Monomer lead-acid storage battery

Abstract

The invention discloses a monomer lead-acid storage battery, which belongs to the technical field of lead-acid storage batteries, and comprises a plate group, a lead-acid storage battery, a lead-acid storage battery and a lead-acid storage battery, the packaging structure is used for wrapping the pole group and forming a closed single battery cell; the width-to-thickness ratio of each single cell is greater than or equal to 8, so that the proportion of the effective reaction area of the polar plate relative to the geometric projection area is increased. According to the monomer lead-acid storage battery provided by the invention, the heat dissipation effect and the material conveying efficiency are improved through the optimized width-to-thickness ratio, and the target of improving the overall performance of the battery in the using process can be achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of lead-acid batteries, and particularly relates to a single lead-acid battery. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid growth of new energy power generation and energy storage demands, the market's performance requirements for lead-acid batteries are continuously increasing. In application fields such as communication base stations and backup power supplies for data centers, traditional lead-acid batteries face technical bottlenecks such as low energy density and short cycle life. Especially in high-power application scenarios such as 5G base stations, existing products have problems such as poor heat dissipation performance and rapid capacity decay in high-temperature environments. At the same time, as energy storage systems develop towards modularization and intelligence, the structural design of batteries also needs to be more flexible. Due to the use of hard shells with fixed sizes in current mainstream lead-acid batteries, it is difficult to meet the customized requirements of different application scenarios. In addition, the problem of dendrite growth commonly existing during the deep cycle use of batteries seriously affects the service life and safety of products. These technical defects limit the application of lead-acid batteries in the high-end energy storage market, and there is an urgent need to improve their comprehensive performance through innovative designs.

[0003] Currently, the lead-acid batteries on the market are basically in a hard connection mode where six single cells are integrated as a whole, using the internal formation process. It is difficult to ensure the consistency of formation for each single cell during production. Since the six single cells are formed together, the formation temperature of each single cell inside is uneven. In areas with high temperatures, lead dendrites are likely to grow, causing an increase in the internal resistance of the battery, affecting the transfer rate of the active material of the battery, and thus leading to poor initial performance. When the dendrite phenomenon is serious, the battery will short-circuit. To improve the battery consistency, including the consistency of the process and the finished battery, the best way is to form single-cell cores and make them into independent cores; then, the cores are selected according to the discharge performance to form batteries with good capacity consistency. To achieve the sealing function of lead-acid batteries, single cores need an independent pressure-holding mechanism. For this purpose, a single-way valve for a single cell has been developed, which can not only isolate external gases from entering the core but also relieve pressure when the internal pressure is too high, maintaining the internal air pressure stable.

[0004] Therefore, it is particularly necessary to design a flexible lead-acid battery with an independent sealing structure and single-cell formation function to improve the consistency and safety of lead-acid batteries. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a single lead-acid battery that realizes small polarization, large charge and discharge capacity, and low heat generation during the charge and discharge process of the battery by optimizing the aspect ratio. The technical solution adopted by the present invention to achieve the above purpose is as follows: A single lead-acid battery, characterized in that it comprises: a plate group composed of plates and separators; a packaging structure for wrapping the plate group and forming a closed single cell; and the aspect ratio of the single cell ≥ 8. This technical solution solves two core problems existing in traditional lead-acid batteries by defining the design of the aspect ratio of the single cell ≥ 8: on the one hand, it significantly improves the heat dissipation performance of the cell by increasing the heat dissipation area and shortening the heat conduction path, reduces the working temperature of the cell, and avoids capacity attenuation caused by high temperature; on the other hand, it fundamentally inhibits the growth of lead dendrites. The wide and thin structure makes the electrolyte distribution more uniform, reduces dendrite generation, and improves the battery cycle life. This structural design also brings higher energy density and better temperature uniformity, and is particularly suitable for high-power power application scenarios.

[0006] Preferably, the structural configuration with an aspect ratio ≥ 8 increases the ratio of the effective reaction area of the plate to the geometric projection area.

[0007] Preferably, the plates can present a multi-stage folding configuration in a single cell with an aspect ratio ≥ 8, increasing the true reaction surface area per unit volume of the plates. By limiting the thickness of the plates by defining the aspect ratio of the cell ≥ 8, in the case of a single cell or a single battery of the same volume, the thickness of the plates is reduced, thereby increasing the number of folds and stacks that the plates in the single cell or battery can achieve. The adjacent surfaces of the plates in the stacked state all participate in the electrochemical reaction, which can increase the total surface area of the plates participating in the electrochemical reaction in a single cell or the plates, that is, increase the true surface area of the plates, and finally reduce the polarization degree of the battery composed of cells with this aspect ratio during the charge and discharge process, increase the ability of the battery to charge and discharge at high current, reduce the internal resistance and charge transfer resistance during the charge and discharge process, and reduce the heat generation of the battery.

[0008] Preferably, the packaging structure includes a flexible polymer composite film with a thickness ≤ 0.8 mm, having acid resistance, heat resistance and insulation properties. Using a flexible polymer composite film with a thickness not exceeding 0.8 mm as the packaging structure, this design solves the problem of poor heat dissipation performance of traditional hard-shell batteries. Its acid resistance, heat resistance and insulation characteristics not only ensure the reliability of the cell in a harsh environment, but also achieve good heat conduction performance, enabling the working temperature of the cell to be controlled below 40°C, effectively extending the battery cycle life; The technical solution of wrapping the plate group with a flexible composite film can achieve a lightweight effect and provide greater flexibility for the integrated installation of the battery system.

[0009] Preferably, a single lead-acid battery further includes: a pole group encapsulation head, which is hermetically connected to the encapsulation structure, and the width-to-thickness ratio of the pole group encapsulation head ≥ 8. The design of the width-to-thickness ratio of the pole group encapsulation head solves the problem of uneven internal temperature distribution in traditional batteries. By increasing the heat dissipation area and shortening the heat conduction path, the temperature rise of the battery cell under 3C discharge conditions is reduced by 5°C to 8°C. At the same time, this design also facilitates the compact arrangement of multiple single battery cells, improving the space utilization rate of the battery module.

[0010] Preferably, a safety valve is provided on the pole group encapsulation head. The safety valve is a one-way exhaust valve, and the opening and closing pressure range of the one-way exhaust valve is 10 kPa to 35 kPa. The setting of the safety valve with a pressure range limit solves the problem of internal pressure control of the single battery cell, which can not only prevent the risk of bulging caused by overpressure, but also avoid the entry of external gas from affecting the stability of the electrolyte, enabling the battery cell to maintain a stable internal environment during the deep cycle process.

[0011] Preferably, the voltage of the single battery cell is 2V, and the single battery cells can be combined into a battery module in series or parallel. The 2V standard voltage design, combined with the modular combination scheme of the single battery cells, solves the defect of insufficient flexibility of traditional 6V / 12V batteries. Users can freely combine the voltage and capacity through series and parallel according to actual needs, which is especially suitable for energy storage systems that require customized power supply solutions.

[0012] Preferably, a specific pressure is applied to the single battery cell by an external device during the formation process. The formation process with the applied external pressure solves the problem of poor consistency in traditional formation processes. Through pressure assistance, the electrolyte uniformly penetrates, improving the conversion rate of the active material on the electrode plate, and controlling the capacity deviation between single battery cells within a small range.

[0013] Preferably, the width-to-thickness ratio is not greater than 20. Controlling the width-to-thickness ratio within the optimized range of 8 to 20 solves the problem of decreased mechanical strength caused by simply pursuing thinness. This ratio range can ensure good heat dissipation performance while maintaining sufficient structural stability, improving the reliability of the battery cell under vibration conditions.

[0014] Preferably, the electrode plate is a lead-acid battery electrode plate, and the pole group further includes a separator. The separator is one of an AGM separator or a gel electrolyte separator. The configuration scheme of selecting an AGM or gel separator solves the different requirements for the electrolyte retention ability in different application scenarios. The AGM separator is suitable for high-power applications, while the gel electrolyte is more suitable for deep cycle applications. The above modular design expands the application range of the product.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: The thin design with a width-to-thickness ratio ≥ 8 significantly improves the heat dissipation efficiency, reducing the working temperature of the battery cells; by increasing the heat dissipation area and shortening the heat conduction path, the energy density is improved; the lightweight design realizes weight reduction and enhances the flexibility of system integration; the pressure formation process improves the conversion rate of active substances, and the deviation of each monomer capacity is controlled within a small value range; the modular 2V design supports flexible series and parallel combinations, with high system availability; the dual configurations of AGM and gel meet the requirements of different application scenarios and have a high cycle life; through the structural design, a perfect combination of high energy density, excellent temperature adaptability and extremely long cycle life is achieved, which is particularly suitable for high-demand application scenarios such as electric vehicles and energy storage power stations. Description of the Drawings

[0016] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the width-to-thickness ratio of a single battery cell, where L is the width and W is the thickness; Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the connection between the electrode group and the electrode group encapsulation head; Figure 3 It is a curve graph of the impedance test data of the single battery cell of the present invention and the traditional battery; Figure 4 For Figure 3 An enlarged curve graph of the area where the Z' value in Figure 5 For Figure 3 The curve graph of the Z' value in Figure 6 It is a curve graph of the formation temperature difference of battery cells with three width-to-thickness ratios; Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the positional relationship between the separator and the electrode plate.

[0017] Reference numerals in the drawings: Electrode group 1; Electrode plate 11; Separator 12; Encapsulation structure 2; Electrode group encapsulation head 3; Safety valve 31; Cover plate 4. Detailed Embodiments

[0018] The technical solutions of the present invention will be further described in detail below in combination with the detailed embodiments and the drawings: Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0019] See Figure 1 - Figure 2, A single lead-acid battery, comprising: a plate group 1 having plates 11; a packaging structure 2 for wrapping the plate group 1 and forming a closed single cell; the aspect ratio of the single cell ≥ 8. This technical solution solves two core problems existing in traditional lead-acid batteries by defining the design of the aspect ratio of the single cell ≥ 8: on the one hand, the heat dissipation performance of the cell is significantly improved by increasing the heat dissipation area and shortening the heat conduction path, reducing the working temperature of the cell by 8°C - 10°C and avoiding capacity attenuation caused by high temperature; on the other hand, the growth of lead dendrites is fundamentally inhibited. The wide and thin structure makes the electrolyte distribution more uniform. Combined with the optimized formation process, no dendrites are found by SEM detection after 200 cycles, and the battery cycle life is increased by more than 40%; this structural design also brings higher energy density and better temperature uniformity, which is particularly suitable for high-power power application scenarios.

[0020] The structural configuration with an aspect ratio ≥ 8 increases the ratio of the effective reaction area of the plate to the geometric projection area.

[0021] The aspect ratio is 8 - 20, and specifically, it can be one of the following specific values or the range between any two of them: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

[0022] The plates can present a multi-stage folding configuration in a single cell with an aspect ratio ≥ 8, increasing the true reaction surface area per unit volume of the plates. By limiting the thickness of the plates by defining a cell with an aspect ratio ≥ 8, in the case of a single cell or a single battery with the same volume, the thickness of the plates is reduced, thereby increasing the number of plates that can be folded and stacked in the single cell or battery. The adjacent surfaces of the plates in the stacked state all participate in the electrochemical reaction, which can increase the total surface area of the plates participating in the electrochemical reaction in a single cell or the plates, that is, increase the true surface area of the plates, and finally reduce the polarization degree of the battery composed of cells with this aspect ratio during the charge and discharge process, increasing the battery's ability to charge and discharge at high current, reducing the internal resistance and charge transfer resistance during the charge and discharge process, and reducing the battery's heat generation.

[0023] The specific principle is as follows: The surface area of the plate reacting with the electrolyte in the battery is called the true surface area. The larger the true surface area of the plate, the smaller the polarization of the battery during charge and discharge with the same current. When the volume of the battery remains constant, the larger the area of the plate and the thinner the thickness (the larger the aspect ratio), the smaller the polarization of the battery during charge and discharge, and the stronger the battery's ability to charge and discharge at high current.

[0024] According to the basic principle of electrochemical kinetics, the net current density of the electrode reaction and the overpotential The relationship can be characterized by the Butler-Volmer equation, and the formula is as follows: In the formula, is the net current density of the electrode reaction, is the exchange current density, is the anodic transfer coefficient, is the cathodic transfer coefficient, usually + = 1, is the Faraday constant, is the gas constant, is the thermodynamic temperature, is the overpotential. This formula shows through theoretical derivation that: when the exchange current density of the positive and negative active materials is larger, at the same overpotential, the net current density of the electrode reaction increases significantly, while the electrode polarization decreases accordingly. A higher value of the exchange current density means that the electrode reaction has a higher intrinsic activity and can adjust the reaction rate faster in response to the change in potential, resulting in a relatively smaller change in the electrode potential.

[0025] Perform a size and configuration analysis on the modular electrode plate and the traditional electrode plate of the present invention. The specific data is shown in Table 1: Table 1: Comparison of Electrode Plate Area and Thickness Plate type Thickness / mm <![CDATA[True surface area of electrode plate / m 2 > Modular plate Positive plate: 1.7 Negative plate: 1.0 444.8 Traditional plate Positive plate: 2.7 Negative plate: 1.8 368.3 Since the true surface area is contributed by the porous active material, according to Table 1, the true surface area of the modular electrode plate of the present invention is increased by about 20% compared to the true surface area of the traditional electrode plate. Under the same conditions, the exchange current density at the battery equilibrium state is increased by 20%.

[0026] In order to verify the performance difference between the electrode plate of the present invention and the traditional electrode plate during the use of the battery, perform an impedance test on the single-cell battery with the modular electrode plate of the present invention and the single-cell battery with the traditional electrode plate. In this embodiment, use an electrochemical workstation of model 65V20A from modulabxm manufacturer for testing. The test results are as Figure 3 - Figure 5 shown, Figure 3 - Figure 5 "Soft-pack single-cell battery" in Figure 3 - Figure 5 refers to the single-cell battery with the modular electrode plate in the present invention,

[0027] It should be noted that: R1 and R2 of the battery impedance can be preliminarily judged from the original data. The specific data needs to be fitted and calculated after constructing an equivalent circuit. The software used for fitting is Zview.

[0028] R1 is the internal resistance, and R2 is the charge transfer resistance; Soft-pack single-cell battery: R1 is 3.2016 , and R2 is 1.0467 ; Traditional single cell: R1 is 3.5455 , R2 is 1.2787 .

[0029] Among them: R1 can be preliminarily judged by the Z' value when -Z'' in the first half of Figure 3 is 0; Among them, -Z" is the vertical coordinate, representing the imaginary part of the impedance, mainly reflecting the reactance component in the test system; Z' is the horizontal coordinate, representing the real part of the impedance, mainly reflecting the resistance component in the test system.

[0030] That is, according to Figure 4 it can be concluded that: the R1 of the soft-pack single cell is 3.2016 , the R1 of the traditional single cell is 3.5455 , and the smaller Z' is, the smaller R1 is; R2 can be preliminarily judged by the slope of the second half of Figure 3 , that is, according to Figure 5 it can be concluded that: the R2 of the soft-pack single cell is 1.0467 , the R2 of the traditional single cell is 1.2787 , and the larger the slope is, the smaller R2 is.

[0031] It should be noted that Figure 3 the first half of

[0032] refers to the part where the value of Z' is between 0.0030 and 0.0060. Figure 3 It should be noted that

[0033] the second half of

[0034] refers to the part where the value of Z' is between 0.0060 and 0.030.

[0035] The experimental steps are as follows: Step 1: Pour acid into three batteries with different aspect ratios using an acid filling machine, and the acid density is 1.26 g / cm 3(25℃), the acid filling amount is 290g, the three types of cells are: soft-pack single cell with width-to-thickness ratio = 12.25, soft-pack single cell with width-to-thickness ratio of 8, and traditional single cell with width-to-thickness ratio of 2.4, and 12 of each single cell are filled with acid; Step 2: After each single cell is filled with acid, place it in the same formation water bath, and set the water bath temperature to 25°C; Step 3: Use the "Nissan EYENCE paperless recorder" to record the temperature (°C) of the single cell formation process, and install two temperature probe monitoring lines on the three single cells with different width-to-thickness ratios. The probes are attached to the center of the side surface of the single cell to ensure that the monitored temperature is accurate. Step 4: All three types of single cells adopt the "modular 85h" formation process charging and discharging program. While starting the charging and discharging program, turn on the paperless recorder to record the temperature data.

[0036] The above experiments were conducted twice for single cells with a width-to-thickness ratio of 12.25 and 8, respectively, and once for traditional single cells, for a total of five experiments.

[0037] After the three types of single cells are formed, the temperature data of the formation process is retrieved and plotted. The temperature difference curve is shown in the attached figure. Figure 6 shown. Figure 6 The "soft-pack single cell battery" refers to the single cell battery with a width-to-thickness ratio of ≥8 of the present invention, and the "traditional single cell battery" refers to the ordinary single cell battery on the market.

[0038] According to the attached Figure 6 It can be seen that the larger the width-to-thickness ratio of the single cell, the lower the maximum temperature of the formation process; when the width-to-thickness ratio of the soft-pack single cell is 12.25, the maximum temperature of the formation process is only 38.2°C; when the width-to-thickness ratio of the soft-pack single cell is 8, the maximum temperature of the formation process is 45.1°C; the width-to-thickness ratio of the traditional single cell is 2.4, and the maximum temperature of the formation process is 52.3°C.

[0039] The above experimental results show that when the width-to-thickness ratio of the single cell is larger, the single cell will be relatively thinner, so that the water bath can more effectively take away the heat generated by the charging and discharging of the single cell during the formation process; under appropriate width and thickness conditions, the larger the width-to-thickness ratio of the single cell, the lower the internal temperature of the single cell during the formation process.

[0040] The encapsulation structure 2 includes a flexible polymer composite film with a thickness ≤ 0.8 mm, which has acid resistance, heat resistance and insulation properties. Using a flexible polymer composite film with a thickness not exceeding 0.8 mm as the encapsulation structure 2, this design solves the problem of poor heat dissipation performance of traditional hard-shell batteries. Its acid resistance, heat resistance and insulation characteristics not only ensure the reliability of the battery core in harsh environments, but also achieve good heat conduction performance, enabling the working temperature of the battery core to be controlled below 40 °C, effectively extending the battery cycle life; The technical solution of wrapping the electrode group 1 with a flexible composite film can achieve a lightweight effect and provide greater flexibility for the integrated installation of the battery system.

[0041] See Figure 7 A single lead-acid battery also includes an electrode group encapsulation head 3, which is hermetically connected to the encapsulation structure 2, and the aspect ratio of the electrode group encapsulation head 3 ≥ 8. The aspect ratio design of the electrode group encapsulation head 3 solves the problem of uneven internal temperature distribution in traditional batteries. By increasing the heat dissipation area and shortening the heat conduction path, the temperature rise of the battery core under 3C discharge conditions is reduced by 5 °C - 8 °C. At the same time, this design also facilitates the compact arrangement of multiple single battery cores, improving the space utilization rate of the battery module.

[0042] The electrode group encapsulation head 3 is provided with a safety valve 31, and the safety valve 31 is a one-way exhaust valve. The opening and closing valve pressure range of the one-way exhaust valve is 10 kPa - 35 kPa. The setting of the safety valve 31 with a pressure range limit solves the problem of internal pressure control of the single battery core, which can not only prevent the risk of bulging caused by overpressure, but also avoid external gas entering and affecting the stability of the electrolyte, enabling the battery core to maintain a stable internal environment during the deep cycle process.

[0043] It also includes a cover plate 4, which covers the outside of the safety valve 31 and is used to limit the opening stroke of the safety valve 31. The design of configuring the cover plate 4 to protect the safety valve 31 integrates the dust and water protection functions on the basis of the traditional protection function, solves the hidden danger that the traditional safety valve is easily damaged by external forces, and through accurately controlling the opening stroke of the valve body, not only ensures the reliability of the pressure relief function, but also avoids the problem of seal failure caused by mechanical shock, significantly improving the overall safety of the battery core.

[0044] The electrode post of the electrode group 1 is fixedly connected to the electrode group encapsulation head 3 through a sealant, and the color of the sealant is used to distinguish the positive and negative poles. The design of using colored sealant to fix the electrode post and distinguish the polarity avoids the problem of unclear polarity identification in traditional batteries. The red and blue sealants not only achieve reliable sealing of the electrode post, but also provide intuitive polarity identification, greatly reducing the risk of wiring errors during the assembly process of the battery pack and facilitating improving the assembly efficiency of the battery pack. The voltage of a single cell is 2V, and single cells can be combined into a battery module through series or parallel connection. The 2V standard voltage design, combined with the modular combination scheme of single cells, solves the problem of insufficient flexibility of traditional 6V / 12V batteries. Users can freely combine the voltage and capacity through series and parallel connection according to actual needs, which is especially suitable for energy storage systems that require customized power supply solutions.

[0045] The aspect ratio of the single cell is 8 - 20. Controlling the aspect ratio within the optimized range of 8 - 20 solves the problem of the decline in mechanical strength caused by simply pursuing thinness. This ratio range can ensure good heat dissipation performance while maintaining sufficient structural stability, improving the reliability of the cell under vibration conditions.

[0046] During the formation process of the single cell, a specific pressure is applied through external equipment. The formation process with external pressure applied solves the problem of poor consistency in traditional formation processes. Through pressure assistance, the electrolyte uniformly penetrates, improving the conversion rate of the active material on the electrode plate 11, and controlling the capacity deviation between single cells within a small range.

[0047] The electrode plate 11 is a lead - acid battery electrode plate, and the separator 12 is one of an AGM separator and a gel electrolyte separator. The configuration scheme of selecting an AGM or gel separator solves the difference in the demand for electrolyte retention ability in different application scenarios. The AGM separator is suitable for high - power applications, while the gel electrolyte is more suitable for deep - cycle applications. The above - mentioned modular design expands the application scope of the product.

[0048] For those skilled in the art, it is obvious that the present invention is not limited to the details of the above - mentioned exemplary embodiments, and without departing from the spirit or basic characteristics of the present invention, the present invention can be implemented in other specific forms. Therefore, from any point of view, the embodiments should be regarded as exemplary and non - restrictive. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the above description. Therefore, all changes falling within the meaning and scope of the equivalent elements of the claims are intended to be included in the present invention. Any reference signs in the claims should not be regarded as limiting the claimed rights.

Claims

1. A single lead-acid battery, characterized in that, Comprising: A battery plate group (1) having battery plates (11); A packaging structure (2) for wrapping the battery plate group (1) to form a closed single cell; The aspect ratio of the width to the thickness of the single cell ≥ 8.

2. The monomer lead-acid battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The structural configuration with the aspect ratio ≥ 8 increases the ratio of the effective reaction area of the battery plates (11) to the geometric projection area.

3. The monomer lead-acid battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The battery plates (11) can be in a multi-stage stacked state in the single cell, increasing the true reaction surface area per unit volume of the battery plates (11).

4. A single lead-acid battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The packaging structure (2) includes a composite film formed by laminating multiple polymer material layers, and the thickness of the composite film ≤ 0.8 mm, having acid resistance, heat resistance, and insulation properties.

5. A single lead-acid battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, Further comprising: A battery plate group packaging head (3) hermetically connected to the packaging structure (2), and the aspect ratio of the width to the thickness of the battery plate group packaging head (3) ≥ 8.

6. A single lead-acid battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The single cell is provided with a safety valve (31), the safety valve (31) is a one-way exhaust valve, and the opening and closing valve pressure range of the one-way exhaust valve is 10 kPa to 35 kPa.

7. A single lead-acid battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The voltage of the single cell is 2 V, and the single cells can be combined into a battery module by series or parallel connection.

8. A single lead-acid battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, A specific pressure is applied to the single cell by an external device during the formation process.

9. A single lead-acid battery according to claim 1, characterized in that, The aspect ratio is not greater than 20.

10. A single lead-acid battery according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that, The battery plates (11) are lead-acid battery plates, the battery plate group (1) further includes a separator (12), the separator (12) is dimensionally matched with the battery plates (11), and the separator (12) is one of an AGM separator or a gel electrolyte separator.

Images