First order and second order reflection assisted sensing

Abstract

A first wireless device may output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflected object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. The first wireless device may transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflective object. The reflective object may reflect at least one sensing signal of the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. The first reflected sensing signal and the second reflected sensing signal may be received by the first wireless device in a single-station configuration or by a second wireless device in a dual-station configuration. The receiving device may calculate a position of the target object based on the sensed signal configuration.

Description

[0001] Cross - Reference to Related Applications

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Non - Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 18 / 066,990, filed on December 15, 2022, entitled "FIRST AND SECOND ORDER REFLECTION - ASSISTED SENSING", which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure generally relates to communication systems, and more particularly to wireless sensing systems using first - order and second - order reflections. Background Art

[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. A typical wireless communication system may employ a multiple access technology capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple access technologies include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single - Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC - FDMA) systems, and Time Division - Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD - SCDMA) systems.

[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate at the urban, national, regional, and even global levels. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of the continuous evolution of mobile broadband promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., related to the Internet of Things (IoT)), and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine - type communication (mMTC), and ultra - reliable low - latency communication (URLLC). Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long - Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Further improvements to 5G NR technology are needed. These improvements may also be applicable to other multiple access technologies and telecommunication standards that employ these technologies. Summary of the Invention

[0006] A simplified review of one or more aspects is presented below to provide a basic understanding of these aspects. This summary is not an extensive review of all contemplated aspects. This summary neither identifies key or important elements of all aspects nor describes the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0007] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may include a first wireless device. The apparatus may output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. The apparatus may send the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object. The reflecting object may reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. The apparatus may receive the first reflected sensing signal and the second reflected sensing signal in a single station configuration. The apparatus may receive the first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. The apparatus may receive the second reflected sensing signal from the reflecting object via the target object. The apparatus may calculate a position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration.

[0008] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may include a second wireless device. The apparatus may receive a sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. The apparatus may receive a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object. The apparatus may receive a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object. The apparatus may calculate a position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration.

[0009] To achieve the foregoing and related purposes, one or more aspects may include the features described in detail hereinafter and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the drawings set forth in detail some illustrative features of one or more aspects. However, these features are indicative of only some of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.

[0011] Figure 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0012] Figure 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of a downlink (DL) channel within a subframe according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0014] Figure 2DIs a diagram illustrating an example of an uplink (UL) channel within a subframe according to various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 3 Is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and a user equipment (UE) in an access network.

[0016] Figure 4 Is a diagram illustrating an example of sensing based on measurements of sensed signals.

[0017] Figure 5A Is a diagram illustrating an example of sensing using a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) based on measurements of both first-order and second-order reflected sensed signals.

[0018] Figure 5B Is a diagram illustrating an example of sensing using a virtual transmit-receive point (VTRP) based on measurements of both first-order and second-order reflected sensed signals.

[0019] Figure 6 Is a connection flowchart illustrating an example of sensing using controlled first-order and second-order reflections of an RIS in a bistatic configuration.

[0020] Figure 7 Is a connection flowchart illustrating an example of sensing using controlled first-order and second-order reflections of an RIS in a monostatic configuration.

[0021] Figure 8 Is a connection flowchart illustrating an example of sensing using controlled first-order and second-order reflections of a reflector in a bistatic configuration.

[0022] Figure 9 Is a connection flowchart illustrating an example of sensing using controlled first-order and second-order reflections of a reflector in a monostatic configuration.

[0023] Figure 10 Is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

[0024] Figure 11 Is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

[0025] Figure 12 Is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

[0026] Figure 13 Is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

[0027] Figure 14 Is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

[0028] Figure 15 Is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.

[0029] Figure 16Is a diagram illustrating examples of hardware implementations for example apparatuses and / or network entities.

[0030] Figure 17 Is a diagram illustrating examples of hardware implementations for example network entities.

[0031] Figure 18 Is a diagram illustrating examples of hardware implementations for example network entities. Detailed Description

[0032] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the accompanying drawings is a description of various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. For a thorough understanding of the various concepts, the detailed description includes specific details. However, the concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring such concepts.

[0033] Certain aspects of a telecommunications system are presented with reference to various apparatuses and methods. These apparatuses and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as "elements"). These elements may be implemented using either electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0034] As an example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a "processing system" that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a central processing unit (CPU), an application processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a system on a chip (SoC), a baseband processor, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a state machine, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functions described throughout this disclosure. The software, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise, is to be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof that may be executed by one or more processors in the processing system.

[0035] Thus, in one or more example aspects, embodiments, and / or use cases, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored or encoded on a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or code. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. For example, such computer-readable media may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of these types of computer-readable media, or any other media capable of storing computer-executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.

[0036] Although aspects, embodiments, and / or use cases are described herein by way of some example illustrations, additional or different aspects, embodiments, and use cases may arise in many different arrangements and scenarios. The aspects, embodiments, and / or use cases described herein may be implemented across many different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects, embodiments, and / or use cases may be embodied via integrated chips and other non-module-component-based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchase devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled devices, etc.). Although some examples may or may not be specifically targeted at use cases or applications, the described examples may have broad applicability. Aspects, embodiments, and / or use cases may range from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level embodiments, and further to aggregated, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more of the technologies herein. In some practical settings, devices incorporating the described aspects and features may also include additional components and features for implementing and practicing the claimed and described aspects. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes multiple components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders / summers, etc.). The technologies described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated components, or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc., of various sizes, shapes, and configurations.

[0037] The deployment of a communication system, such as a 5G NR system, can be arranged with various components or constituent parts in multiple ways. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, mobility elements of the network, radio access network (RAN) nodes, core network nodes, network elements, or network equipment (such as a base station (BS)) or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functions can be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP), transmit receive point (TRP), or cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also referred to as a stand-alone BS or monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.

[0038] An aggregated base station can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs). In some aspects, a CU can be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed among one or more other RAN nodes. A DU can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can be implemented as a virtual unit, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0039] Base station operation or network design can consider the aggregated characteristics of base station functionality. For example, a disaggregated base station can be used in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN, such as a network configuration initiated by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also referred to as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Disaggregation can include distributing functions across two or more units at various physical locations and virtually distributing the functions of at least one unit, which can achieve flexibility in network design. The various units of a disaggregated base station or a disaggregated RAN architecture can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0040] Figure 1FIG. 100 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communication system includes a split base station architecture. The split base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110, which may communicate directly with the core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more split base station units (such as a near-real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 105, or both). The CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via a corresponding midhaul link such as an F1 interface. The DU 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via a corresponding fronthaul link. The RU 140 may communicate with a corresponding UE 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some embodiments, the UE 104 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 140.

[0041] Each of the units (i.e., CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and near-RT RIC 125, non-RT RIC 115, and SMO framework 105) may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces that are configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively referred to as signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of these units, or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, these units may include a wired interface that is configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more of the other units via a wired transmission medium. Additionally, these units may include a wireless interface that may include a receiver, transmitter, or transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) that is configured to receive and / or transmit signals to one or more of the other units via a wireless transmission medium.

[0042] In some aspects, the CU 110 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include Radio Resource Control (RRC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function may be implemented using an interface that is configured to signal with other control functions hosted by the CU 110. The CU 110 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some specific implementations, the CU 110 may be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP units may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP units via an interface such as the E1 interface. As needed, the CU 110 may be implemented to communicate with the DU 130 for network control and signaling.

[0043] The DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, the DU 130 may host at least part of the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, and one or more high Physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, and demodulation, etc.) based at least in part on a functional split (such as those defined by 3GPP). In some aspects, the DU 130 may also host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface that is configured to signal with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 130 or with the control functions hosted by the CU 110.

[0044] The lower layer functionality may be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, the RUs 140 controlled by the DU 130 may correspond to logical nodes that host RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc.) or both, at least in part based on a functional split such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RUs 140 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 104. In some specific implementations, the real-time and non-real-time aspects of the control plane communication and user plane communication with the RUs 140 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration may enable the implementation of the DU 130 and CU 110 in a cloud-based RAN architecture (such as a vRAN architecture).

[0045] The SMO framework 105 can be configured to support the RAN deployment and orchestration of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, and these dedicated physical resources can be managed via operation and maintenance interfaces (such as the O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 105 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as the Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 190) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as the O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, the CU 110, DU 130, RU 140, and the Near RT RIC 125. In some specific implementations, the SMO framework 105 can communicate with the hardware aspect of the 4G RAN (such as the Open eNB (O-eNB) 111) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some specific implementations, the SMO framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via the O1 interface. The SMO framework 105 can also include a Non-RT RIC 115 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 105.

[0046] The Non-RT RIC 115 can be configured to include logical functions that can enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near RT RIC 125. The Non-RT RIC 115 can be coupled to or communicate with the Near RT RIC 125 (such as via the A1 interface). The Near RT RIC 125 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources through an interface (such as via the E2 interface) via data collection and actions, and this interface connects one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, and the O-eNB to the Near RT RIC 125.

[0047] In some specific implementations, to generate the AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 125, the non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 125 and can be received from non-network data sources or from network functions at the SMO framework 105 or the non-RT RIC 115. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 115 or the near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ an AI / ML model to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 105 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creating RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0048] At least one of the CU 110, DU 130, and RU 140 may be referred to as the base station 102. Thus, the base station 102 may include one or more of the CU 110, DU 130, and RU 140 (each component is indicated by a dashed line to represent that each component may or may not be included in the base station 102). The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for the UE 104. The base station 102 may include macro cells (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cells (low-power cellular base stations). Small cells include femto cells, pico cells, and micro cells. A network including both small cells and macro cells may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. The heterogeneous network may also include a home evolved Node B (eNB) (HeNB), which may provide services to a restricted group referred to as a closed subscriber group (CSG). The communication link between the RU 140 and the UE 104 may include an uplink (UL) (also referred to as a reverse link) transmission from the UE 104 to the RU 140 and / or a downlink (DL) (also referred to as a forward link) transmission from the RU 140 to the UE 104. The communication link may use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link may pass through one or more carriers. For each carrier allocated in carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) for transmission in each direction, the base station 102 / UE 104 may use a spectrum with a bandwidth of up to Y MHz (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, etc.). These carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to the DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for the DL compared to the UL). The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. The primary component carrier may be referred to as the primary cell (PCell) and the secondary component carriers may be referred to as secondary cells (SCells).

[0049] Some UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication links 158. The D2D communication links 158 may use DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication links 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as, physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), and physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH). D2D communication may be through various wireless D2D communication systems, such as, for example, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards, LTE, or NR.

[0050] The wireless communication system may also include a Wi-Fi AP 150 that communicates with the UE 104 (also referred to as a Wi-Fi station (STA)) via a communication link 154, such as in the 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum etc. When communicating in the unlicensed spectrum, the UE 104 / AP150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) before communication to determine whether the channel is available.

[0051] The electromagnetic spectrum is generally subdivided into various categories, frequency bands, channels, etc. based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating frequency bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz). Although a part of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is generally (interchangeably) referred to as the "sub-6 GHz" band. Regarding FR2, a similar naming issue sometimes occurs, which is generally (interchangeably) referred to as the "millimeter wave" band in documents and articles, although it is different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz - 300 GHz) identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as the "millimeter wave" band.

[0052] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified the operating frequency bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designations FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz). The frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus can effectively extend the features of FR1 and / or FR2 to the mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating frequency bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), FR4 (71 GHz - 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0053] In view of the above aspects, unless otherwise specifically stated, if terms such as "below 6 GHz" are used herein, they can broadly represent frequencies that can be less than 6 GHz, can be within FR1, or can include intermediate band frequencies. In addition, unless otherwise specifically stated, if terms such as "millimeter wave" are used herein, they can broadly represent frequencies that can include intermediate band frequencies, can be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or can be within the EHF band.

[0054] Base station 102 and UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas (such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays) to facilitate beamforming. Base station 102 may transmit a beamformed signal 182 to UE 104 in one or more transmission directions. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from base station 102 in one or more reception directions. UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal 184 to base station 102 in one or more transmission directions. Base station 102 may receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more reception directions. Base station 102 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the optimal reception and transmission directions for each of base station 102 / UE 104. The transmission direction and reception direction of base station 102 may be the same or may not be the same. The transmission direction and reception direction of UE 104 may be the same or may not be the same.

[0055] Base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, Node B, eNB, access point, base station transceiver, radio base station, radio transceiver, transceiver function, basic service set (BSS), extended service set (ESS), transmit receive point (TRP), network node, network entity, network equipment, or some other suitable term. Base station 102 may be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including CU and DU) and an RU, or may be implemented as a disaggregated base station including one or more of CU, DU, and / or RU. A set of base stations that may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations may be referred to as a next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN).

[0056] The core network 120 may include an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 161, a Session Management Function (SMF) 162, a User Plane Function (UPF) 163, a Unified Data Management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is a control node that processes signaling between the UE 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports the generation of Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) credentials, user identity handling, access authorization, and subscription management. One or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 165 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 166. However, generally speaking, one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / locationing servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, the LMF 166, a Position Determination Entity (PDE), a Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC), a Mobile Positioning Center (MPC), etc. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) to access UE location information. The LMF 166 receives measurement and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to calculate the location of the UE 104. The NG-RAN may utilize one or more positioning methods to determine the location of the UE 104. Positioning the UE 104 may involve signal measurement, location estimation, and optional speed calculation based on these measurements. The signal measurement may be performed by the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 serving the UE 104. The measured signals may be based on a Satellite Positioning System (SPS) 170 (e.g., a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), a Global Positioning System (GPS), a Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN), or one or more of other satellite positioning / location systems), an LTE signal, a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) signal, a Bluetooth signal, a Terrestrial Beacon System (TBS), sensor-based information (e.g., an atmospheric pressure sensor, a motion sensor), an NR Enhanced Cell ID (NR E-CID) method, an NR signal (e.g., multi-round-trip time (multi-RTT), DL departure angle (DL-AoD), DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), and UL arrival angle (UL-AoA) positioning), and / or one or more of other systems / signals / sensors.

[0057] Examples of the UE 104 include cellular phones, smart phones, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phones, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), satellite radios, global positioning systems, multimedia devices, video devices, digital audio players (e.g., MP3 players), cameras, game consoles, tablet devices, smart devices, wearable devices, vehicles, electric meters, air pumps, large or small kitchen appliances, healthcare devices, implants, sensors / actuators, displays, or any other device with a similar function. Some of the UEs in the UE 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meters, air pumps, toasters, vehicles, heart monitors, etc.). The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, mobile station, subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, cell phone, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable term. In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more companion devices, such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may access the network jointly and / or separately access the network.

[0058] Refer again to Figure 1, in some aspects, the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 may have a sensing signal transmitting component 198, which may be configured to output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from a first wireless device (e.g., a device having the sensing signal transmitting component 198) via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. The sensing signal transmitting component 198 may be configured to transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object. The reflecting object may reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. In some aspects, the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 may have a sensing signal receiving component 199, which may be configured to receive a sensing signal configuration from a second wireless device (e.g., a device having the sensing signal receiving component 199) for performing sensing based on the set of sensing signals. The sensing signal receiving component 199 may be configured to receive the first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. The sensing signal receiving component 199 may be configured to receive the second reflected sensing signal from the reflecting object via the target object. The sensing signal receiving component 199 may be configured to calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. Although the following description may focus on sensing signals reflected from a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) or a static reflecting surface that can act as a virtual transmit receive point (VTRP), the concepts described herein may apply to any device that can reflect or otherwise forward sensing signals to a target object. While the following description may focus on 5G NR, the concepts described herein may be applicable to other similar domains, such as LTE, LTE-A, CDMA, GSM, and other wireless technologies.

[0059] Figure 2A FIG. 200 is an illustration example of a first subframe within the 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2B FIG. 230 is an illustration example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. Figure 2C FIG. 250 is an illustration example of a second subframe within the 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2D FIG. 280 is an illustration example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure may be frequency division duplexing (FDD) (wherein for a specific set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), the subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated to DL or UL), or may be time division duplexing (TDD) (wherein for a specific set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth), the subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated to both DL and UL). In Figure 2A 、 Figure 2CIn the provided example, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, where subframe 4 is configured with slot format 28 (where most are DL), where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexibly usable between DL / UL, and subframe 3 is configured with slot format 1 (where all are UL). Although subframes 3 and 4 are shown as having slot formats 1 and 28 respectively, any particular subframe can be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0 - 61. Slot formats 0 and 1 are all - DL and all - UL respectively. The other slot formats 2 - 61 include a mixture of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. The UE is configured with the slot format by receiving a slot format indicator (SFI) (configured dynamically via downlink control information (DCI) or semi - statically / statically via radio resource control (RRC) signaling). Note that the following description also applies to the 5G NR frame structure as TDD.

[0060] Figures 2A to 2D The frame structure is illustrated, and aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies that may have different frame structures and / or different channels. One frame (10 ms) can be divided into 10 equally - sized subframes (1 ms). Each subframe can include one or more slots. A subframe can also include mini - slots, which can include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot can include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each slot can include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each slot can include 12 symbols. The symbols on the DL can be cyclic prefix - orthogonal frequency - division multiplexing (CP - OFDM) symbols. The symbols on the UL can be CP - OFDM symbols (for high - throughput scenarios) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) - spread OFDM (DFT - s - OFDM) symbols (for power - constrained scenarios; limited to single - stream transmission). The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the parameter set. The parameter set defines the sub - carrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1). The symbol length / duration can be scaled with 1 / SCS.

[0061]

[0062] Table 1: Parameter Sets, SCS, and CP

[0063] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot), the different parameter sets μ from 0 to 4 allow 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots per subframe respectively. For extended CP, parameter set 2 allows 4 slots per subframe. Thus, for normal CP and parameter set μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2 µ slots / subframe. The sub - carrier spacing can be equal to where For parameter sets 0 to 4. Thus, the subcarrier spacing for parameter set μ = 0 is 15 kHz, and the subcarrier spacing for parameter set μ = 4 is 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is negatively correlated with the subcarrier spacing. Figures 2A to 2D An example for parameter set μ = 2 with normal CP having 14 symbols per time slot and 4 time slots per subframe is provided. The time slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs. Within a frame set, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) that are frequency division multiplexed (see Figure 2B ). Each BWP may have a specific parameter set and CP (normal or extended).

[0064] A resource grid can be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as a physical RB (PRB)) that extends over 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0065] As Figure 2A illustrated, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RSs) for the UE. The RSs can include demodulation RSs (DM-RSs) (denoted as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs) for channel estimation at the UE. The RSs can also include beam measurement RSs (BRSs), beam refinement RSs (BRRSs), and phase tracking RSs (PT-RSs).

[0066] Figure 2BExamples of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame are illustrated. The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more Control Channel Elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs), each CCE including six Resource Element groups (REGs), each REG including 12 consecutive Resource Elements (REs) in an OFDM symbol of a Resource Block (RB). The PDCCH within a Bandwidth Part (BWP) can be referred to as a Control Resource Set (CORESET). The UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) during a PDCCH monitoring occasion on the CORESET, where the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs can be located at higher and / or lower frequencies on the channel bandwidth. The Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) can be in symbol 2 of a specific subframe of a frame. The PSS is used by the UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and the physical layer identity. The Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) can be in symbol 4 of a specific subframe of a frame. The SSS is used by the UE to determine the physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine the Physical Cell Identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the location of the Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS). The Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) carrying the Master Information Block (MIB) can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a Synchronization Signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as an SS block (SSB)). The MIB provides the System Frame Number (SFN) and the number of RBs in the system bandwidth. The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not sent via the PBCH (such as System Information Blocks (SIBs)), and paging messages.

[0067] As Figure 2C illustrated, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE can transmit DM-RS for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). The PUSCH DM-RS can be transmitted in the previous one or two symbols of the PUSCH. Depending on whether a short PUCCH or a long PUCCH is transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used, the PUCCH DM-RS can be transmitted in different configurations. The UE can transmit a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS). The SRS can be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS can have a comb structure, and the UE can transmit the SRS on one of the teeth of the comb. The SRS can be used by the base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling of the UL.

[0068] Figure 2DIllustrates examples of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located at the position indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as a scheduling request, a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), and a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgement (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACKs and / or negative ACKs (NACKs)). The PUSCH carries data and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR), a power headroom report (PHR), and / or UCI.

[0069] Figure 3 Is a block diagram of a base station 310 in an access network communicating with a UE 350. In the DL, Internet Protocol (IP) packets may be provided to a controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a media access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with the broadcast of system information (e.g., MIB, SIB), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs), error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and re-ordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with the mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0070] The transmit (Tx) processor 316 and the receive (Rx) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes the physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) encoding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. The Tx processor 316 handles the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-phase shift keying (M-PSK), and M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). The encoded and modulated symbols are then split into parallel streams. Each stream is then mapped to OFDM subcarriers, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to generate a physical channel carrying a stream of time-domain OFDM symbols. The OFDM stream is space precoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from the channel estimator 374 can be used to determine the encoding and modulation schemes, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimates can be derived from reference signals transmitted by the UE 350 and / or channel condition feedback. Each spatial stream is then provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx can modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with the corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0071] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives signals via its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (Rx) processor 356. The Tx processor 368 and the Rx processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The Rx processor 356 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they can be combined into a single OFDM symbol stream by the Rx processor 356. The Rx processor 356 then uses a fast Fourier transform (FFT) to convert the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain. The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols and the reference signal on each subcarrier are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions can be based on the channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

[0072] The controller / processor 359 may be associated with a memory 360 that stores program code and data. The memory 360 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between the transport channel and the logical channel, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using the ACK and / or NACK protocols to support HARQ operations.

[0073] Similar to the functionality described in connection with DL transmissions performed by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connection, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and re-ordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with the mapping between the logical channel and the transport channel, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto a TB, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from a TB, scheduling information reporting, error correction via HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0074] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator 358 from reference signals or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 may be used by the Tx processor 368 to select an appropriate decoding and modulation scheme and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the Tx processor 368 may be provided to different antennas 352 via a separate transmitter 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx modulates an RF carrier with the respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0075] UL transmissions are processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver functionality at the UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives signals via its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides the information to the Rx processor 370.

[0076] The controller / processor 375 may be associated with a memory 376 that stores program code and data. The memory 376 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between the transport channel and the logical channel, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using the ACK and / or NACK protocols to support HARQ operations.

[0077] At least one of Tx processor 368, Rx processor 356, and controller / processor 359 may be configured to perform aspects in conjunction with Figure 1 sensing signal transmitting component 198.

[0078] At least one of Tx processor 368, Rx processor 356, and controller / processor 359 may be configured to perform aspects in conjunction with Figure 1 sensing signal receiving component 199.

[0079] At least one of Tx processor 316, Rx processor 370, and controller / processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in conjunction with Figure 1 sensing signal transmitting component 198.

[0080] At least one of Tx processor 316, Rx processor 370, and controller / processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in conjunction with Figure 1 sensing signal receiving component 199.

[0081] Figure 4FIG. 400 is a diagram illustrating an example of sensing based on sensing signals transmitted based on measuring one or more sensing signals reflected from a target object 403. A wireless node that transmits a sensing signal reflected from a target object may be referred to as a transmitter node. A wireless node that receives a reflected sensing signal and measures the reflected sensing signal to perform sensing may be referred to as a receiver node. In one aspect, the wireless node 402 may perform monostatic sensing. The wireless node 402 may act as both a transmitter node and a receiver node. The wireless node 402 may transmit a set of sensing signals 412 at the target object 403, the target object 403 may reflect the set of sensing signals 412 as a set of reflected sensing signals 416 at the wireless node 402, and the wireless node 402 may measure the set of reflected sensing signals 416 from the target object 403. In another aspect, the wireless node 402 and the wireless node 404 may perform bistatic sensing. The wireless node 402 may act as a transmitter node, and the wireless node 404 acts as a receiver node. The wireless node 402 may transmit a set of sensing signals 412 at the target object 403, the target object 403 may reflect the set of sensing signals 412 as a set of reflected sensing signals 414 at the wireless node 404, and the wireless node 404 may measure the set of reflected sensing signals 414 from the target object 403. In another aspect, the wireless node 402 and the wireless node 406 may perform multistatic sensing. For a first set of sensing signals, the wireless node 402 may act as both a transmitter node and a receiver node, and for a second set of sensing signals, the wireless node 406 acts as a transmitter node, and the wireless node 402 acts as a receiver node. In addition to the wireless node 402 using monostatic sensing to measure the set of reflected sensing signals 416 from the target object 403, the wireless node 406 may also transmit a set of sensing signals 418 at the target object 403, the target object 403 may reflect the set of sensing signals 418 as a set of reflected sensing signals 420 at the wireless node 402, and the wireless node 402 may measure the set of reflected sensing signals 420 from the target object 403. In another aspect, the wireless node 402, the wireless node 404, and the wireless node 408 may perform multistatic sensing. For a first set of sensing signals, the wireless node 402 may act as a transmitter node, and the wireless node 404 acts as a receiver node, and for a second set of sensing signals, the wireless node 408 acts as a transmitter node, and the wireless node 404 acts as a receiver node. In addition to the wireless node 404 using bistatic sensing to measure the set of reflected sensing signals 414 from the target object 403, the wireless node 408 may also transmit a set of sensing signals 422 at the target object 403, the target object 403 may reflect the set of sensing signals 422 as a set of reflected sensing signals 424 at the wireless node 404, and the wireless node 404 may measure the set of reflected sensing signals 424 from the target object 403.Each wireless node can be any wireless device configured to transmit or receive wireless signals, such as a UE, a network node, a TRP, or a base station. For example, the wireless node 402 can be a network node configured to transmit a set of sensing signals 412 at the target object 403 and measure a set of reflected sensing signals 416 from the target object 403. In another example, the wireless node 402 can be a network node configured to transmit a set of sensing signals 412 at the target object 403, and the wireless node 404 can be a UE configured to measure a set of reflected sensing signals 414 from the target object 403.

[0082] The wireless node 402 can perform one or more sensing measurements on the set of reflected sensing signals 416 and / or the set of reflected sensing signals 420. In one aspect, the wireless node 402 can calculate the distance or range between the wireless node 402 and the target object 403 based on the round-trip time (RTT) between when the wireless node 402 transmits the set of sensing signals 412 and when the wireless node 402 receives the set of reflected sensing signals 416. In one aspect, the wireless node 402 can calculate the distance or range traveled by the set of sensing signals 418 and the set of reflected sensing signals 420 based on the time between when the wireless node 406 transmits the set of sensing signals 418 and when the wireless node 402 receives the set of reflected sensing signals 420. In one aspect, the wireless node 402 can calculate the position of the target object 403 based on multiple range or distance measurements, for example, via triangulation using the known locations of the wireless nodes 402 and 406 and the calculated range or distance measurements. In one aspect, the wireless node 402 can calculate the speed of the target object 403 based on a first calculated position of the target object 403 and a second calculated position of the target object 403, where the first calculated position is based on the set of reflected sensing signals 416 and / or the set of reflected sensing signals 420 measured at a first time, and the second calculated position is based on the set of reflected sensing signals 416 and / or the set of reflected sensing signals 420 measured at a second time. In one aspect, the wireless node 402 can calculate the AoA of the set of reflected sensing signals 416 and / or the AoD of the set of sensing signals 412 based on the multiple ports that transmit the set of sensing signals 412 and the multiple ports that receive the set of reflected sensing signals 416. In one aspect, the wireless node 402 can calculate the AoA of the set of reflected sensing signals 420 and / or the AoD of the set of sensing signals 418 based on the multiple ports that transmit the set of sensing signals 418 and the multiple ports that receive the set of reflected sensing signals 420.

[0083] Similarly, the wireless node 404 can perform one or more sensing measurements on the reflected sensing signal set 414 and / or the reflected sensing signal set 424. In one aspect, the wireless node 404 can calculate the distance or range traveled by the sensing signal set 412 and the reflected sensing signal set 414 based on the time between when the wireless node 402 transmits the sensing signal set 412 and when the wireless node 404 receives the reflected sensing signal set 414. In one aspect, the wireless node 404 can calculate the distance or range traveled by the sensing signal set 422 and the reflected sensing signal set 424 based on the time between when the wireless node 408 transmits the sensing signal set 422 and when the wireless node 404 receives the reflected sensing signal set 424. In one aspect, the wireless node 404 can calculate the position of the target object 403 based on multiple range or distance measurements, for example, via triangulation using the known locations of the wireless nodes 402, 404, and 408 and the calculated range or distance measurements. In one aspect, the wireless node 404 can calculate the speed of the target object 403 based on a first calculated position of the target object 403 and a second calculated position of the target object 403, where the first calculated position is based on the reflected sensing signal set 414 and / or the reflected sensing signal set 424 measured at a first time, and the second calculated position is based on the reflected sensing signal set 414 and / or the reflected sensing signal set 424 measured at a second time. In one aspect, the wireless node 404 can calculate the AoA of the reflected sensing signal set 414 and / or the AoD of the sensing signal set 412 based on the multiple ports that transmit the sensing signal set 412 and the multiple ports that receive the reflected sensing signal set 414. In one aspect, the wireless node 404 can calculate the AoA of the reflected sensing signal set 424 and / or the AoD of the sensing signal set 422 based on the multiple ports that transmit the sensing signal set 422 and the multiple ports that receive the reflected sensing signal set 424.

[0084] Although a wireless node can sense the parameters of the target object 403 by measuring a set of reflected sensing signals originating from a transmitter node, such a wireless node can improve its sensing by measuring two or more sets of reflected sensing signals originating from two or more transmitter nodes. For example, in addition to measuring the reflected sensing signal set 420 originating from the wireless node 406 as the sensing signal set 418, the wireless node 402 can also improve its sensing by measuring the reflected sensing signal set 416 originating from the wireless node 402 as the sensing signal set 412. In another example, in addition to measuring the reflected sensing signal set 424 originating from the wireless node 408 as the sensing signal set 422, the wireless node 404 can also improve its sensing by measuring the reflected sensing signal set 414 originating from the wireless node 402 as the sensing signal set 412.

[0085] Although sensing can be improved when a receiver node measures two or more sets of reflected sensing signals from two or more transmitter nodes, in some aspects, a wireless network may not have multiple devices located at different positions that can be used as transmitter nodes for a target object or an area where the target object is located. For example, a wireless network may have one transmitter node configured to transmit a set of sensing signals at a target object, or may have multiple transmitter nodes, but one transmitter node may be configured to transmit a set of sensing signals strong enough to perform sensing on a target object in a specific area. In some aspects, a transmitter node may transmit a set of sensing signals at a target object from multiple directions by using one or more reflective objects, such as a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) or a static reflective device (e.g., one side of a building made of a material that stably reflects RF signals) that can act as a virtual transmit-receive point (VTRP) serving as a transmitter node.

[0086] In some aspects, a first wireless device may output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflective object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. The first wireless device may transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflective object. The reflective object may reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. The first reflected sensing signal and the second reflected sensing signal may be received by the first wireless device in a monostatic configuration. In the monostatic configuration, the first wireless device may receive the first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. The first wireless device may receive the second reflected sensing signal from the reflective object via the target object. The wireless device may calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. The first reflected sensing signal and the second reflected sensing signal may be received by a second wireless device in a bistatic configuration. The second wireless device may receive the sensing signal configuration from the first wireless device for performing sensing based on the set of sensing signals. The second wireless device may receive the first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. The second wireless device may receive the second reflected sensing signal from the reflective object via the target object. The second wireless device may calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration.

[0087] Figure 5A FIG. 500 is a diagram illustrating an example of performing sensing using RIS 504 based on measurements of both a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 514 and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 526. Wireless node 502 may be a transmitter node. Wireless node 502 may be a TRP, a base station, or a UE. Wireless node 506 may be a receiver node. Wireless node 506 may be a TRP, a base station, or a UE.

[0088] The RIS 504 can be installed on any suitable surface to reflect signals from the wireless node 502. For example, the RIS 504 can be installed on the outer wall of a building. The RIS 504 can include a plurality of elements. The elements can be evenly distributed on the surface of the RIS 504. The elements can be electrically controllable elements. Each element can have reconfigurable electromagnetic characteristics, such as a reflection coefficient. The RIS 504 can configure one or more elements to reflect and modify the incident radio waveform directed at the surface of the RIS 504. In one aspect, the RIS 504 can change the reflection direction of the reflected beam relative to the incident beam. In another aspect, the RIS 504 can change the beam width of the reflected beam relative to the incident beam. In other words, the RIS 504 can use the elements distributed on its surface to control the direction or beam characteristics of the reflected beam relative to the incident beam directed at its surface. The RIS 504 can use a beamforming design (such as a lens-like beam) to form a sharper beam. In some aspects, the RIS 504 can dynamically control each element in the element array on the surface of the RIS 504 (e.g., control on a per-time-slot basis). The wireless system can use the RIS 504 to change the channel realization in a controlled manner, thereby enhancing channel diversity. The increased diversity can provide robustness against channel blocking and / or channel fading. For example, the increased diversity can provide robustness for millimeter-wave (mmWave) signals. The RIS 504 can be configured to reflect multiple wireless signals, such as LTE signals or NR signals. Using the RIS to reflect signals can use less energy and can cost less energy than using a wireless relay or repeater to retransmit signals.

[0089] The RIS 504 can have a RIS controller that is configured to control the RIS 504, such as the reflection coefficient of one or more elements of the RIS 504. The RIS 504 can include a RIS controller. The wireless node can include a RIS controller (such as the wireless node 502) or a base station disposed near the RIS 504. The core network of the wireless system (such as the LMF) can control the RIS 504 via a TRP that is set to have a line of sight (LOS) to the antenna of the RIS 504. The RIS controller can receive a control request or signal from a wireless sensing node (such as the wireless node 502 or the wireless node 506). Such a wireless sensing node can discover and obtain control of the RIS 504 by sending a RIS discovery request to a centralized RIS control node or by receiving an indication of RIS information from a centralized RIS control node.

[0090] The wireless node 502 can transmit a transmitted signal 512 to the target object 505. The target object can reflect the transmitted signal 512 as a first-order reflected signal 514 to the wireless node 506. The wireless node 506 can receive the first-order reflected signal 514. The wireless node 506 can measure the first-order reflected signal 514 to perform sensing with respect to the wireless node 502 and the target object 505. The wireless node 502 can transmit a transmitted signal 522 to the RIS 504. The RIS 504 can reflect the transmitted signal 522 as a first-order reflected signal 524 to the target object 505. The target object 505 can reflect the first-order reflected signal 524 as a second-order reflected signal 526 to the wireless node 506. The wireless node 506 can receive the second-order reflected signal 526. The wireless node 506 can measure the second-order reflected signal 526 to perform sensing with respect to the wireless node 502, the RIS 504, and the target object 505. The wireless node 502 can configure the transmitted signal 512 differently from the transmitted signal 522 so that the wireless node 506 can distinguish between the first-order reflected signal 514 and the second-order reflected signal 526.

[0091] Figure 5B FIG. 550 is a diagram illustrating an example of using the VTRP 556 for sensing based on measurements of both a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 514 and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 576, where the VTRP is generated using the reflector 554. The reflector 554 can be any object that provides a static reflection of at least a threshold amount of the transmitted signal 522 from the wireless node 502. In one aspect, the reflector 554 can be a RIS having static elements (e.g., elements that are not dynamically reconfigured by the wireless node 502 or the wireless node 506 during the sensing period). In one aspect, the reflector 554 can be a glass facade of a structure. In some aspects, the wireless system can utilize sensing beams from wireless nodes at various locations to perform tests to determine properties of the reflector 554, such as the position of the reflector 554, the location of the reflector 554, one or more reflection angles of the reflector 554, or the size and shape of the reflective surface of the reflector 554. When the transmitted signal 522 is reflected from the reflector 554, the VTRP 556 can be considered a virtual location of the wireless node 502. In other words, the wireless node 506 can treat the second-order reflected signal 576 leaving the target object 505 as a first-order reflected signal from the VTRP 556 for sensing measurement purposes.

[0092] When the wireless node 506 measures the second-order reflected signal 576, the wireless node 506 may regard the second-order reflected signal 576 as a first-order reflection from the VTRP 556. The wireless node 506 may calculate the location of the VTRP 556 based on the known locations of the wireless node 502 and the reflector 554. The wireless node 502 may send the transmitted signal 512 to the target object 505. The target object may reflect the transmitted signal 512 as a first-order reflected signal 514 to the wireless node 506. The wireless node 506 may receive the first-order reflected signal 514. The wireless node 506 may measure the first-order reflected signal 514 to perform sensing with respect to the wireless node 502 and the target object 505. The wireless node 502 may send the transmitted signal 522 to the reflector 554. The reflector 554 may reflect the transmitted signal 522 as a first-order reflected signal 574 to the target object 505. The target object 505 may reflect the first-order reflected signal 574 as a second-order reflected signal 576 to the wireless node 506. The wireless node 506 may receive the second-order reflected signal 576. The wireless node 506 may measure the second-order reflected signal 576 to perform sensing with respect to the VTRP 556 and the target object 505. The wireless node 506 may regard the reflector 554 as the VTRP 556 that transmits the signal 584 reflected from the target object 505 to generate the second-order reflected signal 576.

[0093] Although Figure 5A and Figure 5B show a reflective surface ( Figure 5A the RIS 504 in Figure 5B and the reflector 554 in Figure 5A and Figure 5B ), multiple reflective surfaces may be used in the wireless sensing system to improve the measurement of the target object 505 and increase the number of available reflection paths for measuring the target object 505. Although

[0094] Figure 6 shows the wireless node 506 measuring the first-order and second-order reflected signals, the wireless node 506 may use multiple reflective surfaces to measure reflected signals of any order on the reflection path, such as third-order, fourth-order, or fifth-order reflected signals.

[0094] Figure 6 is a connection flowchart 600 illustrating an example of sensing using controlled first-order and second-order reflections that are transmitted via the RIS 604 using the wireless node 602 in a bistatic configuration with the wireless node 606. The wireless node 602 may have a line-of-sight (LOS) path to the RIS 604 and to the target object 605. The wireless node 602 may have an LOS path to the wireless node 606, or may be able to send a configuration, such as a sensing signal configuration 610, to the wireless node 606 via an alternative path (such as via a network node or LMF).

[0095] At 608, the wireless node 602 may configure sensing signals for detecting the target object 605 using multiple reflection paths, or for detecting target objects within the area where the target object 605 is located using multiple reflection paths. The wireless node 602 may configure a first reflection path having a set of sensing signals 620 from the wireless node 602 to the target object 605 and a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 622 from the target object 605 to the wireless node 606. The wireless node 602 may configure a second reflection path having a set of sensing signals 614 from the wireless node 602 to the RIS 604, a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 616 from the RIS 604 to the target object 605, and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 618 from the target object 605 to the wireless node 606. In some aspects, the wireless node 602 may configure any number of sensing signals for any number of reflection paths between the wireless node 602 and the target object 605 and to the wireless node 606. In some aspects, the wireless node 602 may select a subset of reflection paths from multiple alternative paths to sense the target object 605. In some aspects, the wireless node 502 may configure the sensing signals in response to determining the presence, location, and / or coverage of a reflecting surface (e.g., the RIS 604 or a static reflector) to determine whether multiple reflection paths can be configured for the target object 605. The wireless node 602 may configure the first reflection path including the set of sensing signals 620 and the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 622 in response to determining that there is a LOS path between the wireless node 602 and the area around the target object 605 and there is a LOS path between the area around the target object 605 and the wireless node 606. The wireless node 602 may configure the second reflection path including the set of sensing signals 614, the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 616, and the set of second-order reflected sensing signals 618 in response to determining that there is a LOS path between the wireless node 602 and the RIS 604, there is a LOS path between the RIS 604 and the area around the target object 605, and there is a LOS path between the area around the target object 605 and the wireless node 606. In some aspects, the wireless node 602 may configure the control of the RIS604 to direct the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 616 towards the target object 605 or the coverage area around the target object 605. In some aspects, the wireless node 602 may configure the sensing signals at 608 in response to receiving a sensing request from a sensing entity (such as a network node of the LMF or the core network). The sensing request may indicate the area of interest regarding the target object 605. In response to the request, the wireless node 602 may determine that the RIS 604 can be used as a reflecting surface for sensing the target object 605 or the coverage area around the target object 605, and may configure the reflection path accordingly.

[0096] Wireless node 602 may send a sensing signal configuration 610 to wireless node 606. Wireless node 606 may receive the sensing signal configuration 610. The sensing signal configuration 610 may be sent directly to wireless node 606 or may be sent indirectly to wireless node 606 via one or more intermediate devices such as a UE or a network node. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include a configuration of a set of sensing signals 614. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of a sensing path (i.e., a reflection path) from wireless node 602 to wireless node 606 via RIS 604 and target object 605, such as the path of the set of sensing signals 614 from wireless node 602 to RIS 604, the path of the first-order reflected set of sensing signals 616 from RIS 604 to target object 605, and the path of the second-order reflected set of sensing signals 618 from target object 605 to wireless node 606. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include a configuration of a set of sensing signals 620. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of a sensing path from wireless node 602 to wireless node 606 via target object 605, such as the path of the set of sensing signals 620 from wireless node 602 to target object 605, and the path of the first-order reflected set of sensing signals 622 from target object 605 to wireless node 606. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of the location of RIS 604. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of the location around target object 605. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include the coverage of RIS 604 relative to wireless node 602, such as the LOS ability of RIS to reach the area around target object 605, the angle of RIS 604 relative to wireless node 602, and the scattering adjustability of RIS 604.

[0097] The sensing signal configuration 610 may include a time-of-arrival (TOA) reporting mode, such as whether the wireless node 606 should perform cluster-based TOA reporting. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of whether to use burst transmission to transmit a set of sensing signals. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of what type of beam is used for the set of sensing signals. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of one or more attributes of the sensing signal, such as a first RS for a first set of sensing signals and a second RS different from the first RS for a second set of sensing signals, or a first resource for a first set of sensing signals and a second resource different from the first resource for a second set of sensing signals. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of the type of reflector used (e.g., whether the reflector is a RIS or a static reflector) and the location of each reflector. The sensing signal configuration 610 may be sent in a variety of ways. In one aspect, the wireless node 602 may send the sensing signal configuration 610 as a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), or a DCI. In one aspect, the wireless node 602 may broadcast the sensing signal configuration 610 as a broadcast message (e.g., as system information to multiple UEs). In one aspect, for example, if both the wireless node 602 and the wireless node 606 are TRPs of a public network, the wireless node 602 may send the sensing signal configuration 610 as a backhaul message via a network connection.

[0098] The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication for the wireless node 606 to generate a cluster-based path report. The indication may include one or more settings for the wireless node 606 to use, such as a clustering method (e.g., K-means clustering, density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) clustering), a delay threshold, an AoA threshold, the number of representative reflection paths, or a metric for reflection path selection. The delay threshold or the AoA threshold may be used to distinguish between sets of reflected sensing signals, as one set of signals may be delayed compared to another set of sensing signals (e.g., the wireless node 606 may receive a first-order reflected sensing signal set 622 before receiving a second-order reflected sensing signal set 618), or one set of signals may have a different AoA from another set of sensing signals. In some aspects, the metric for reflection path selection may indicate that the wireless node 606 selects the first path and the last path as the representative paths for each cluster, or may indicate that the wireless node 606 selects the strongest measured power (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP)) as the representative path for each cluster.

[0099] Wireless node 602 may send a sensing signal configuration 612 to RIS 604. RIS 604 may receive the sensing signal configuration 612. The sensing signal configuration 612 may include a configuration of a set of sensing signals 614. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of a sensing path from the wireless node 602 to the target object 605 via RIS 604, such as the path of the set of sensing signals 614 from the wireless node 602 to RIS 604, and the path of the first-order reflected sensing signal set 616 from RIS 604 to the target object 605. The sensing signal configuration 612 may include an indication for RIS 604 to modify the reflected sensing signal using a watermark to distinguish the first-order reflected sensing signal set 616 (and thus the second-order reflected sensing signal set 618) from the first-order reflected sensing signal set 622. For example, RIS 604 may add a header to the first-order reflected sensing signal set 616 indicating the reflection path. The watermark may also be indicated in the sensing signal configuration 610 sent to the wireless node 606 such that the wireless node 606 can detect the watermark pattern to distinguish the second-order reflected sensing signal set from other received sensing signals. In some aspects, the wireless node 602 may be configured to send the set of sensing signals 614 or the set of sensing signals 620 with a watermark pattern, and RIS 604 may stack an additional watermark pattern on the set of sensing signals 614. The watermark pattern for the set of sensing signals 614 may be different from the watermark pattern for the set of sensing signals 620.

[0100] Wireless node 602 may send the set of sensing signals 614 to RIS 604 based on the sensing signal configuration 610 or the sensing signal configuration 612. RIS 604 may reflect the set of sensing signals 614 as the first-order reflected sensing signal set 616 to the target object 605. The target object 605 may reflect the first-order reflected sensing signal set 616 as the second-order reflected sensing signal set 618 at the wireless node 606. The wireless node 602 may send the set of sensing signals 620 to the target object 605. The target object 605 may reflect the set of sensing signals 620 as the first-order reflected sensing signal set 622 at the wireless node 606.

[0101] The wireless node 602 can send the set of sensing signals 614 and the set of sensing signals 620 in multiple ways. In one aspect, the wireless node 602 can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 614 and the set of sensing signals 620 in a wider beam covering both the RIS 604 and the target object 605. The wireless node 602 can use such a wide beam with a smaller beamforming gain in two directions. In another aspect, the wireless node 602 can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 614 and the set of sensing signals 620 as two narrow beams, where the same sensing resources are used on two different beams. In another aspect, the wireless node 602 can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 614 and the set of sensing signals 620 as two narrow beams, where different sensing resources are used on two different beams. In another aspect, the wireless node 602 can use time-division multiplexing (TDM) to send the set of sensing signals 614 and the set of sensing signals 620 as two narrow beams sent in different time periods. In some aspects, the wireless node 602 can be configured to sense the target object 605 when the target object 605 is moving. Thus, the target object 605 can be at a first location when the first-order reflected sensing signal set 616 reaches the target object 605, and can be at a second location when the sensing signal set 620 reaches the target object 605. In this aspect, the wireless node 602 can independently schedule the measurement of each of the second-order reflected sensing signal set 618 and the first-order reflected sensing signal set 622, and the processing of the measurements can be jointly performed by the wireless node 606 or by another wireless device (e.g., a sensing entity that receives a report of the measurements from the wireless node 606).

[0102] At 624, the wireless node 606 may perform sensing on the first-order reflected sensing signal set 622 and the second-order reflected sensing signal set 618 based on the sensing signal configuration 610. In some aspects, the wireless node 606 may generate a path report based on the sensing, such as a cluster-based path report. For example, the wireless node 606 may report one or more representative paths starting from each sensed target object, such as the target object 605. Each target object may have a separate path. The cluster-based path report may indicate each path. For example, the cluster-based path report may include a first indication of a first reflected path and a second indication of a second reflected path, where the first reflected path includes the sensing signal set 620 and the first-order reflected sensing signal set 622, and the second reflected path includes the sensing signal set 614, the first-order reflected sensing signal set 616, and the second-order reflected sensing signal set 618. The wireless node 606 may distinguish each reflected path based on the delay of the reflected sensing signal or based on the angle of arrival (AoA) of the reflected sensing signal. The wireless node 606 may generate a cluster-based path report based on one or more settings of the sensing signal configuration 610. The wireless node 606 may send the sensing report 626 to the wireless node 602. The wireless node 602 may receive the sensing report 626 from the wireless node 606. In some aspects, the wireless node 606 may send the sensing report to a sensing entity, such as an LMF or a network node of the core network.

[0103] Although the wireless node 602 and the wireless node 606 are respectively shown as a transmitter node and a receiver node in Figure 6 the wireless node 602 and the wireless node 606 may represent a single co-located device, such as a base station or a UE that performs single-site sensing. Therefore, the configuration of the sensing signal at 608 and the sensing performed at 624 may be performed by the same device. Such a wireless device may not send the sensing signal configuration 610 because the device already knows the configuration of the sensing signal.

[0104] Figure 7FIG. 700 is a connection flowchart illustrating an example of sensing using controlled first- and second-order reflections that are transmitted via RIS 704 using wireless node 702 in a single-hop configuration. Wireless node 702 may have LOS paths to RIS 704 and to target object 705. At 708, wireless node 702 may configure a sensing signal for detecting target object 705 using multiple reflection paths, or for detecting target objects within the area where target object 705 is located using multiple reflection paths. Wireless node 702 may configure a first reflection path that has a set of sensing signals 720 from wireless node 702 to target object 705, and a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 722 from target object 705 to wireless node 702. Wireless node 702 may configure a second reflection path that has a set of sensing signals 714 from wireless node 702 to RIS 704, a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 716 from RIS 704 to target object 705, and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 718 from target object 705 to wireless node 702. In some aspects, wireless node 702 may configure any number of sensing signals for any number of reflection paths between wireless node 702 and target object 705 and back to wireless node 702. In some aspects, wireless node 702 may select a subset of reflection paths from multiple alternative paths to sense target object 705. In some aspects, wireless node 502 may configure the sensing signal in response to determining the presence, location, and / or coverage of a reflecting surface (e.g., RIS 704 or a static reflector) to determine whether multiple reflection paths can be configured for target object 705. Wireless node 702 may configure the first reflection path including set of sensing signals 720 and set of first-order reflected sensing signals 722 in response to determining that there is a LOS path between wireless node 702 and the area around target object 705 and there is a LOS path between the area around target object 705 and wireless node 702. Wireless node 702 may configure the second reflection path including set of sensing signals 714, set of first-order reflected sensing signals 716, and set of second-order reflected sensing signals 718 in response to determining that there is a LOS path between wireless node 702 and RIS 704, there is a LOS path between RIS 704 and the area around target object 705, and there is a LOS path between the area around target object 705 and wireless node 702. In some aspects, wireless node 702 may configure the control of RIS 704 to direct set of first-order reflected sensing signals 716 towards target object 705 or the coverage area around target object 705. In some aspects, wireless node 702 may configure the sensing signal at 708 in response to receiving a sensing request from a sensing entity (such as a network node of LMF or the core network). The sensing request may indicate the area of interest regarding target object 605.In response to the request, the wireless node 702 may determine that the RIS 704 can be used as a reflection surface for sensing the target object 705 or the coverage area around the target object 705, and may configure the reflection path accordingly. The wireless node 702 may output the configuration to a module for performing sensing on the sensed signal received at 724.

[0105] The wireless node 702 may send a sensing signal configuration 712 to the RIS 704. The RIS 704 may receive the sensing signal configuration 712. The sensing signal configuration 712 may include the configuration of a set of sensing signals 714. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a sensing path from the wireless node 702 to the target object 705 via the RIS 704, such as the path of the set of sensing signals 714 from the wireless node 702 to the RIS 704, and the path of the first-order reflected sensing signal set 716 from the RIS 704 to the target object 705. The sensing signal configuration 712 may include an indication for the RIS 704 to modify the reflected sensing signal using a watermark to distinguish the first-order reflected sensing signal set 716 (and thus the second-order reflected sensing signal set 718) from the first-order reflected sensing signal set 722. For example, the RIS 704 may add a header to the first-order reflected sensing signal set 716 indicating the reflection path. The wireless node 702 may detect the watermark pattern to distinguish the second-order reflected sensing signal set from other received sensing signals. In some aspects, the wireless node 702 may be configured to send a set of sensing signals 714 or a set of sensing signals 720 with a watermark pattern, and the RIS 704 may stack an additional watermark pattern on the set of sensing signals 714. The watermark pattern for the set of sensing signals 714 may be different from the watermark pattern for the set of sensing signals 720.

[0106] The wireless node 702 may send the set of sensing signals 714 to the RIS 704 based on the sensing signal configuration 712. The RIS 704 may reflect the set of sensing signals 714 as the first-order reflected sensing signal set 716 to the target object 705. The target object 705 may reflect the first-order reflected sensing signal set 716 as the second-order reflected sensing signal set 718 at the wireless node 702. The wireless node 702 may send the set of sensing signals 720 to the target object 705. The target object 705 may reflect the set of sensing signals 720 as the first-order reflected sensing signal set 722 at the wireless node 702.

[0107] The wireless node 702 can send the set of sensing signals 714 and the set of sensing signals 720 in various ways. In one aspect, the wireless node 702 can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 714 and the set of sensing signals 720 in a wider beam covering both the RIS 704 and the target object 705. The wireless node 702 can use such a wide beam with a smaller beamforming gain in two directions. In another aspect, the wireless node 702 can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 714 and the set of sensing signals 720 as two narrow beams, where the same sensing resources are on two different beams. In another aspect, the wireless node 702 can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 714 and the set of sensing signals 720 as two narrow beams, where different sensing resources are on two different beams. In another aspect, the wireless node 702 can use TDM to send the set of sensing signals 714 and the set of sensing signals 720 as two narrow beams sent in different time periods. In some aspects, the wireless node 702 can be configured to sense the target object 705 when the target object 705 is moving. Thus, the target object 705 can be at a first location when the first-order reflected sensing signal set 716 reaches the target object 705, and can be at a second location when the sensing signal set 720 reaches the target object 705. In this aspect, the wireless node 702 can independently schedule the measurement of each of the second-order reflected sensing signal set 718 and the first-order reflected sensing signal set 722, and the processing of the measurement can be jointly performed by the wireless node 702 or by another wireless device (e.g., a sensing entity that receives a report of the measurement from the wireless node 702).

[0108] At 724, the wireless node 702 can perform sensing on the first-order reflected sensing signal set 722 and the second-order reflected sensing signal set 718 based on the sensing signal configuration 712. In some aspects, the wireless node 702 can generate a path report based on the sensing, such as a cluster-based path report. For example, the wireless node 702 can report one or more representative paths starting from each sensed target object (such as the target object 705). Each target object can have a separate path. The cluster-based path report can indicate each path. For example, the cluster-based path report can include a first indication of a first reflection path and a second indication of a second reflection path, where the first reflection path includes the sensing signal set 720 and the first-order reflected sensing signal set 722, and the second reflection path includes the sensing signal set 714, the first-order reflected sensing signal set 716, and the second-order reflected sensing signal set 718. The wireless node 702 can distinguish each reflection path based on the delay of the reflected sensing signal or based on the AoA of the reflected sensing signal. The wireless node 702 can generate a cluster-based path report based on one or more settings of the sensing signal configuration. In some aspects, the wireless node 702 can send a sensing report to a sensing entity (such as an LMF or a network node of the core network).

[0109] Figure 8 FIG. 800 is a connection flow diagram illustrating an example of sensing using controlled first- and second-order reflections that are transmitted via a reflector 804 using a wireless node 802 in a bistatic configuration with a wireless node 806. The wireless node 802 may have a LOS path to the reflector 804 and to the target object 805. The wireless node 802 may have a LOS path to the wireless node 806 or may be able to send a configuration, such as a sensing signal configuration 810, to the wireless node 806 via an alternative path (such as via a network node or an LMF).

[0110] At 808, the wireless node 802 may configure sensing signals for detecting a target object 805 using multiple reflection paths, or for detecting target objects within the area where the target object 805 is located using multiple reflection paths. The wireless node 802 may configure a first reflection path having a set of sensing signals 820 from the wireless node 802 to the target object 805 and a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 822 from the target object 805 to the wireless node 806. The wireless node 802 may configure a second reflection path having a set of sensing signals 814 from the wireless node 802 to the reflector 804, a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 816 from the reflector 804 to the target object 805, and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 818 from the target object 805 to the wireless node 806. In some aspects, the wireless node 802 may configure any number of sensing signals for any number of reflection paths between the wireless node 802 to the target object 805 and to the wireless node 806. In some aspects, the wireless node 802 may select a subset of reflection paths from multiple alternative paths to sense the target object 805. In some aspects, the wireless node 502 may configure the sensing signals in response to determining the presence, location, and / or coverage of a reflecting surface (e.g., reflector 804 or RIS) to determine whether multiple reflection paths can be configured for the target object 805. The wireless node 802 may configure the first reflection path including the set of sensing signals 820 and the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 822 in response to determining that there is a LOS path between the wireless node 802 and the area around the target object 805 and there is a LOS path between the area around the target object 805 and the wireless node 806. The wireless node 802 may configure the second reflection path including the set of sensing signals 814, the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 816, and the set of second-order reflected sensing signals 818 in response to determining that there is a LOS path between the wireless node 802 and the reflector 804, there is a LOS path between the reflector 804 and the area around the target object 805, and there is a LOS path between the area around the target object 805 and the wireless node 806. In some aspects, the wireless node 802 may configure the control of the reflector 804 to direct the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 816 towards the target object 805 or the coverage area around the target object 805. In some aspects, the wireless node 802 may configure the sensing signals at 808 in response to receiving a sensing request from a sensing entity (such as a network node of the LMF or the core network). The sensing request may indicate an area of interest regarding the target object 605. In response to the request, the wireless node 802 may determine that the reflector 804 can be used as a reflecting surface for sensing the target object 805 or the coverage area around the target object 805, and may configure the reflection path accordingly.

[0111] Wireless node 802 may send a sensing signal configuration 810 to wireless node 806. Wireless node 806 may receive the sensing signal configuration 810. The sensing signal configuration 810 may be sent directly to wireless node 806 or may be sent indirectly to wireless node 806 via one or more intermediate devices such as a UE or a network node. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include a configuration of a set of sensing signals 814. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of a sensing path (i.e., a reflection path) from wireless node 802 to wireless node 806 via reflector 804 and target object 805, such as the path of the set of sensing signals 814 from wireless node 802 to reflector 804, the path of the first-order reflected sensing signal set 816 from reflector 804 to target object 805, and the path of the second-order reflected sensing signal set 818 from target object 805 to wireless node 806. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include a configuration of a set of sensing signals 820. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of a sensing path from wireless node 802 to wireless node 806 via target object 805, such as the path of the set of sensing signals 820 from wireless node 802 to target object 805, and the path of the first-order reflected sensing signal set 822 from target object 805 to wireless node 806. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of the position of reflector 804. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of the position around target object 805. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include the coverage of reflector 804 relative to wireless node 802, such as the LOS capability of the RIS to reach the area around target object 805, the angle of reflector 804 relative to wireless node 802, and the scattering adjustability of reflector 804.

[0112] The sensing signal configuration 810 may include a TOA reporting mode, such as whether the wireless node 806 should perform cluster-based TOA reporting. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of whether to use burst transmission to transmit a set of sensing signals. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of what type of beam to use for the set of sensing signals. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of one or more attributes of the sensing signal, such as a first RS for a first set of sensing signals and a second RS different from the first RS for a second set of sensing signals, or a first resource for a first set of sensing signals and a second resource different from the first resource for a second set of sensing signals. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of the type of reflector used (e.g., whether the reflector is a RIS or a static reflector) and the location of each reflector. The sensing signal configuration 810 may be sent in a variety of ways. In one aspect, the wireless node 802 may send the sensing signal configuration 810 as an RRC message, MAC-CE, or DCI. In one aspect, the wireless node 802 may broadcast the sensing signal configuration 810 as a broadcast message (e.g., as system information to multiple UEs). In one aspect, for example, if both the wireless node 802 and the wireless node 806 are TRPs of a public network, the wireless node 802 may send the sensing signal configuration 810 as a backhaul message via a network connection.

[0113] The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication for the wireless node 806 to generate a cluster-based path report. The indication may include one or more settings for the wireless node 806 to use, such as a clustering method (e.g., K-means clustering, DBSCAN clustering), a delay threshold, an AoA threshold, the number of representative reflection paths, or a metric for reflection path selection. The delay threshold or the AoA threshold may be used to distinguish between sets of reflected sensing signals, because one set of signals may be delayed compared to another set of sensing signals (e.g., the wireless node 806 may receive a first-order reflected sensing signal set 822 before receiving a second-order reflected sensing signal set 818), or one set of signals may have a different AoA from another set of sensing signals. In some aspects, the metric for reflection path selection may indicate that the wireless node 806 selects the first path and the last path as the representative paths for each cluster, or may indicate that the wireless node 806 selects the strongest measured power (e.g., RSRP) as the representative path for each cluster.

[0114] The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of the VTRP as a representative transmitter in place of the reflector 804. In other words, the sensing signal configuration 810 may indicate to the wireless node 806 that the VTRP at the location having a reflection path representing the set of sensing signals 814 and the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 816 is transmitting the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 816. The wireless node 806 may then treat the set of second-order reflected sensing signals 818 as a set of first-order sensing signals originating from the VTRP. The wireless node 802 may calculate the location of the VTRP based on the location of the wireless node 802, the location of the reflector 804, the known properties of the reflective surface of the reflector 804, and the known properties of the transmission beam for the set of sensing signals 814.

[0115] The wireless node 802 may transmit the set of sensing signals 814 to the reflector 804 based on the sensing signal configuration 810. The reflector 804 may reflect the set of sensing signals 814 as a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 816 to the target object 805. The target object 805 may reflect the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 816 as a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 818 at the wireless node 806. The wireless node 802 may transmit the set of sensing signals 820 to the target object 805. The target object 805 may reflect the set of sensing signals 820 as a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 822 at the wireless node 806.

[0116] Wireless node 802 can send sensing signal sets 814 and 820 in a variety of ways. In one aspect, wireless node 802 can simultaneously send sensing signal set 814 and sensing signal set 820 in a wider beam that covers both reflector 804 and target object 805. Wireless node 802 can use such a wide beam with a smaller beamforming gain in two directions. In another aspect, wireless node 802 can simultaneously send sensing signal set 814 and sensing signal set 820 as two narrow beams, where the same sensing resources are on two different beams. In another aspect, wireless node 802 can simultaneously send sensing signal set 814 and sensing signal set 820 as two narrow beams, where different sensing resources are on two different beams. In another aspect, wireless node 802 can use TDM to send sensing signal set 814 and sensing signal set 820 as two narrow beams sent in different time periods. In some aspects, wireless node 802 can be configured to sense target object 805 when target object 805 is moving. Thus, target object 805 can be at a first location when the first-order reflected sensing signal set 816 reaches target object 805, and can be at a second location when sensing signal set 820 reaches target object 805. In this aspect, wireless node 802 can independently schedule measurements of each of the second-order reflected sensing signal set 818 and the first-order reflected sensing signal set 822, and the processing of the measurements can be jointly performed by wireless node 806 or by another wireless device (e.g., a sensing entity that receives reports of the measurements from wireless node 806).

[0117] At 824, the wireless node 806 may perform sensing on the set 822 of first-order reflected sensing signals and the set 818 of second-order reflected sensing signals based on the sensing signal configuration 810. In some aspects, the wireless node 806 may treat the set 818 of second-order reflected sensing signals as a set of first-order reflected sensing signals originating from the VTRP. In some aspects, the wireless node 806 may generate a path report based on the sensing, such as a cluster-based path report. For example, the wireless node 806 may report one or more representative paths starting from each sensed target object, such as the target object 805. Each target object may have a separate path. The cluster-based path report may indicate each path. For example, the cluster-based path report may include a first indication of a first reflected path and a second indication of a second reflected path, where the first reflected path includes the sensing signal set 820 and the set 822 of first-order reflected sensing signals, and the second reflected path includes the sensing signal set 814, the set 816 of first-order reflected sensing signals, and the set 818 of second-order reflected sensing signals. The wireless node 806 may distinguish each reflected path based on the delay of the reflected sensing signals or based on the AoA of the reflected sensing signals. The wireless node 806 may generate the cluster-based path report based on one or more settings of the sensing signal configuration 810. The wireless node 806 may send the sensing report 826 to the wireless node 802. The wireless node 802 may receive the sensing report 826 from the wireless node 806. In some aspects, the wireless node 806 may send the sensing report to a sensing entity, such as an LMF or a network node of the core network.

[0118] Although the wireless node 802 and the wireless node 806 are shown as a transmitter node and a receiver node, respectively, in Figure 8 the wireless node 802 and the wireless node 806 may represent a single co-located device, such as a base station or a UE that performs single-site sensing. Thus, the configuration of the sensing signal at 808 and the sensing performed at 824 may be performed by the same device. Such a wireless device may not send the sensing signal configuration 810 because the device already knows the configuration of the sensing signal.

[0119] Figure 9 is a connection flowchart 900 illustrating an example of sensing using controlled first- and second-order reflections that are transmitted via a reflector 904 by a wireless node 902 in a single-site configuration. The wireless node 902 may have a LOS path to the reflector 904 and to the target object 905.

[0120] At 908, the wireless node 902 may configure a sensing signal for detecting a target object 905 using multiple reflection paths, or for detecting target objects within the area where the target object 905 is located using multiple reflection paths. The wireless node 902 may configure a first reflection path having a set of sensing signals 920 from the wireless node 902 to the target object 905 and a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 922 from the target object 905 to the wireless node 902. The wireless node 902 may configure a second reflection path having a set of sensing signals 914 from the wireless node 902 to the reflector 904, a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 916 from the reflector 904 to the target object 905, and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 918 from the target object 905 to the wireless node 902. In some aspects, the wireless node 902 may configure any number of sensing signals for any number of reflection paths between the wireless node 902 and the target object 905 and back to the wireless node 902. In some aspects, the wireless node 902 may select a subset of reflection paths from a plurality of alternative paths to sense the target object 905. In some aspects, the wireless node 502 may configure the sensing signal in response to determining the presence, location, and / or coverage of a reflective surface (e.g., the reflector 904 or a static reflector) to determine whether multiple reflection paths can be configured for the target object 905. The wireless node 902 may configure a first reflection path including the set of sensing signals 920 and the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 922 in response to determining that there is a LOS path between the wireless node 902 and the area around the target object 905 and there is a LOS path between the area around the target object 905 and the wireless node 902. The wireless node 902 may configure a second reflection path including the set of sensing signals 914, the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 916, and the set of second-order reflected sensing signals 918 in response to determining that there is a LOS path between the wireless node 902 and the reflector 904, there is a LOS path between the reflector 904 and the area around the target object 905, and there is a LOS path between the area around the target object 905 and the wireless node 902. In some aspects, the wireless node 902 may configure the control of the reflector 904 to direct the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 916 towards the target object 905 or the coverage area around the target object 905. In some aspects, the wireless node 902 may configure the sensing signal at 908 in response to receiving a sensing request from a sensing entity (such as a network node of the LMF or the core network). The sensing request may indicate an area of interest regarding the target object 605. In response to the request, the wireless node 902 may determine that the reflector 904 can be used as a reflective surface for sensing the target object 905 or the coverage area around the target object 905, and may configure the reflection path accordingly.

[0121] The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of the VTRP as a representative transmitter in place of the reflector 804. In other words, the sensing signal configuration may indicate that the VTRP at the location with a reflection path representing the set of sensing signals 814 and the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 816 is transmitting the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 816. The wireless node 802 may regard the set of second-order reflected sensing signals 818 as the set of first-order sensing signals originating from the VTRP. The wireless node 802 may calculate the location of the VTRP based on the location of the wireless node 802, the location of the reflector 804, the known properties of the reflecting surface of the reflector 804, and the known properties of the transmission beam for the set of sensing signals 814. The wireless node 902 may output the configuration to a module for performing sensing on the received sensing signals at 924.

[0122] The wireless node 902 may transmit the set of sensing signals 914 to the reflector 904 based on the sensing signal configuration at 908. The reflector 904 may reflect the set of sensing signals 914 as the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 916 to the target object 905. The target object 905 may reflect the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 916 as the set of second-order reflected sensing signals 918 at the wireless node 902. The wireless node 902 may transmit the set of sensing signals 920 to the target object 905. The target object 905 may reflect the set of sensing signals 920 as the set of first-order reflected sensing signals 922 at the wireless node 902.

[0123] The wireless node 902 can send the set of sensing signals 914 and the set of sensing signals 920 in a variety of ways. In one aspect, the wireless node 902 can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 914 and the set of sensing signals 920 in a wider beam that covers both the reflector 904 and the target object 905. The wireless node 902 can use such a wide beam with a smaller beamforming gain in two directions. In another aspect, the wireless node 902 can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 914 and the set of sensing signals 920 as two narrow beams, where the same sensing resources are on two different beams. In another aspect, the wireless node 902 can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 914 and the set of sensing signals 920 as two narrow beams, where different sensing resources are on two different beams. In another aspect, the wireless node 902 can use TDM to send the set of sensing signals 914 and the set of sensing signals 920 as two narrow beams sent in different time periods. In some aspects, the wireless node 902 can be configured to sense the target object 905 when the target object 905 is moving. Thus, the target object 905 can be at a first location when the first-order reflected sensing signal set 916 reaches the target object 905, and can be at a second location when the sensing signal set 920 reaches the target object 905. In this aspect, the wireless node 902 can independently schedule the measurement of each of the second-order reflected sensing signal set 918 and the first-order reflected sensing signal set 922, and the processing of the measurement can be jointly performed by the wireless node 902 or by another wireless device (e.g., a sensing entity that receives the report of the measurement from the wireless node 902).

[0124] At 924, the wireless node 902 may perform sensing on the first-order reflected sensing signal set 922 and the second-order reflected sensing signal set 918 based on the sensing signal configuration configured at 908. In some aspects, the wireless node 806 may consider the second-order reflected sensing signal set 818 as a first-order reflected sensing signal set originating from the VTRP. In some aspects, the wireless node 902 may generate a path report based on the sensing, such as a cluster-based path report. For example, the wireless node 902 may report one or more representative paths starting from each sensed target object, such as the target object 905. Each target object may have a separate path. The cluster-based path report may indicate each path. For example, the cluster-based path report may include a first indication of a first reflected path and a second indication of a second reflected path. The first reflected path includes the sensing signal set 920 and the first-order reflected sensing signal set 922, and the second reflected path includes the sensing signal set 914, the first-order reflected sensing signal set 916, and the second-order reflected sensing signal set 918. The wireless node 902 may distinguish each reflected path based on the delay of the reflected sensing signal or based on the AoA of the reflected sensing signal. The wireless node 902 may generate a cluster-based path report based on one or more settings of the sensing signal configuration configured at 908. In some aspects, the wireless node 902 may send a sensing report to a sensing entity, such as an LMF or a network node of the core network.

[0125] Figure 10 is a flowchart 1000 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless nodes 402, 406, 408, 502, 602, 702, 802, 902; base station 102, base station 310; device 1604; network entities 1602, 1702, 1860). At 1002, the first wireless device may output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflection object via the target object based on a sensing signal set. For example, 1002 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602 in, which may send a sensing signal configuration 610 for performing sensing on a first-order reflected sensing signal set 622 from the wireless node 602 via the target object 605 and a second-order reflected sensing signal set 618 from the RIS 604 via the target object 605 based on a sensing signal set including the sensing signal set 614 and the sensing signal set 620. 1002 may be performed by Figure 7is performed by the wireless node 702, which may output a sensing signal configuration configured at 708 for performing sensing on a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 722 from the wireless node 702 via the target object 705 and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 718 from the RIS 704 via the target object 705 based on a set of sensing signals including the set of sensing signals 714 and the set of sensing signals 720. In addition, 1002 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 component 198 in.

[0126] At 1004, a first wireless device may send a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflecting object. The reflecting object may reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. For example, 1004 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602 in, which may send a set of sensing signals 620 to the target object 605 and may send a set of sensing signals 614 to the RIS 604. The RIS 604 may reflect the set of sensing signals 614 to the target object 605 based on the sensing signal configuration 610. In addition, 1004 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 component 198 in.

[0127] Figure 11 is a flowchart 1100 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless nodes 402, 406, 408, 502, 602, 702, 802, 902; base stations 102, 310; device 1604; network entities 1602, 1702, 1860). At 1102, the first wireless device may output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object based on a set of sensing signals. For example, 1102 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602 in, which may output a sensing signal configuration 610 for performing sensing on a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 622 from the wireless node 602 via the target object 605 and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 618 from the RIS 604 via the target object 605 based on a set of sensing signals including the set of sensing signals 614 and the set of sensing signals 620. 1102 may be performed by Figure 7is performed by the wireless node 702, which can output the sensing signal configuration configured at 708 for performing sensing on the first-order reflected sensing signal set 722 from the wireless node 702 via the target object 705 and the second-order reflected sensing signal set 718 from the RIS 704 via the target object 705 based on the sensing signal set including the sensing signal set 714 and the sensing signal set 720. In addition, 1102 can be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 in the component 198.

[0128] At 1104, the first wireless device can send a sensing signal set to the target object and the reflecting object. The reflecting object can reflect at least one sensing signal in the sensing signal set to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. For example, 1104 can be performed by Figure 6 in the wireless node 602, which can send the sensing signal set 620 to the target object 605 and send the sensing signal set 614 to the RIS 604. The RIS 604 can reflect the sensing signal set 614 to the target object 605 based on the sensing signal configuration 610. In addition, 1104 can be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 in the component 198.

[0129] At 1106, the first wireless device can receive the first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. For example, 1106 can be performed by Figure 7 in the wireless node 702, which can receive the first-order reflected sensing signal set 722 from the wireless node 702 via the target object 705. In addition, 1106 can be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 in the component 198.

[0130] At 1108, the first wireless device can receive the second reflected sensing signal from the reflecting object via the target object. For example, 1108 can be performed by Figure 7 in the wireless node 702, which can receive the second-order reflected sensing signal set 718 from the RIS 704 via the target object 705. In addition, 1108 can be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 in the component 198.

[0131] At 1110, the first wireless device may calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflection sensing signal, the second reflection sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. For example, 1110 may be performed by Figure 7 the wireless node 702 in Figure 1 , which may calculate the position of the target object 705 based on the first-order reflection sensing signal set 722, the second-order reflection sensing signal set 718, and the sensing signal configuration 712. Additionally, 1110 may be performed by Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 198 in

[0132] At 1112, the first wireless device may send the sensing signal configuration to the second wireless device. For example, 1112 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602 in Figure 1 , which may send the sensing signal configuration 612 to the RIS 604, which may be a wireless device that can reflect the sensing signal set 614 using the sensing signal configuration 612. Additionally, 1112 may be performed by Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 198 in

[0133] At 1114, the first wireless device may receive a path report from the second wireless device based on a first indication of the reflector type associated with the reflection object and a second indication of the location associated with the reflection object. The sensing signal configuration may include the first indication and the second indication. For example, 1114 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602 in Figure 1 , which may receive a path report as the sensing report 626 from the wireless node 606 based on a first indication of the reflector type associated with the RIS 604 (e.g., an indication that the reflector is the RIS 604) and a second indication of the location associated with the RIS 604. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include the first indication and the second indication as the configuration of the path report. Additionally, 1114 may be performed by Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 198 in

[0134] At 1116, the first wireless device may send an indication of the scattering direction to the RIS. The sensing signal configuration may include the indication of the scattering direction. For example, 1116 may be performed by Figure 6is performed by the wireless node 602, which may send an indication of the scattering directions of the sensing signal set 614 to the RIS 604 as the sensing signal configuration 612. The sensing signal configuration 612 may include an indication of the scattering directions. Additionally, 1116 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 among the components 198.

[0135] At 1118, the first wireless device may receive a sensing request to perform sensing within a specified range. For example, 1118 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602, which may receive a sensing request from a sensing entity (e.g., a network node of the core network or an LMF) to perform sensing within a specified range (e.g., a geofenced area, an area of interest around the target object) around the target object 605. Additionally, 1118 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 among the components 198.

[0136] At 1120, the first wireless device may identify a set of reflection objects having a LOS path relative to the first wireless device to the specified range. For example, 1120 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602, which may identify a set of reflection objects having a LOS path relative to the wireless node 602 to the specified range. For example, the wireless node 602 may identify a set of reflection objects having a LOS path to the area around the target object 605 and may select the RIS 604 from the set of reflection objects for sensing. Additionally, 1120 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 among the components 198.

[0137] At 1122, the first wireless device may send a sensing signal set to the reflection objects based on identifying the set of reflection objects including the reflection objects. For example, 1122 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602, which may send the sensing signal set 614 to the RIS 604 based on identifying the set of reflection objects including the RIS 604. Additionally, 1122 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 among the components 198.

[0138] Figure 12 FIG. 1200 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless nodes 402, 406, 408, 502, 602, 702, 802, 902; base station 102, base station 310; device 1604; network entities 1602, 1702, 1860). At 1202, the first wireless device may output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. For example, 1202 may be performed by Figure 6 wireless node 602 in FIG. 6, which may output a sensing signal configuration 610 for performing sensing on a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 622 from wireless node 602 via target object 605 and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 618 from RIS 604 via target object 605 based on a set of sensing signals including sensing signal set 614 and sensing signal set 620. 1202 may be performed by Figure 7 wireless node 702 in FIG. 7, which may output a sensing signal configuration configured at 708 for performing sensing on a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 722 from wireless node 702 via target object 705 and a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 718 from RIS 704 via target object 705 based on a set of sensing signals including sensing signal set 714 and sensing signal set 720. Additionally, 1202 may be performed by Figure 1 FIG. Figure 3 FIG. Figure 16 FIG. Figure 17 or Figure 18 component 198 in FIG.

[0139] At 1204, the first wireless device may send a set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object. The reflecting object may reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. For example, 1204 may be performed by Figure 6 wireless node 602 in FIG. 6, which may send sensing signal set 620 to target object 605 and may send sensing signal set 614 to RIS 604. RIS 604 may reflect sensing signal set 614 to target object 605 based on sensing signal configuration 610. Additionally, 1204 may be performed by Figure 1 FIG. Figure 3 FIG. Figure 16 FIG. Figure 17 or Figure 18 component 198 in FIG.

[0140] At 1206, the first wireless device may simultaneously send a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflecting object. For example, 1206 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602 in Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 which can simultaneously send the set of sensing signals 614 and the set of sensing signals 620 to the target object 605 and the RIS 604. Additionally, 1206 may be performed by

[0141] At 1208, the first wireless device may send a wide beam spanning a first direction towards the target object and a second direction towards the reflecting object. For example, 1208 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602 in Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 which can send a wide beam spanning a first direction towards the target object 605 and a second direction towards the RIS 604. The wide beam may include the set of sensing signals 614 and the set of sensing signals 620. The set of sensing signals 614 and the set of sensing signals 620 may be the same set of sensing signals. The RIS 604 may introduce a watermark into the first-order reflected sensing signal set 616 to distinguish the second-order reflected sensing signal set 618 from the first-order reflected sensing signal set 622. Additionally, 1208 may be performed by

[0142] At 1210, the first wireless device may send a first beam with a first sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam with a second sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflecting object. The first sensing resource may be different from the second sensing resource. For example, 1210 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 602 in Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 which can send a first beam with a first sensing resource of the set of sensing signals 620 in a first direction towards the target object 605 and a second beam with a second sensing resource of the set of sensing signals 614 in a second direction towards the RIS 604. The first sensing resource may be different from the second sensing resource. Additionally, 1210 may be performed by

[0143] At 1212, the first wireless device may transmit a first beam with sensing resources in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam with sensing resources in a second direction towards the target object. For example, 1212 may be performed by Figure 6 's wireless node 602, which may transmit a first beam with sensing resources of the sensing signal set 620 in a first direction towards the target object 605 and a second beam with the same sensing resources in a second direction towards the RIS 604. Additionally, 1212 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 's component 198.

[0144] At 1214, the first wireless device may transmit a first beam towards the target object during a first time domain. For example, 1214 may be performed by Figure 6 's wireless node 602, which may transmit a first beam towards the target object 605 using TDM during the first time domain. Additionally, 1214 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 's component 198.

[0145] At 1216, the first wireless device may transmit a second beam towards the reflection object during a second time domain. For example, 1216 may be performed by Figure 6 's wireless node 602, which may transmit a second beam towards the RIS 604 using TDM during the second time domain. Additionally, 1216 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 's component 198.

[0146] At 1218, the first wireless device may transmit a first beam with a first watermark pattern towards the target object. For example, 1218 may be performed by Figure 6 's wireless node 602, which may transmit a first beam with a first watermark pattern towards the target object 605. Additionally, 1218 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 's component 198.

[0147] At 1220, the first wireless device may transmit a second beam with a second watermark pattern towards the reflection object. For example, 1220 may be performed by Figure 6is performed by the wireless node 602, which can send a second beam with a second watermark pattern towards the RIS 604. Additionally, 1220 can be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 in the component 198.

[0148] Figure 13 is a flowchart 1300 of a method for wireless communication. The method can be performed by a second wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless nodes 402, 404, 506, 606, 702, 806, 902; base station 102, base station 310; device 1604; network entities 1602, 1702, 1860). At 1302, the second wireless device can receive a sensing signal configuration from the first wireless device for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. For example, 1302 can be performed by Figure 6 in the wireless node 606, which can receive a sensing signal configuration 610 from the wireless node 602 for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals including the sensing signal set 614 and the sensing signal set 620. Additionally, 1302 can be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 in the component 199.

[0149] At 1304, the second wireless device can receive a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object. For example, 1304 can be performed by Figure 6 in the wireless node 606, which can receive a set of first-order reflected sensing signals 622 from the wireless node 602 via the target object 605. Additionally, 1304 can be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 in the component 199.

[0150] At 1306, the second wireless device can receive a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object. For example, 1306 can be performed by Figure 6 in the wireless node 606, which can receive a set of second-order reflected sensing signals 618 from the RIS 604 via the target object 605. Additionally, 1306 can be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 in the component 199.

[0151] At 1308, the second wireless device may calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. For example, 1308 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 606 in Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 in

[0152] Figure 14 is a flowchart 1400 of a method for wireless communication. This method may be performed by a second wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless nodes 402, 404, 506, 606, 702, 806, 902; base stations 102, 310; device 1604; network entities 1602, 1702, 1860). At 1402, the second wireless device may receive a sensing signal configuration from the first wireless device for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. For example, 1402 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 606 in Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 in

[0153] At 1404, the second wireless device may receive a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. For example, 1404 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 606 in Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 in

[0154] At 1406, the second wireless device may receive a second reflected sensing signal from the reflecting object via the target object. For example, 1406 may be performed by Figure 6is executed by the wireless node 606, which can receive the second-order reflection sensing signal set 618 from the RIS 604 via the target object 605. In addition, 1406 can be executed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 in.

[0155] At 1408, the second wireless device can calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflection sensing signal, the second reflection sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. For example, 1408 can be executed by Figure 6 the wireless node 606 in, which can calculate the position of the target object 605 at 624 based on the first-order reflection sensing signal set 622, the second-order reflection sensing signal set 618, and the sensing signal configuration 610. In addition, 1408 can be executed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 in.

[0156] At 1410, the second wireless device can send a path report to the first wireless device. The path report can include a representative path from the target object based on settings. For example, 1410 can be executed by Figure 6 the wireless node 606 in, which can send the path report as a sensing report 626 to the wireless node 602. The sensing report 626 can include a representative path from the target object 605 based on settings, such as a first reflection path including the sensing signal set 620 and the first-order reflection sensing signal set 622, and a second reflection path including the sensing signal set 614, the first-order reflection sensing signal set 616, and the second-order reflection sensing signal set 618. In addition, 1410 can be executed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 in.

[0157] At 1412, the second wireless device can receive an indication of the settings associated with the path report from the first wireless device. For example, 1412 can be executed by Figure 6 the wireless node 606 in, which can receive an indication of the settings in the sensing signal configuration 610 associated with the path report from the wireless node 602. In addition, 1412 can be executed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 in.

[0158] At 1414, the second wireless device may further calculate the location of the target object based on an indication of the setting. For example, 1414 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 606 therein, which may further calculate the location of the target object 605 at 624 based on an indication of the setting in the sensing signal configuration 610. Additionally, 1414 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 therein.

[0159] At 1416, the second wireless device may further calculate the location of the target object based on an indication of at least one of a second location or coverage of a RIS or a VTRP. The reflecting object may include at least one of a RIS or a VTRP. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of at least one of a second location or coverage of a RIS or a VTRP. For example, 1416 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 606 therein, which may further calculate the location of the target object 605 based on an indication of at least one of the location of the wireless node 602, the location of the RIS 604, and / or the coverage of the RIS 604 relative to the sensing signal set 614. The RIS 604 may include a RIS. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include an indication of at least one of the location of the wireless node 602, the location of the RIS 604, and / or the coverage of the RIS 604 relative to the sensing signal set 614. 1416 may be performed by Figure 8 the wireless node 806 therein, which may further calculate the location of the target object 805 based on an indication of at least one of the location of the wireless node 802, the location of the reflector 804, and / or the coverage of the reflector 804 relative to the sensing signal set 814. The reflector 804 may include a reflector. The sensing signal configuration 810 may include an indication of at least one of the location of the wireless node 802, the location of the reflector 804, and / or the coverage of the reflector 804 relative to the sensing signal set 814. Additionally, 1416 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 therein.

[0160] At 1418, the second wireless device may further calculate the location of the target object based on a first indication of a reflector type associated with the reflecting object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflecting object. The sensing signal configuration may include the first indication and the second indication. For example, 1418 may be performed by Figure 6is performed by the wireless node 606, which may further calculate the position of the target object 605 at 624 based on a first indication of the type of reflectors associated with the RIS 604 and a second indication of the location associated with the RIS 604. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include the first indication and the second indication. Additionally, 1418 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or Figure 18 the component 199 in.

[0161] At 1420, the second wireless device may further calculate the position of the target object based on a first indication of a first sensing resource associated with a first subset of the sensing signal set and a second indication of a second sensing resource associated with a second subset of the sensing signal set. The sensing signal configuration may include the first indication and the second indication. The first reflected sensing signal may be associated with the first sensing resource. The second reflected sensing signal may be associated with the second sensing resource. For example, 1420 may be performed by Figure 6 the wireless node 606 in, which may further calculate the position of the target object 605 at 624 based on a first indication of a first sensing resource associated with the sensing signal set 614 and a second indication of a second sensing resource associated with the sensing signal set 620. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include the first indication and the second indication. The second-order reflected sensing signal set 618 may be associated with the first sensing resource. The first-order reflected sensing signal set 622 may be associated with the second sensing resource. Additionally, 1420 may be performed by Figure 1 , Figure 3 , Figure 16 , Figure 17 or [[ID=2 the component 199 in.

[0162] ​ is a flowchart 1500 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a second wireless device (e.g., UE 104, UE 350; wireless node 402, wireless node 404, wireless node 506, wireless node 606, wireless node 702, wireless node 806, wireless node 902; base station 102, base station 310; device 1604; network entity 1602, network entity 1702, network entity 1860). At 1502, the second wireless device may receive a sensing signal configuration from the first wireless device for performing sensing based on a sensing signal set. For example, 1502 may be performed by ​ the wireless node 606 in, which may receive the sensing signal configuration 610 from the wireless node 602 for performing sensing based on a sensing signal set including the sensing signal set 614 and the sensing signal set 620. Additionally, 1302 may be performed by ​, ​ , ​ , ​ or ​ The component 199 in

[0163] At 1504, the second wireless device may receive the first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. For example, 1504 may be performed by the wireless node 606 in ​ , which may receive the set 622 of first-order reflected sensing signals from the wireless node 602 via the target object 605. Additionally, 1504 may be performed by the component 199 in ​ , ​ , ​ , ​ or ​ The component 199 in

[0164] At 1506, the second wireless device may receive the second reflected sensing signal from the reflecting object via the target object. For example, 1506 may be performed by the wireless node 606 in ​ , which may receive the set 618 of second-order reflected sensing signals from the RIS 604 via the target object 605. Additionally, 1506 may be performed by the component 199 in ​ , ​ , ​ , ​ or ​ The component 199 in

[0165] At 1508, the second wireless device may calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. For example, 1508 may be performed by the wireless node 606 in ​ , which may calculate the position of the target object 605 at 624 based on the set 622 of first-order reflected sensing signals, the set 618 of second-order reflected sensing signals, and the sensing signal configuration 610. Additionally, 1508 may be performed by the component 199 in ​ , ​ , ​ , ​ or ​ The component 199 in

[0166] At 1510, the second wireless device may further calculate the position of the target object based on the first indication of the first time domain associated with the first subset of the sensing signal set and the second indication of the second time domain associated with the second subset of the sensing signal set. The sensing signal configuration may include the first indication and the second indication. The first reflected sensing signal may be associated with the first time domain. The second reflected sensing signal may be associated with the second time domain. For example, 1510 may be performed by ​is performed by the wireless node 606, which at 624 may further calculate the position of the target object 605 based on a first indication of a first time domain associated with the set of sensing signals 614 (and thus the second-order set of sensing signals 618) and a second indication of a second time domain associated with the set of sensing signals 620 (and thus the first-order set of sensing signals 622). The sensing signal configuration 610 may include the first indication and the second indication. The second-order set of sensing signals 618 may be associated with the first time domain. The first-order set of sensing signals 622 may be associated with the second time domain. Additionally, 1510 may be performed by ​ , ​ , ​ , ​ or ​ the component 199 in.

[0167] At 1512, the second wireless device may further calculate the position of the target object based on a first indication of a first watermark pattern associated with a first subset of the set of sensing signals and a second indication of a second watermark pattern associated with a second subset of the set of sensing signals. The sensing signal configuration may include the first indication and the second indication. The first reflected sensing signal may include the first watermark pattern. The second reflected sensing signal may include the second watermark pattern. For example, 1512 may be performed by ​ the wireless node 606 in, which at 624 may further calculate the position of the target object 605 based on a first indication of a first watermark pattern associated with the second-order set of sensing signals 618 and a second indication of a second watermark pattern associated with the first-order set of sensing signals 622. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include the first indication and the second indication. The second-order set of sensing signals 618 may include the first watermark pattern. The first-order set of sensing signals 622 may include the second watermark pattern. Additionally, 1512 may be performed by ​ , ​ , ​ , ​ or ​ the component 199 in.

[0168] In some aspects, the second wireless device may further calculate the position of the target object based on an indication of a watermark pattern associated with a subset of the set of sensing signals. The sensing signal configuration may include the indication. The first reflected sensing signal or the second reflected sensing signal may include the first watermark pattern. For example, 1512 may be performed by ​ the wireless node 606 in, which at 624 may further calculate the position of the target object 605 based on an indication of a watermark pattern associated with the second-order set of sensing signals 618. The sensing signal configuration 610 may include the indication. The second-order set of sensing signals 618 may include the watermark pattern introduced by the RIS 604. Additionally, the calculation may be performed by ​ ,​ , ​ , ​ or ​ the component 199 in

[0169] ​FIG. 1600 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for device 1604. Device 1604 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, device 904 may include a cellular baseband processor 1624 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 1622 (e.g., cellular RF transceivers). The cellular baseband processor 1624 may include on-chip memory 1624'. In some aspects, device 1604 may also include one or more subscriber identity module (SIM) cards 1620 and an application processor 1606, which is coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 1608 and a screen 1610. The application processor 1606 may include on-chip memory 1606'. In some aspects, device 1604 may also include a Bluetooth module 1612, a WLAN module 1614, an SPS module 1616 (e.g., GNSS module), one or more sensor modules 1618 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensors such as an inertial measurement unit (IMU), gyroscope, and / or accelerometer; light detection and ranging (LIDAR), radio assisted detection and ranging (RADAR), sound navigation and ranging (SONAR), magnetometer, audio, and / or other technologies for positioning), an additional memory module 1626, a power supply 1630, and / or a camera 1632. The Bluetooth module 1612, the WLAN module 1614, and the SPS module 1616 may include on-chip transceivers (TRX) (or in some cases, only receivers (Rx)). The Bluetooth module 1612, the WLAN module 1614, and the SPS module 1616 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or communicate using antenna 1680. The cellular baseband processor 1624 communicates with UE 104 and / or with the RU associated with network entity 1602 via transceiver 1622 through one or more antennas 1680. The cellular baseband processor 1624 and the application processor 1606 may each separately include computer-readable media / memory 1624', 1606'. The additional memory module 1626 may also be considered computer-readable media / memory. Each computer-readable media / memory 1624', 1606', 1626 may be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor 1624 and the application processor 1606 are each responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on the computer-readable media / memory. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor 1624 / application processor 1606, causes the cellular baseband processor 1624 / application processor 1606 to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable media / memory may also be used to store data manipulated by the cellular baseband processor 1624 / application processor 1606 when executing the software.The cellular baseband processor 1624 / application processor 1606 can be a component of the UE 350 and can include the memory 360 and / or at least one of the Tx processor 368, Rx processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the device 1604 can be a processor chip (modem and / or application) and include only the cellular baseband processor 1624 and / or the application processor 1606, while in another configuration, the device 1604 can be the entire UE (e.g., see. ​ the UE 350) and include additional modules of the device 1604.

[0170] As discussed above, component 198 can be configured to output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from a first wireless device (e.g., device 1604) via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. Component 198 can be configured to send the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object. The reflecting object can reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. Component 198 can be within the cellular baseband processor 1624, the application processor 1606, or both the cellular baseband processor 1624 and the application processor 1606. Component 198 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the stated processes / algorithms, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithms, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. As shown, device 1604 can include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, device 1604 (and specifically, the cellular baseband processor 1624 and / or the application processor 1606) can include components for outputting a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from a first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. Device 1604 can include components for sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object. The reflecting object can reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. The reflecting object can include at least one of a RIS or a VTRP. The sensing signal configuration can include an indication of at least one of the position or coverage of the RIS or VTRP. The reflecting object can include a RIS. Device 1604 can include components for sending an indication of the scattering direction to the RIS. The sensing signal configuration can include an indication of the scattering direction. Device 1604 can include components for receiving a sensing request to perform sensing within a specified range. Device 1604 can include components for identifying a set of reflecting objects having a LOS path to the specified range relative to the first wireless device. The set of reflecting objects can include reflecting objects. Device 1604 can include components for sending the set of sensing signals to the reflecting objects based on identifying the set of reflecting objects that includes the reflecting objects. The specified range can include at least one of the location of the target object or an area of interest that includes the location of the target object. Device 1604 can include components for outputting the sensing signal configuration by sending the sensing signal configuration to a second wireless device. The sensing signal configuration can include an indication of a set of narrow transmit beams associated with the set of sensing signals. Each narrow transmit beam in the set of narrow transmit beams can include a discrete resource or a discrete direction.The apparatus 1604 may include components for transmitting the sensing signal configuration by sending at least one of a DCI, an RRC message, or a MAC-CE including the sensing signal configuration to a second wireless device. The apparatus 1604 may include components for transmitting the sensing signal configuration by broadcasting a system information message including the sensing signal configuration. The first wireless device may include at least one of a first UE or a first network node. The second wireless device may include at least one of a second UE or a second network node. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a path report. The sensing signal configuration may include a first indication of a reflector type associated with a reflection object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflection object. The apparatus 1604 may include components for sending an indication of a setting associated with the path report to the second wireless device. The setting may include at least one of a clustering method, a delay threshold, an AoA threshold, a number of representative paths, or a metric for representative path selection. The apparatus 1604 may include components for receiving a path report from the second wireless device based on the indication of the setting. The apparatus 1604 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflection object simultaneously. The apparatus 1604 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a wide beam spanning a first direction towards the target object and a second direction towards the reflection object. The apparatus 1604 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a first beam having a first sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam having a second sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflection object. The first sensing resource may be different from the second sensing resource. The apparatus 1604 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object may include sending a first beam having a sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam having a sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflection object. The apparatus 1604 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending the first beam towards the target object during a first time domain and the second beam towards the reflection object during a second time domain. The apparatus 1604 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a first beam having a first watermark pattern towards the target object and a second beam having a second watermark pattern towards the reflection object. The apparatus 1604 may include components for receiving a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. The apparatus 1604 may include components for receiving a second reflected sensing signal from the reflection object via the target object. The apparatus 1604 may include components for calculating the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration.A component can be a component 198 of apparatus 1604 configured to perform the functions recited by the component. As described above, apparatus 1604 can include a Tx processor 368, an Rx processor 356, and a controller / processor 359. Thus, in one configuration, these components can be the Tx processor 368, the Rx processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by these components.

[0171] As discussed above, component 199 can be configured to receive a sensing signal configuration from a second wireless device (e.g., device 1604) for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. Component 199 can be configured to receive a first reflected sensing signal from a first wireless device via a target object. Component 199 can be configured to receive a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object. Component 199 can be configured to calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. Component 199 can be within the cellular baseband processor 1624, the application processor 1606, or both the cellular baseband processor 1624 and the application processor 1606. Component 199 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the stated processes / algorithms, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithms, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. As shown, device 1604 can include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, device 1604, particularly the cellular baseband processor 1624 and / or the application processor 1606, can include components for receiving a sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. Device 1604 can include components for receiving a first reflected sensing signal from a first wireless device via a target object. Device 1604 can include components for receiving a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object. Device 1604 can include components for calculating the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. The reflecting object can include at least one of a RIS or a VTRP. The sensing signal configuration can include an indication of at least one of a second position or coverage of the RIS or VTRP. Device 1604 can include components for calculating the position of the target object based on an indication of at least one of a second position or coverage of the RIS or VTRP. The sensing signal configuration can include an indication of a set of narrow transmit beams associated with the set of sensing signals. Each narrow transmit beam in the set of narrow transmit beams can include a discrete resource or a discrete direction. Device 1604 can include components for receiving the sensing signal configuration by receiving at least one of a DCI, an RRC message, or a MAC-CE including the sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device. Device 1604 can include components for receiving the sensing signal configuration by receiving a broadcast system information message including the sensing signal configuration. The first wireless device can include at least one of a first UE or a first network node. The second wireless device can include at least one of a second UE or a second network node. The sensing signal configuration can include a first indication of a reflector type associated with the reflecting object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflecting object. Device 1604 can include components for further calculating the position of the target object based on the first indication and the second indication.The apparatus 1604 may include components for receiving an indication of settings associated with a path report from a first wireless device. The apparatus 1604 may include components for calculating a location of a target object, further based on the indication of the settings. The settings may include at least one of a clustering method, a latency threshold, an AoA threshold, a number of representative paths, or a metric for representative path selection. The apparatus 1604 may include components for sending a path report to the first wireless device. The path report may include representative paths from the target object configured based on sensed signals. The sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first sensing resource associated with a first subset of a set of sensed signals and a second indication of a second sensing resource associated with a second subset of the set of sensed signals. A first reflected sensed signal may be associated with the first sensing resource. A second reflected sensed signal may be associated with the second sensing resource. The apparatus 1604 may include components for calculating the location of the target object, further based on the first indication of the first sensing resource and the second indication of the second sensing resource. The sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first time domain associated with a first subset of a set of sensed signals and a second indication of a second time domain associated with a second subset of the set of sensed signals. A first reflected sensed signal may be associated with the first time domain. A second reflected sensed signal may be associated with the second time domain. The apparatus 1604 may include components for calculating the location of the target object, further based on the first indication of the first time domain and the second indication of the second time domain. The sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first watermark pattern associated with a first subset of a set of sensed signals and a second indication of a second watermark pattern associated with a second subset of the set of sensed signals. The first reflected sensed signal may include the first watermark pattern. The second reflected sensed signal may include the second watermark pattern. The apparatus 1604 may include components for calculating the location of the target object, further based on the first indication of the first watermark pattern and the second indication of the second watermark pattern. The components may be components 199 of the apparatus 1604 configured to perform the functions recited by the components. As described above, the apparatus 1604 may include a Tx processor 368, an Rx processor 356, and a controller / processor 359. Thus, in one configuration, these components may be the Tx processor 368, the Rx processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by these components.

[0172] ​FIG. 1700 is an illustration of an example of a hardware implementation for network entity 1702. Network entity 1702 may be a BS, a component of a BS, or may implement BS functionality. Network entity 1702 may include at least one of CU 1710, DU 1730, or RU 1740. For example, depending on the layer functions handled by component 199, network entity 1702 may include CU 1710; both CU 1710 and DU 1730; each of CU 1710, DU 1730, and RU 1740; DU 1730; both DU 1730 and RU 1740; or RU 1740. CU 1710 may include CU processor 1712. CU processor 1712 may include on-chip memory 1712'. In some aspects, CU 1710 may also include additional memory module 1714 and communication interface 1718. CU 1710 communicates with DU 1730 via an intermediate link such as the F1 interface. DU 1730 may include DU processor 1732. DU processor 1732 may include on-chip memory 1732'. In some aspects, DU 1730 may also include additional memory module 1734 and communication interface 1738. DU 1730 communicates with RU 1740 via a fronthaul link. RU 1740 may include RU processor 1742. RU processor 1742 may include on-chip memory 1742'. In some aspects, RU 1740 may also include additional memory module 1744, one or more transceivers 1746, antenna 1780, and communication interface 1748. RU 1740 communicates with UE 104. On-chip memories 1712', 1732', 1742' and additional memory modules 1714, 1734, 1744 may each be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory may be non-transitory. Each of processors 1712, 1732, 1742 is responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor, causes the processor to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used to store data manipulated by the processor when executing the software.

[0173] As discussed above, component 198 may be configured to output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from a first wireless device (e.g., network entity 1702) via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. Component 198 may be configured to send the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object. The reflecting object may reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. Component 198 may be within one or more processors of one or more of CU 1710, DU 1730, and RU 1740. Component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the stated processes / algorithms, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithms, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. Network entity 1702 may include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 1702 may include components for outputting a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from a first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. Network entity 1702 may include components for sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object. The reflecting object may reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. The reflecting object may include at least one of RIS or VTRP. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of at least one of the position or coverage of RIS or VTRP. The reflecting object may include RIS. Network entity 1702 may include components for sending an indication of the scattering direction to RIS. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of the scattering direction. Network entity 1702 may include components for receiving a sensing request for performing sensing within a specified range. Network entity 1702 may include components for identifying a set of reflecting objects having a LOS path to the specified range relative to the first wireless device. The set of reflecting objects may include reflecting objects. Network entity 1702 may include components for sending the set of sensing signals to the reflecting objects based on identifying the set of reflecting objects including reflecting objects. The specified range may include at least one of the location of the target object or the region of interest including the location of the target object. Network entity 1702 may include components for outputting the sensing signal configuration by sending the sensing signal configuration to a second wireless device. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a set of narrow transmit beams associated with the set of sensing signals. Each narrow transmit beam in the set of narrow transmit beams may include a discrete resource or a discrete direction. Network entity 1702 may include components for sending the sensing signal configuration by sending at least one of a DCI, an RRC message, or a MAC-CE including the sensing signal configuration to the second wireless device.The network entity 1702 may include components for transmitting the sensing signal configuration by broadcasting a system information message including the sensing signal configuration. The first wireless device may include at least one of a first UE or a first network node. The second wireless device may include at least one of a second UE or a second network node. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a path report. The sensing signal configuration may include a first indication of a reflector type associated with a reflection object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflection object. The network entity 1702 may include components for sending an indication of settings associated with the path report to the second wireless device. The settings may include at least one of a clustering method, a delay threshold, an AoA threshold, a number of representative paths, or a metric for representative path selection. The network entity 1702 may include components for receiving a path report from the second wireless device based on the indication of the settings. The network entity 1702 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by simultaneously sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflection object. The network entity 1702 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a wide beam spanning a first direction towards the target object and a second direction towards the reflection object. The network entity 1702 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a first beam having a first sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam having a second sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflection object. The first sensing resource may be different from the second sensing resource. The network entity 1702 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object may include sending a first beam having a sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam having a sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflection object. The network entity 1702 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a first beam towards the target object during a first time domain and a second beam towards the reflection object during a second time domain. The network entity 1702 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a first beam having a first watermark pattern towards the target object and a second beam having a second watermark pattern towards the reflection object. The network entity 1702 may include components for receiving a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. The network entity 1702 may include components for receiving a second reflected sensing signal from the reflection object via the target object. The network entity 1702 may include components for calculating the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. The component may be a component 198 of the network entity 1702 configured to perform the functions recited by the component.As described above, network entity 1702 may include Tx processor 316, Rx processor 370, and controller / processor 375. Thus, in one configuration, these components may be Tx processor 316, Rx processor 370, and / or controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions attributed to these components.

[0174] As discussed above, component 199 can be configured to receive a sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device (e.g., network entity 1702) for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. Component 199 can be configured to receive a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object. Component 199 can be configured to receive a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object. Component 199 can be configured to calculate the location of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. Component 199 can be within one or more processors of one or more of CU 1710, DU 1730, and RU 1740. Component 199 can be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the stated process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. Network entity 1702 can include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 1702 can include components for receiving a sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. Network entity 1702 can include components for receiving a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object. Network entity 1702 can include components for receiving a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object. Network entity 1702 can include components for calculating the location of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. The reflecting object can include at least one of RIS or VTRP. The sensing signal configuration can include an indication of at least one of a second location or coverage of RIS or VTRP. Network entity 1702 can include components for calculating the location of the target object based on an indication of at least one of a second location or coverage of RIS or VTRP. The sensing signal configuration can include an indication of a set of narrow transmit beams associated with the set of sensing signals. Each narrow transmit beam in the set of narrow transmit beams can include a discrete resource or a discrete direction. Network entity 1702 can include components for receiving the sensing signal configuration by receiving at least one of a DCI, an RRC message, or a MAC-CE including the sensing signal configuration from the first wireless device. Network entity 1702 can include components for receiving the sensing signal configuration by receiving a broadcast system information message including the sensing signal configuration. The first wireless device can include at least one of a first UE or a first network node. The second wireless device can include at least one of a second UE or a second network node. The sensing signal configuration can include a first indication of a reflector type associated with the reflecting object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflecting object. Network entity 1702 can include components for further calculating the location of the target object based on the first indication and the second indication.The network entity 1702 may include components for receiving an indication of settings associated with a path report from a first wireless device. The network entity 1702 may include components for further calculating a location of a target object based on the indication of the settings. The settings may include at least one of a clustering method, a latency threshold, an AoA threshold, a number of representative paths, or a metric for representative path selection. The network entity 1702 may include components for sending a path report to the first wireless device. The path report may include representative paths from the target object based on a sensed signal configuration. The sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first sensing resource associated with a first subset of a set of sensed signals and a second indication of a second sensing resource associated with a second subset of the set of sensed signals. A first reflected sensed signal may be associated with the first sensing resource. A second reflected sensed signal may be associated with the second sensing resource. The network entity 1702 may include components for further calculating the location of the target object based on the first indication of the first sensing resource and the second indication of the second sensing resource. The sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first time domain associated with a first subset of a set of sensed signals and a second indication of a second time domain associated with a second subset of the set of sensed signals. A first reflected sensed signal may be associated with the first time domain. A second reflected sensed signal may be associated with the second time domain. The network entity 1702 may include components for further calculating the location of the target object based on the first indication of the first time domain and the second indication of the second time domain. The sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first watermark pattern associated with a first subset of a set of sensed signals and a second indication of a second watermark pattern associated with a second subset of the set of sensed signals. The first reflected sensed signal may include the first watermark pattern. The second reflected sensed signal may include the second watermark pattern. The network entity 1702 may include components for further calculating the location of the target object based on the first indication of the first watermark pattern and the second indication of the second watermark pattern. The components may be components 199 of the network entity 1702 configured to perform the functions recited by the components. As described above, the network entity 1702 may include a Tx processor 316, an Rx processor 370, and a controller / processor 375. Thus, in one configuration, these components may be the Tx processor 316, the Rx processor 370, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by these components.

[0175] ​FIG. 1800 is an illustration showing an example of a hardware implementation for network entity 1860. In one example, network entity 1860 may be within core network 120. Network entity 1860 may include network processor 1812. Network processor 1812 may include on-chip memory 1812'. In some aspects, network entity 1860 may also include additional memory module 1814. Network entity 1860 communicates with CU 1802 directly (e.g., backhaul link) or indirectly (e.g., through RIC) via network interface 1880. On-chip memory 1812' and additional memory module 1814 may each be considered computer-readable media / memory. Each computer-readable media / memory may be non-transitory. Processor 1812 is responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on the computer-readable media / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor, causes the processor to perform the various functions described above. The computer-readable media / memory may also be used to store data manipulated by the processor when executing the software.

[0176] As discussed above, component 198 may be configured to output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from a first wireless device (e.g., network entity 1860) via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflected object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. Component 198 may be configured to send the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflected object. The reflected object may reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. Component 198 may be within processor 1812. Component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the stated process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. Network entity 1860 may include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 1860 may include components for outputting a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from a first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflected object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. Network entity 1860 may include components for sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflected object. The reflected object may reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration. The reflected object may include at least one of a RIS or a VTRP. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of at least one of the position or coverage of the RIS or VTRP. The reflected object may include a RIS. Network entity 1860 may include components for sending an indication of a scattering direction to the RIS. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of the scattering direction. Network entity 1860 may include components for receiving a sensing request for performing sensing within a specified range. Network entity 1860 may include components for identifying a set of reflected objects having a LOS path to the specified range relative to the first wireless device. The set of reflected objects may include the reflected object. Network entity 1860 may include components for sending the set of sensing signals to the reflected object based on identifying the set of reflected objects including the reflected object. The specified range may include at least one of the location of the target object or an area of interest including the location of the target object. Network entity 1860 may include components for outputting the sensing signal configuration by sending the sensing signal configuration to a second wireless device. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a set of narrow transmission beams associated with the set of sensing signals. Each narrow transmission beam in the set of narrow transmission beams may include a discrete resource or a discrete direction. Network entity 1860 may include components for sending the sensing signal configuration by sending at least one of a DCI, an RRC message, or a MAC-CE including the sensing signal configuration to the second wireless device.The network entity 1860 may include components for transmitting the sensing signal configuration by broadcasting a system information message including the sensing signal configuration. The first wireless device may include at least one of a first UE or a first network node. The second wireless device may include at least one of a second UE or a second network node. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a path report. The sensing signal configuration may include a first indication of a reflector type associated with the reflection object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflection object. The network entity 1860 may include components for sending an indication of settings associated with the path report to the second wireless device. The settings may include at least one of a clustering method, a delay threshold, an AoA threshold, a number of representative paths, or a metric for representative path selection. The network entity 1860 may include components for receiving a path report from the second wireless device based on the indication of the settings. The network entity 1860 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by simultaneously sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflection object. The network entity 1860 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a wide beam spanning a first direction towards the target object and a second direction towards the reflection object. The network entity 1860 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a first beam having a first sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam having a second sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflection object. The first sensing resource may be different from the second sensing resource. The network entity 1860 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object may include sending a first beam having a sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam having a sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflection object. The network entity 1860 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a first beam towards the target object during a first time domain and a second beam towards the reflection object during a second time domain. The network entity 1860 may include components for sending a set of sensing signals to a target object and a reflection object by sending a first beam having a first watermark pattern towards the target object and a second beam having a second watermark pattern towards the reflection object. The network entity 1860 may include components for receiving a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. The network entity 1860 may include components for receiving a second reflected sensing signal from the reflection object via the target object. The network entity 1860 may include components for calculating the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. The components may be a component 198 of the network entity 1860 configured to perform the functions recited by the components.

[0177] As discussed above, component 199 may be configured to receive a sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device (e.g., network entity 1860) for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. Component 199 may be configured to receive a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object. Component 199 may be configured to receive a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object. Component 199 may be configured to calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. Component 199 may be within processor 1812. Component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to perform the stated processes / algorithms, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithms, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. Network entity 1860 may include various components configured for various functions. In one configuration, network entity 1860 may include components for receiving a sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. Network entity 1860 may include components for receiving a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object. Network entity 1860 may include components for receiving a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object. Network entity 1860 may include components for calculating the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration. The reflecting object may include at least one of a RIS or a VTRP. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of at least one of a second position or coverage of the RIS or VTRP. Network entity 1860 may include components for calculating the position of the target object based on an indication of at least one of a second position or coverage of the RIS or VTRP. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a set of narrow transmit beams associated with the set of sensing signals. Each narrow transmit beam in the set of narrow transmit beams may include a discrete resource or a discrete direction. Network entity 1860 may include components for receiving the sensing signal configuration by receiving at least one of a DCI, an RRC message, or a MAC-CE including the sensing signal configuration from the first wireless device. Network entity 1860 may include components for receiving the sensing signal configuration by receiving a broadcast system information message including the sensing signal configuration. The first wireless device may include at least one of a first UE or a first network node. The second wireless device may include at least one of a second UE or a second network node. The sensing signal configuration may include a first indication of a reflector type associated with the reflecting object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflecting object. Network entity 1860 may include components for further calculating the position of the target object based on the first indication and the second indication. Network entity 1860 may include components for receiving an indication of a setting associated with a path report from the first wireless device.The network entity 1860 may include components for calculating the position of a target object that may be further based on an indication of the setting. The setting may include at least one of a clustering method, a latency threshold, an AoA threshold, a number of representative paths, or a metric for representative path selection. The network entity 1860 may include components for sending a path report to a first wireless device. The path report may include representative paths from the target object configured based on sensed signals. The sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first sensing resource associated with a first subset of a sensed signal set and a second indication of a second sensing resource associated with a second subset of the sensed signal set. A first reflected sensed signal may be associated with the first sensing resource. A second reflected sensed signal may be associated with the second sensing resource. The network entity 1860 may include components for calculating the position of the target object that may be further based on the first indication of the first sensing resource and the second indication of the second sensing resource. The sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first time domain associated with a first subset of a sensed signal set and a second indication of a second time domain associated with a second subset of the sensed signal set. A first reflected sensed signal may be associated with the first time domain. A second reflected sensed signal may be associated with the second time domain. The network entity 1860 may include components for calculating the position of the target object that may be further based on the first indication of the first time domain and the second indication of the second time domain. The sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first watermark pattern associated with a first subset of a sensed signal set and a second indication of a second watermark pattern associated with a second subset of the sensed signal set. The first reflected sensed signal may include the first watermark pattern. The second reflected sensed signal may include the second watermark pattern. The network entity 1860 may include components for calculating the position of the target object that may be further based on the first indication of the first watermark pattern and the second indication of the second watermark pattern. The components may be a component 199 of the network entity 1860 configured to perform the functions recited by the components.

[0178] It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of the blocks in the disclosed process / flowchart is merely illustrative of example methods. It should be understood that based on design preferences, the specific order or hierarchy of the blocks in the process / flowchart may be rearranged. Additionally, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The appended method claims present the elements of the various blocks in a sample order, but are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

[0179] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, and the singular forms of elements are not intended to mean "one and only one" but rather "one or more" unless specifically stated otherwise. Terms such as "if," "when," and "while" do not imply a direct temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases such as "when" do not mean an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that the action will occur if the condition is met, without a specific or immediate time limitation for the occurrence of the action. The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or having an advantage over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term "some" means one or more. Combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C," "one or more of A, B, or C," "at least one of A, B, and C," "one or more of A, B, and C," and "any combination of A, B, C, or any of them," including any combination of A, B, and / or C, may include multiple As, multiple Bs, or multiple Cs. Specifically, combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C," "one or more of A, B, or C," "at least one of A, B, and C," "one or more of A, B, and C," and "any combination of A, B, C, or any of them" can be only A, only B, only C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combination may contain one or more members of A, B, or C. A set should be interpreted as a collection of elements, where the number of elements is one or more. Thus, for a set of X, X will include one or more elements. If a first device receives data from or sends data to a second device, the data may be received / sent directly between the first device and the second device, or indirectly between the first device and the second device through a collection of devices. All structural and functional equivalents of elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later will be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are covered by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public, whether or not such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words "module," "mechanism," "element," "device," etc. are not to be used in place of the word "component." Thus, no claim element is to be construed as a means-plus-function unless the element expressly recites the phrase "means for" followed by a function.

[0180] As used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be construed to refer to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, etc. In other words, the phrase "based on A" (where "A" can be information, a condition, a factor, etc.) should be construed as "at least based on A", unless stated otherwise specifically.

[0181] A device configured to "output" data (such as a transmission, signal, or message) can, for example, transmit the data using a transceiver, can transfer the data to a device that transmits the data, or can transfer the data to a module within the device itself. A device configured to "obtain" data (such as a transmission, signal, or message) can, for example, receive the data using a transceiver, can obtain the data from a device that receives the data, or can obtain the data from a module within the device itself.

[0182] The following aspects are merely illustrative and can be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein without limitation.

[0183] Aspect 1 is a method for wireless communication at a first wireless device, where the method can include outputting a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals. The method can include sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object. The reflecting object can reflect at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration.

[0184] Aspect 2 is the method according to aspect 1, where the reflecting object can include at least one of a RIS or a VTRP. The sensing signal configuration can include an indication of at least one of the position or coverage of the RIS or the VTRP.

[0185] Aspect 3 is the method according to any one of aspects 1 or 2, where the reflecting object can include a RIS. The method can include sending an indication of a scattering direction to the RIS. The sensing signal configuration can include the indication of the scattering direction.

[0186] Aspect 4 is the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, where the method can include receiving a sensing request to perform sensing within a specified range. The method can include identifying a set of reflecting objects having a LOS path from the first wireless device to the specified range. The set of reflecting objects can include the reflecting object. Sending the set of sensing signals to the reflecting object can be based on identifying the set of reflecting objects including the reflecting object.

[0187] Aspect 5 is the method according to aspect 4, wherein the specified range may include at least one of the location of the target object or the region of interest including the location of the target object.

[0188] Aspect 6 is the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein outputting the sensing signal configuration may include sending the sensing signal configuration to a second wireless device.

[0189] Aspect 7 is the method according to aspect 6, wherein the sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a set of narrow transmission beams associated with the set of sensing signals.

[0190] Aspect 8 is the method according to aspect 7, wherein each narrow transmission beam in the set of narrow transmission beams may include a discrete resource or a discrete direction.

[0191] Aspect 9 is the method according to any one of aspects 6 to 8, wherein sending the sensing signal configuration may include sending at least one of a DCI, an RRC message, or a MAC-CE including the sensing signal configuration to the second wireless device.

[0192] Aspect 10 is the method according to any one of aspects 6 to 8, wherein sending the sensing signal configuration may include broadcasting a system information message including the sensing signal configuration.

[0193] Aspect 11 is the method according to any one of aspects 6 to 10, wherein the first wireless device may include at least one of a first UE or a first network node. The second wireless device may include at least one of a second UE or a second network node.

[0194] Aspect 12 is the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein the sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a path report.

[0195] Aspect 13 is the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the sensing signal configuration may include a first indication of a reflector type associated with the reflection object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflection object.

[0196] Aspect 14 is the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 13, wherein the method may include sending an indication of settings associated with a path report to a second wireless device.

[0197] Aspect 15 is the method according to aspect 14, wherein the settings may include at least one of a clustering method, a delay threshold, an AoA threshold, a number of representative paths, or a metric for representative path selection.

[0198] Aspect 16 is the method according to any one of Aspects 14 or 15, wherein the method may include receiving a path report from the second wireless device based on the indication of the setting.

[0199] Aspect 17 is the method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 16, wherein sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object may include sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object simultaneously.

[0200] Aspect 18 is the method according to Aspect 17, wherein sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object simultaneously may include sending a wide beam spanning a first direction towards the target object and a second direction towards the reflecting object.

[0201] Aspect 19 is the method according to Aspect 17, wherein sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object simultaneously may include sending a first beam with a first sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam with a second sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflecting object. The first sensing resource may be different from the second sensing resource.

[0202] Aspect 20 is the method according to any one of Aspects 17 or 19, wherein sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object simultaneously may include sending a first beam with a sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam with the sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflecting object.

[0203] Aspect 21 is the method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 20, wherein sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object may include sending a first beam towards the target object during a first time domain and a second beam towards the reflecting object during a second time domain.

[0204] Aspect 22 is the method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 21, wherein sending the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object may include sending a first beam with a first watermark pattern towards the target object and a second beam with a second watermark pattern towards the reflecting object.

[0205] Aspect 23 is the method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 22, wherein the method may include receiving the first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object. The method may include receiving the second reflected sensing signal from the reflecting object via the target object. The method may include calculating the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration.

[0206] Aspect 24 is a method for wireless communication at a second wireless device, wherein the method may include receiving a sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals. The method may include receiving a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object. The method may include receiving a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object. The method may include calculating the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration.

[0207] Aspect 25 is the method according to Aspect 24, wherein the reflecting object may include at least one of a RIS or a VTRP. The sensing signal configuration may include an indication of at least one of a second position or coverage of the RIS or the VTRP. Calculating the position of the target object may be further based on the indication of at least one of the second position or the coverage of the RIS or the VTRP.

[0208] Aspect 26 is the method according to any one of Aspects 24 or 25, wherein the sensing signal configuration may include an indication of a set of narrow transmission beams associated with the set of sensing signals.

[0209] Aspect 27 is the method according to Aspect 26, wherein each narrow transmission beam in the set of narrow transmission beams may include a discrete resource or a discrete direction.

[0210] Aspect 28 is the method according to any one of Aspects 24 to 27, wherein receiving the sensing signal configuration may include receiving at least one of a DCI, an RRC message, or a MAC-CE including the sensing signal configuration from the first wireless device.

[0211] Aspect 29 is the method according to any one of Aspects 24 to 27, wherein receiving the sensing signal configuration may include receiving a broadcast system information message including the sensing signal configuration.

[0212] Aspect 30 is the method according to any one of Aspects 24 to 29, wherein the first wireless device may include at least one of a first UE or a first network node. The second wireless device may include at least one of a second UE or a second network node.

[0213] Aspect 31 is the method according to any one of aspects 24 to 30, wherein the sensing signal configuration may include a first indication of a reflector type associated with the reflection object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflection object. Calculating the position of the target object may be further based on the first indication and the second indication.

[0214] Aspect 32 is the method according to any one of aspects 24 to 31, wherein the method may include receiving an indication of settings associated with a path report from the first wireless device. Calculating the position of the target object may be further based on the indication of the settings.

[0215] Aspect 33 is the method according to aspect 32, wherein the settings may include at least one of a clustering method, a delay threshold, an AoA threshold, a number of representative paths, or a metric for representative path selection.

[0216] Aspect 34 is the method according to any one of aspects 32 or 33, wherein the method may include sending the path report to the first wireless device. The path report may include representative paths starting from the target object based on the sensing signal configuration.

[0217] Aspect 35 is the method according to any one of aspects 24 to 34, wherein the sensing signal configuration may include a first indication of a first sensing resource associated with a first subset of the sensing signal set and a second indication of a second sensing resource associated with a second subset of the sensing signal set. The first reflected sensing signal may be associated with the first sensing resource. The second reflected sensing signal may be associated with the second sensing resource. Calculating the position of the target object may be further based on the first indication of the first sensing resource and the second indication of the second sensing resource.

[0218] Aspect 36 is the method according to any one of aspects 24 to 35, wherein the sensing signal configuration may include a first indication of a first time domain associated with a first subset of the sensing signal set and a second indication of a second time domain associated with a second subset of the sensing signal set. The first reflected sensing signal may be associated with the first time domain. The second reflected sensing signal may be associated with the second time domain. Calculating the position of the target object may be further based on the first indication of the first time domain and the second indication of the second time domain.

[0219] Aspect 37 is the method according to any one of aspects 24 to 36, wherein the sensed signal configuration may include a first indication of a first watermark pattern associated with a first subset of the sensed signal set and a second indication of a second watermark pattern associated with a second subset of the sensed signal set. The first reflected sensed signal may include the first watermark pattern. The second reflected sensed signal may include the second watermark pattern. Calculating the position of the target object may be further based on the first indication of the first watermark pattern and the second indication of the second watermark pattern.

[0220] Aspect 38 is a device for wireless communication, the device comprising: a memory; and at least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the memory and being configured to implement any one of aspects 1 to 37 at least in part based on information stored in the memory.

[0221] Aspect 39 is the device according to aspect 38, the device further comprising at least one of an antenna or a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor.

[0222] Aspect 40 is a device for wireless communication, the device comprising components for implementing any one of aspects 1 to 37.

[0223] Aspect 41 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer-executable code, wherein the code, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement any one of aspects 1 to 37.

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, the apparatus comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to, at least in part based on information stored in the memory: output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals; and send the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object, wherein the reflecting object reflects at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the reflecting object comprises at least one of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) or a virtual transmit receive point (VTRP), and wherein the sensing signal configuration comprises an indication of at least one of the position or coverage of the RIS or the VTRP.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, the apparatus further comprising a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein the reflecting object comprises a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: send an indication of a scattering direction to the RIS via the transceiver, wherein the sensing signal configuration comprises the indication of the scattering direction.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive a sensing request to perform sensing within a specified range; and Identify a set of reflective objects having a line-of-sight (LOS) path to the specified range relative to the first wireless device, wherein the set of reflective objects includes the reflective object, wherein, to send the set of sensing signals to the reflecting object, the at least one processor is configured to send the set of sensing signals to the reflecting object based on an identification of a set of reflecting objects including the reflecting object.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the specified range comprises at least one of a location of the target object or an area of interest including the location of the target object.

6. The device according to claim 1, wherein, To output the sensing signal configuration, the at least one processor is configured to: send the sensing signal configuration to a second wireless device.

7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the sensing signal configuration comprises an indication of a set of narrow transmit beams associated with the set of sensing signals.

8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein each narrow transmit beam in the set of narrow transmit beams comprises a discrete resource or a discrete direction.

9. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the first wireless device comprises at least one of a first user equipment (UE) or a first network node, and wherein the second wireless device comprises at least one of a second UE or a second network node.

10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensing signal configuration comprises an indication of a path report.

11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: send an indication of settings associated with the path report to a second wireless device; and Receive the path report from the second wireless device based on the setting.

12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the sensing signal configuration includes a first indication of a reflector type associated with the reflecting object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflecting object.

13. The device according to claim 1, wherein, To transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object, the at least one processor is configured to transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object simultaneously.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein, To transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object simultaneously, the at least one processor is configured to transmit a wide beam spanning a first direction towards the target object and a second direction towards the reflecting object.

15. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein, To transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object simultaneously, the at least one processor is configured to transmit a first beam having a first sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam having a second sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflecting object, wherein the first sensing resource is different from the second sensing resource.

16. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein, To transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object simultaneously, the at least one processor is configured to transmit a first beam having a sensing resource in a first direction towards the target object and a second beam having the sensing resource in a second direction towards the reflecting object.

17. The device according to claim 1, wherein, To transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object, the at least one processor is configured to: Transmit a first beam towards the target object during a first time domain; And Transmit a second beam towards the reflecting object during a second time domain.

18. The device according to claim 1, wherein To transmit the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object, the at least one processor is configured to: Transmit a first beam having a first watermark pattern towards the target object; and Transmit a second beam having a second watermark pattern towards the reflecting object.

19. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Receive the first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via the target object; Receive the second reflected sensing signal from the reflecting object via the target object; and Calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration.

20. An apparatus for wireless communication at a second wireless device, the apparatus comprising: A memory; And At least one processor coupled to the memory and at least partially based on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to: Receive a sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals; Receive a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object; Receive a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object; And Calculate the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration.

21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the reflection object comprises at least one of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) or a virtual transmit receive point (VTRP), wherein the sensing signal configuration comprises an indication of at least one of a second position or coverage of the RIS or the VTRP, wherein, To calculate the position of the target object, the at least one processor is configured to: Further calculate the position of the target object based on the indication of at least one of the second position or the coverage of the RIS or the VTRP.

22. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the sensed signal configuration includes a first indication of a reflector type associated with the reflective object and a second indication of a location associated with the reflective object, wherein, To calculate the position of the target object, the at least one processor is configured to: Further calculate the position of the target object based on the first indication and the second indication.

23. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Receive an indication of settings associated with a path report from the first wireless device, wherein, To calculate the position of the target object, the at least one processor is configured to further calculate the position of the target object based on the indication of the setting.

24. The apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the setting includes at least one of a clustering device, a delay threshold, an angle of arrival (AoA) threshold, a number of representative paths, or a metric for representative path selection.

25. The apparatus according to claim 23, the apparatus further includes a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: Send the path report to the first wireless device via the transceiver, where the path report includes representative paths starting from the target object based on the sensing signal configuration.

26. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the sensed signal configuration includes a first indication of a first sensing resource associated with a first subset of the sensed signal set and a second indication of a second sensing resource associated with a second subset of the sensed signal set, wherein the first reflected sensed signal is associated with the first sensing resource, wherein the second reflected sensed signal is associated with the second sensing resource, wherein, To calculate the position of the target object, the at least one processor is configured to: Further calculate the position of the target object based on the first indication of the first sensing resource and the second indication of the second sensing resource.

27. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the sensed signal configuration comprises a first indication of a first time domain associated with a first subset of the sensed signal set and a second indication of a second time domain associated with a second subset of the sensed signal set, wherein the first reflected sensed signal is associated with the first time domain, wherein the second reflected sensed signal is associated with the second time domain, wherein, To calculate the position of the target object, the at least one processor is configured to: Further calculate the position of the target object based on the first indication of the first time domain and the second indication of the second time domain.

28. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the sensed signal configuration includes a first indication of a first watermark pattern associated with a first subset of the sensed signal set and a second indication of a second watermark pattern associated with a second subset of the sensed signal set, wherein the first reflected sensed signal includes the first watermark pattern, wherein the second reflected sensed signal includes the second watermark pattern, wherein, To calculate the position of the target object, the at least one processor is configured to: Further calculate the position of the target object based on the first indication of the first watermark pattern and the second indication of the second watermark pattern.

29. A method for wireless communication at a first wireless device, the method includes: Output a sensing signal configuration for performing sensing on a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object and a second reflected sensing signal from a reflecting object via the target object based on a set of sensing signals; And Send the set of sensing signals to the target object and the reflecting object, where the reflecting object reflects at least one sensing signal in the set of sensing signals to the target object based on the sensing signal configuration.

30. A method for wireless communication at a second wireless device, the method includes: Receive a sensing signal configuration from a first wireless device for performing sensing based on a set of sensing signals; Receive a first reflected sensing signal from the first wireless device via a target object; Receiving a second reflected sensing signal from a reflection object via the target object; And Calculating the position of the target object based on the first reflected sensing signal, the second reflected sensing signal, and the sensing signal configuration.

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