Method for improving fruit yield and quality by interplanting medicinal plant Japan clover in orchard

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of soil improvement, and relates to a method for improving fruit yield and quality by interplanting a medicinal plant Japan clover in an orchard, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: step 1, constructing a three-layer three-dimensional planting system; 2, ploughing, applying formula fertilizer and three layers of culture medium, and transplanting negative-tolerant medicinal plants; step 3, sowing creeping type medicinal plant seeds in summer; 4, ditching and fertilizing in autumn; 5, returning the negative-tolerant medicinal plants and the creeping medicinal plants to the field in situ after harvesting; through a three-dimensional planting system, medicinal plant interplanting, a layered matrix formula and a material circulation technology, the problems of space waste, soil degradation, single ecological function, low resource utilization rate and the like in traditional orchard planting are systematically solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and relates to a method for improving fruit yield and quality by intercropping the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard. Background Art

[0002] The traditional orchard planting mode mainly focuses on single fruit tree cultivation, and the management key points are concentrated on fertilization, irrigation and pest control of the fruit trees themselves. Soil improvement mostly relies on chemical fertilizers and some organic fertilizers. The inter-row spaces and the ground surface are often in a bare state or only planted with a small amount of low-growing crops. Its planting mode has the following defects:

[0003] 1) The traditional orchard planting mode is single. The fruit trees only occupy the upper space, and shade-tolerant or creeping plants are not planted in the middle and lower layers. The inter-row spaces are not effectively utilized. The shaded areas between rows and the ground surface are long-term bare, and a three-dimensional planting system is not formed, resulting in insufficient biomass accumulation and waste of light energy and land resources.

[0004] 2) The soil management is extensive. Continuous cropping of single crops intensifies the partial depletion of nutrients (such as phosphorus and potassium elements), and frequent fertilization is required to maintain the yield. Long-term reliance on chemical fertilizers to supplement nutrients leads to a decrease in soil organic matter content, an imbalance in the microbial community, damage to the soil structure, and is prone to cause soil acidification, hardening and a decrease in microbial diversity, with high costs and great environmental risks.

[0005] 3) Lack of ecological synergy. Although traditional intercropped crops (such as leguminous plants) can fix nitrogen, they lack medicinal value and do not form diversified benefits. The symbiotic relationship between plants is ignored, and the improvement of the orchard microenvironment by medicinal plants is not utilized.

[0006] 4) Microbial inoculants are not combined to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter, and the nutrient release is slow, which is difficult to meet the growth requirements of fruit trees. Pruned branches and leaves or harvested residues are mostly removed or burned, and plant residues are not returned to the field in situ, lacking effective utilization. After the stems and leaves are removed, additional organic fertilizers need to be input, and the organic matter cycle and soil organic matter supplementation are insufficient, increasing the management cost. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a method for improving fruit yield and quality by intercropping the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard, which specifically includes the following steps:

[0008] Step 1, construct a three-layer three-dimensional planting system in the orchard. The upper-layer plants are fruit trees, the middle-layer plants are shade-tolerant medicinal plants with a plant height of 40 - 80 cm, which are planted in the shaded areas between the fruit tree rows, and the lower-layer plants are creeping medicinal plants with a plant height of ≤ 30 cm, covering the bare ground surface.

[0009] Step 2: Plow the orchard soil in spring, with a plowing depth of 25 - 30 cm. Apply 200 - 300 kg / mu of formulated fertilizer during plowing. Then, set up planting trenches with a depth of 40 - 55 cm. Lay three layers of culture substrates in sequence from bottom to top in the planting trenches. After standing for 10 - 15 days, transplant the shade-tolerant medicinal plant seedlings into the planting trenches, with a transplanting density of 50 - 60 plants / m 2 .

[0010] Preferably, the three layers of culture substrates are the bottom substrate, the middle substrate, and the top substrate. The thickness of the bottom substrate is 10 - 15 cm, the thickness of the middle substrate is 20 - 25 cm, and the thickness of the top substrate is 10 - 15 cm. Most preferably, the bottom substrate includes pine needles, biochar, and vermiculite with a mass ratio of 4:3:3. The middle substrate includes decomposed straw, ceramsite, rock phosphate powder, and resin with a mass ratio of 10:5:3:2. The top substrate is in-situ soil, quartz sand, and nano-silica with a mass ratio of 7:2:1.

[0011] Step 3: Evenly broadcast the seeds of creeping medicinal plants on the surface of the orchard soil in summer, with a seeding rate of 4 - 5 kg / mu. Cover the seeds with 3 - 5 cm of soil, and then apply liquid fertilizer with a dosage of 50 - 60 kg / mu.

[0012] Preferably, the shade-tolerant medicinal plants are one or more of Lonicera japonica, Setaria viridis, and Houttuynia cordata. The creeping medicinal plants are one or more of Mentha haplocalyx, Kummerowia striata, and Taraxacum mongolicum. Most preferably, the shade-tolerant medicinal plants are Setaria viridis and Lonicera japonica, and they are transplanted alternately. The creeping medicinal plants are Mentha haplocalyx and Kummerowia striata, and the mass ratio of their seeds is 1:1.

[0013] Preferably, the liquid fertilizer includes urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and water with a mass ratio of 5:3:1000.

[0014] Preferably, the seeds are pretreated by accelerating germination before sowing. Soak the seeds in a soaking agent at 25 - 30 °C for 2 - 2.5 h. After soaking, wash the residual liquid on the surface of the seeds with clean water and dry them naturally. Most preferably, the soaking agent includes gibberellin, carbendazim, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and water with a mass ratio of 0.2:1:3:1000.

[0015] Step 4: Apply formulated fertilizer by opening trenches along the outer edge of the crown projection in autumn, with a trench depth of 15 - 20 cm. The application rate of the formulated fertilizer is 3 - 5 kg / plant. After fertilization, cover the soil and water 4 - 6 kg / plant.

[0016] Preferably, the formulated fertilizer includes decomposed manure, earthworm manure, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, urea, and diatomite with a mass ratio of 15:7:3:2:3:4.

[0017] Step 5, after harvesting the shade-tolerant medicinal plants and creeping medicinal plants, return the stems and leaves to the field in situ, plow them in to a depth of 20 - 30 cm, and spray a compound microbial inoculum at a application rate of 2 - 3 kg per mu.

[0018] Preferably, the compound microbial inoculum is EM microbial inoculum and water, with a mass ratio of 3:1000.

[0019] The present invention has the following advantages:

[0020] (1) The present invention constructs a three-layered three-dimensional planting system to achieve efficient utilization of resources. The three-dimensional structure of upper-layer fruit trees + middle-layer shade-tolerant medicinal plants + lower-layer creeping medicinal plants makes full use of the vertical space in the orchard, improves the biomass per unit area and the light energy utilization rate. The middle-layer plants are planted in the shaded areas between the rows, adapting to the low-light environment. The lower-layer plants cover the ground surface, inhibiting weed growth, reducing soil erosion, and avoiding the problems of low space utilization rate and waste of light and heat resources in the existing planting mode.

[0021] (2) The three-layer culture substrates of the present invention (bottom layer: pine needles + biochar + vermiculite; middle layer: decomposed straw + phosphate rock powder; surface layer: in-situ soil + nano-silica) provide nutrients layer by layer, improving soil air permeability and water retention. The formulated fertilizer (decomposed manure + earthworm manure + diatomaceous earth, etc.) is combined with the liquid fertilizer (urea + potassium dihydrogen phosphate), reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers used, supplementing trace elements to alleviate soil acidification. Nano-silica enhances the soil aggregate structure, and biochar adsorbs harmful substances, enhancing the sustainable productivity of the soil and avoiding the problems of soil degradation and fertilizer dependence in the existing planting mode.

[0022] (3) The present invention interplants medicinal plants to enhance ecological and economic values. The shade-tolerant plants and creeping plants have medicinal values, which can increase the additional income of the orchard. Leguminous plants such as Kummerowia striata have strong nitrogen fixation ability, reducing the demand for nitrogen fertilizers; the volatile substances of mint can repel pests, reducing the use of pesticides. The plant diversity also attracts beneficial insects (such as predatory mites), forming a natural pest control system, avoiding the problems of single ecosystem function and single income in the existing planting mode.

[0023] (4) The combination of returning the stems and leaves to the field in situ and the microbial inoculum in the present invention promotes material cycling. After harvesting the shade-tolerant and creeping plants, the stems and leaves are plowed in in situ, directly supplementing organic matter and avoiding nutrient loss. EM bacteria accelerate the decomposition of organic matter, releasing available nutrients, enhancing soil fertility, and at the same time inhibiting soil-borne pathogens and reducing the occurrence of diseases, avoiding the problems of low resource recycling rate and insufficient organic matter supplementation in the existing planting mode.

[0024] (5) The present invention manages precisely according to seasons, optimizes the growth environment of fruit trees. In spring, deep plowing + basal application of formula fertilizer are carried out to promote the root development of fruit trees. In summer, topdressing with liquid fertilizer is carried out to meet the nutrient requirements during the fruit swelling period of fruit trees. In autumn, formula fertilizer is applied by ditch application along the outer edge of the crown projection to accurately supply the nutrients for fruit trees to overwinter, avoiding the problems of extensive management and unbalanced nutrient supply in the existing planting mode. Detailed implementation manners

[0025] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the invention are described clearly and completely below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

[0026] Embodiment 1

[0027] Step 1: Construct a three-layer three-dimensional planting system in the orchard. The upper-layer plants are fruit trees, the middle-layer plants are chicken-tail grass and honeysuckle, which are planted in the shaded areas between the fruit tree rows, and the lower-layer plants are mint and kummerowia striata.

[0028] Step 2: Plow the orchard soil in spring, with a plowing depth of 30 cm. Along with plowing, apply 250 kg / mu of formula fertilizer, and then set it in the planting trench with a depth of 55 cm. The planting trench is successively laid with three layers of culture substrates from bottom to top. The thickness of the bottom substrate is 15 cm, including pine needles, biochar and vermiculite, with a mass ratio of 4:3:3. The thickness of the middle substrate is 25 cm, including decomposed straw, ceramsite, phosphate rock powder and resin, with a mass ratio of 10:5:3:2. The thickness of the surface substrate is 15 cm, including in-situ soil, quartz sand and nano-silica, with a mass ratio of 7:2:1. After the substrate laying is completed, let it stand for 10 days, and alternately transplant the seedlings of chicken-tail grass and honeysuckle into the planting trench, with a transplanting density of 55 plants / m 2 。

[0029] Step 3: Carry out seed germination acceleration treatment on mint and kummerowia striata seeds. Soak the seeds in the soaking agent at 28 °C for 2 h, with a mass ratio of the seed solution of 1:3. After soaking, wash the residual liquid on the surface of the seeds with clean water and dry them naturally. Then evenly sprinkle the seeds on the surface of the orchard soil, with a seeding rate of 5 kg / mu, and the mass ratio of mint and kummerowia striata seeds is 1:1. Cover the soil with a thickness of 4 cm, and then apply liquid fertilizer with a dosage of 55 kg / mu. The soaking agent includes gibberellin, carbendazim, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water, with a mass ratio of 0.2:1:3:1000. The liquid fertilizer includes urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water, with a mass ratio of 5:3:1000.

[0030] Step 4: In autumn, apply formulated fertilizer by opening a trench along the outer edge of the crown projection. The trench depth is 20 cm, and the application rate of the formulated fertilizer is 4 kg / plant. After fertilization, cover the soil and water 5 kg / plant. The formulated fertilizer includes decomposed manure, earthworm manure, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, urea, and diatomite, with a mass ratio of 15:7:3:2:3:4.

[0031] Step 5: After harvesting shade-tolerant medicinal plants and creeping medicinal plants, return the stems and leaves to the field in situ, turn them over to a depth of 25 cm, and spray a compound microbial agent at a rate of 2.5 kg / mu. The compound microbial agent is EM microbial agent and water, with a mass ratio of 3:1000.

[0032] Test Example 1

[0033] 1. Experimental Design

[0034] Experimental site: A local apple orchard.

[0035] Experimental group: The method of Example 1 was used to interplant medicinal plants such as Kummerowia striata in the apple orchard. On the basis of the fertilization management in Example 1, the field management method of apples referred to "Practical New Technologies for High-Efficiency Cultivation of Modern Apples", edited by Cao Xinfang.

[0036] Control group: Traditional planting mode. The difference from the experimental group is that only apples were monocultured in this control group, and the methods of fertilization management and field management were the same as those in the experimental group.

[0037] Each group was set with 3 replicates.

[0038] 2. Data Collection and Analysis Methods

[0039] Fruit yield: Weigh at the harvest stage and calculate the yield per mu.

[0040] Fruit quality:

[0041] Brix: Measured with a hand-held refractometer.

[0042] Vitamin C: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol titration method.

[0043] Soil nutrients:

[0044] Organic matter: Potassium dichromate oxidation method.

[0045] Total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium: Kjeldahl method, molybdenum antimony resistance colorimetry, flame photometry.

[0046] Table 1 Comparison of Fruit Yield and Quality

[0047] Experimental group Control group Improvement rate Yield (kg / mu) 3850±120 2950±90 30.5％ Brix (%) 14.2±0.5 12.1±0.4 17.4％ Vitamin C (mg / 100g) 8.5±0.3 6.2±0.2 37.1％

[0048] Table 2 Changes in Soil Nutrients (0-30 cm Soil Layer)

[0049] Experimental group Control group Improvement rate Organic matter (%) 2.8±0.1 1.5±0.1 86.7％ Total nitrogen (g / kg) 1.2±0.05 0.7±0.03 71.4％ Available phosphorus (mg / kg) 35.6±1.2 18.3±0.8 94.5％ Available potassium (mg / kg) 180±6 105±5 71.4％

[0050] As can be seen from Table 1-2, under the intercropping mode, the apple yield per mu increased by 30.5%, and the sugar content and vitamin C content increased significantly. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the experimental group were all significantly higher than those in the control group.

[0051] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be obvious to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein can be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but rather to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for improving the fruit yield and quality by interplanting the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard, which is characterized in that The following steps are involved: Step 1: construct a three-layer three-dimensional planting system in the orchard, with the upper layer plants being fruit trees, the middle layer plants being shade-tolerant medicinal plants planted in the shaded areas between the fruit tree rows, and the lower layer plants being creeping medicinal plants covering the exposed surface; Step 2: plowing the orchard soil in spring, applying 200-300 kg / mu of formula fertilizer along with plowing, and then setting a planting ditch, laying three layers of culture matrix in the planting ditch from bottom to top, and transplanting the shade-tolerant medicinal plant seedlings into the planting ditch after standing for 10-15 days; Step 3: In summer, the creeping medicinal plant seeds are evenly sown on the surface of the orchard soil and covered with soil, and then liquid fertilizer is applied at a dosage of 50-60 kg / mu; Step 4: In autumn, dig trenches along the outer edge of the tree crown projection and apply formula fertilizer at a rate of 3-5 kg / plant. Cover with soil after fertilization and water at a rate of 4-6 kg / plant. Step 5. After harvesting the shade-tolerant medicinal plants and creeping medicinal plants, return the stems and leaves to the field in situ, turn them over to a depth of 20-30 cm, and spray them with compound bacterial agents at a rate of 2-3 kg / mu.

2. The method for increasing the fruit yield and quality by intercropping the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard according to claim 1, characterized in that, The three layers of culture matrix are respectively a bottom layer matrix, a middle layer matrix and a surface layer matrix. The thickness of the bottom layer matrix is ​​10-15 cm, the thickness of the middle layer matrix is ​​20-25 cm, and the thickness of the surface layer matrix is ​​10-15 cm.

3. A method for increasing the fruit yield and quality by intercropping the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard according to claim 1, characterized in that, The bottom layer matrix includes pine needles, biochar and vermiculite in a mass ratio of 4:3:3; the middle layer matrix includes decomposed straw, expanded clay, phosphate rock powder and resin in a mass ratio of 10:5:3:2; and the surface layer matrix is ​​in-situ soil, quartz sand and nano-silicon dioxide in a mass ratio of 7:2:

1.

4. The method for increasing the fruit yield and quality by intercropping the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard according to claim 1, characterized in that, The shade-tolerant medicinal plants are one or more of honeysuckle, chicory and houttuynia cordata, and the creeping medicinal plants are one or more of mint, cornflower and dandelion.

5. The method for improving the fruit yield and quality by interplanting the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard according to claim 4, characterized in that, The shade-tolerant medicinal plants are chickentail and honeysuckle, which are transplanted alternately. The creeping medicinal plants are mint and cornucopia, and the mass ratio of mint to cornucopia seeds is 1:

1.

6. A method for improving the fruit yield and quality by interplanting the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard according to claim 1, characterized in that The liquid fertilizer comprises urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water in a mass ratio of 5:3:1000.

7. A method for improving the fruit yield and quality by intercropping the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard according to claim 1, characterized in that, Before sowing, the seeds should be treated with a seed soaking agent at 25-30℃ for 2-2.5 hours. After soaking, the residual liquid on the surface of the seeds should be washed with clean water and the seeds should be dried naturally.

8. A method for improving the fruit yield and quality by interplanting the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard according to claim 7, characterized in that, The seed soaking agent comprises gibberellin, carbendazim, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water, and the mass ratio is 0.2:1:3:1000.

9. A method for improving the fruit yield and quality by intercropping the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard according to claim 1, characterized in that, The formula fertilizer includes decomposed feces, earthworm castings, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, urea and diatomaceous earth, with a mass ratio of 15:7:3:2:3:

4.

10. A method for improving the fruit yield and quality by interplanting the medicinal plant Kummerowia striata in an orchard according to claim 1, characterized in that, The composite bacterial agent is EM bacterial agent and water, with a mass ratio of 3:1000.