Satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop and control method

Abstract

The application discloses a satellite temperature difference power generation system and a control method based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop, and belongs to the technical field of spacecraft energy sources. The system comprises a phase change shell arranged on a satellite, a gasification cavity and a crystallization cavity are arranged in the phase change shell, the gasification cavity is located in a direct sunlight area, and the crystallization cavity is located in a shadow area; two one-way valves are arranged between the gasification cavity and the crystallization cavity, one of the two one-way valves allows gas in the gasification cavity to blow to the crystallization cavity, and the other one-way valve allows gas in the crystallization cavity to blow to the gasification cavity; two power generation units are arranged in the gasification cavity and the crystallization cavity respectively, and the gas blown from the one-way valves makes the power generation units produce mechanical movement and generate power; a turnover mechanism is connected with the phase change shell and is used for turning over the phase change shell by 180 DEG, so that the crystallization cavity is located in the direct sunlight area, and the gasification cavity is located in the shadow area. The application utilizes natural temperature difference of a satellite orbit to drive carbon dioxide phase change to work, and completes a closed loop through 180 DEG turnover of the phase change shell, so that continuous power generation is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of spacecraft energy technology, and in particular to a satellite thermoelectric power generation system and control method based on a closed-loop carbon dioxide phase change system. Background Technology

[0002] In the field of spacecraft energy technology, the stable and efficient supply of satellite energy systems has always been a key research focus. Traditional satellite energy systems mainly rely on a combination of solar panels and batteries. However, this approach has relatively low photoelectric conversion efficiency (e.g., triple-junction gallium arsenide cells have an efficiency of about 30%), requiring large-scale deployment to meet power demands, which significantly increases the satellite's mass. Furthermore, existing solar panel and battery combination systems have significant bottlenecks in terms of energy density, environmental adaptability, long-term reliability, and cost, making it difficult to meet the needs of future deep space exploration, ultra-long-life satellites, and high-power payloads.

[0003] To address this, a satellite thermoelectric power generation system and control method based on a closed-loop carbon dioxide phase change system are proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a satellite thermoelectric power generation system and control method based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop, aiming to solve or improve at least one of the above-mentioned technical problems.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following solution: The present invention provides a satellite thermoelectric power generation system and control method based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop, comprising:

[0006] A phase change shell is provided for installation on a satellite. The phase change shell contains a vaporization chamber and a crystallization chamber. The vaporization chamber is located in the direct sunlight area, and the crystallization chamber is located in the shadow area.

[0007] Two one-way valves are disposed between the vaporization chamber and the crystallization chamber, one of the one-way valves allowing gas in the vaporization chamber to blow towards the crystallization chamber, and the other one-way valve allowing gas in the crystallization chamber to blow towards the vaporization chamber;

[0008] Two power generation units are respectively installed in the vaporization chamber and the crystallization chamber. The two power generation units are respectively facing the gas outlets of the two one-way valves. The gas blown out from the one-way valves causes the power generation units to generate mechanical movement and generate electricity.

[0009] A flipping mechanism, connected to the phase change shell, is used to flip the phase change shell 180°, thereby placing the crystallization chamber in the direct sunlight area and the vaporization chamber in the shadow area.

[0010] Preferably, a sunshade mechanism is provided outside the vaporization chamber and the crystallization chamber respectively. The sunshade mechanism includes two sunshade plates arranged opposite each other. The sides of the two sunshade plates that are far apart from each other are rotatably connected to the two outer side walls opposite to the phase change shell. After the two sunshade plates are rotated and closed, they form a sunshade cover and thus cover the vaporization chamber or the crystallization chamber. An opening and closing component for adjusting the opening and closing of the two sunshade plates is provided on the phase change shell.

[0011] Preferably, the opening and closing assembly includes a rotating shaft fixed to the bottom of the side wall of the sunshade, the rotating shaft being rotatably connected to the outer side wall of the phase change housing, a worm gear fixedly connected to the rotating shaft, an opening and closing motor fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the phase change housing, a worm fixedly connected to the output shaft of the opening and closing motor, and the worm meshing with the worm gear.

[0012] Preferably, a control unit is also provided, the control unit including a controller and two air pressure sensors, the two air pressure sensors being respectively disposed in the vaporization chamber and the crystallization chamber and used to sense the internal air pressure; the air pressure sensors, the flipping mechanism, and the opening and closing motor are respectively electrically connected to the controller.

[0013] Preferably, the phase change housing is an annular structure with an annular inner cavity. Two partitions are fixedly connected to the annular inner cavity, which divides the annular inner cavity into two chambers of the same size, thereby forming the vaporization chamber and the crystallization chamber. The one-way valve is fixedly connected to the partitions. When the two sunshades are closed, they form a semi-cylindrical sunshade.

[0014] Preferably, the position of the partition containing the gas in the vaporization chamber that allows the gas to blow into the crystallization chamber is higher than the middle of the phase change housing, and the position of the partition containing the other one-way valve is lower than the middle of the phase change housing.

[0015] Preferably, the power generation unit includes a mechanical rotating component and a generator disposed within the phase change housing. The mechanical rotating component is positioned directly opposite the outlet of the one-way valve. The gas blown out by the one-way valve drives the mechanical rotating component to rotate, and the rotation of the mechanical rotating component drives the generator to generate electricity.

[0016] Preferably, a face-changing rotating shaft is fixedly connected to the center of the phase change housing, and the flipping mechanism is connected to the face-changing rotating shaft to drive the face-changing rotating shaft to rotate. The flipping mechanism is installed on the satellite.

[0017] Preferably, an energy storage component is also provided, the energy storage component including a high-energy capacitor, the electrical energy generated by the generator is stored in the high-energy capacitor, and the high-energy capacitor is used to supply power to electrical components.

[0018] It also provides a method for using a satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on a closed-loop carbon dioxide phase change system.

[0019] The vaporization chamber containing dry ice is located in the area directly exposed to sunlight, while the crystallization chamber is located in the shaded area.

[0020] Dry ice in the vaporization chamber sublimates under sunlight to form high-pressure gaseous carbon dioxide, which is then blown into the crystallization chamber through a one-way valve, thereby driving the power generation unit in the crystallization chamber to generate mechanical movement and generate electricity. After the gaseous carbon dioxide enters the crystallization chamber, the crystallization chamber is located in a shaded area with low temperature, so the gaseous carbon dioxide recondenses into dry ice and is stored in the crystallization chamber.

[0021] The phase change shell is rotated 180° by a flipping mechanism, so that the crystallization chamber is located in the direct sunlight area and the vaporization chamber is located in the shadow area, allowing the dry ice to be reheated and vaporized, thus completing the closed loop.

[0022] This invention discloses the following technical effects: the vaporization chamber containing dry ice is located in the direct sunlight area, while the crystallization chamber is located in the shade area; the dry ice in the vaporization chamber sublimates under sunlight to form high-pressure gaseous carbon dioxide, which is then blown into the crystallization chamber through a one-way valve, thereby driving the power generation unit in the crystallization chamber to generate mechanical movement and generate electricity; after entering the crystallization chamber, the gaseous carbon dioxide recondenses into dry ice and is stored in the crystallization chamber; the phase change shell is rotated 180° by a flipping mechanism, so that the crystallization chamber is located in the direct sunlight area and the vaporization chamber is located in the shade area, allowing the dry ice to be reheated and vaporized for power generation.

[0023] This invention utilizes the natural temperature difference in satellite orbit to drive carbon dioxide phase change to perform work, and completes the closed loop through a 180° rotation of the phase change shell, thereby achieving continuous power generation. It has high power generation efficiency, requires no external energy input, and effectively improves the reliability, stability, and mobility of satellite energy systems through self-sufficiency. Attached Figure Description

[0024] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this application, are used to provide a further understanding of this application. The illustrative embodiments and descriptions of this application are used to explain this application and do not constitute an undue limitation of this application. In the drawings:

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the axial cross-sectional structure in this invention;

[0027] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the opening and closing component in this invention.

[0028] In the diagram: 1. Phase change shell; 2. Gasification chamber; 3. Crystallization chamber; 4. Baffle; 5. One-way valve; 6. Power generation unit; 7. Sunshade; 8. Worm gear; 9. Opening and closing motor; 10. Worm; 11. Surface changing rotating shaft. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0030] To make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0031] Reference Figures 1-3 This invention provides a satellite thermoelectric power generation system and control method based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop, comprising:

[0032] Phase change shell 1 is used to be installed on the satellite. Phase change shell 1 is provided with vaporization chamber 2 and crystallization chamber 3. Vaporization chamber 2 is located in the direct sunlight area and crystallization chamber 3 is located in the shadow area.

[0033] Two one-way valves 5 are provided between the vaporization chamber 2 and the crystallization chamber 3. One of the one-way valves 5 allows the gas in the vaporization chamber 2 to blow towards the crystallization chamber 3, and the other one-way valve 5 allows the gas in the crystallization chamber 3 to blow towards the vaporization chamber 2.

[0034] Two power generation units 6 are respectively installed in the gasification chamber 2 and the crystallization chamber 3. The two power generation units 6 are respectively facing the gas outlets of the two one-way valves 5. The gas blown out from the one-way valves 5 causes the power generation units 6 to generate mechanical movement and generate electricity.

[0035] The flipping mechanism, connected to the phase change shell 1, is used to flip the phase change shell 1 by 180°, so that the crystallization chamber 3 is located in the direct sunlight area and the vaporization chamber 2 is located in the shadow area.

[0036] This invention is applicable to, but not limited to, the field of spacecraft energy technology, as well as power supply systems for human survival and work on other planets.

[0037] Since there is no air in space, temperature regulation cannot be achieved through air convection. When a satellite is in space, the temperature in the sunlit areas can reach 100-200 degrees Celsius, while the areas not exposed to sunlight are very cold, reaching minus 100-200 degrees Celsius. Therefore, when the vaporization chamber 2 is located in the direct sunlight area, the dry ice inside the vaporization chamber 2 sublimates into gaseous carbon dioxide under sunlight, increasing the air pressure inside the vaporization chamber 2. The gaseous carbon dioxide is then blown into the low-pressure crystallization chamber 3 through the one-way valve 5, thereby driving the power generation unit 6 inside the crystallization chamber 3 to generate mechanical movement and produce electricity.

[0038] Because the crystallization chamber 3 is located in the shaded area with a low temperature, gaseous carbon dioxide enters the crystallization chamber 3 and then re-condenses into dry ice and is stored inside the crystallization chamber 3. When the gas pressure in the vaporization chamber 2 is insufficient to drive the power generation unit 6 to generate electricity, the phase change shell 1 is rotated 180° by the flipping mechanism, so that the crystallization chamber 3 is located in the direct sunlight area and the vaporization chamber 2 is located in the shaded area, so that the dry ice is exposed to sunlight again to undergo phase change, thereby continuing to generate electricity and completing the closed loop.

[0039] In general, the entire device of this application is divided into two parts:

[0040] The sunny side receives direct sunlight, causing the solid dry ice to sublimate into high-pressure carbon dioxide gas, which then drives the power generation unit to generate electricity.

[0041] Shaded area: Utilizing the low temperatures of the shadowed region of space, carbon dioxide gas is re-solidified into dry ice.

[0042] The device is rotated 180° to swap the sunlit and shaded sides, completing one cycle.

[0043] In some optional embodiments, a sunshade mechanism is provided outside the vaporization chamber 2 and the crystallization chamber 3 respectively. The sunshade mechanism includes two sunshade plates 7 arranged opposite each other. The sides of the two sunshade plates 7 that are far apart from each other are rotatably connected to the two outer side walls opposite to the phase change shell 1. After the two sunshade plates 7 are rotated and closed, they form a sunshade cover and thus cover the vaporization chamber 2 or the crystallization chamber 3. An opening and closing component for adjusting the opening and closing of the two sunshade plates 7 is provided on the phase change shell 1.

[0044] In some alternative embodiments, the opening and closing assembly includes a rotating shaft fixed to the bottom of the side wall of the sunshade 7, the rotating shaft being rotatably connected to the outer side wall of the phase change housing 1, a worm gear 8 being fixedly connected to the rotating shaft, an opening and closing motor 9 being fixedly connected to the outer side wall of the phase change housing 1, a worm 10 being fixedly connected to the output shaft of the opening and closing motor 9, and the worm 10 meshing with the worm gear 8.

[0045] In some optional embodiments, a control unit is also provided, which includes a controller and two air pressure sensors. The two air pressure sensors are respectively installed in the vaporization chamber 2 and the crystallization chamber 3 and are used to sense the internal air pressure. The air pressure sensors, the flipping mechanism, and the opening and closing motor 9 are electrically connected to the controller.

[0046] The structure of the flipping mechanism is not limited, as long as it can achieve the flipping of the phase change housing 1. In some embodiments, the flipping mechanism includes a stepper motor installed on the satellite. The output shaft of the stepper motor is connected to the flipping mechanism. The stepper motor is electrically connected to the controller. The controller controls the start and stop of the stepper motor, thereby driving the phase change housing 1 to flip.

[0047] When the vaporization chamber 2 is located in the direct sunlight area, a pressure sensor senses the internal air pressure of the vaporization chamber 2 and transmits the information to the controller. The controller controls the opening and closing angle of the two sunshades 7 according to the internal air pressure, thereby regulating the sublimation rate of dry ice in the vaporization chamber 2 and preventing the internal air pressure from being too high or too low, thus achieving stable phase change power generation. When the two sunshades 7 are fully open and the measured air pressure inside the vaporization chamber 2 is lower than the air pressure required for power generation, the controller controls the flipping mechanism to operate, flipping the phase change shell 1 180°. After flipping, the vaporization chamber 2 is located in the shaded area, and the crystallization chamber 3 is located in the direct sunlight area. The controller controls the two sunshades 7 on the vaporization chamber 2 to close, and then controls the opening and closing angle of the two sunshades 7 outside the crystallization chamber 3 according to the air pressure inside the crystallization chamber 3 to achieve phase change power generation.

[0048] In some alternative embodiments, the phase change housing 1 has an annular structure and an annular inner cavity. Two partitions 4 are fixedly connected to the annular inner cavity, which divides the annular inner cavity into two chambers of the same size, thereby forming a vaporization chamber 2 and a crystallization chamber 3. A one-way valve 5 is fixedly connected to the partitions 4. When the two sunshades 7 are closed, they form a semi-cylindrical sunshade.

[0049] The internal cavity structure of the phase change housing 1 is not limited to annular, but an annular internal cavity is used in this embodiment to facilitate gas flow.

[0050] In some alternative embodiments, a self-cleaning device is provided outside the vaporization chamber 2 and the crystallization chamber 3 to clean the area directly exposed to sunlight, maintain its light transmittance and cleanliness, and improve power generation efficiency.

[0051] The specific self-cleaning device includes a motor fixed at the center of the phase change housing 1. Two scrapers are fixed on the output shaft of the motor. The two scrapers are located on the outer walls of the vaporization chamber 2 and the crystallization chamber 3, respectively. When the two sunshades 7 are closed, there is a gap between the inner wall of the sunshade 7 and the outer wall of the phase change housing 1 to provide space for the scrapers. When in use, the motor drives the scrapers to rotate, thereby scraping the annular outer wall to achieve self-cleaning.

[0052] In some alternative embodiments, the gas in the vaporization chamber 2 is allowed to blow into the crystallization chamber 3. The position of the partition 4 where the one-way valve 5 is located is higher than the middle of the phase change housing 1, and the position of the partition 4 where the other one-way valve 5 is located is lower than the middle of the phase change housing 1.

[0053] In some alternative embodiments, the power generation unit 6 includes a mechanical rotating component and a generator disposed within the phase change housing 1. The mechanical rotating component is directly opposite the outlet of the one-way valve 5. The gas blown out by the one-way valve 5 drives the mechanical rotating component to rotate, and the rotation of the mechanical rotating component drives the generator to generate electricity.

[0054] In this embodiment, a nozzle is fixedly connected to the outlet of the one-way valve 5, and the gas is injected through the nozzle.

[0055] Mechanical rotating parts typically include rotating blades and a rotating shaft. The rotating shaft is connected to the generator, and the rotating blades are located at the outlet of the nozzle. High-pressure gas ejected from the nozzle blows onto the rotating blades in the mechanical rotating parts, causing the blades to rotate and drive the rotating shaft to rotate, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity.

[0056] In this embodiment, the mechanical rotating component includes, but is not limited to, a worm gear, a steam turbine, a swing arm mechanical transmission component, or other pneumatic power generation systems.

[0057] In some alternative embodiments, a face-changing rotating shaft 11 is fixedly connected to the center of the phase change housing 1, and a flipping mechanism is connected to the face-changing rotating shaft 11 to drive the face-changing rotating shaft 11 to rotate. The flipping mechanism is set on the satellite.

[0058] In some alternative embodiments, an energy storage component is also provided, which includes a high-energy capacitor. The electrical energy generated by the generator is stored in the high-energy capacitor or directly supplied to the satellite electric propulsion system to maintain orbit or to compensate for direct satellite power supply. The high-energy capacitor is used to supply power to electrical components.

[0059] It also provides a method for using a satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on a closed-loop carbon dioxide phase change system:

[0060] The vaporization chamber 2, which contains dry ice, is located in the area directly exposed to sunlight, while the crystallization chamber 3 is located in the shaded area.

[0061] The dry ice in the vaporization chamber 2 sublimates under the sun to form high-pressure gaseous carbon dioxide, which is then blown into the crystallization chamber 3 through the one-way valve 5, thereby driving the power generation unit 6 in the crystallization chamber 3 to generate mechanical movement and generate electricity. After the gaseous carbon dioxide enters the crystallization chamber 3, the crystallization chamber 3 is located in the shaded area and has a low temperature, so the gaseous carbon dioxide recondenses into dry ice and is stored in the crystallization chamber 3.

[0062] By using a flipping mechanism, the phase change shell 1 is flipped 180°, so that the crystallization chamber 3 is located in the direct sunlight area and the vaporization chamber 2 is located in the shadow area, allowing the dry ice to be reheated and vaporized, thus completing the closed loop.

[0063] The specific usage method is as follows:

[0064] Dry ice is stored in vaporization chamber 2. When vaporization chamber 2 is located in the area of ​​direct sunlight, crystallization chamber 3 is located in the shaded area.

[0065] The two sunshades 7 outside the crystallization chamber 3 are completely closed, and the crystallization chamber 3 is in a low temperature state. The pressure sensor inside the vaporization chamber 2 senses the internal air pressure of the vaporization chamber 2 and transmits the information to the controller. When the internal air pressure value is less than the air pressure value required by the generator, the controller controls the two sunshades 7 outside the vaporization chamber 2 to open at a certain angle, so that the dry ice inside the vaporization chamber 2 is heated and sublimated into high-pressure carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide gas is blown through the one-way valve 5 to the mechanical rotating parts to rotate, thereby driving the generator to generate electricity.

[0066] The pressure sensor continuously senses the pressure inside the vaporization chamber 2, and the controller dynamically controls the opening and closing angle of the sunshade 7, thereby controlling the sublimation rate of dry ice and keeping the pressure inside the vaporization chamber 2 within a certain range to achieve relatively stable power generation.

[0067] When both sunshades 7 are fully open and the air pressure in the vaporization chamber 2 is less than the pressure required for the generator to generate electricity, the controller controls the flipping mechanism to flip the phase change shell 1 180°, so that the crystallization chamber 3 is in the direct sunlight area and the vaporization chamber 2 is in the shadow area. The two sunshades 7 outside the vaporization chamber 2 are closed. Then, according to the air pressure in the crystallization chamber 3, the opening and closing angle of the two sunshades 7 outside the crystallization chamber 3 is controlled, so that the dry ice is exposed to sunlight again to undergo phase change, thereby continuing to generate electricity and completing the closed loop.

[0068] Among them, the pressure dynamic control parameters during dry ice vaporization are as follows: based on the pressure characteristics of dry ice phase change (1 kg of dry ice vaporization produces about 535 L CO2): the typical working pressure difference (the pressure difference between vaporization chamber 2 and crystallization chamber 3) should be controlled at ΔP≤15MPa; the emergency release threshold is recommended to be set to ΔP_max=25MPa (corresponding to a safety factor of 5.0).

[0069] Furthermore, an adjustment system can be set up to adjust the angle of the phase change shell 1. The adjustment system is used to adjust the heating angle of the heating surface of the phase change shell 1 to achieve vertical solar irradiation.

[0070] Scenario expansion:

[0071] 1. Deep Space Probe: Provides radiation-resistant and cryogenic auxiliary power for Jupiter / Saturn exploration missions (can still operate at -180°C).

[0072] 2. Lunar Base: Continuously powered during the 14-day lunar night cycle, with hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells providing energy network redundancy.

[0073] 3. Near-Earth satellites: Used for attitude control systems (such as momentum wheel power supply) to reduce reliance on traditional solar panels.

[0074] The present invention has the following advantages:

[0075] 1. Energy self-sufficiency: The system utilizes the natural temperature difference in satellite orbit, requiring no external energy input, embodying a closed-loop environmentally friendly design concept. This energy self-sufficiency can effectively improve the reliability and stability of the satellite energy system as well as the satellite's maneuverability.

[0076] 2. High-efficiency phase change utilization: Fully utilize the latent heat of CO2 vaporization (571kJ / kg) and expansion pressure (up to 7.38MPa) to achieve dual energy capture and improve energy utilization efficiency.

[0077] 3. Solid CO2 is used as the sole working fluid, and its phase transition temperature (-78.5℃) is suitable for the extreme environment of space.

[0078] 4. Adaptive adjustment: The system monitors the internal carbon dioxide pressure in real time through a pressure sensor, thereby dynamically adjusting the opening and closing degree of the sunshade, controlling the light intensity and heat input, and realizing dynamic control of heating power, thus maintaining the stability of phase change rate and power generation efficiency.

[0079] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing this invention, and are not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this invention.

[0080] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop, characterized in that, It includes: The phase change shell (1) is used to be arranged on the satellite, the gasification cavity (2) and the crystallization cavity (3) are arranged in the phase change shell (1), the gasification cavity (2) is located in the direct sunlight area, and the crystallization cavity (3) is located in the shadow area; Two one-way valves (5) are arranged between the gasification cavity (2) and the crystallization cavity (3), one of the one-way valves (5) allows the gas in the gasification cavity (2) to blow to the crystallization cavity (3), and the other one-way valve (5) allows the gas in the crystallization cavity (3) to blow to the gasification cavity (2); Two power generation units (6) are arranged in the gasification cavity (2) and the crystallization cavity (3) respectively, and the two power generation units (6) are respectively opposite to the gas outlets of the two one-way valves (5), the gas blown from the one-way valves (5) makes the power generation units (6) produce mechanical movement and generate electricity; The turnover mechanism is connected with the phase change shell (1) and is used for turning over the phase change shell (1) by 180 degrees, so that the crystallization cavity (3) is located in the direct sunlight area, and the gasification cavity (2) is located in the shadow area; Sunshading mechanisms are arranged outside the gasification cavity (2) and the crystallization cavity (3) respectively, the sunshading mechanism includes two oppositely arranged sunshading boards (7), the sides of the two sunshading boards (7) away from each other are respectively rotationally connected with the two outer side walls of the phase change shell (1) opposite to each other, the two sunshading boards (7) are rotationally closed to form a sunshading cover to cover the gasification cavity (2) or the crystallization cavity (3) outside, and the phase change shell (1) is provided with an opening and closing assembly for adjusting the opening and closing of the two sunshading boards (7); The opening and closing assembly includes a rotating shaft fixed to the side wall bottom of the sunshading board (7), the rotating shaft is rotationally connected with the outer side wall of the phase change shell (1), the rotating shaft is fixedly connected with a worm wheel (8), the outer side wall of the phase change shell (1) is fixedly connected with an opening and closing motor (9), the output shaft of the opening and closing motor (9) is fixedly connected with a worm (10), and the worm (10) is engaged with the worm wheel (8).

2. The satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop of claim 1, characterized in that: A control unit is further arranged, the control unit includes a controller, two air pressure sensors, the two air pressure sensors are arranged in the gasification cavity (2) and the crystallization cavity (3) respectively and are used for sensing the internal air pressure, and the air pressure sensors, the turnover mechanism and the opening and closing motor (9) are electrically connected with the controller respectively.

3. The satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop of claim 1, characterized in that: The phase change shell (1) is of an annular structure and has an annular inner cavity, two partition plates (4) are fixedly connected in the annular inner cavity, the two partition plates (4) divide the annular inner cavity into two chambers of the same size, so as to form the gasification cavity (2) and the crystallization cavity (3), and the one-way valves (5) are fixedly connected on the partition plates (4); the two sunshading boards (7) form a semicylindrical sunshading cover after being closed.

4. The satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop of claim 3, characterized in that: The position of the partition plate (4) where the one-way valve (5) allowing the gas in the gasification cavity (2) to blow to the crystallization cavity (3) is higher than the middle part of the phase change shell (1), and the position of the partition plate (4) where the other one-way valve (5) is lower than the middle part of the phase change shell (1).

5. The satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop of claim 1, characterized in that: The power generation unit (6) comprises a mechanical rotating part and a generator arranged in the phase change shell (1), the mechanical rotating part is opposite to the gas outlet of the one-way valve (5), the gas blown by the one-way valve (5) drives the mechanical rotating part to rotate, and the rotation of the mechanical rotating part drives the generator to generate electricity.

6. The satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop of claim 1, characterized in that: The phase change shell (1) is fixed with a surface changing rotating shaft (11) at the center, the turnover mechanism is connected with the surface changing rotating shaft (11) for driving the surface changing rotating shaft (11) to rotate, and the turnover mechanism is arranged on the satellite.

7. The satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on carbon dioxide phase change closed loop of claim 5, characterized in that: An electricity storage assembly is further arranged, the electricity storage assembly comprises a high-energy capacitor, the electricity generated by the generator is stored in the high-energy capacitor, and the high-energy capacitor is used for supplying power to the power consumption element.

8. The use method of the satellite thermoelectric power generation system based on the carbon dioxide phase change closed loop, according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein: The gasification cavity (2) with dry ice inside is located in the direct sunlight area, and the crystallization cavity (3) is located in the shadow area; The dry ice in the gasification cavity (2) sublimates to form high-pressure gaseous carbon dioxide under the sunlight, and is blown into the crystallization cavity (3) through the one-way valve (5), so as to drive the power generation unit (6) in the crystallization cavity (3) to produce mechanical movement and generate electricity; After the gaseous carbon dioxide enters the crystallization cavity (3), the crystallization cavity (3) is located in the shadow area with low temperature, so that the gaseous carbon dioxide is recondensed into dry ice and stored in the crystallization cavity (3); Through the turnover mechanism, the phase change shell (1) is turned over by 180°, so that the crystallization cavity (3) is located in the direct sunlight area, the gasification cavity (2) is located in the shadow area, the dry ice is re-heated and gasified, and the closed loop is completed.

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