Application of 3-phenylpropionic acid in increasing intramuscular fat content of pig

Abstract

The invention relates to an application of 3-phenylpropionic acid in increasing the fat content in pig muscle. According to the invention, the 3-phenylpropionic acid is added into the pig daily ration, so that the intramuscular fat content of the landrace can be remarkably increased, and the quality of the pork, such as taste, flavor, succulent meat quality and the like, is further improved. The invention discloses an important role of 3-PPA in regulation and control of fat deposition in pig muscle, and provides a new nutrition regulation and control target and a genetic breeding strategy for improvement of pork quality.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of animal nutrition, and specifically to the application of 3-phenylpropionic acid in increasing the intramuscular fat content of pigs. Background Art

[0002] As the world's largest producer and consumer of pork, improving the quality of pork, especially increasing the content of intramuscular fat (IMF), plays a key role in optimizing its taste, flavor and juiciness. According to statistics, in the first three quarters of 2024, the number of live pigs slaughtered in China reached approximately 520 million, the total output of pork was approximately 40.2 million tons, and the consumption of pork by residents accounted for about 60% of the total consumption of meat, which further highlights the importance of improving the quality of pork. However, traditional breeding and feeding methods have limitations in increasing the intramuscular fat content. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore new methods for regulating intramuscular fat deposition in pigs.

[0003] In recent years, the role of metabolic intermediates in regulating intramuscular fat deposition in pigs has received increasing attention. For example, it has been confirmed that the glutamate metabolite α-ketoglutaric acid can significantly increase intramuscular fat deposition in growing pigs (Chen et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2019). In addition, valine is metabolized in the body to 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid (3-HIB), which can promote fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle by activating intracellular fatty acid transport, thereby increasing intramuscular fat deposition (Jang et al., 2016). Another study showed that after methionine is metabolized to homocysteine, it can inhibit the expression and activity of SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1), and thus promote pig fat deposition (Rizzo and Laganà, 2020). These studies suggest that supplementing amino acid metabolites may be a more effective measure to increase intramuscular fat deposition in pigs compared to directly supplementing amino acids. By deeply exploring the specific mechanisms of action of these metabolic intermediates, new ideas and experimental bases can be provided for improving the quality of pork.

[0004] Although there have been studies on the regulation of intramuscular fat deposition by phenylalanine (Phe) metabolites, overall, the research in this field is still scarce. As an essential amino acid, Phe is crucial for growth, development and metabolism, and is mainly absorbed in the small intestine. Some Phe is converted into tyrosine, dopamine and other substances in the liver, and some is converted into phenethylamine and other substances by the action of intestinal microorganisms, and finally metabolized into 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PPA). As an important metabolic intermediate, 3-PPA is widely used in the production of drugs and seasonings and exhibits various physiological functions. However, research on its role in animal fat deposition, especially in intramuscular fat deposition in pigs, is still blank. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Aiming at the defects existing in the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide an application of 3-phenylpropionic acid in increasing intramuscular fat content in pigs. By comparing the intramuscular fat content of Laiwu pigs and Landrace pigs, it is found that the content of Laiwu pigs is higher. Further metabolomics analysis shows that there are significant differences in the content of 3-PPA in intramuscular fat cells of the two pig breeds, and the content of 3-PPA in the blood of Laiwu pigs is also higher. Therefore, directly adding 0.5% of 3-PPA to the pig diet can significantly increase the intramuscular fat content of Landrace pigs, while adding an equal amount of phenylalanine (Phe) has no significant effect. The present invention reveals the important role of 3-PPA in regulating intramuscular fat deposition in pigs, providing new nutritional regulation targets and genetic breeding strategies for improving pork quality.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:

[0007] An application of 3-phenylpropionic acid in increasing intramuscular fat content in pigs, characterized in that the application is to directly add 3-phenylpropionic acid to the pig diet.

[0008] On the basis of the above scheme, the addition amount of the 3-phenylpropionic acid is 0.5wt%-2wt%.

[0009] The beneficial effects of the application of the 3-phenylpropionic acid in increasing intramuscular fat content in pigs according to the present invention are as follows:

[0010] Adding 3-phenylpropionic acid to the pig diet can significantly increase the intramuscular fat content of Landrace pigs, thereby improving the quality of pork such as taste, flavor, and meat juiciness. The present invention reveals the important role of 3-PPA in regulating intramuscular fat deposition in pigs, providing new nutritional regulation targets and genetic breeding strategies for improving pork quality. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0011] The present invention has the following drawings:

[0012] Figure 1 Changes in various indicators after feeding for 8 weeks after adding 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% 3-PPA to the mouse diet. Figure A shows the change in intramuscular fat (IMF), Figure B shows the change in triglyceride (TG), Figure C shows the change in inosine monophosphate (IMP), and Figure D shows the change in fat deposition-related genes.

[0013] Figure 2 Changes in various indicators after feeding for 8 weeks after adding 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% 3-PPA to the Landrace pig diet. Figure A shows the change in intramuscular fat (IMF), Figure B shows the change in triglyceride (TG), Figure C shows the change in inosine monophosphate (IMP), and Figure D shows the change in fat deposition-related genes. Detailed implementation manners

[0014] In this experiment, 8-week-old male C57 / BL6 mice were used as the initial subjects. All growth indicators such as body weight were similar. They were fed a basal diet, a diet supplemented with 0.5% and 2% 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PPA) respectively, and raised in the same environment for 8 weeks.

[0015] Meanwhile, 4-month-old male Landrace pigs were used in this experiment. All growth indicators such as body weight were similar. They were fed a basal diet, a diet supplemented with 0.2%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PPA) respectively, and raised in the same environment for 3 months.

[0016] When formulating the feed, the 3-PPA powder needs to be fully mixed with the basal diet to ensure accurate dosage. The breeding environment is kept at a constant temperature and humidity. After the experiment, samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle are collected for analysis. The determination of intramuscular fat (IMF) adopts the Soxhlet extraction method (SS method). The specific steps include muscle sample preparation, solvent extraction, and fat content calculation. Near-infrared spectroscopy can be used as an auxiliary verification method.

[0017] The experimental results are as shown in the appendix Figure 1 and 2 As shown, 3-PPA significantly increased the intramuscular fat content of mice and Landrace pigs, and did not show a dose-dependence after reaching a dose of 0.5%. The change trend of triglyceride (TG) in the control group was consistent with that of IMF, further confirming that 3-PPA increased lipid accumulation, and the content of inosinic acid (IMP) was significantly increased, indicating that it had a significant effect on muscle flavor substances and enhanced the pork flavor. Gene expression analysis showed that 3-PPA up-regulated the expression of key genes for adipogenesis, such as PPARγ, C / EBPα, and CD36, and at the same time increased the level of adiponectin.

[0018] The content not described in detail in this specification belongs to the prior art well-known to those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. Use of 3-phenylpropionic acid in increasing intramuscular fat content in pigs, characterized in that, The application is to directly add 3-phenylpropionic acid to the pig diet.

2. The application according to claim 1, wherein: The addition amount of the 3-phenylpropionic acid is 0.5 wt% - 2 wt%.

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