

[0033] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned first part and the above-mentioned second part are in line (arranged in a row) along the above-mentioned propagation axis.

[0034] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned bottom surface is perpendicular to the above-mentioned propagation axis.

[0035] Certain specific ways further include: An adhesive disposed on at least a part of the outer surface of the above-mentioned main body. The above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles are suspended in the above-mentioned adhesive.

[0036] Certain specific ways further include: A screen fixed to the above-mentioned main body at a position covering the above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles, and an adhesive disposed on the above-mentioned screen to inhibit the above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles from passing through the above-mentioned screen in a state where there is no supersonic wave.

[0037] Certain specific ways further include a seal. The above-mentioned container is further configured to receive at least a part of the above-mentioned initiator module. The above-mentioned seal is disposed in the above-mentioned container to form a seal with the above-mentioned initiator module.

[0038] Certain specific ways include: The particles of the above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles have a diameter of about 1 micron.

[0039] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles contain gold.

[0040] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles contain tungsten.

[0041] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles contain a chemical substance.

[0042] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned chemical substance is DNA.

[0043] Certain specific ways include: The above-mentioned initiator module is an electro explosive device (EED).

[0044] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned electrical initiation device (EED) has an electrical input part and an explosive output part.

[0045] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned explosive output part is a mixture of zirconium and potassium perchlorate.

[0046] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned electrical initiation device (EED) includes a housing, and the above-mentioned explosive output part is arranged in the above-mentioned housing.

[0047] Some specific ways include: The above-mentioned housing is made of metal.

[0048] One way relates to an accelerator module that defines a body having a propagation axis and a container having a bottom surface. The above-mentioned propagation axis passes through the above-mentioned bottom surface. The accelerator module further includes: a material arranged in the above-mentioned container and configured to at least partially generate a detonation wave traveling at supersonic speed; a wall section at least partially defined between the bottom surface of the above-mentioned container and the outer surface of the above-mentioned body, and the wall section has a size that can allow the above-mentioned detonation wave to pass through and travel therein without causing the wall section to rupture; and a plurality of doped metal particles arranged on the opposite side of the above-mentioned wall section when viewed from the above-mentioned container and substantially in line with the above-mentioned propagation axis.

[0049] One way relates to a method of delivering a plurality of doped metal particles into cells in tissue using a portable device. The above-mentioned method includes: igniting an explosive charge arranged in the portable device to generate a subsonic wave and causing the above-mentioned subsonic wave to propagate along an axis towards a material arranged in the above-mentioned portable device; igniting the above-mentioned material by the above-mentioned subsonic wave to generate a supersonic wave and causing the above-mentioned supersonic wave to continue to propagate along the above-mentioned axis towards the wall section of the above-mentioned portable device; and allowing the above-mentioned supersonic wave to pass through and propagate in the above-mentioned wall section without causing the above-mentioned wall section to rupture, and after passing through the above-mentioned wall section, causing the above-mentioned supersonic wave to collide with the above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles to accelerate the above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles to a certain speed.

[0050] Another approach involves a gene gun having a propagation axis that extends at least between a pyrotechnic charge (gunpowder) and a plurality of doped metal particles. The gene gun includes: a deflagration-to-detonation material (DDT) disposed substantially along the propagation axis; a detonation output material disposed on the opposite side of the deflagration-to-detonation material as viewed from the pyrotechnic charge and substantially along the propagation axis; and a wall section separating the detonation output material from the plurality of doped metal particles.

[0051] Advantages of the Invention

[0052] According to the technology of the present application, it is possible to provide a device and method for delivering a plurality of doped metal particles to cells, in which the speed of the metal particles delivered to the cells can be higher than that of conventional technologies. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0053] Figure 1 A perspective view of an embodiment of a gene gun including a handle and an accelerator module or cartridge, which is a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The accelerator module is mounted on the handle and can be replaced after use.

[0054] Figure 2 is Figure 1 A perspective view of the distal end of the accelerator module shown, showing an ejection cylinder containing a plurality of particles.

[0055] Figure 3 is Figure 1 A perspective view of the proximal end of the accelerator module shown, showing at least one pin of a detonator for electrically connecting the accelerator module to the handle.

[0056] Figure 4 is Figure 2 A side view of the accelerator module shown, showing a cap and a base of the accelerator module fixed integrally to form a container. The container houses at least a part of the detonator and defines a chamber.

[0057] Figure 5 is Figure 2 A top view of the distal end of the accelerator module shown, showing a plurality of particles disposed in the ejection cylinder.

[0058] Figure 6 is Figure 2 A top view of the proximal end of the accelerator module shown, showing at least one pin configured to be connected to a connector of the handle.

[0059] Figure 7 is Figure 2Exploded perspective view of the accelerator module shown, showing, for example, the initiator separated from the container.

[0060] Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along Figure 4 cutting plane 8-8 of the accelerator module shown through Figure 4 and shows both the initiator and the chamber in line with the injection barrel along the axis. The wall section separates the chamber from the injection barrel.

[0061] Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view identical to Figure 8 except that at least one pin is connected to the handle and the distal end of the accelerator module is configured relative to the tissue.

[0062] Figure 10A is a partial cross-sectional view identical to Figure 9 except that it shows the steps of firing the accelerator module, which include: a supersonic shock wave passes through the wall section to accelerate a plurality of particles to be ejected from the injection barrel and pass through the tissue.

[0063] Figure 10B is a partial cross-sectional view identical to Figure 9 except that it shows the steps of firing the accelerator module, which include: a supersonic shock wave passes through the wall section to accelerate a plurality of particles to be ejected from the injection barrel and pass through the tissue.

[0064] Figure 10C is a partial cross-sectional view identical to Figure 9 except that it shows the steps of firing the accelerator module, which include: a supersonic shock wave passes through the wall section to accelerate a plurality of particles to be ejected from the injection barrel and pass through the tissue.

[0065] Figure 11 shows another embodiment of the injection barrel containing an adhesive for suppressing the fall of a plurality of particles from the injection barrel before the accelerator module is fired.

[0066] Figure 12 is a view identical to Figure 11 except that a screen is disposed across the distal end of the injection barrel.

[0067] Figure 13 is a view for explaining the propagation of energy through the accelerator module.

[0068] Symbol Explanation

[0069] 10···Gene gun

[0070] 11···Handle

[0071] 12 ··· Accelerator module

[0072] 14 ··· Main body

[0073] 16 ··· Base

[0074] 20 ··· Container

[0075] 30 ··· Initiator

[0076] 32 ··· Housing

[0077] 34 ··· Pyrotechnic charge

[0078] 44 ··· Wall section

[0079] 45 ··· Chamber

[0080] 46 ··· First part

[0081] 48 ··· First material

[0082] 50 ··· Second part

[0083] 52 ··· Second material

[0084] 54 ··· Bottom surface

[0085] 58 ··· Injection tube

[0086] 60 ··· Particle Detailed implementation manners

[0087] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present application will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that each component and their combinations in each embodiment are examples, and additions, omissions, substitutions, and other changes of the components can be appropriately made without departing from the gist of the present invention. The present application is not limited by the embodiments, but only by the claims.

[0088] As the particle delivery target to which the doped metal particles of the present application are delivered (introduced), for example, tissues can be cited, and preferably cells in the tissues. In addition, when the above particle delivery target is cells in the tissue, the above particle delivery target can be the nucleus in the cell or an organelle in the cell.

[0089] Examples of the above-mentioned tissues include animal tissues and plant tissues. Examples of the above-mentioned animals include vertebrates, specifically: mammals (mammals), birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, etc. Examples of the above-mentioned plants include seed plants, spore plants, etc. Examples of seed plants include angiosperms, gymnosperms, etc. Examples of spore plants include: ferns, mosses, algae, etc. When the tissue to which the above particles are delivered is an animal tissue, in addition to epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, etc., it may also include, for example, organs, viscera, epidermis (stratum corneum, dermis), dermis, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, etc. When the tissue to which the above particles are delivered is a plant tissue, in addition to meristematic tissue (such as apical meristem, cambium, etc.), permanent tissue (such as epidermal tissue, conducting tissue, mechanical tissue, parenchyma tissue, etc.), it may also include, for example, roots, stems, leaves, etc.

[0090] The above-mentioned particle delivery target can be any of the in vitro system, in vivo system, and ex vivo system. That is, the above-mentioned particle delivery target can be in a state existing in an individual (organism), or in a state taken out and separated from an individual (organism). The latter is the state in which the above-mentioned particle delivery target does not exist in an individual (organism). As a specific example, when the above-mentioned particle delivery target is a cell (preferably a cell in a tissue), as this cell (preferably a cell in a tissue), it can be in a manner other than the cell (preferably a cell in a tissue) existing in an individual (organism). The above-mentioned individual (organism) can be an animal individual (organism) or a plant individual (organism), and the forms of animals and plants are as described above. When the above-mentioned individual (organism) is an animal individual (organism), it is preferably an individual (organism) of a vertebrate, more preferably an individual (organism) of a mammal. There is no particular limitation on the mammal, and examples include humans, mammals other than humans, etc. Examples of humans include healthy humans, humans suffering from diseases (patients), etc. Examples of mammals other than humans include: mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, cows, goats, sheep, pigs, monkeys, dogs, cats, etc.

[0091] In addition, the accelerator module of the present application includes a container having a propagation axis, a material disposed within the container that generates a supersonic wave when ignited by a subsonic wave generated by a detonator module, and a wall section that passes through the propagation axis and separates the interior and exterior of the container. The accelerator module is configured such that a plurality of doped metal particles can be arranged in a row along the propagation axis on the outer surface of the wall section. The supersonic wave generated by the material that generates the supersonic wave propagates through the wall section and then collides with the plurality of doped metal particles, thereby accelerating the plurality of doped metal particles. The detonator module, for example, has a pyrotechnic charge (gunpowder) that is ignited and burned by receiving a supply of operating power, thereby generating deflagration as a subsonic wave. The deflagration, which is a subsonic wave generated by the detonator module, propagates along the propagation axis toward the material that generates the supersonic wave and is accommodated within the container, and the material is ignited by the deflagration that is a subsonic wave. When the material that generates the supersonic wave is ignited, a detonation (explosion) wave as a supersonic wave is generated, and the detonation wave as a supersonic wave travels along the propagation axis toward the wall section. The detonation wave (supersonic wave) that reaches the wall section propagates (passes through) inside the wall section, which is a solid, and reaches the outer surface of the wall section, where it collides with the plurality of doped metal particles arranged on the outer surface. As a result, the metal particles are imparted with acceleration energy by the detonation wave (supersonic wave), and the metal particles are ejected at high speed and delivered to the above-mentioned particle delivery target.

[0092] The pyrotechnic charge of the detonator module can be, for example, zirconium or potassium perchlorate, or a mixture thereof. Of course, the pyrotechnic charge is not limited thereto, and various gunpowders that can generate deflagration as a subsonic wave by ignition and combustion can be used. For example, the pyrotechnic charge of the present application can be suitably the pyrotechnic charge used in a detonator for inflating an automotive airbag.

[0093] In addition, there is no particular limitation on the material that generates a supersonic wave when ignited by a subsonic wave, and various dry explosives can be suitably used. The material that generates a supersonic wave when ignited by a subsonic wave can be regarded as a material for converting deflagration to detonation. The material that generates a supersonic wave when ignited by a subsonic wave can suitably contain, for example, lead azide, copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), etc. Of course, it is not limited to these, and various explosives can be used. In addition, the container of the accelerator module can contain a plurality of the above-mentioned materials that generate a supersonic wave. For example, the material that generates a supersonic wave when ignited by a subsonic wave can contain a first material and a second material and be arranged such that they are in a row along the propagation axis within the container. The first material and the second material can be different types of explosive materials or the same type of explosive material.

[0094] The wall section of the accelerator module enables the solid propagation of a detonation wave, which is a supersonic wave generated inside the container. Here, the speed of sound refers to the speed of sound propagating in a substance (medium), which varies depending on the medium. Compared with the case where the medium is a gas, the speed of sound can be significantly increased when the medium is a solid. For example, the speed of sound in stainless steel can reach several times that in helium. Of course, the material used for the wall section is not limited to stainless steel. The wall section can be formed of, for example, aluminum, other metals, or materials other than metals. The wall section formed in this way can further accelerate the detonation wave, which is a supersonic wave entering along the propagation axis, by enabling its solid propagation. Furthermore, by causing the supersonic wave (detonation wave) reaching the outer surface of the wall section to collide with metal particles, the metal particles can be ejected at supersonic speed, for example. Thus, the accelerator module of the present application and the gene gun equipped therewith provide a more practical accelerator module or gene gun by increasing the ejection speed of metal particles compared with the prior art.

[0095] Figure 1 FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a gene gun 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, including a handle 11 and an accelerator module or cartridge 12. The accelerator module 12 is mounted on the handle 11 and can be replaced after use. A specific embodiment of the gene gun 10 can be used in research institutions or medical facilities for transplanting DNA into cell nuclei. The cell nucleus can be that of a plant or an animal. For example, the cell nucleus can be that of a patient (human).

[0096] In certain specific embodiments, the accelerator module 12 includes a main body 14 and a detonator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the detonator 30 is mounted on the main body 14. For example, in certain specific embodiments, the main body 14 defines a container (most clearly shown in Figure 8 ) having a size and shape that can receive at least a part of the detonator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the main body 14 and the detonator 30 are individually assembled into a frame. The above frame is configured to fix the position of the main body 14 relative to the position of the detonator 30.

[0097] In certain specific embodiments, at least a part of the main body 14 includes a material selected at least partly based on material strength. In certain specific embodiments, the above material is selected in such a way that it can enclose the force generated by the explosion occurring inside the main body 14. Thus, the above material exhibits sufficient strength for enclosing the explosive force inside the main body 14. In certain specific embodiments, at least a part of the main body 14 includes metal. Of course, the main body 14 does not necessarily include metal and can alternatively include materials other than metal, or a combination of materials other than metal. For example, in certain specific embodiments, the main body 14 includes multiple materials.

[0098] Figure 2 shows an injection tube (release tube) 58 containing a plurality of particles 60, which is Figure 1 a perspective view of the distal end of the main body 14 of the accelerator module 12. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are doped metal particles. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 move freely towards the tissue without being hindered.

[0099] In certain specific embodiments, the main body 14 includes a wall section 44 (most clearly shown in Figure 8 ). In certain specific embodiments, the wall section 44 is a part of the main body 14 that separates the container 20 from the plurality of particles 60. In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 generates a detonation wave (explosion wave) that travels through the wall section 44 of the accelerator module 12 in parallel, but does not cause the wall section 44 to rupture.

[0100] In certain specific embodiments, the wall section 44 does not rupture when the explosion wave passes through it, so the barrier between the detonation (explosion) material and the tissue can be maintained. In certain specific embodiments, the wall section 44 of the main body 14 ruptures when the plurality of particles 60 are ejected (released) from the injection tube 58, but due to, for example, the size and shape of the rupture, the loss of pressure from the gene gun 10 is sufficiently attenuated. As a result, the plurality of particles 60 still have an initial velocity greater than the speed of sound before entering the tissue.

[0101] The detonation wave (explosion wave) travels through the wall section 44 in parallel at the speed of sound in the wall material before leaving the wall section 44 (ejected from the wall section 44). The ejected detonation wave (explosion wave) collides with the plurality of particles 60, and the detonation wave (explosion wave) accelerates the plurality of particles 60 to an initial velocity that is substantially the same as the velocity of the detonation wave (explosion wave) when it passes through the wall section 44. In contrast to the case of passing through a gas, by passing the detonation wave (explosion wave) through the wall section 44, the velocity of the detonation wave (explosion wave) increases to a value greater than the speed of sound when passing through a gas.

[0102] In certain specific embodiments, at least a part of the main body 14 in the accelerator module 12 includes a material with a high speed of sound (a material with a large speed of sound). In certain specific embodiments, the greater the speed of sound when passing through the material (the faster, the higher), the greater the initial velocity of the plurality of particles 60 ejected from the injection tube 58.

[0103] In certain specific embodiments, the wall section 44 has a thickness of 1 mm. In certain specific embodiments, the wall section 44 has a thickness of 0.5 mm. In certain specific embodiments, the wall section 44 has a thickness of 2 mm. In certain specific embodiments, the wall section 44 has a varying or non-uniform wall thickness. The present application is not limited to the recited values, and for the thickness, any other values are included. In certain specific embodiments, the material of the wall section 44 is selected at least in part based on the speed of sound through the wall section 44. In certain specific embodiments, the material of the wall section 44 is selected in such a way that the main body 14 can accelerate a plurality of particles 60 to an initial velocity sufficient for the plurality of particles 60 to penetrate (permeate) to a desired depth of tissue. Thus, the material of the wall section 44 exhibits a speed of sound sufficient for the plurality of particles 60 to reach the desired depth within the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the first part in the main body 14 comprises a material having a strength sufficient to enclose the explosive force. On the other hand, the second part in the same main body 14 comprises a material having a speed of sound sufficient to accelerate a plurality of particles 60 to a speed of sound such that the plurality of particles 60 reach the desired depth within the tissue.

[0104] Figure 3 is a view showing at least one pin 38 (electrical input portion) of the detonator 30 for electrically connecting the accelerator module 12 to the handle 11, Figure 1 a perspective view of the proximal end of the illustrated accelerator module 12. In certain specific embodiments, the accelerator module 12 can be introduced into the gene gun 10 in any desired manner. As described below, in certain specific embodiments, an electrical firing mechanism such as a detonator 30 is used to provide a firing pulse at a desired time.

[0105] Figure 4 is Figure 2 a side view of the illustrated accelerator module 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the main body 14 of the accelerator module 12 includes a base 16 and a cap 18. In other embodiments, the main body 14 is manufactured as a single integral structure. In other embodiments, the main body 14 of the accelerator module 12 is assembled from more than three structures.

[0106] In certain specific embodiments, the base 16 and the cap 18 have complementary engagement structures 22. The engagement structure 22 is configured to fix the base 16 and the cap 18 together as one body. In certain specific embodiments, the engagement structure 22 includes one or more of welding, adhesives, fasteners, mechanical locks, screws, or any other structure capable of fixing the base 16 to the cap 18. In other embodiments, instead of directly fixing the base 16 and the cap 18, a frame is used to fix the base 16 relative to the cap 18.

[0107] Figure 5 Yes Figure 2 A top view of the distal end of the accelerator module 12 shown, showing a plurality of particles 60 configured relative to the outer surface 56 of the body 14 (most clearly shown in Figure 8 ). In certain specific embodiments, the outer surface 56 is part of a concave shape of the body 14. In certain specific embodiments, the concave shape has the form of an ejection cylinder (release tube) 58. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are supported by at least the outer surface 56 of the ejection cylinder 58. In certain specific embodiments, at least a portion of the holes in the tubular (cylindrical) wall forming the ejection cylinder 58 support the plurality of particles 60.

[0108] In certain specific embodiments, the outer surface 56 is not part of a concave shape, but instead is part of a convex shape on which the plurality of particles 60 are configured. In certain specific embodiments, the outer surface 56 on which the plurality of particles 60 are configured has a planar shape.

[0109] In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are at least attached to the outer surface 56. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are configured on the outer surface 56. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are deposited (stacked) on the outer surface 56. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are randomly configured on the outer surface 56.

[0110] In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are metal particles. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 comprise small metal particles. In certain specific embodiments, each particle among the plurality of particles 60 has a size of 1 micron. In certain specific embodiments, each particle among the plurality of particles 60 has a size of 2 microns. Of course, the size of the particles among the plurality of particles 60 is not limited thereto and may be other sizes.

[0111] In certain specific embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 are spherical. In other embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 have a conical shape. In other embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 have a cylindrical shape. In other embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 have a cubic shape. In other embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 have a mixture of two or more shapes.

[0112] In certain specific embodiments, the particles of the plurality of particles 60 are homogeneous. In certain specific embodiments, the size and shape of at least some of the particles among the plurality of particles 60 are different from those of several other particles.

[0113] In certain specific embodiments, a plurality of particles 60 are made of a high-density material. For example, in certain specific embodiments, the high-density material is gold, tungsten, or other well-known high-density materials. In certain specific embodiments, for a plurality of particles 60, when accelerated to the same speed, compared with particles of lower density, it is sometimes desirable to include high-density particles that increase the kinetic energy of the plurality of particles 60.

[0114] In certain specific embodiments, a plurality of particles 60 are doped. In certain specific embodiments, the above particles are attached with a chemical substance. In certain specific embodiments, a plurality of particles 60 are coated with a chemical substance. In certain specific embodiments, the chemical substance includes DNA. In certain specific embodiments, the DNA is plasmid DNA. In certain specific embodiments, the DNA is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule. In certain specific embodiments, the doped plurality of particles 60 are particles coated with DNA and having a size smaller than that of cells. In certain specific embodiments, the DNA is chromosomal DNA.

[0115] In certain specific embodiments, the injection barrel 58 can output a plurality of particles 60 in a given direction. For example, the injection barrel 58 can output a plurality of particles 60 along the axis 28. In certain specific embodiments, the axis 28 is a propagation axis. In some embodiments, the injection barrel 58 can direct a plurality of particles 60 towards a given position on the tissue.

[0116] In certain specific embodiments, the injection barrel 58 has a certain inner diameter. In certain specific embodiments, the injection barrel 58 has an inner diameter that converges along the injection direction (spray direction). In certain specific embodiments, the injection barrel 58 has an inner diameter that diverges along the injection direction. In certain specific embodiments, the injection barrel 58 has an inner diameter that converges along the injection direction and then diverges along the injection direction.

[0117] In certain specific embodiments, the injection barrel 58 can have one or more deflection plates (vanes) formed on the inner wall of the hole of the injection barrel 58. In certain specific embodiments, the one or more deflection plates are formed to have a size and shape that makes the plurality of particles 60 ejected from the gene gun 10 straight. When the plurality of particles 60 are ejected from the injection barrel 58, the above deflection plates can reduce the turbulence of the plurality of particles 60.

[0118] In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 shoots a plurality of doped particles 60 into tissues, cells, and / or organelles. In certain specific embodiments, the shooting of the plurality of doped particles 60 is performed in vitro. In certain other specific embodiments, the shooting of the plurality of doped particles 60 is performed in vivo. In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 shoots the plurality of doped particles 60 into the cell nucleus.

[0119] When the plurality of particles 60 are shot, it is desired that the plurality of particles 60 penetrate into the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 shot by the gene gun 10 penetrate through the tissue to a desired depth within the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned desired depth is predefined. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned desired depth is determined at least in part based on the composition of the plurality of particles 60. For example, for each different accelerator module 12, the above-mentioned desired depth may be different.

[0120] Figure 6 Yes Figure 2 The top view of the proximal end of the accelerator module 12 shown shows at least one pin 38 of the detonator 30 configured to be connected to the connector 40 of the handle 11. In certain specific embodiments, at least one pin 38 includes two conductive pins. In certain specific embodiments, the two conductive pins are gold-plated. In certain specific embodiments, at least one pin 38 of the detonator 30 is electrically connected to the connector 40.

[0121] In certain specific embodiments, the detonator 30 is ignited by an electrical input. In certain specific embodiments, at least one pin 38 receives an electrical input in the form of an electrical ignition pulse. In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 includes one or more electronic components for operating the detonator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned one or more electronic components are supported by the gene gun 10.

[0122] In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned one or more electronic components are configured to generate a current for operating the detonator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned one or more electronic components include a controller. In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 has an interface for the user to activate the above-mentioned one or more electronic components to operate the detonator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned interface is a pull trigger.

[0123] In certain specific embodiments, the gene gun 10 includes an energy source for more than one electronic component. In certain specific embodiments, the energy source is supported by the handle 11. In certain specific embodiments, the energy source can be a battery. In certain specific embodiments, the battery supplies power to more than one electronic component to ignite the initiator 30.

[0124] In certain specific embodiments, the battery or other electrical energy source provides an electrical ignition pulse to the initiator 30 via the connector 40. In certain specific embodiments, the magnitude and duration of the electrical ignition pulse applied to the initiator 30 are 1.2 amperes and 2 ms. In certain specific embodiments, the magnitude and duration of the electrical ignition pulse applied to the initiator 30 are 1.75 amperes and 0.5 ms. This application is not limited to the listed values and includes any other values for the above-mentioned magnitude and duration. In certain specific embodiments, the magnitude and duration of the electrical ignition pulse applied to the initiator 30 are selected at least partially based on the operating characteristics of the initiator 30.

[0125] Figure 7 is Figure 2 FIG. shows an exploded perspective view of the accelerator module 12, showing, for example, the initiator 30 separated from the container 20. In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 can be any electrical initiator device (EED). In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 includes a pyrotechnic charge 34 (pyrotechnic output section). The pyrotechnic charge 34 is configured to generate a flame upon ignition. In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 has a housing 32. In certain specific embodiments, the housing 32 houses the pyrotechnic charge 34. In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 is an automotive initiator. Examples of automotive initiators include initiators used in automotive airbags.

[0126] In certain specific embodiments, the container 20 is formed by the base 16 and the cap 18. In certain specific embodiments, the base 16 includes at least a part of the container 20. In certain specific embodiments, the cap 18 includes at least a part of the container 20. In certain specific embodiments, at least a part of the initiator 30 is disposed within the container 20. In certain specific embodiments, the base 16 and the cap 18 are fixed together to form the container. In certain specific embodiments, after the initiator 30 is disposed within the container 20, the base 16 and the cap 18 are fixed together.

[0127] In certain specific embodiments, for the container 20, its size and shape are confirmed with respect to the size and shape of the initiator 30 in such a manner that the initiator 30 is prevented from moving relative to the container 20 when the cap 18 is fixed to the base 16. Thus, at least when the base 16 and the cap 18 are fixed integrally, the initiator 30 can be locked (fixed) within the container 20.

[0128] Figure 8 is along Figure 4 the cut surface 8-8 observed, through Figure 4 the cross-sectional view of the accelerator module 12 shown in the figure, showing both the initiator 30 and the chambers 45 arranged in a row along the axis 28 and the ejection cylinder 58. In certain specific embodiments, the chambers 45 are part of the container 20 and are configured between the initiator 30 and the bottom surface 54 of the container 20. The wall section 44 separates the chambers 45 from the ejection cylinder 58.

[0129] In certain specific embodiments, the connector 40 is structurally fixed to the main body 14. In certain specific embodiments, the main body 14 has a lip 42 configured to capture a part of the connector 40 and structurally fix the connector 40 to the main body 14. In certain specific embodiments, the user can separate or remove the connector 40 from the main body 14. For example, after using the accelerator module 12, the connector 40 can be removed from the main body 14, and the used accelerator module 12 can be removed and replaced with a new accelerator module 12.

[0130] In certain specific embodiments, the container 20 has an opening 26. In certain specific embodiments, the opening 26 is configured in the base 16. In certain specific embodiments, the opening 26 is configured between the surface of the initiator 30 and the surface of the base 16. In certain specific embodiments, at least a part of the initiator 30 passes through the opening 26 of the base 16 before the cap 18 is fixed to the base 16 to form the complete container 20.

[0131] In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 includes an impedance element 36. In certain specific embodiments, the impedance element 36 is configured relative to the housing 32. In certain specific embodiments, an electrical ignition pulse applied to the initiator 30 heats the impedance element 36 within the initiator 30. In certain embodiments, the impedance element 36 is sufficiently heated by the electrical ignition pulse and ignites the pyrotechnic charge (gunpowder) 34 within the housing 32. In certain specific embodiments, the pyrotechnic charge 34 is a mixture of zirconium and potassium perchlorate. In certain specific embodiments, the pyrotechnic charge 34 is a single material or a mixture with other materials.

[0132] In certain specific embodiments, the housing 32 is made of metal. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned metal is stainless steel. Of course, in addition to stainless steel, the housing 32 can also be made of any other metal. In certain specific embodiments, the above-mentioned metal is aluminum. In certain specific embodiments, the housing 32 is made of a polymer. In certain specific embodiments, for the material and thickness of the housing 32, it is selected in such a way that the material ruptures in response to the ignited pyrotechnic charge 34. The rupture of the housing 32 enables the flame to escape from the housing 32 and move or propagate towards the chamber 45 along the axis 28 at subsonic speed.

[0133] In certain specific embodiments, the flame escaping from the housing 32 ignites the material in the chamber 45. After the pyrotechnic charge 34 is ignited, the pressure released by the pyrotechnic charge 34 in the housing 32 destroys the housing 32, and deflagration propagates along the axis 28 at subsonic speed to ignite the material in the chamber 45.

[0134] In certain specific embodiments, the accelerator module 12 includes a seal 24. In certain specific embodiments, the seal 24 is a gasket, an O-ring, or other suitable structure. In certain specific embodiments, the seal 24 is disposed between one or more surfaces of the main body 14 and one or more surfaces of the initiator 30. In certain specific embodiments, the seal 24 is disposed within the opening 26. In certain specific embodiments, when the initiator 30 is ignited, the seal 24 inhibits the leakage of the flame escaping from the housing 32 through the opening 26 to the connector 40. In certain specific embodiments, the seal 24 inhibits the leakage of the material that has exploded in the chamber 45 through the opening 26 to the connector 40 when ignited by the flame escaping from the housing 32 through rupture.

[0135] In certain specific embodiments, the material in the chamber 45 is selected in such a way that a detonation wave is generated when the material is ignited by the flame caused by the ignition of the pyrotechnic charge 34. In certain specific embodiments, the detonation wave travels at a speed greater than the speed of sound.

[0136] In certain specific embodiments, in order to achieve the desired detonation wave from the chamber 45, the overall speed of the pyrotechnic reaction, which is initially a subsonic deflagration caused by the ignition of the pyrotechnic charge 34, is increased to greater than the speed of sound by the explosion of the material in the chamber 45. In certain specific embodiments, one or more materials are disposed in the chamber 45 in order to generate the desired detonation wave.

[0137] For example, in certain specific embodiments, the above materials include deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) materials and detonating output materials. In certain specific embodiments, each of the above materials is disposed in at least a part of the chamber 45. In certain specific embodiments, the above materials are one or more of lead azide, copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Of course, the present application is not limited to the listed materials or combinations of materials, and other materials or combinations of materials that can generate a desired detonation (explosion) wave can be used.

[0138] In certain specific embodiments, the above materials at least include a first material 48 and a second material 52. The first material 48 and the second material 52 can be respectively disposed in a first part 46 and a second part 50 of the chamber 45. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is separated from the second material 52 within the chamber 45. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 contacts the second material 52 at an interface. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is separated from the second material 52 by a barrier. In certain specific embodiments, the above barrier is a temporary barrier between the first material 48 and the second material 52. For example, after the first material 48 is ignited, the above barrier ruptures. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is disposed around the outer periphery of the second material 52. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 and the second material 52 form a mixture within the chamber 45.

[0139] In certain specific embodiments, the interface between the first material 48 and the second material 52 is disposed perpendicular to the axis 28. In certain specific embodiments, the position of the above interface promotes the propagation of a detonation (explosion) wave along the axis 28 toward the wall section 44. In certain specific embodiments, the above interface is not disposed perpendicular to the axis 28. In certain specific embodiments, the size of the contact area between the first material 48 and the second material 52 is selected in a manner that promotes the explosion of the second material 52 caused by the first material 48. In certain specific embodiments, the above interface can be smooth. In certain specific embodiments, the above interface can be bumpy.

[0140] In the illustrated embodiment, the first part 46 is disposed closer to the initiator 30 than the second part 50. In the illustrated embodiment, the second part 50 is disposed between the first part 46 and the wall section 44.

[0141] In certain specific embodiments, the ratio of the first material 48 to the second material 52 is 50 / 50. Of course, other ratios are also within the scope of the present application. For example, in certain specific embodiments, the ratio of the first material 48 to the second material 52 is 40 / 60. For example, in certain specific embodiments, the ratio of the first material 48 to the second material 52 is 60 / 40.

[0142] In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a dry explosive. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a lead azide material. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1) material.

[0143] In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is a detonation output material. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is a dry explosive. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). In certain specific embodiments, the detonation wave generated by PETN travels at a speed greater than the speed of sound. In certain specific embodiments, the detonation (explosion) wave generated by PETN generates the same detonation (explosion) wave within the wall section 44.

[0144] In certain specific embodiments, the detonation (explosion) wave persists after passing through the wall section 44 and imparts velocity to a plurality of particles 60 disposed relative to the outer surface 56 of the main body 14. Then, the detonation (explosion) wave shoots (releases) the plurality of particles 60 from the main body 14 at an initial speed exceeding the speed of sound. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are shot out at the same initial speed as the detonation (explosion) wave passing through the wall section 44.

[0145] Figure 9 Except that at least one pin 38 is connected to the connector 40 of the handle 11 and the distal end of the accelerator module 12 is disposed relative to the tissue, it is the same cross-sectional view as Figure 8 the same. Figure 10A -C Except that it shows the step of igniting the accelerator module 12, it is the same partial cross-sectional view as Figure 9 the same, and the step of igniting the accelerator module 12 includes: a supersonic shock wave passes through the wall section 44, accelerating a plurality of particles 60 to shoot them out from the ejection cylinder 58 and pass through the tissue.

[0146] Figure 10AIllustrated is that the initiator 30 operates (ignites) through an electrical input. In certain specific embodiments, at least one pin 38 receives an electrical input in the form of an electrical ignition pulse. The initiator 30 includes a pyrotechnic charge 34. The pyrotechnic charge 34 generates a flame upon ignition. After the pyrotechnic charge 34 is ignited, the pressure released by the pyrotechnic charge 34 within the housing 32 ruptures the housing 32, enabling deflagration to propagate subsonically along the axis 28 towards the first material 48 within the chamber 45. The deflagration caused by the pyrotechnic charge 34 generates a subsonic flame to be propagated. Thus, the subsonic flame moves towards the chamber 45.

[0147] Figure 10B Illustrated is the deflagration that escapes and ignites the first material 48 within the chamber 45. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material. After being ignited, the first material 48 transitions (changes) from deflagration to detonation (explosion). While the first material 48 is ignited by the subsonic flame, the subsonic flame ultimately transitions to detonation (explosion). Thus, the subsonic flame entering the first material 48 leaves the first material 48 in the form of a supersonic flame. The front surface of the flame accelerates to become a supersonic flame propagating towards the second material 52. Along with the transition from flame (deflagration) to detonation (explosion), the pressure increases. The detonation (explosion) that causes the supersonic wave generates a powerful pressure wave that travels ahead of the propagating flame and raises the temperature of the first material above the autoignition temperature of the first material 48.

[0148] Figure 10C Illustrated is the detonation (explosion) of the second material 52 caused by the detonation (explosion) of the first material 48. In certain specific embodiments, the detonation (explosion) wave generated by the second material 52 travels at a speed greater than the speed of sound. The detonation (explosion) wave generated by the second material 52 generates the same detonation (explosion) wave within the wall section 44. After passing through the wall section 44, the detonation (explosion) wave continues and imparts velocity to a plurality of particles 60 disposed relative to the outer surface 56 of the main body 14. Then, the detonation (explosion) wave ejects (releases) the plurality of particles 60 from the main body 14 at an initial velocity exceeding the speed of sound.

[0149] Hereinafter, a method for manufacturing the accelerator module 12 will be described. Of course, other methods including more or fewer steps and / or different orders of steps are also within the scope of the present application.

[0150] In certain specific embodiments, the method for manufacturing the accelerator module 12 begins by providing a base 16. The base 16 includes a chamber 45 partially formed by a bottom surface 54. The bottom surface 54 is separated from the outer surface 56 by a wall section 45. The distal end of the injection barrel 58 is configured to be disposed relative to the tissue. In certain specific embodiments, the injection barrel 58 is configured to support a plurality of particles 60.

[0151] The second material 52 is loaded into the second part 50 of the chamber 45. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 contacts the bottom surface 54. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is a detonation output material. In certain specific embodiments, the second material 52 is a dry explosive. In a specific embodiment, the second material 52 is pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). In certain specific embodiments, in order to achieve a desired degree of compression, the second material 52 is pressed against the bottom surface 54 of the chamber 45 with a necessary pressure.

[0152] The first material 48 is the first part 46 of the chamber 45 and is loaded on top of the second material 52. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 contacts the second material 52. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a deflagration-to-detonation transition material. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is a dry explosive. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is lead azide. In certain specific embodiments, the first material 48 is copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1). In certain specific embodiments, in order to achieve a desired degree of compression, the first material 48 is pressed against the second material 52 within the chamber 45 with a necessary pressure. Of course, in order to achieve a desired degree of compression, instead of pressing the first material 48 alone, the first material 48 and the second material 52 can be simultaneously pressed into the chamber 45.

[0153] Next, the initiator 30 is installed in the opening 26 of the base 16. In certain specific embodiments, at least a part of the housing 32 is disposed within the chamber 45 in the container 20. In certain specific embodiments, the housing 32 is disposed close to the first material 48.

[0154] In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 is installed in the opening 26 of the base 16 together with the sealing material 24. In certain specific embodiments, the sealing material 24 is a gasket or an O-ring. In certain specific embodiments, the initiator 30 is held in a given position by installing a cap 18. In certain specific embodiments, the cap 18 has a thread complementary to the thread of the base 16.

[0155] A plurality of particles 60 are provided within the injection cylinder 58. When the gene gun 10 is used with the injection cylinder 58 facing upward, the plurality of particles 60 are poured onto the exposed body 14 and can be held on the outer surface 56 of the body 14 by gravity. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are poured onto the outer surface 56 of the body 14 within the injection cylinder 58.

[0156] In certain specific embodiments, in order to use the gene gun 10 in any orientation, a plurality of particles 60 are held at a given position relative to the outer surface 56 of the main body 14. Thus, the detonation (explosion) wave emitted from the wall section 45 can be transmitted to the plurality of particles 60.

[0157] Figure 11 Another embodiment is shown of the ejection cylinder 58 containing an adhesive 62 for suppressing the fall of a plurality of particles 60 from the ejection cylinder 58 before the accelerator module 12 is fired. The adhesive 62 holds the plurality of particles 60 at a given position relative to the outer surface 56. In certain specific embodiments, after the gene gun 10 is operated, a plurality of particles 60 remain, the adhesive 62 breaks and / or evaporates, and can continue to travel at the speed of the detonation (explosion) wave. In certain specific embodiments, the density of the adhesive 62 is lower than that of the plurality of particles 60, and it disperses or decelerates rapidly. Thus, the adhesive 62 does not impede the movement of the plurality of particles 60.

[0158] Figure 12 Except that a screen (cover) 64 is disposed across and fixed to the distal end of the ejection cylinder 58, it is Figure 11 the same. In the illustrated embodiment, the adhesive 62 is held on the screen 64. In certain specific embodiments, the screen 64 has a plurality of pores. In certain specific embodiments, the plurality of pores are micropores. In certain specific embodiments, the screen 64 has a fine mesh that enables the plurality of particles 60 to pass through the pores of the screen 64 without being impeded.

[0159] Figure 13 This is a drawing illustrating a method of propagating energy through the accelerator module 12. This method uses a portable device such as the gene gun 10 to deliver (introduce) a plurality of particles 60 into cells in tissue. This method starts in step 1302 by igniting a pyrotechnic charge 34 disposed within the portable device in order to generate a flame (deflagration) traveling in the form of a subsonic wave. In certain specific embodiments, at least one pin 38 receives an electrical input in the form of an electrical ignition pulse. The pyrotechnic charge 34 generates a flame when ignited. After the pyrotechnic charge 34 is ignited, the pressure released by the pyrotechnic charge 34 within the housing 32 ruptures the housing 32, enabling the deflagration to propagate subsonically along the axis 28 towards the first material 48 within the chamber 45. The deflagration caused by the pyrotechnic charge 34 generates a subsonic flame to be propagated. Thus, the subsonic flame propagates along the axis 28 towards the materials 48, 52 disposed within the chamber 45.

[0160] Next, in step 1304, to generate a supersonic wave, materials 48 and 52 are ignited by a flame. In a particular embodiment, the first material 48 is a deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) material. After being ignited, the first material 48 transitions from deflagration to detonation (explosion). During the ignition of the first material 48 by a subsonic flame, the subsonic flame ultimately transitions to detonation (explosion). The flame front accelerates and becomes a supersonic flame propagating in the second material 52.

[0161] Next, in step 1306, the supersonic wave continues to propagate along axis 28 towards the wall section 45 of the portable device. In step 1308, the method continues by passing the supersonic wave through and propagating in the wall section 45 without rupturing the wall section 45. In this method, after the supersonic wave passes through the wall section 45, the supersonic wave is made to collide with a plurality of particles 60 to accelerate the plurality of particles 60 to a certain speed, thereby proceeding to step 1310. Thus, the detonation (explosion) wave ejects the plurality of particles 60 from the main body 14 at an initial speed exceeding the speed of sound.

[0162] In certain particular embodiments, the method further includes causing the plurality of particles 60 to penetrate into the tissue. In certain particular embodiments, the method further includes causing the plurality of particles 60 to penetrate the cells of the tissue. In certain particular embodiments, the above speed is supersonic. In some embodiments, the supersonic speed exceeds the speed of sound in hydrogen. In certain particular embodiments, the materials 48 and 52 are one or more of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) materials and detonation output materials. In certain particular embodiments, the plurality of particles 60 are in contact with the outer surface 56 of the portable device and are substantially aligned (arranged in a row) with the axis 28.

[0163] Regarding the above embodiments, the following remarks are further shown.

[0164] (Remark 1)

[0165] An accelerator module is configured to be connected to a detonator module and generate a supersonic wave from a subsonic wave generated by the detonator module, wherein,

[0166] The above supersonic wave is configured to deliver particles into the cells within the tissue,

[0167] The above accelerator module includes:

[0168] A main body having a propagation axis and defining a container having a bottom surface, wherein the container includes a first part and a second part disposed between the first part and the bottom surface;

[0169] A first material disposed in the first part;

[0170] The second material disposed in the above-mentioned second part;

[0171] A wall section at least partially defined between the bottom surface of the above-mentioned container and the outer surface of the above-mentioned main body; and

[0172] A plurality of doped metal particles in contact with the outer surface of the above-mentioned main body and substantially aligned with the bottom surface along the above-mentioned propagation axis,

[0173] The above-mentioned first material and the above-mentioned second material are configured to generate a supersonic wave by being ignited by the above-mentioned subsonic wave generated by the above-mentioned initiator module, and the above-mentioned supersonic wave is configured to pass through the above-mentioned wall section and accelerate the above-mentioned plurality of doped metal particles to a certain speed.

[0174] (Appendix 2)

[0175] The accelerator module according to Appendix 1, wherein the above-mentioned speed is supersonic.

[0176] (Appendix 3)

[0177] The accelerator module according to Appendix 1 or 2, wherein the above-mentioned speed is a speed sufficient to penetrate the above-mentioned cells in the above-mentioned tissue.

[0178] (Appendix 4)

[0179] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 1 to 3, wherein the above-mentioned first material is a deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) material.

[0180] (Appendix 5)

[0181] The accelerator module according to Appendix 4, wherein the above-mentioned deflagration-to-detonation transition material contains dry explosive.

[0182] (Appendix 6)

[0183] The accelerator module according to Appendix 4 or 5, wherein the above-mentioned deflagration-to-detonation transition material contains lead azide.

[0184] (Appendix 7)

[0185] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 4 to 6, wherein the above-mentioned deflagration-to-detonation transition material contains copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1).

[0186] (Appendix 8)

[0187] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 1 to 7, wherein the above-mentioned second material is a detonation output material.

[0188] (Appendix 9)

[0189] The accelerator module according to Note 8, wherein the detonation output material is dry explosive.

[0190] (Note 10)

[0191] The accelerator module according to Note 8 or 9, wherein the detonation output material contains pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

[0192] (Note 11)

[0193] The accelerator module according to any one of Notes 1 to 10, wherein the wall section contains stainless steel.

[0194] (Note 12)

[0195] The accelerator module according to any one of Notes 1 to 11, wherein the main body has the wall section.

[0196] (Note 13)

[0197] The accelerator module according to any one of Notes 1 to 12, wherein the material of the wall section is selected in such a way that the wall section does not break when the supersonic wave passes through.

[0198] (Note 14)

[0199] The accelerator module according to any one of Notes 1 to 13, wherein the thickness of the wall section is selected in such a way that the wall section does not break when the supersonic wave passes through.

[0200] (Note 15)

[0201] The accelerator module according to any one of Notes 1 to 14, wherein the main body has a base and a cap, and the cap is fixed to the base and forms at least a part of the container between the base and the cap.

[0202] (Note 16)

[0203] The accelerator module according to Note 15, wherein the container is further configured to receive at least a part of the initiator module when the cap is not fixed to the base, and the container is configured to fix the initiator module to the main body when the cap is fixed to the base.

[0204] (Note 17)

[0205] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 1 to 16, wherein the main body includes an opening facing the container, and the opening has a size and shape through which a part of the initiator module passes when the initiator module is connected to the accelerator module.

[0206] (Appendix 18)

[0207] The accelerator module according to Appendix 17, wherein a part of the initiator module is at least one electric pin.

[0208] (Appendix 19)

[0209] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 1 to 18, wherein the main body has an ejection cylinder disposed on the opposite side of the wall section when viewed from the container, the ejection cylinder is aligned with the propagation axis, and the plurality of doped metal particles are disposed in the ejection cylinder.

[0210] (Appendix 20)

[0211] The accelerator module according to Appendix 19, wherein the ejection cylinder is a linear cylinder, and the cross section of the ejection cylinder has the same size as the cross section of the container.

[0212] (Appendix 21)

[0213] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 1 to 20, wherein the accelerator module is a component of a gene gun.

[0214] (Appendix 22)

[0215] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 1 to 21, wherein the first part and the second part are aligned along the propagation axis.

[0216] (Appendix 23)

[0217] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 1 to 22, wherein the bottom surface is perpendicular to the propagation axis.

[0218] (Appendix 24)

[0219] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 1 to 23, further comprising an adhesive disposed on at least a part of the outer surface of the main body, and the plurality of doped metal particles are suspended in the adhesive.

[0220] (Appendix 25)

[0221] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 1 to 24, further comprising:

[0222] A screen fixed to the main body at positions covering the plurality of doped metal particles; and

[0223] An adhesive disposed on the screen to inhibit the plurality of doped metal particles from passing through the screen in a state where there is no supersonic wave.

[0224] (Appendix 26)

[0225] According to the accelerator module described in any one of Appendices 1 to 25, it further includes a sealing material, and the container is further configured to receive at least a part of the initiator module, and the sealing material is disposed in the container to form a seal with the initiator module.

[0226] (Appendix 27)

[0227] According to the accelerator module described in any one of Appendices 1 to 26, the particles of the plurality of doped metal particles have a diameter of about 1 micron.

[0228] (Appendix 28)

[0229] According to the accelerator module described in any one of Appendices 1 to 27, the plurality of doped metal particles contain gold.

[0230] (Appendix 29)

[0231] According to the accelerator module described in any one of Appendices 1 to 28, the plurality of doped metal particles contain tungsten.

[0232] (Appendix 30)

[0233] According to the accelerator module described in any one of Appendices 1 to 29, the plurality of doped metal particles contain a chemical substance.

[0234] (Appendix 31)

[0235] According to the accelerator module described in Appendix 30, the chemical substance is DNA.

[0236] (Appendix 32)

[0237] According to the accelerator module described in any one of Appendices 1 to 31, the initiator module is an electrical initiator device (EED).

[0238] (Appendix 33)

[0239] According to the accelerator module described in Appendix 32, the electrical initiator device (EED) includes an electrical input part and a pyrotechnic output part.

[0240] (Appendix 34)

[0241] The accelerator module according to Note 33, wherein the pyrotechnic output part is a mixture of zirconium and potassium perchlorate.

[0242] (Note 35)

[0243] The accelerator module according to Note 33 or 34, wherein the electro - explosive device (EED) has a housing, and the pyrotechnic output part is disposed within the housing.

[0244] (Note 36)

[0245] The accelerator module according to Note 35, wherein the housing is made of metal.

[0246] (Note 37)

[0247] An accelerator module, comprising:

[0248] A main body having a propagation axis and defining a container with a bottom surface, wherein the propagation axis passes through the bottom surface;

[0249] A material disposed within the container and configured to at least partially generate a detonation wave traveling at supersonic speed;

[0250] A wall section at least partially defined between the bottom surface of the container and the outer surface of the main body, the wall section having dimensions that allow the detonation wave to pass through and travel without breaking; and

[0251] A plurality of doped metal particles disposed on the opposite side of the wall section as viewed from the container and substantially aligned with the propagation axis.

[0252] (Note 38)

[0253] The accelerator module according to Note 37, wherein the plurality of doped metal particles are in contact with the outer surface of the main body.

[0254] (Note 39)

[0255] The accelerator module according to Note 37 or 38, wherein the propagation axis is perpendicular to the bottom surface.

[0256] (Note 40)

[0257] The accelerator module according to any one of Notes 37 to 39, wherein the material contains deflagration - to - detonation transition material (DDT).

[0258] (Note 41)

[0259] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 37 to 40, wherein the above material includes a detonation output material.

[0260] (Appendix 42)

[0261] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 37 to 41, wherein the above container includes a first part and a second part, the second part is disposed between the first part and the bottom surface, the above material includes a first material and a second material, the first material is disposed in the first part, and the second material is disposed in the second part.

[0262] (Appendix 43)

[0263] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 37 to 42, wherein the above accelerator module is configured to be connected to a detonator module, and the detonator module is configured to ignite the above material by a subsonic wave.

[0264] (Appendix 44)

[0265] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 37 to 43, wherein the above detonation wave accelerates the plurality of doped metal particles after passing through the above wall section.

[0266] (Appendix 45)

[0267] A method for delivering a plurality of doped metal particles to cells (preferably cells in tissues. Additionally, it is also preferably a method for cells (preferably cells in tissues) excluding the state of existing in a human individual (organism). Furthermore, it is also preferably a method for cells (preferably cells in tissues) excluding the state of existing in an animal individual (organism)) using a portable device, the method comprising:

[0268] Igniting the pyrotechnic charge disposed in the above portable device to generate a subsonic wave, and causing the subsonic wave to propagate along the axis towards the material disposed in the above portable device;

[0269] Igniting the above material by the above subsonic wave to generate a supersonic wave, and causing the supersonic wave to continue to propagate along the above axis towards the wall section of the above portable device; and

[0270] Allowing the supersonic wave to pass through and propagate in the above wall section without causing the above wall section to rupture, and causing the supersonic wave to collide with the above plurality of doped metal particles after passing through the above wall section to accelerate the above plurality of doped metal particles to a certain speed.

[0271] (Appendix 46)

[0272] The method according to Note 45 further includes:

[0273] Using the plurality of doped metal particles to penetrate the tissue.

[0274] (Note 47)

[0275] The method according to Note 46 further includes:

[0276] Causing the plurality of doped metal particles to penetrate into the cells of the tissue.

[0277] (Note 48)

[0278] The method according to any one of Notes 45 to 47, wherein the above speed is supersonic.

[0279] (Note 49)

[0280] The method according to Note 48, wherein the above supersonic speed is a speed exceeding the speed of sound in hydrogen.

[0281] (Note 50)

[0282] The method according to any one of Notes 45 to 49, wherein the above material is a deflagration-to-detonation transition material (DDT).

[0283] (Note 51)

[0284] The method according to any one of Notes 45 to 50, wherein the above material is a detonation output material.

[0285] (Note 52)

[0286] The method according to any one of Notes 45 to 51, wherein the plurality of doped metal particles are in contact with the outer surface of the portable device and are substantially aligned with the above axis.

[0287] (Note 53)

[0288] A gene gun having at least a propagation axis extending between a pyrotechnic charge and a plurality of doped metal particles,

[0289] wherein the gene gun includes:

[0290] A deflagration-to-detonation transition material (DDT) disposed substantially along the above propagation axis;

[0291] A detonation output material disposed on the opposite side of the deflagration-to-detonation transition material (DDT) when viewed from the above pyrotechnic charge and substantially along the above propagation axis; and

[0292] A wall section that separates the above-described detonation output material from the above-described plurality of doped metal particles.

[0293] (Supplementary Note 54)

[0294] The gene gun according to Supplementary Note 53, wherein the wall section has a size that does not break in response to the explosion of the detonation output material.

[0295] (Supplementary Note 55)

[0296] An accelerator module that is connected to a detonator module and is used to deliver a plurality of doped metal particles to cells in tissue,

[0297] The accelerator module includes:

[0298] A main body having a propagation axis and defining a container with a bottom surface;

[0299] A material disposed within the container that generates a supersonic wave by being ignited by the subsonic wave generated by the detonator module; and

[0300] A wall section that passes through the propagation axis and separates the interior of the container from the exterior,

[0301] On the outer surface of the wall section, a plurality of doped metal particles can be arranged in a row along the propagation axis,

[0302] The supersonic wave generated by the supersonic wave generating material propagates through the wall section and collides with the plurality of doped metal particles, thereby accelerating the plurality of doped metal particles.

[0303] (Supplementary Note 56)

[0304] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 55, wherein the supersonic wave generating material generates a detonation wave traveling at supersonic speed by being ignited by the subsonic wave.

[0305] (Supplementary Note 57)

[0306] The accelerator module according to Supplementary Note 55 or 56, wherein the supersonic wave generating material is dry explosive.

[0307] (Supplementary Note 58)

[0308] The accelerator module according to any one of Supplementary Notes 55 to 57, wherein the bottom surface is perpendicular to the propagation axis.

[0309] (Supplementary Note 59)

[0310] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 55 to 58, wherein the wall section is configured so as not to break when the supersonic wave passes therethrough.

[0311] (Appendix 60)

[0312] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 55 to 59, wherein the main body includes an ejection cylinder that is disposed on the opposite side of the wall section when viewed from the container, the ejection cylinder is aligned with the propagation axis, and the plurality of doped metal particles are disposed in the ejection cylinder.

[0313] (Appendix 61)

[0314] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 55 to 60, wherein

[0315] the container includes a first part and a second part disposed between the first part and the bottom surface,

[0316] the material includes a first material disposed in the first part and a second material disposed in the second part.

[0317] (Appendix 62)

[0318] The accelerator module according to Appendix 61, wherein the first part and the second part are aligned along the propagation axis.

[0319] (Appendix 63)

[0320] The accelerator module according to Appendix 61 or 62, wherein the first material is a deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material.

[0321] (Appendix 64)

[0322] The accelerator module according to Appendix 63, wherein the deflagration-detonation transition (DDT) material includes at least any one of lead azide and copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1).

[0323] (Appendix 65)

[0324] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 61 to 64, wherein the second material is a detonation output material.

[0325] (Appendix 66)

[0326] The accelerator module according to Appendix 65, wherein the detonation output material includes pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

[0327] (Appendix 67)

[0328] The accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 55 to 66, wherein the detonator module has a pyrotechnic charge, and the pyrotechnic charge is ignited to generate the subsonic wave.

[0329] (Appendix 68)

[0330] A gene gun comprising the accelerator module according to any one of Appendices 55 to 67.

[0331] (Appendix 69)

[0332] A method for delivering a plurality of doped metal particles to cells (preferably cells in a tissue. Additionally, it is also preferably in a manner that excludes the state of existing in a human individual (organism) (preferably cells in a tissue). Furthermore, it is also preferably in a manner that excludes the state of existing in an animal individual (organism) (preferably cells in a tissue)) using a portable device, the method comprising:

[0333] Igniting a pyrotechnic charge disposed within the portable device to generate a subsonic wave, and causing the subsonic wave to propagate along an axis towards a material disposed within the portable device;

[0334] Igniting the material by the subsonic wave to generate a supersonic wave, and causing the supersonic wave to continue propagating along the axis towards a wall section of the portable device; and

[0335] Causing the supersonic wave to pass through and propagate in the wall section, and after passing through the wall section, causing the supersonic wave to collide with the plurality of doped metal particles to accelerate the plurality of doped metal particles.

[0336] <Terms>

[0337] Although specific embodiments and examples are disclosed in this specification, the subject matter of the present invention extends beyond the embodiments in the specifically disclosed embodiments and also covers other alternative embodiments and / or uses, as well as their modifications and equivalents. Accordingly, the scope of the claims appended to this specification is not limited by any of the specific embodiments described above. For example, in any method or process disclosed in this specification, the operations or steps (operations) of the method or process may be carried out in any suitable order and are not necessarily limited to the specific disclosed order. Although various steps (operations) may be described sequentially as individual steps (operations) in a manner that aids in understanding a particular embodiment, this order of description should not be construed as implying that these steps (operations) are dependent on the order. In addition, the structures, systems, and / or devices described in this specification may be embodied in the form of integrated elements or in the form of separate elements. To compare various embodiments, specific aspects and advantages of these embodiments are described. Thus, for example, for various embodiments, they may be implemented in a manner that achieves one aspect, advantage, or set of advantages taught in this specification or optimizes them, without necessarily achieving other aspects or advantages that may be taught or suggested in this specification.

[0338] It should be understood that features, materials, properties, or combinations thereof described in connection with a particular aspect, embodiment, or example may also be applicable to them as long as they are interchangeable with any other aspect, embodiment, or example described in this section or other parts of this specification. For all features (including the appended claims, abstract, and drawings) disclosed in this specification, and / or for all steps of any method or process so disclosed, they can be combined in any combination, except when at least a portion of such features and / or steps are mutually exclusive. It is not possible to achieve all such aspects or advantages through a particular embodiment. For example, one or more features include: 1) a combination of DDT and PETN, 2) a pyrotechnic charge (gunpowder), DDT disposed downstream of the pyrotechnic charge, and PETN disposed downstream of DDT, 3) an accelerator module configured to receive a detonator module, 4) a wall section separating doped metal particles from the detonation output material, 5) a detonation (explosion) wave passing through the wall section without damaging the wall section, 6) doped metal particles achieving a speed exceeding the speed of sound, 7) doped metal particles disposed downstream of the detonation (explosion) wave, and / or 8) using deflagration to ignite the detonation (explosion) wave. Accordingly, the protection is not limited to the details of the above embodiments. The protection relates to any new feature, or any new combination, or any new step of any method or process so disclosed, or any new combination, in this specification (including the appended claims, abstract, and drawings).

[0339] Further, in the context of individual embodiments, the specific features recited in this application can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, the various features recited in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented individually or in any suitable sub-combination in multiple embodiments. Additionally, although the features may be described as acting in a particular combination as above, one or more features from the claimed combination may, depending on circumstances, be deleted from the combination, and the combination may be claimed in the form of a sub-combination or a variation of a sub-combination.

[0340] Further, the operations may be illustrated in the drawings or described in a particular order in this specification, but in order to achieve the desired result, such operations need not be performed in the particular order shown or in a sequential order. Other operations not illustrated or described may be introduced into the example methods and processes. For example, one or more additional operations may be performed before, after, simultaneously with, or between the illustrated operations. Additionally, the operations may be reconfigured or reordered in other embodiments. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that in some embodiments, the actual steps taken in the illustrated and / or disclosed processes may sometimes differ from those shown. Depending on the embodiment, some of the above steps may be omitted, or other steps may be added. Moreover, the features and characteristics of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combined in different ways when forming additional embodiments, all of which are within the scope of this application. Additionally, the separation of the various system elements in the above embodiments should not be understood as required in all embodiments, but rather it should be understood that the elements and systems described can generally be integrated into a single product or packaged into multiple products.

[0341] To achieve the objectives of this application, this specification has described in a particular manner, advantages, and novel features. Not all such advantages may be achieved by a particular embodiment. Thus, for example, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the application or implementation of this application may be achieved by a method that will achieve one advantage or a group of advantages taught in this specification but not necessarily other advantages that may be taught or suggested in this specification.

[0342] For the purposes of illustration, the term "horizontal" as used in this specification is defined as a plane parallel to the plane or surface of the floor or ground of the area in which the described apparatus is used or the described method is performed, regardless of its orientation. The term "floor" may be interchanged with the term "ground". The term "vertical" is defined as a direction perpendicular to the horizontal, as so defined. Terms such as "above", "below", "bottom", "top", "side", "higher", "lower", "upper", "over" and "under" are defined with respect to the horizontal plane.

[0343] In particular, for conditional terms such as "can", "could", "might, may", "e.g." used in this specification, unless otherwise stated or unless understood to have a different meaning within the context of use, they are generally intended to mean that a particular embodiment includes a particular feature, element and / or step, but not other embodiments. Thus, such conditional terms generally do not indicate that a feature, element, and / or step is required in any form in one or more embodiments; or that these features, elements, and / or steps are included in any particular embodiment or necessarily include the logic for determining whether to implement in any particular embodiment, regardless of other inputs or indications in one or more embodiments. Terms such as "comprise", "include", "have" are synonyms and are used in an open-ended, inclusive manner, not excluding additional elements, features, acts, operations, etc. In addition, the term "or" is used in an inclusive sense (rather than an exclusive sense), so that, for example, when used to connect a list of elements, the term "or" means one, several, or all of the elements in the list.

[0344] Unless otherwise stated, a conjunction such as the statement "at least one of X, Y and Z" is understood separately from the context in which it is commonly used to indicate that an article, term, etc. can be any one of X, Y or Z. Thus, such a conjunction generally does not indicate that a particular embodiment requires the presence of at least one X, at least one Y, and at least one Z.

[0345] As used in this specification, "about", "approximately", "generally", "substantially" and other such "terms of degree" used in this specification mean values, amounts or characteristics that are close to the recited values, amounts or characteristics and still achieve the desired function or obtain the desired result. For example, terms such as "about", "approximately", "generally" and "substantially" sometimes refer to amounts within a range of less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, less than 0.1%, and less than 0.01% of the recited amount. As another example, in certain embodiments, the terms "generally parallel" and "substantially parallel" mean values, amounts, or characteristics that deviate from perfect parallelism by only 15 degrees, 10 degrees, 5 degrees, 3 degrees, 1 degree, 0.1 degree or less.

[0346] Those skilled in the art should understand that although the gene gun is disclosed in the context of specific embodiments and examples, the gene gun extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and / or uses of the embodiments, as well as variations and equivalents thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the gene gun disclosed in this specification should not be limited by the above specifically disclosed embodiments, but should be determined only by a fair reading of the appended claims.

[0347] The various aspects disclosed in this specification may also be combined with any other features disclosed in this specification.

Claims

1. An accelerator module, which is connected to a detonator module and is used to deliver particles of a plurality of doped metal particles to cells within tissue. The accelerator module includes: A main body having a propagation axis and defining a container with a bottom surface; A material disposed within the container that generates a supersonic wave when ignited by the subsonic wave generated by the detonator module; and A wall section that passes through the propagation axis and separates the interior of the container from the exterior. On the outer surface of the wall section, a plurality of doped metal particles can be arranged in a row along the propagation axis. The supersonic wave generated by the material that generates the supersonic wave propagates through the wall section and then collides with the plurality of doped metal particles, thereby accelerating the plurality of doped metal particles. The container includes a first part and a second part disposed between the first part and the bottom surface. The material includes a first material disposed in the first part and a second material disposed in the second part. A gap is formed between the housing of the detonator module and the first material.

2. The accelerator module according to claim 1, wherein The material that generates the supersonic wave generates a detonation wave that travels at supersonic speed when ignited by the subsonic wave.

3. The accelerator module according to claim 1 or 2, wherein The material that generates the supersonic wave is dry explosive.

4. The accelerator module according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein The bottom surface is perpendicular to the propagation axis.

5. The accelerator module according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein The wall section is constructed in such a way that it does not break when the supersonic wave passes through.

6. The accelerator module according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein The main body includes an ejection cylinder disposed on the opposite side of the wall section when viewed from the container. The ejection cylinder is in line with the propagation axis, and the plurality of doped metal particles are disposed within the ejection cylinder.

7. The accelerator module according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein The first part and the second part are in line along the propagation axis.

8. The accelerator module according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein The first material is a deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) material.

9. The accelerator module according to claim 8, wherein The deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) material includes at least one of lead azide and copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1).

10. The accelerator module according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein The second material is a detonation output material.

11. The accelerator module according to claim 10, wherein The detonation output material includes pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

12. The accelerator module according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein The detonator module has a pyrotechnic charge, and the pyrotechnic charge is ignited to generate the subsonic wave.

13. A gene gun, which includes the accelerator module according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

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