Curved-surface perovskite solar cell and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention provides a curved-surface perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: providing a conductive substrate; after the conductive substrate is fixed on a base with a preset thickness, forming a plurality of functional layers on the conductive substrate to obtain a first combined layer; filling the first combined layer with a perovskite active material, and performing crystallization treatment to obtain a second combined layer; and after a cover plate is packaged on the second combination layer, cold bending process processing is carried out to obtain the curved surface perovskite solar cell. According to the invention, the possibility of problems such as packaging failure and internal short circuit in the use process of the battery can be reduced, the reliability and durability of the battery are improved, and the maintenance cost is reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of solar cells, and particularly to a curved perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] The curved perovskite solar cell is a new type of solar cell based on perovskite materials, which has the characteristics of being bendable and adaptable to curved surfaces. The curved perovskite solar cell is sensitive to high-temperature and high-humidity environments. The airtightness of the curved perovskite solar cell has a great influence on its stability and service life. The traditional encapsulation method is to add a film between the backplane and the device to isolate water and air. However, in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, the film is easily eroded by water, resulting in the exposure of perovskite to a high-humidity environment and reducing its service life. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a curved perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof, which can reduce the possibility of problems such as encapsulation failure and internal short circuit during the use of the battery, improve the reliability and durability of the battery, and reduce the maintenance cost.

[0004] To solve the above technical problems, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0005] A preparation method of a curved perovskite solar cell, comprising:

[0006] Providing a conductive substrate;

[0007] After fixing the conductive substrate on a base with a preset thickness, forming a plurality of functional layers on the conductive substrate to obtain a first combined layer;

[0008] Filling a perovskite active material in the first combined layer and performing a crystallization treatment to obtain a second combined layer;

[0009] After encapsulating a cover plate on the second combined layer, performing a cold bending process treatment to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0010] Optionally, the thickness of the conductive substrate is between 0.1 and 1 mm.

[0011] Optionally, forming a plurality of functional layers on the conductive substrate to obtain a first combined layer, comprising:

[0012] Spraying a dense layer slurry on the conductive substrate to form a dense transport layer; the dense layer slurry includes at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, BaSnO3, La-BaSnO3, and SrTiO3;

[0013] Spray the electron transport layer slurry on the dense transport layer, dry it and then sinter it at high temperature to form a mesoporous electron transport layer; the electron transport layer slurry includes at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, BaSnO3, La-BaSnO3, SrTiO3;

[0014] Spray the insulating spacer layer slurry with a preset pattern on the mesoporous electron transport layer, dry it to form a mesoporous insulating spacer layer; wherein, the insulating spacer layer slurry includes at least one of silicon dioxide and zirconium dioxide;

[0015] Print the carbon electrode slurry with a preset pattern on the mesoporous insulating spacer layer, dry it to form a film and then sinter it at high temperature to form a porous carbon counter electrode layer, obtaining a first combined layer.

[0016] Optionally, fill the perovskite active material in the first combined layer and perform crystallization treatment to obtain a second combined layer, including:

[0017] Fill the perovskite active material into the pore structures of the porous carbon counter electrode layer, the mesoporous insulating spacer layer and the mesoporous electron transport layer; the perovskite active material includes: perovskite materials with an ABX3 structure;

[0018] Form perovskite crystals through an annealing process to obtain the second combined layer.

[0019] Optionally, after encapsulating a cover plate on the second combined layer, perform a cold bending process treatment to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell, including:

[0020] Provide a glass cover plate;

[0021] After assembling the second combined layer and the glass cover plate by means of adhesive sealing and / or laser welding, obtain an assembled component;

[0022] Perform a cold bending process treatment on the assembled component to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0023] Optionally, assemble the second combined layer and the glass cover plate by means of adhesive sealing and / or laser welding to obtain an assembled component, including:

[0024] Fix and assemble the second combined layer and the glass cover plate through an intermediate adhesive film / peripheral butyl rubber to obtain an assembled component;

[0025] Place the second combined layer and the glass cover plate on a transparent substrate and assemble them through an intermediate adhesive film / peripheral butyl rubber to obtain an assembled component; and / or

[0026] Laser weld and combine the second combined layer and the glass cover plate through an intermediate adhesive film / peripheral butyl rubber to obtain an assembled component.

[0027] Optionally, the assembly is subjected to a cold bending process to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell, including:

[0028] Placing the assembly on a frame member of a cold bending process with a preset radius of curvature to form a curved member;

[0029] Placing the curved member on a mold with a preset curvature for lamination encapsulation or ultraviolet irradiation fixation to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0030] Optionally, the lamination temperature for the lamination encapsulation is 90 - 105 °C, and the lamination time is 5 - 20 min.

[0031] Optionally, the ultraviolet irradiation current intensity is 100 - 1000 mA, and the irradiation duration is 5 - 120 s.

[0032] The present invention also provides a curved perovskite solar cell, which is prepared by the method described above.

[0033] The above solution of the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0034] The above solution of the present invention provides a conductive substrate. Specifically, the conductive substrate is an ultra-thin conductive substrate with a certain bending strength, and the substrate thickness is 0.1 - 1 mm; enabling the prepared solar cell to better adapt to various curved environments, such as curved building facades, curved car roofs, etc., greatly expanding the application scenarios of the solar cell, improving its applicability on the surfaces of different-shaped objects, and having higher installation flexibility compared to traditional planar cells.

[0035] Fixing the conductive substrate on a rigid base with a preset thickness provides a stable operation platform for subsequent preparation processes. Ensuring that during the formation of functional layers and other processes, the conductive substrate does not shake or deform, which is beneficial to improving the precision and uniformity of the preparation of each functional layer, thereby enhancing the performance and stability of the battery. Forming multiple functional layers on the conductive substrate to obtain a first combined layer can precisely control the thickness and quality of each functional layer, optimizing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0036] Filling the perovskite active material in the first combined layer and performing crystallization treatment enables the perovskite active material to fully fill and form a good crystal structure within the already constructed stable structure, which helps to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery. The good crystal structure can reduce electron-hole recombination and enhance the carrier mobility, thereby enhancing the electrical performance of the battery.

[0037] First, encapsulate the cover plate and then perform the cold bending process. On the one hand, the encapsulated cover plate can play a preliminary protection role for the internal second composite layer, preventing external factors from damaging the second composite layer during the cold bending process. On the other hand, the cold bending process can make the encapsulated second composite layer further conform to a specific curved surface, enhancing the applicability and stability of the battery in different curved surface environments. At the same time, it may optimize the compactness of the internal structure of the battery to a certain extent, improving the overall performance and service life of the battery. Encapsulating the cover plate and then performing the cold bending process makes the entire battery structure more stable, the bonding between layers is closer, and it can better resist the influence of external mechanical stress, temperature changes and other factors, extending the service life of the curved perovskite solar cell. The cold bending process can enable the battery to further adapt to the curved surface requirements of different curvatures while maintaining its original performance. At the same time, the internal layer structures of the battery will not be affected by factors such as high temperature during the cold bending process, which is beneficial to maintaining the performance stability of the battery, enhancing the mechanical properties of the battery and its adaptability to complex curved surfaces. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] Figure 1 is a flowchart of the method for preparing a curved perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the first composite layer of the curved perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the curved perovskite solar cell according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the curved perovskite solar cell according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 5 is a schematic structural diagram of the curved perovskite solar cell according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention;

[0043] Wherein, 1. Carbon counter electrode layer; 2. Insulating spacer layer; 3. Electron transport layer; 4. Dense transport layer; 5. Conductive substrate; 6. Butyl rubber; 7. Cover plate; 8. Adhesive film; 9. Transparent substrate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0044] Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although the exemplary embodiments of the present invention are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present invention can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. On the contrary, these embodiments are provided so that the present invention can be more thoroughly understood and the scope of the present invention can be completely conveyed to those skilled in the art.

[0045] As Figure 1 and Figure 4 shown, a method for preparing a curved perovskite solar cell includes:

[0046] Step 11, providing a conductive substrate 5;

[0047] Step 12, after fixing the conductive substrate 5 on a base with a preset thickness, forming a plurality of functional layers on the conductive substrate 5 to obtain a first combined layer;

[0048] Step 13, filling the perovskite active material in the first combined layer and performing a crystallization treatment to obtain a second combined layer;

[0049] Step 14, after encapsulating a cover plate 7 on the second combined layer, performing a cold bending process treatment to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0050] In this example, in the said Step 11, when providing the conductive substrate 5, specifically, the conductive substrate is an ultra-thin conductive substrate with a certain bending strength, and the thickness of the conductive substrate 5 is 0.1 - 1 mm; enabling the prepared solar cell to better adapt to various curved environments, such as the curved building facades, curved car roofs, etc., greatly expanding the application scenarios of the solar cell and improving its applicability on the surfaces of different-shaped objects, having higher installation flexibility compared with traditional planar cells.

[0051] In the said Step 12, fixing the conductive substrate 5 on a rigid base with a preset thickness provides a stable operation platform for subsequent preparation processes. Ensuring that during the formation of functional layers and other processes, the conductive substrate 5 will not shake or deform, which is beneficial to improving the precision and uniformity of the preparation of each functional layer, thereby enhancing the performance and stability of the battery. Forming a plurality of functional layers on the conductive substrate 5 to obtain a first combined layer can precisely control the thickness and quality of each functional layer, optimizing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0052] In the said Step 13, filling the perovskite active material in the first combined layer and performing a crystallization treatment enables the perovskite active material to fully fill and form a good crystal structure within the already constructed stable structure, which helps to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery. A good crystal structure can reduce electron-hole recombination and enhance the carrier mobility, thereby enhancing the electrical performance of the battery.

[0053] In step 14, the cover plate 7 is encapsulated first and then the cold bending process is carried out. On the one hand, encapsulating the cover plate 7 can play a preliminary protective role for the internal second composite layer, preventing external factors from damaging the second composite layer during the cold bending process. On the other hand, the cold bending process can make the encapsulated second composite layer further conform to a specific curved surface, enhancing the applicability and stability of the battery in different curved surface environments. At the same time, it may optimize the compactness of the internal structure of the battery to a certain extent, improving the overall performance and service life of the battery. Carrying out the cold bending process after encapsulating the cover plate 7 makes the entire battery structure more stable, the bonding between layers is closer, and it can better resist the influence of external mechanical stress, temperature changes and other factors, extending the service life of the curved perovskite solar cell. The cold bending process can enable the battery to further meet the curved surface requirements with different curvatures while maintaining its original performance. At the same time, the internal layer structure of the battery will not be affected by factors such as high temperature during the cold bending process, which is conducive to maintaining the performance stability of the battery and enhancing the mechanical properties and adaptability of the battery to complex curved surfaces.

[0054] Specifically, the conductive substrate 5 can be made of a variety of materials, such as FTO conductive glass, ITO conductive glass, PET / ITO conductive glass, PEN / ITO conductive glass. For example, indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass can be used as the substrate of the battery to provide good optical transparency and conductivity.

[0055] The conductive substrate 5 includes transparent glass or transparent polymer, and the transparent polymer includes but is not limited to polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate and / or polycarbonate.

[0056] The material of the conductive layer of the conductive substrate 5 is a transparent conductive film, and the transparent conductive film includes but is not limited to indium tin oxide, graphene, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc gallium metal nanowire and / or carbon nanotube.

[0057] In an optional embodiment of the present invention, as Figure 2 shown, in step 12, a plurality of functional layers are formed on the conductive substrate 5 to obtain the first composite layer, including:

[0058] Step 121, spraying dense layer slurry on the conductive substrate 5 to form a dense transport layer 4; the dense layer slurry includes at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, BaSnO3, La-BaSnO3, SrTiO3;

[0059] Step 122: Spray the electron transport layer 3 slurry on the dense transport layer 4, dry it, and then sinter it at a high temperature to form a mesoporous electron transport layer 3. The electron transport layer 3 slurry includes at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, BaSnO3, La-BaSnO3, and SrTiO3.

[0060] Step 123: Spray the insulating spacer layer 2 slurry with a preset pattern on the mesoporous electron transport layer 3, and dry it to form a mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2. Among them, the insulating spacer layer 2 slurry includes at least one of silicon dioxide and zirconium dioxide.

[0061] Step 124: Print the carbon electrode slurry with a preset pattern on the mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2, dry it to form a film, and then sinter it at a high temperature to form a porous carbon counter electrode layer 1, obtaining the first composite layer.

[0062] In this example, in step 121, the dense transport layer 4 is formed by spraying a dense layer slurry containing at least one of materials such as TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, BaSnO3, La-BaSnO3, and SrTiO3 on the conductive substrate. These materials have good electrical properties. The dense transport layer 4 can effectively block the recombination of electrons and holes, enabling electrons to be more efficiently transported from the perovskite active layer to the conductive substrate, thereby increasing the open-circuit voltage and fill factor of the battery, and ultimately improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0063] The mesoporous electron transport layer 3 enhances the electron transport ability: In step 122, a specific slurry is sprayed on the dense transport layer 4 and then dried and sintered at a high temperature to form the mesoporous electron transport layer 3. The electron transport layer slurry selected for this layer is materials such as TiO2, tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc dioxide (ZnO2), barium titanate (BaTiO3), lanthanum-doped barium titanate (La-BaTiO3), fullerene, and its derivatives, which have excellent electron transport characteristics. The mesoporous structure greatly increases the specific surface area, can collect and transport electrons more quickly, reduce the loss of electrons during the transport process, further increase the short-circuit current density of the battery, and plays an important role in improving the overall performance of the battery.

[0064] Mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2 for isolation and protection: In step 123, an insulating spacer layer slurry composed of at least one of materials such as silica and zirconia is sprayed on the mesoporous electron transport layer 3, and after drying, a mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2 is formed. Materials that can be used as the mesoporous insulating spacer layer are usually some inorganic oxide materials (such as SiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3). These materials play a role in isolation and protection in perovskite solar cells, and also help to improve the performance of the battery. For example, SiO2 and ZrO2 are often used as spacer layer materials. The spacer layer film prepared from SiO2@ZrO2 nanoparticles has the characteristics of ultra-flat and crack-free, which can effectively improve the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. In addition, Al2O3 is also widely used in spacer layer materials, especially when used in combination with ZrO2, it can significantly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency. According to the specific implementation manner, the mesoporous spacer layer materials include but are not limited to ZrO2, SiO2, Al2O3, BaTiO3. This layer plays a key isolation role, preventing unnecessary charge transfer between the electron transport layer 3 and the subsequent carbon electrode layer, avoiding leakage phenomena, while protecting the internal structure of the battery and maintaining the stability of the battery performance. In addition, the mesoporous structure helps the filling of the subsequent perovskite active material, optimizes the internal space structure of the battery, and promotes charge transport and separation.

[0065] Porous carbon counter electrode layer 1 for efficient hole collection: In step 124, a porous carbon counter electrode layer 1 is formed by printing a carbon electrode slurry on the mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2, followed by drying and high-temperature sintering. Carbon materials have good electrical conductivity and chemical stability. The porous structure increases the contact area with the perovskite active layer, can efficiently collect holes generated from the perovskite active layer, complete the charge collection and transport circuit, and is crucial for improving the performance and stability of the battery.

[0066] In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, in step 13, a perovskite active material is filled in the first composite layer and crystallized to obtain a second composite layer, including:

[0067] Step 131: Fill the perovskite active material into the pore structures of the porous carbon counter electrode layer 1, the mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2, and the mesoporous electron transport layer 3; the perovskite active material includes: perovskite materials with an ABX3 structure; such as methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3), methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3), formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3), formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3), cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3), cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3), methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI3), methylammonium tin bromide (MASnBr3), and their mixed cation and anion perovskite materials, etc. The perovskite material can be dropped onto the surface of the carbon electrode and then left standing for a period of time, and annealed on a hot stage at 65 - 70 °C for 5 - 50 hours (according to the preferred embodiment, it can be annealed at a temperature of 68 °C for 10 hours);

[0068] Step 132: Form perovskite crystals through the annealing process to obtain the second composite layer.

[0069] In this example, in Step 131, the perovskite active material is filled into the pore structures of the porous carbon counter electrode layer 1, the mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2, and the mesoporous electron transport layer 3. The porous structure provides a large contact area for the perovskite material and each functional layer, which helps the perovskite material to be tightly combined with each functional layer. Filling the perovskite solution in the porous carbon counter electrode layer 1 can enhance the charge transfer efficiency between the counter electrode and the perovskite active layer, and improve the overall performance of the battery; filling the perovskite solution in the mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2 can further optimize the charge transport path inside the battery, avoid the recombination of electrons and holes, and increase the open circuit voltage and fill factor of the battery; filling the perovskite solution in the mesoporous electron transport layer 3 is beneficial for the efficient transport of electrons from the perovskite active layer to the conductive substrate, thereby increasing the short circuit current density of the battery.

[0070] In Step 132, perovskite crystals are formed through the annealing process. Annealing can promote the crystallization of the perovskite material, make the perovskite crystals grow more completely and orderly, reduce crystal defects, improve the quality and purity of the crystals, and thus enhance the light absorption ability and carrier transport performance of the perovskite light absorption layer.

[0071] In an optional embodiment proposed by the embodiment of the present invention, in Step 14, after encapsulating the cover plate 7 on the second composite layer, a cold bending process is performed to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell, including:

[0072] Step 141: Provide a glass cover plate 7;

[0073] Step 142: Assemble the second composite layer and the glass cover plate 7 by means of glue sealing and / or laser welding to obtain an assembly;

[0074] Step 143: Perform cold bending process on the assembled component to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0075] In this example, in Step 142, a combination of adhesive sealing (such as butyl rubber 6) and laser welding is adopted. The butyl rubber 6 has good sealing performance, which can effectively block the erosion of external factors such as moisture and oxygen on the internal structure of the battery, and improve the service life of the battery. In a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, it can prevent water vapor from penetrating into the second composite layer, avoid the degradation of the perovskite material due to moisture, and ensure the stability and reliability of the battery. The laser welding can achieve a firm connection between the encapsulation cover plate 7 and the second composite layer, enhancing the mechanical stability of the battery. It can form a high-strength connection among the second composite layer, the adhesive film 8, and the encapsulation cover plate 7, further enhancing the sealing performance of the encapsulation, and ensuring that the second composite layer will not be affected by external environmental factors during long-term use. Compared with traditional welding methods, laser welding has concentrated energy, fast welding speed, and small heat-affected zone, reducing the thermal damage to the second composite layer and other components, and ensuring that the battery performance is not affected.

[0076] This combined encapsulation method has high reliability, reduces the defective product rate of products caused by encapsulation problems, and improves the product quality. The double-sealing structure formed by the butyl rubber 6 and laser welding effectively blocks the entry of external water vapor and oxygen into the second composite layer, greatly improving the airtightness of the encapsulation and extending the service life of the second composite layer.

[0077] In Step 143, the cold bending process can enable the battery to further adapt to the curved surface requirements with different curvatures while maintaining its original performance. This greatly expands the application scenarios of solar cells, enabling them to better adapt to various curved surface environments, such as curved building facades and curved car roofs, and having higher installation flexibility compared with traditional flat batteries. During the cold bending process, the internal layer structures of the battery will not be affected by factors such as high temperature, which is beneficial to maintaining the performance stability of the battery. At the same time, the cold bending process can enhance the mechanical properties of the battery, enabling it to better protect the internal structure of the second composite layer when subjected to external force impacts, and reducing the risk of damage caused by external forces.

[0078] In an optional embodiment proposed in the embodiment of the present invention, in Step 142, the second composite layer and the glass cover plate 7 are assembled by means of adhesive sealing and / or laser welding to obtain an assembled component, including:

[0079] Step 1421: Fix and assemble the second composite layer and the glass cover plate 7 through an intermediate adhesive film 8 / surrounding butyl rubber 6 to obtain an assembled component;

[0080] Step 1422: Place the second composite layer and the glass cover plate 7 on the transparent substrate 9, and assemble them through the intermediate adhesive film 8 / butyl sealant 6 around the perimeter to obtain an assembled component; and / or

[0081] Step 1423: Laser-weld and combine the second composite layer and the glass cover plate 7 through the intermediate adhesive film 8 / butyl sealant 6 around the perimeter to obtain an assembled component.

[0082] In this example, in step 1421, when assembling with butyl sealant 6 pasted around the perimeter, due to its properties such as low water vapor permeability, high adhesiveness, and electrical insulation, the butyl sealant 6 forms a sealing barrier between the cover plate and the second composite layer, preventing external moisture, dust, and other impurities from entering the interior of the second composite layer, and protecting the performance and stability of the battery. The intermediate adhesive film 8 plays roles such as bonding and optical matching. It can firmly bond the second composite layer and the encapsulation cover plate 7 together, and at the same time can also improve the light transmittance and refraction effect to a certain extent, enabling more light to be absorbed and utilized by the second composite layer, and enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0083] In step 1422, on the one hand, the transparent substrate 9 can support and protect the second composite layer, preventing the second composite layer from being damaged during subsequent assembly and encapsulation processes. On the other hand, the transparent substrate 9 can ensure that light can pass through, enabling the second composite layer to fully receive sunlight during operation, thus not affecting the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery. In addition, the transparent substrate 9 also provides a flat and uniform interface between the second composite layer and other components or installation surfaces below, which is beneficial to improving the stability and reliability of the entire battery system, and also facilitates subsequent installation and fixing operations.

[0084] In step 1423, the combination of the laser welding with the intermediate adhesive film 8 or the butyl sealant 6 around the perimeter can form a high-strength connection between the second composite layer, the adhesive film 8, and the encapsulation cover plate 7, further enhancing the sealing performance of the encapsulation. Compared with traditional welding methods, the laser welding has the advantages of concentrated energy, fast welding speed, and small heat-affected zone, etc., which can reduce the thermal damage to the second composite layer and other components, and ensure that the performance of the battery is not affected. The weld seam formed by laser welding has high strength and stability, can withstand certain mechanical stress and thermal stress, and improves the reliability and service life of the entire second composite layer.

[0085] This embodiment provides multiple assembly methods, which can flexibly select the appropriate assembly method according to factors such as actual production requirements, cost considerations, and product application scenarios, improving the adaptability of production. These assembly methods are conducive to realizing automated production. For example, using automated dispensing equipment to apply the butyl sealant 6 and automated laser welding equipment for welding can improve production efficiency and the consistency of product quality, meeting the requirements of large-scale production.

[0086] In an alternative embodiment proposed by an embodiment of the present invention, in step 143, the assembled component is subjected to a cold bending process to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell, including:

[0087] Step 1431: Place the assembled component on a frame member of a cold bending process with a preset radius of curvature to form a curved component;

[0088] Step 1432: Place the curved component on a mold with a preset curvature for lamination encapsulation or ultraviolet irradiation fixation to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0089] Specifically, the lamination temperature of the lamination encapsulation is 90 - 105 °C, and the lamination time is 5 - 20 min. The ultraviolet irradiation current intensity is 100 - 1000 mA, and the irradiation duration is 5 - 120 s.

[0090] In this example, in step 1431, the second combined layer can be preliminarily formed into a curved shape that meets specific requirements, laying a foundation for subsequent applications in curved surface environments with different curvatures, greatly expanding the application scenarios of the battery, making it applicable to various curved surface scenarios such as curved building facades and curved car roofs. Compared with traditional planar batteries, it has higher installation flexibility. During the cold bending process, compared with some hot processing techniques, it will not cause high-temperature effects on the internal layer structures of the battery, which is beneficial to maintaining the original performance and structural stability of each functional layer inside the battery, ensuring that key performance indicators such as the photoelectric conversion efficiency are not damaged while the battery adapts to the change in the curved shape.

[0091] In step 1432, under the conditions of a lamination temperature of 90 - 105 °C and a lamination time of 5 - 20 min, the encapsulation material can reach a suitable fluidity, better filling the gap between the second combined layer and the frame member, achieving good bonding and sealing effects. This not only enhances the bonding force between the second combined layer and the frame member, provides additional mechanical support for the battery, improves its structural strength and stability, enabling it to better withstand external forces during actual use, but also improves the interfacial performance between the layers inside the second combined layer, reduces the recombination of carriers at the interface, and increases the photoelectric conversion efficiency. For some ultraviolet curable materials, within the irradiation time of 30 - 60 s, the polymerization reaction can be rapidly initiated to achieve curing. Compared with the traditional thermal curing method, the ultraviolet curing speed is fast, which can significantly improve the production efficiency and meet the requirements of large-scale industrial production. At the same time, as a low-temperature curing method, it will not generate excessive heat, avoiding thermal damage to the second combined layer, especially the perovskite material caused by high temperature, ensuring the stability of the battery performance, and enhancing the bonding force between the encapsulation material and the surfaces of the second combined layer and the frame member, making the encapsulation structure more firm, effectively preventing the intrusion of external water vapor, oxygen, etc. into the battery interior, and extending the service life of the battery.

[0092] The present invention provides a conductive substrate 5. Specifically, the conductive substrate is an ultra-thin conductive substrate with a certain bending strength, and the substrate thickness is 0.1 - 1 mm; this enables the prepared solar cell to better adapt to various curved surface environments, such as curved building facades, curved car roofs, etc., greatly expanding the application scenarios of solar cells, improving their applicability on the surfaces of different-shaped objects, and having higher installation flexibility compared to traditional planar cells.

[0093] Fix the conductive substrate 5 on a rigid base with a preset thickness, which provides a stable operation platform for subsequent preparation processes. Ensure that during the formation of functional layers and other processes, the conductive substrate 5 does not shake or deform, which is conducive to improving the precision and uniformity of the preparation of each functional layer, thereby enhancing the performance and stability of the battery. Form multiple functional layers on the conductive substrate 5 to obtain a first combined layer, and the thickness and quality of each functional layer can be precisely controlled, enabling the optimization of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery.

[0094] Fill the perovskite active material in the first combined layer and perform crystallization treatment, so that the perovskite active material can be fully filled in the constructed stable structure and form a good crystal structure, which helps to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery. A good crystal structure can reduce electron-hole recombination and enhance the carrier mobility, thereby enhancing the electrical performance of the battery.

[0095] First, encapsulate the cover plate 7 and then perform cold bending process treatment. On the one hand, the encapsulating cover plate 7 can play a preliminary protection role for the internal second combined layer, preventing damage to the second combined layer caused by external factors during the cold bending process; on the other hand, the cold bending process treatment can make the encapsulated second combined layer further fit a specific curved surface, enhancing the applicability and stability of the battery in different curved surface environments, and may also optimize the compactness of the internal structure of the battery to a certain extent, improving the overall performance and service life of the battery. After encapsulating the cover plate 7 and performing the cold bending process treatment, the entire battery structure becomes more stable, and the layers are more tightly combined, enabling better resistance to the influence of external mechanical stress, temperature changes and other factors, and extending the service life of the curved perovskite solar cell. The cold bending process can enable the battery to further adapt to the curved surface requirements of different curvatures while maintaining its original performance. At the same time, the internal layer structures of the battery will not be affected by factors such as high temperature during the cold bending process, which is conducive to maintaining the performance stability of the battery, enhancing the mechanical performance of the battery and its adaptability to complex curved surfaces.

[0096] The embodiment of the present invention also provides a curved perovskite solar cell, which is prepared by the method described below and includes:

[0097] A conductive substrate;

[0098] After fixing the conductive substrate on a pedestal with a preset thickness, a first composite layer obtained by forming a plurality of functional layers on the conductive substrate;

[0099] Filling a perovskite active material into the first composite layer and performing a crystallization process to obtain a second composite layer;

[0100] Encapsulating a cover plate 7 on the second composite layer and performing a cold bending process to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0101] Optionally, the thickness of the conductive substrate is between 0.1 - 1 mm.

[0102] Optionally, forming a plurality of functional layers on the conductive substrate to obtain a first composite layer, including:

[0103] Spraying a dense layer slurry on the conductive substrate to form a dense transport layer 4; the dense layer slurry includes at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, BaSnO3, La - BaSnO3, SrTiO3;

[0104] Spraying an electron transport layer 3 slurry on the dense transport layer 4, drying it and then performing high - temperature sintering to form a mesoporous electron transport layer 3; the electron transport layer 3 slurry includes at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, BaSnO3, La - BaSnO3, SrTiO3;

[0105] Spraying an insulating spacer layer 2 slurry with a preset pattern on the mesoporous electron transport layer 3, drying it to form a mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2; wherein, the insulating spacer layer 2 slurry includes at least one of silicon dioxide and zirconium dioxide;

[0106] Printing a carbon electrode slurry with a preset pattern on the mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2, drying it to form a film and then performing high - temperature sintering to form a porous carbon counter electrode layer 1, obtaining the first composite layer.

[0107] Optionally, filling a perovskite active material into the first composite layer and performing a crystallization process to obtain a second composite layer, including:

[0108] Filling the perovskite active material into the pore structures of the porous carbon counter electrode layer 1, the mesoporous insulating spacer layer 2 and the mesoporous electron transport layer 3; the perovskite active material includes: perovskite materials with an ABX3 structure;

[0109] Forming perovskite crystals through an annealing process to obtain the second composite layer.

[0110] Optionally, after encapsulating a cover plate 7 on the second composite layer, performing a cold bending process to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell, including:

[0111] Provide a glass cover plate;

[0112] After assembling the second composite layer and the glass cover plate by means of adhesive sealing and / or laser welding, an assembly is obtained;

[0113] Perform a cold bending process on the assembly to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0114] Optionally, assembling the second composite layer and the glass cover plate by means of adhesive sealing and / or laser welding to obtain an assembly, including:

[0115] Fix and assemble the second composite layer and the glass cover plate through an intermediate adhesive film 8 / butyl rubber 6 around the perimeter to obtain an assembly;

[0116] Place the second composite layer and the glass cover plate on a transparent substrate 9 and assemble them through an intermediate adhesive film 8 / butyl rubber 6 around the perimeter to obtain an assembly; and / or

[0117] Laser weld and combine the second composite layer and the glass cover plate through an intermediate adhesive film 8 / butyl rubber 6 around the perimeter to obtain an assembly.

[0118] Optionally, performing a cold bending process on the assembly to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell, including:

[0119] Place the assembly on a frame member of a cold bending process with a preset radius of curvature to form a curved member;

[0120] Place the curved member on a mold with a preset curvature for lamination encapsulation or ultraviolet irradiation fixation to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0121] Optionally, the lamination temperature for the lamination encapsulation is 90 - 105 °C and the lamination time is 5 - 20 min.

[0122] Optionally, the ultraviolet irradiation current intensity is 100 - 1000 mA and the irradiation duration is 5 - 120 s.

[0123] Example 1

[0124] As Figure 3 shown, this Example 1 provides a method for preparing a curved perovskite solar cell, including the following steps:

[0125] Step 101, provide a substrate with a preset radian or preset curvature;

[0126] Step 102, fix the substrate on a rigid base;

[0127] Specifically, the base material: conductive glass 5, with a size of 1*1 - 100*100 cm, has poor rigidity and is fixed on a rigid base with a certain thickness and rigidity to prevent subsequent cracking.

[0128] Step 103: Form multiple functional layers on the base to obtain the first composite layer;

[0129] Specifically, for the dense transport layer 4, the atomized titanate solution is sprayed on the FTO surface of the conductive glass 5, and a TiO2 dense layer is obtained by high-temperature decomposition. Three layers of film are printed and sintered. For the electron transport layer 3, nano-titanium dioxide is transferred to the dense layer by coating or printing process and an electron transport layer is obtained through high-temperature sintering... Zirconium dioxide is transferred to the electron transport layer by coating or printing, and an insulating spacer layer 2 is obtained through high-temperature sintering. Finally, the carbon paste is deposited on the zirconium dioxide film by screen printing or doctor blade technique and sintered at an appropriate temperature to ensure stability. Series connection process: Laser etching of P1, P2, P3, and P4 is used to achieve series connection of the perovskite modules.

[0130] Step 104: Fill the perovskite solution into the first composite layer and perform crystallization treatment to obtain the second composite layer;

[0131] Specifically, the concentration of the perovskite solution is 0.8 - 1.25 mol / L. The prepared perovskite solution is drop-coated or dispensed onto the three-layer film after high-temperature sintering. The filling amount is determined according to the total thickness of the three-layer film. After standing, it is placed on a hot stage for annealing. The annealing temperature is 50 - 80 °C and the time is 2 h - 24 h.

[0132] Step 105: Seal the second composite layer with a butyl rubber 6 and a cover plate 7;

[0133] Step 106: Perform a cold bending process on the sealed second composite layer to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

[0134] Specifically, for encapsulation and assembly: The device / EVA or TPU or POE adhesive film 8 / a cover plate 7 with butyl rubber 6 attached around is assembled, fixed on the cold bending process frame member and fixed with structural adhesive to form a curve. Laminating encapsulation: Placed in a mold with the same radius of curvature, the lamination temperature is 90 - 105 °C and the lamination time is 5 - 20 min.

[0135] Example 2

[0136] The preparation process of the perovskite solar cell is the same as that of Example 1. As Figure 4As shown in the figure, considering that the ultra-thin device is vulnerable to damage during the extrusion or lamination process, a transparent substrate 9 is first added to the bottom of the device. Then, the device / UV adhesive film 8 / enclosure cover plate 7 with butyl rubber 6 attached around the perimeter is assembled and fixed to the frame member of the cold bending process with structural adhesive. At this time, due to the extrusion of the frame member, the second composite layer forms a curved surface. The second composite layer and the frame member are placed together in a mold with the same radius of curvature, and then irradiated with a 365 nm ultraviolet lamp of 200 mW for 30 - 60 s to complete the encapsulation process.

[0137] Example 3

[0138] The preparation process of the perovskite solar cell is the same as that in Example 1. As Figure 5 shown in the figure, considering the complex environment (high temperature and high humidity) where the second composite layer is located, the insulation effect of the butyl rubber 6 is not ideal, and its encapsulation process is improved. After the device / EVA or TPU or POE adhesive film 8 / and the enclosure cover plate 7 are assembled together by laser welding, they are fixed to the frame member of the cold bending process with structural adhesive. At this time, due to the extrusion of the frame member, the second composite layer forms a curved surface. The second composite layer and the frame member are placed together in a mold with the same radius of curvature for lamination encapsulation. The encapsulation conditions are as Figure 4 shown in the figure, the lamination temperature is 90 - 105 °C, and the lamination time is 5 - 20 min.

[0139] In the above-mentioned embodiments, the thickness of the substrate can be adjusted according to the actual situation. Different methods can be adopted for the slurry transfer printing of the transport layer and the spacer layer, not limited to coating. Preparation processes such as screen printing and chemical deposition can be used, and the thickness can be adjusted according to requirements; other qualified materials and thicknesses can be selected for the transport layer, the spacer layer, and the carbon electrode. In addition, the perovskite precursor can be other semiconductor materials; the encapsulation process can be hot pressing or ultraviolet curing, etc.

[0140] In the description of this specification, the description with reference to terms such as "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "example", "specific implementation manner", or "some implementation manners" means that the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described in connection with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example.

[0141] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it can be understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A preparation method of a curved perovskite solar cell, characterized in that Including: Providing a conductive substrate (5); After fixing the conductive substrate (5) on a pedestal with a preset thickness, forming a plurality of functional layers on the conductive substrate (5) to obtain a first combined layer; Filling a perovskite active material in the first combined layer and performing a crystallization process to obtain a second combined layer; After encapsulating a cover plate (7) on the second combined layer, performing a cold bending process to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

2. The preparation method of the curved perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein The thickness of the conductive substrate (5) is between 0.1 - 1 mm.

3. The preparation method of the curved perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein, Forming a plurality of functional layers on the conductive substrate (5) to obtain a first combined layer, including: Spraying a dense layer slurry on the conductive substrate (5) to form a dense transport layer (4); the dense layer slurry includes at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, BaSnO3, La - BaSnO3, SrTiO3; Spraying an electron transport layer (3) slurry on the dense transport layer (4), drying and then performing high - temperature sintering to form a mesoporous electron transport layer (3); the electron transport layer (3) slurry includes at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnO, BaSnO3, La - BaSnO3, SrTiO3; Spraying an insulating spacer layer (2) slurry with a preset pattern on the mesoporous electron transport layer (3), drying to form a mesoporous insulating spacer layer (2); wherein, the insulating spacer layer (2) slurry includes at least one of silicon dioxide and zirconium dioxide; Printing a carbon electrode slurry with a preset pattern on the mesoporous insulating spacer layer (2), drying to form a film and then forming a porous carbon counter - electrode layer (1) through high - temperature sintering to obtain a first combined layer.

4. The preparation method of the perovskite solar cell with a curved surface according to claim 3, characterized in that, Filling a perovskite active material in the first combined layer and performing a crystallization process to obtain a second combined layer, including: Filling the perovskite active material into the pore structures of the porous carbon counter - electrode layer (1), the mesoporous insulating spacer layer (2) and the mesoporous electron transport layer (3); the perovskite active material includes a perovskite material having an ABX3 structure; Forming perovskite crystals through an annealing process to obtain the second combined layer.

5. The preparation method of the perovskite solar cell with a curved surface according to claim 1, characterized in that, After encapsulating a cover plate (7) on the second combined layer, performing a cold bending process to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell, including: Providing a glass cover plate (7); After assembling the second combined layer and the glass cover plate (7) by means of adhesive sealing and / or laser welding, obtaining an assembled component; Performing a cold bending process on the assembled component to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

6. The preparation method of the curved perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, wherein, Assembling the second combined layer and the glass cover plate (7) by means of adhesive sealing and / or laser welding to obtain an assembled component, including: Fixing and assembling the second combined layer and the glass cover plate (7) through an intermediate adhesive film (8) / butyl rubber around (6) to obtain an assembled component; Placing the second combined layer and the glass cover plate (7) on a transparent substrate (9) and assembling them through an intermediate adhesive film (8) / butyl rubber around (6) to obtain an assembled component; and / or The second composite layer and the glass cover plate (7) are laser welded and combined through an intermediate adhesive film (8) / butyl rubber (6) around the perimeter to obtain an assembled component.

7. The preparation method of the curved perovskite solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, The assembled component is subjected to a cold bending process treatment to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell, including: Placing the assembled component on a frame member of a cold bending process with a preset radius of curvature to form a curved component; Placing the curved component on a mold with a preset curvature for lamination and encapsulation or ultraviolet irradiation fixation to obtain a curved perovskite solar cell.

8. The preparation method of the curved perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, The lamination temperature for the lamination and encapsulation is 90 - 105 °C, and the lamination time is 5 - 20 min.

9. The preparation method of the curved perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, The ultraviolet irradiation current intensity is 100 - 1000 mA, and the irradiation duration is 5 - 120 s.

10. A curved perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, The curved perovskite solar cell is prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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