Method and electronic device for battery state estimation

Abstract

A method and an electronic device for battery state estimation are provided. The method includes determining an estimated voltage of the battery and surface concentrations of an anode and a cathode of the battery through a battery model, determining a voltage difference between a sensed voltage of the battery and the determined estimated voltage, determining a state change of the battery based on the determined voltage difference and each determined surface concentration, a battery model is updated based on the determined state change, and state information of the battery is determined based on the updated battery model.

Description

[0001] This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2024-0015094, filed on Jan. 31, 2024, with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Technical Field

[0002] The following description relates to methods and devices for estimating battery state. Background Art

[0003] There are various ways to estimate the state of one or more batteries. For example, the state of a battery can be estimated by integrating the current of the battery or by using a battery model (e.g., a circuit model or an electrochemical model). Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention content is provided in a simplified form to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description below. The present invention content is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to help determine the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0005] In one general aspect, there is provided a processor-implemented method, the method including: determining an estimated voltage of a battery and surface concentrations of an anode and a cathode of the battery through a battery model; determining a voltage difference between a sensed voltage of the battery and the determined estimated voltage; determining a state change of the battery based on the determined voltage difference and each determined surface concentration; updating the battery model based on the determined state change; and determining state information of the battery based on the updated battery model.

[0006] The step of determining the state change may include: determining first open-circuit potentials (OCPs) of the anode and the cathode using each determined surface concentration; determining a first open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery using each determined first OCP; compensating each determined surface concentration based on an initial state change; determining second OCPs of the anode and the cathode using each compensated surface concentration; determining a second OCV of the battery using each determined second OCP; and determining the state change using the determined first OCV, the determined second OCV, the initial state change, and the determined voltage difference.

[0007] The step of determining the first OCPs of the anode and the cathode may include: determining the first OCPs of the anode and the cathode using each OCP table showing a relationship between a stoichiometric concentration and an OCP of the anode and the cathode, and each determined surface concentration.

[0008] The step of determining the state change using a determined first OCV, a determined second OCV, an initial state change, and a determined voltage difference may include: determining a difference between the determined second OCV and the determined first OCV; and determining the state change by applying a ratio between the determined difference and the determined voltage difference to the initial state change.

[0009] The step of compensating each determined surface concentration may include: determining each compensation value for compensating each determined surface concentration using predetermined values of the anode and the cathode and the initial state change; and compensating each determined surface concentration based on each determined compensation value.

[0010] The step of determining the state change may include: determining the OCPs of the anode and the cathode using each determined surface concentration; determining the OCV of the battery using each determined OCP; and determining the optimal value of the state change by performing an optimization operation for optimizing the state change based on the determined voltage difference, each determined surface concentration, and the determined OCV.

[0011] The step of determining the optimal value may include: performing the optimization operation by adjusting a voltage difference between the determined OCV and the OCV considering the state change to be the same as the determined voltage difference.

[0012] The step of determining the state change may include: obtaining a first ratio value corresponding to a first determined surface concentration of a first electrode among the anode and the cathode from a first table, the first table showing a relationship between a ratio between a concentration change and an OCP change of the first electrode and the concentration of the first electrode; obtaining a second ratio value corresponding to a second determined surface concentration of a second electrode among the anode and the cathode from a second table, the second table showing a relationship between a ratio between a concentration change and an open circuit potential change of the second electrode and the concentration of the second electrode; and determining the state change using the determined voltage difference, the obtained first ratio value, the obtained second ratio value, and the initial state change.

[0013] The step of determining the state change using the determined voltage difference, the obtained first ratio value, the obtained second ratio value, and the initial state change may include: determining a first compensation value for compensating the surface concentration of the first electrode by applying the initial state change to a predetermined value of the first electrode; determining a first OCP change value of the first electrode using the determined first compensation value and the obtained first ratio value; determining a second compensation value for compensating the surface concentration of the second electrode by applying the initial state change to a predetermined value of the second electrode; determining a second OCP change value of the second electrode using the determined second compensation value and the obtained second ratio value; calculating a sum of the determined first OCP change value and the determined second OCP change value; and determining the state change by applying a ratio between the determined voltage difference and the calculated sum to the initial state change.

[0014] The steps of updating the battery model may include: updating the internal state of the battery model by compensating one or more parameters in the battery model based on the determined state change.

[0015] In one general aspect, there is provided an electronic device, the electronic device including: a battery processor configured to execute instructions; and a memory storing the instructions and a battery model, the execution of the instructions configuring the processor to: determine an estimated voltage of the battery and surface concentrations of an anode and a cathode of the battery through the battery model; determine a voltage difference between a determined voltage of the battery and the determined estimated voltage; determine a state change of the battery based on the determined voltage difference and each determined surface concentration; update the battery model based on the determined state change; and determine state information of the battery based on the updated battery model.

[0016] The electronic device may include: a voltage sensor configured to sense the battery to obtain the determined voltage of the battery.

[0017] The processor may further be configured to: determine a first open circuit potential (OCP) of the anode and the cathode using each determined surface concentration; determine a first OCV of the battery using each determined first OCP; compensate each determined surface concentration based on an initial state change; determine a second OCP of the anode and the cathode using each compensated surface concentration; determine a second OCV of the battery using each determined second OCP; and determine the state change using the determined first OCV, the determined second OCV, the initial state change, and the determined voltage difference.

[0018] The processor may further be configured to: determine a first OCP of the anode and the cathode using each OCP table showing a relationship between a stoichiometric concentration and an OCP of the anode and the cathode and each determined surface concentration.

[0019] The processor may further be configured to: determine a difference between the determined second OCV and the determined first OCV; and determine the state change by applying a ratio between the determined difference and the determined voltage difference to the initial state change.

[0020] The processor may further be configured to: determine each compensation value for compensating each determined surface concentration using predetermined values of the anode and the cathode and the initial state change; and compensate each determined surface concentration based on each determined compensation value.

[0021] The processor is further configured to: obtain a first ratio value corresponding to a first determined surface concentration of a first electrode among the anode and the cathode from a first table, where the first represents the relationship between the ratio of the concentration change and the OCP change of the first electrode and the concentration of the first electrode; obtain a second ratio value corresponding to a second determined surface concentration of a second electrode among the anode and the cathode from a second table, where the second represents the relationship between the ratio of the concentration change and the OCP change of the second electrode and the concentration of the second electrode; and use the determined voltage difference, the obtained first ratio value, the obtained second ratio value, and the initial state change to determine the state change.

[0022] The processor may further be configured to: determine the OCP of the anode and the cathode using each determined surface concentration; determine the OCV of the battery using each determined OCP; and determine the optimal value of the state change by performing an optimization operation for optimizing the state change based on the determined voltage difference, each determined surface concentration, and the determined OCV.

[0023] The processor may further be configured to: perform the optimization operation by adjusting the voltage difference between the determined OCV and the OCV considering the state change to be the same as the determined voltage difference.

[0024] The processor may further be configured to: control a display such that the determined state information regarding one or more of the anode and the cathode is displayed.

[0025] In one general aspect, there is provided an electronic device including: a battery; a processor configured to execute instructions; and a memory storing the instructions and a battery model, the execution of the instructions configuring the processor to: determine a voltage difference between a determined voltage of the battery and an estimated voltage of the battery through the battery model; determine a state change of the battery based on the determined voltage difference and the respective surface concentrations of the anode and the cathode of the battery based on the battery model; update the battery model based on the determined state change; and determine state information of the battery based on the updated battery model.

[0026] From the following detailed description, drawings, and claims, other features and aspects will be apparent. Description of the Drawings

[0027] Figure 1 and Figure 2 show an example battery system according to one or more embodiments.

[0028] Figure 3 show an example method of estimating a battery state according to one or more embodiments.

[0029] Figure 4 and Figure 5An example diagram illustrating determining a change in state of a battery according to one or more embodiments.

[0030] Figure 6 An example method of determining a change in state of a battery is shown in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0031] Figure 7A 、 Figure 7B and Figure 8 An example diagram illustrating determining a change in state of a battery according to one or more embodiments.

[0032] Figure 9 An example diagram illustrating determining an initial state change of a battery state according to one or more embodiments.

[0033] Figure 10 An example battery state estimation device is shown in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0034] Figure 11 An example electronic device including a battery state estimation apparatus according to one or more embodiments is shown.

[0035] Figure 12 An example mobile device is shown in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0036] Throughout the drawings and detailed description, unless otherwise described or provided, the same reference numerals in the drawings may be understood to refer to the same or similar elements, features, and structures. The drawings may not be to scale, and the relative sizes, proportions, and depictions of the elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] The following specific embodiments are provided to help the reader obtain a comprehensive understanding of the method, apparatus and / or system described herein. However, after understanding the disclosure of the application, various changes, modifications and equivalents of the method, apparatus and / or system described herein will be clear. For example, the order within the operations described herein and / or the order of operations are merely examples, and are not limited to those orders set forth herein, but except for the order within the operations that must occur in a specific order and / or the order of operations, can be changed as will be clear after understanding the disclosure of the application. As another example, except for at least a portion of the order within the order and / or the order within the operations that must occur in a sequence (e.g., a specific order), the order of operations and / or the order within the operations can be performed in parallel. In addition, for greater clarity and simplicity, the description of features known after understanding the disclosure of the application can be omitted.

[0038] The features described herein can be implemented in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples described herein. Instead, the examples described herein are provided only to illustrate some of the many possible ways of implementing the methods, apparatuses, and / or systems described herein that will be apparent after understanding the disclosure of the present application.

[0039] Throughout the specification, when a component or element is described as "on", "connected to", "coupled to", or "joined to" another component, element, or layer, the component or element can be directly (e.g., in contact with the other component or element) "on" the other component, element, or layer, directly "connected to", directly "coupled to", or directly "joined to" the other component, element, or layer, or there can be one or more other components, elements, layers therebetween. When a component or element is described as "directly on" another component or element, "directly connected to", "directly coupled to", or "directly joined to" another component or element, there can be no other elements therebetween. Similarly, like expressions (e.g., "between" and "immediately between" and "adjacent to" and "immediately adjacent to") can be interpreted as described above.

[0040] Although terms such as "first", "second", and "third" or A, B, (a), (b), etc. may be used herein to describe various members, components, regions, layers, or portions, these members, components, regions, layers, or portions are not limited by these terms. Each of these terms is not used to define, for example, the nature, order, or sequence of the corresponding member, component, region, layer, or portion, but is only used to distinguish the corresponding member, component, region, layer, or portion from other members, components, regions, layers, or portions. Thus, the first member, first component, first region, first layer, or first portion referred to in the examples described herein can also be referred to as the second member, second component, second region, second layer, or second portion without departing from the teachings of the examples.

[0041] The terms used herein are for describing various examples only and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular forms are also intended to include the plural forms. As a non-limiting example, the terms "comprising," "including," and "having" indicate the presence of the stated features, quantities, operations, components, elements, and / or combinations thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, quantities, operations, components, elements, and / or combinations thereof, or alternatively the presence of alternative stated features, quantities, operations, components, elements, and / or combinations thereof. Additionally, although one embodiment may state that the terms "comprising," "including," and "having" indicate the presence of the stated features, quantities, operations, components, elements, and / or combinations thereof, there may be other embodiments in which one or more of the stated features, quantities, operations, components, elements, and / or combinations thereof do not exist.

[0042] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains based on the understanding of the present application's disclosure. Unless explicitly defined herein, terms (such as those defined in a general dictionary) shall be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present application's disclosure, and shall not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense. The use of the term "may" herein with respect to an example or embodiment (e.g., with respect to what an example or embodiment may include or achieve) indicates that there is at least one example or embodiment that includes or achieves such a feature, but not all examples are limited thereto.

[0043] Figure 1 and Figure 2 An example battery system according to one or more embodiments is shown.

[0044] Referring Figure 1 , in one non-limiting example, the battery system 100 may include a battery 110 and a battery state estimation device 120. Although Figure 1 a single battery 110 is shown, this is an example, and the battery system 100 may include two or more batteries.

[0045] In one example, the battery 110 may be a battery cell, a battery module, or a battery pack.

[0046] In one example, the battery state estimation device 120 may use one or more sensors (e.g., one or more of a voltage sensor, a current sensor, and a temperature sensor) to sense the battery 110. In other words, the battery state estimation device 120 may collect sensed data obtained by sensing or measuring data regarding the battery 110 (i.e., sensed data). The sensed data may include voltage data, current data, and / or temperature data of the battery 110.

[0047] The battery state estimation device 120 can determine (or estimate) the state information of the battery 110 based on the sensed data. In one example, the state information of the battery 110 can include the state of charge (SOC), the state of health (SOH), and / or abnormal state information. The battery model used to estimate the state information can be an electrochemical model.

[0048] Referring to Figure 2 , in a non-limiting example, a battery model can be used to estimate the state information.

[0049] The battery state estimation device 120 can use a battery model (e.g., an electrochemical model) to estimate the state information of the battery 110. The electrochemical model can be a model that estimates the state information of the battery by modeling the internal physical phenomena of the battery (such as potential or ion concentration distribution).

[0050] The battery state estimation device 120 can determine the voltage difference between the sensed voltage of the battery 110 measured by the sensor and the estimated voltage of the battery 110 estimated by the battery model. The battery state estimation device 120 can use the determined voltage difference dV or ΔV to determine the state change of the battery 110. The state change can include, for example, an SOC change d_SOC. The battery state estimation device 120 can update the internal state of the battery model based on the state change of the battery 110. The battery state estimation device 120 can determine (or estimate) the state information of the battery 110 based on the updated internal state of the battery model. In one example, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine or estimate the state information of the battery with high accuracy through a feedback structure without increasing the model complexity (e.g., the complexity of the battery model) and the computational amount required by the battery model. The feedback structure determines the state change of the battery 110 such that the voltage difference between the sensed voltage of the battery 110 and the estimated voltage estimated by the battery model is minimized, and updates the internal state of the battery model through the determined state change.

[0051] Figure 3 An example method of estimating the battery state according to one or more embodiments is shown.

[0052] Referring to Figure 3 , in a non-limiting example, in operation 310, the battery state estimation device (i.e., the battery state estimation device 120) can determine the estimated voltage V of the battery (i.e., the battery 110) through the battery model est and the surface concentration of each electrode of the battery. In one example, the surface concentration of each electrode can represent the concentration (or ion concentration) of the active material on the surface of each electrode of the battery. The unit of concentration can be, for example, mol / m 3, but the examples are not limited thereto. Although the determination of the surface concentration involves each electrode of the battery, in one example, it is possible to consider less than each electrode to determine the concentration of the active material on the surface of the electrodes of the battery. That is, in an example where the battery may include one or more anode electrodes and / or cathode electrodes, the determination of the surface concentration may include sensing data from one or more of the anode electrodes and one or more of the cathode electrodes. However, each electrode may refer to the anode and cathode of the battery. The estimated voltage V of the battery est can be calculated by the battery state estimation device through a battery model and can thus be represented as the calculated voltage of the battery.

[0053] In operation 320, the battery state estimation device (i.e., the battery state estimation device 120) may obtain the sensed voltage V of the battery (i.e., the battery 110). sen In one example, the battery state estimation device may use a voltage sensor to obtain the sensed voltage V of the battery. sen .

[0054] In operation 330, the battery state estimation device (i.e., the battery state estimation device 120) may determine the voltage difference dV or ΔV between the sensed voltage V of the battery (i.e., the battery 110) and the estimated voltage V of the battery. sen The voltage difference dV or ΔV can be, for example, "sensed voltage V est - estimated voltage V sen ". According to an embodiment, the voltage difference can be "estimated voltage V est - sensed voltage V est ". sen

[0055] In operation 340, the battery state estimation device (i.e., the battery state estimation device 120) may determine the state change d_SOC of the battery (i.e., the battery 110) based on the voltage difference dV and the surface concentration of each electrode.

[0056] As will be described in more detail below with reference to Figure 4 and Figure 5 , according to an example, the battery state estimation device 120 may use the surface concentration of each electrode to determine the open-circuit potential (OCP) of each electrode of the battery 110 (hereinafter referred to as "the first OCP") (for example, the OCP value corresponding to the surface concentration of each electrode as described with reference to Figure 4 and Figure 5 ). That is, the battery state estimation device 120 may determine the first OCP of the cathode of the battery 110 and determine the first OCP of the anode. The battery state estimation device 120 may use each determined first OCP to determine the open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery 110 (hereinafter referred to as "the first OCV") (for example, as described with reference to Figure 4 andFigure 5 The described OCV1). The battery state estimation device 120 may compensate the surface concentration of each electrode of the battery 110 based on the initial state change d_SOC_0. The battery state estimation device 120 may use each compensated surface concentration to determine the OCP of each electrode (hereinafter, referred to as "second OCP") (for example, refer to Figure 4 and Figure 5 the OCP value corresponding to the moved (or compensated) surface concentration (X1 + dX) of each electrode as described. That is, the battery state estimation device 120 may determine the second OCP of the cathode of the battery 110 and determine the second OCP of the anode. The battery state estimation device 120 may use each determined second OCP to determine the OCV of the battery 110 (hereinafter, referred to as "second OCV") (for example, refer to Figure 4 the described OCV2 or refer to Figure 5 the described OCV3). The battery state estimation device 120 may use the determined first OCV, the determined second OCV, the initial state change d_SOC_0, and the determined voltage difference dV to determine the state change d_SOC.

[0057] As will be described in more detail below with reference to Figure 6 According to an example, when the first OCV of the battery 110 is determined, the battery state estimation device 120 may determine the optimal value of the state change by performing an optimization operation for optimizing the state change based on the determined voltage difference dV, the surface concentration of each electrode, and the determined first OCV.

[0058] As will be described in more detail below with reference to Figure 7A 、 Figure 7B and Figure 8 In one example, the battery state estimation device 120 may obtain a first ratio value corresponding to the cathode surface concentration of the battery 110 from a first table, and the first table shows the relationship between the ratio dOCP / dY of the concentration change dY and the OCP change dOCP of the cathode among the electrodes of the battery 110 and the cathode concentration (for example, stoichiometric concentration). The battery state estimation device 120 may obtain a second ratio value corresponding to the anode surface concentration from a second table, and the second table shows the relationship between the ratio dOCP / dX of the concentration change and the OCP change of the anode of the battery 110 and the anode concentration (for example, stoichiometric concentration). The battery state estimation device 120 may use the determined voltage difference dV, the obtained first ratio value, the obtained second ratio value, and the initial state change d_SOC_0 to determine the state change d_SOC.

[0059] In operation 350, the battery state estimation device (i.e., the battery state estimation device 120) may update the battery model based on the determined state change. In one example, the battery state estimation device may update the battery model by compensating at least one of the parameters of the electrochemical model (e.g., the ion concentration distribution in the active material particles and / or the ion concentration distribution in the electrode) based on the determined state change.

[0060] In operation 360, the battery state estimation device (i.e., the battery state estimation device 120) may determine the state information (e.g., SOC, SOH, etc.) of the battery (i.e., the battery 110) based on the updated battery model.

[0061] Figure 4 and Figure 5 FIG. shows an example diagram of determining a state change of a battery according to one or more embodiments.

[0062] Referring to Figure 4 and Figure 5 , in a non-limiting example, the curve graph 410 may correspond to a first OCP table, and the curve graph 420 may correspond to a second OCP table. The first OCP table may correspond to, for example, an OCP table showing the relationship between the stoichiometric concentration of the cathode of the battery 110 and the OCP. The curve graph 410 may show a curve (or a curve graph) of the OCP according to the stoichiometric concentration of the cathode of the battery 110. The second OCP table may correspond to, for example, an OCP table showing the relationship between the stoichiometric concentration of the anode of the battery 110 and the OCP. The curve graph 420 may show a curve (or a curve graph) of the OCP according to the stoichiometric concentration of the anode of the battery 110.

[0063] The stoichiometric concentration may have, for example, an absolute value, while the SOC is a relative value and may have a specified position that can vary from 0% to 100% depending on the application.

[0064] Referring to Figure 4 , the battery state estimation device 120 may determine the surface concentration of each electrode of the battery 110, the estimated voltage V est of the battery 110, and the SOC of the battery 110 (hereinafter, referred to as "SOC1" in Figure 4 ).

[0065] The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the sensed voltage V sen of the battery 110 and the voltage difference dV between the estimated voltage V est of the battery 110. In one example, the estimated voltage V est may be 300 mV smaller than the sensed voltage V sen . The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the SOC of the battery 110 according to "sensed voltage V sen - estimated voltage Vest The voltage difference dV is calculated as 300 mV. A positive value of the voltage difference dV (e.g., 300 mV) may mean that the battery model determines SOC1 to be less than the actual SOC of battery 110 (e.g., the SOC of battery 110 in a state where various errors such as sensor errors and errors of the battery model are excluded) through the internal state of the battery model (e.g., at least one parameter). The battery state estimation device 120 may perform compensation (e.g., surface concentration compensation, compensation of the internal state of the battery model, etc.) so that the SOC determined by the battery model later matches the actual SOC of battery 110 (or so that the battery model determines the SOC to be higher later).

[0066] In one example, the cathode surface concentration of battery 110 may be defined as Y1, and the anode surface concentration of battery 110 may be defined as X1.

[0067] The battery state estimation device 120 may obtain the OCP value (e.g., 3.95 V) corresponding to the cathode surface concentration Y1 from the first OCP table (or graph 410). The battery state estimation device 120 may obtain the OCP value (e.g., 0.17 V) corresponding to the anode surface concentration X1 in the second OCP table (or graph 420).

[0068] The battery state estimation device 120 may calculate the difference (e.g., 3.78 V) between the OCP value (e.g., 3.95 V) and the OCP value (e.g., 0.17 V). The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the calculated difference (e.g., 3.78 V) as the OCV1 of battery 110. OCV1 may correspond to the OCV of battery 110 at SOC1, for example.

[0069] The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the concentration shift amount (or concentration change) of each electrode (e.g., Figure 4 dY 411 and dX 421). The cathode concentration shift amount (or concentration change) dY 411 may indicate, for example, the degree to which the cathode surface concentration Y1 is to be shifted (or changed) in graph 410. The anode concentration shift amount (or concentration change) dX 421 may indicate, for example, the degree to which the anode surface concentration X1 is to be shifted (or changed) in graph 420. The surface concentration of each electrode may be compensated by the concentration shift amount (or concentration change) of each electrode, and thus the concentration shift amount may be expressed as a compensation value (or concentration compensation amount). The compensation value (or concentration compensation amount) of each electrode may indicate the degree to which the surface concentration of each electrode is to be compensated.

[0070] The battery state estimation device 120 may determine a concentration shift amount (or compensation value) dY 411 for compensating the cathode surface concentration Y1 based on the initial state change d_SOC_0. The battery state estimation device 120 may determine a concentration shift amount (or compensation value) dX 421 for compensating the anode surface concentration X1 based on the initial state change d_SOC_0. The initial state change d_SOC_0 may have, for example, a fixed value, but the example is not limited thereto. As will be described in more detail below with reference to Figure 9 The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the initial state change d_SOC_0 through the voltage difference dV and the OCV - SOC table (or OCV - SOC curve graph).

[0071] In one example, the battery state estimation device 120 may use the initial state change d_SOC_0 and a predetermined value d_SOC_CA of the cathode of the battery 110 to determine dY 411 (for example, dY = d_SOC_0 × d_SOC_CA). The battery state estimation device 120 may use the initial state change d_SOC_0 and a predetermined value d_SOC_AN of the anode of the battery 110 to determine dX 421 (for example, dX = d_SOC_0 × d_SOC_AN). As will be described below, the voltage difference dV may be a positive number, d_SOC_CA may be a negative number, and d_SOC_AN may be a positive number. Therefore, the relationship of "dY 411 < 0" may be satisfied, and the relationship of "dX 421 > 0" may be satisfied. dY 411 may be in the direction of decreasing cathode concentration (for example, cathode surface concentration or stoichiometric concentration), and dX 421 may be in the direction of increasing anode concentration (for example, anode surface concentration or stoichiometric concentration).

[0072] In one example, the predetermined value d_SOC_CA of the cathode may represent the difference between the cathode concentration corresponding to SOC = 100% and the cathode concentration corresponding to SOC = 0%. For example, the cathode concentration corresponding to SOC = 100% may be 0.3, and the cathode concentration corresponding to SOC = 0% may be 0.9. In this case, the predetermined value d_SOC_CA of the cathode may be - 0.6.

[0073] In one example, the predetermined value d_SOC_AN of the anode may represent the difference between the anode concentration corresponding to SOC = 100% and the anode concentration corresponding to SOC = 0%. For example, the anode concentration corresponding to SOC = 100% may be 0.9, and the anode concentration corresponding to SOC = 0% may be 0.01. In this case, the predetermined value d_SOC_AN of the anode may be 0.89.

[0074] The battery state estimation device 120 can compensate the cathode surface concentration Y1 by dY 411. The compensated surface concentration Y1 + dY can correspond to the position where the surface concentration Y1 on the graph 410 is shifted by dY 411. The compensated surface concentration Y1 + dY can be less than the surface concentration Y1. The battery state estimation device 120 can obtain the OCP value (e.g., 4.1V) corresponding to the compensated (or shifted) cathode surface concentration Y1 + dY in the first OCP table (or graph 410). The battery state estimation device 120 can compensate the anode surface concentration X1 by dX 421. The compensated surface concentration X1 + dX can correspond to the position where the surface concentration X1 on the graph 420 is shifted by dX 421. The compensated surface concentration X1 + dX can be greater than the surface concentration X1. The battery state estimation device 120 can obtain the OCP value (e.g., 0.13V) corresponding to the compensated (or shifted) anode surface concentration X1 + dX in the second OCP table (or graph 420).

[0075] The battery state estimation device 120 can calculate the difference (e.g., 3.97V) between "the OCP value (e.g., 4.1V) corresponding to the compensated cathode surface concentration" and "the OCP value (e.g., 0.13V) corresponding to the compensated anode surface concentration". The battery state estimation device 120 can determine the difference (e.g., 3.97V) as the OCV2 of the battery 110. The surface concentration of each electrode can be compensated based on the initial state change d_SOC_0. Therefore, the OCV2 of the battery 110 can correspond to the OCV obtained by compensating the OCV1 of the battery 110 based on the initial state change d_SOC_0. The OCV2 can correspond to the OCV of the battery 110 at the SOC (e.g., SOC1 + d_SOC_0) considering the initial state change.

[0076] The battery state estimation device 120 can use the initial state change d_SOC_0, the OCV1 of the battery 110, the OCV2 of the battery 110, and the voltage difference dV to determine the state change (or state error amount) d_SOC of the battery 110. In one example, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine the state change d_SOC of the battery 110 through the following Equation 1.

[0077] Equation 1:

[0078] d_SOC_0∶d_SOC = OCV difference∶dV

[0079] In one example, absolute values can be applied to the OCV difference and / or dV in the above Equation 1.

[0080] The ratio between d_SOC_0 and d_SOC can be equal to the ratio between the OCV difference (e.g., OCV2 - OCV1 = 3.97V - 3.78V = 0.19V) and the voltage difference dV. When d_SOC_0 is 3% for example, d_SOC can be "3% × 0.3 / 0.19 = 4.73%". In other words, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine d_SOC to be 4.73% by applying d_SOC_0 to the ratio between the OCV difference and the voltage difference dV. As described above, the battery state estimation device 120 can update the battery model based on the state change d_SOC (e.g., 4.73%), and determine the state information (e.g., SOC) of the battery 110 through the updated battery model. Therefore, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine the state information with high accuracy.

[0081] Different from the example shown in Figure 4 , in the example shown in Figure 5 , the estimated voltage V est can be greater than the sensed voltage V sen . Hereinafter, an example in which the battery state estimation device 120 determines the state change when the estimated voltage V Figure 5 is greater than the sensed voltage V est will be described with reference to sen .

[0082] Referring to Figure 5 , the battery state estimation device 120 can determine the surface concentration of each electrode of the battery 110, the estimated voltage V est of the battery 110, and the SOC of the battery 110 (hereinafter, referred to as "SOC2" in Figure 5 ) through the battery model.

[0083] The battery state estimation device 120 can determine the voltage difference dV between the sensed voltage V sen of the battery 110 and the estimated voltage V est of the battery 110. In one example, the estimated voltage V est can be 200 mV greater than the sensed voltage V sen . The battery state estimation device 120 can calculate the voltage difference dV as -200 mV according to "sensed voltage V sen - estimated voltage V est ". The negative value of the voltage difference dV (e.g., -200 mV) can mean that the battery model determines SOC2 to be greater than the actual SOC of the battery 110 through the internal state of the battery model. The battery state estimation device 120 can perform compensation (e.g., surface concentration compensation, compensation of the internal state of the battery model, etc.) so that the SOC determined by the battery model later is close to the actual SOC of the battery 110 (or so that the battery model determines the SOC to be lower later).

[0084] As Figure 5 shown, in one example, the cathode surface concentration of battery 110 may be defined as Y1, and the anode surface concentration of battery 110 may be defined as X1.

[0085] The battery state estimation device 120 may obtain the OCP value (e.g., 3.95V) corresponding to the cathode surface concentration Y1 from the first OCP table (or graph 410). The battery state estimation device 120 may obtain the OCP value (e.g., 0.17V) corresponding to the anode surface concentration X1 from the second OCP table (or graph 420).

[0086] The battery state estimation device 120 may calculate the difference (e.g., 3.78V) between the OCP value (e.g., 3.95V) and the OCP value (e.g., 0.17V). The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the calculated difference (e.g., 3.78V) as the OCV1 of battery 110.

[0087] The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the compensation value (or concentration shift amount) dY511 for compensating the cathode surface concentration Y1 based on the initial state change d_SOC_0. In one example, when the voltage difference dV is negative, the battery state estimation device 120 may change (or convert) the sign of the initial state change d_SOC_0. For example, d_SOC_0 may be 3%. As referred to above Figure 4 As described, when the voltage difference dV is positive, the battery state estimation device 120 may use d_SOC_0 without sign change (or sign conversion). When the voltage difference dV is negative, the battery state estimation device 120 may change (or convert) d_SOC_0 to -3% by sign change (or sign conversion). The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the compensation value (or concentration shift amount) dX521 for compensating the anode surface concentration X1 based on the changed initial state change -d_SOC_0 (e.g., -3%).

[0088] In one example, the battery state estimation device 120 can use the changed initial state change -d_SOC_0 and the predetermined value d_SOC_CA of the cathode of the battery 110 to determine dY 511 (e.g., dY = -d_SOC_0 × d_SOC_CA). Here, -d_SOC_0 can be a negative number, and d_SOC_CA can be a negative number as described above, so dY 511 can be a positive number. The battery state estimation device 120 can use the initial state change -d_SOC_0 and the predetermined value d_SOC_AN of the anode of the battery 110 to determine dX 521 (e.g., dX = -d_SOC_0 × d_SOC_AN). Here, -d_SOC_0 can be a negative number as described above, and d_SOC_AN can be a positive number as described above, so dX 521 can be a negative number. Since the voltage difference dV is negative, dY 511 can be in the direction in which the cathode concentration (e.g., cathode surface concentration or stoichiometric concentration) on the curve graph 410 increases, and dX 521 can be in the direction in which the anode concentration (e.g., anode surface concentration or stoichiometric concentration) decreases.

[0089] The battery state estimation device 120 can compensate the cathode surface concentration Y1 by dY 511. The compensated cathode surface concentration Y1 + dY can be greater than the cathode surface concentration Y1. The battery state estimation device 120 can obtain the OCP value (e.g., 3.91V) corresponding to the compensated cathode surface concentration Y1 + dY in the first OCP table (or curve graph 410). The battery state estimation device 120 can compensate the anode surface concentration X1 by dX 521. dX 521 can be a negative number, so the compensated anode surface concentration X1 + dX can be less than the anode surface concentration X1. The battery state estimation device 120 can obtain the OCP value (e.g., 0.21V) corresponding to the compensated anode surface concentration X1 + dX in the second OCP table (or curve graph 420).

[0090] The battery state estimation device 120 can calculate the difference (e.g., 3.7V) between "the OCP value corresponding to the compensated cathode surface concentration (e.g., 3.91V)" and "the OCP value corresponding to the compensated anode surface concentration (e.g., 0.21V)". The battery state estimation device 120 can determine the calculated difference (e.g., 3.7V) as the OCV3 of the battery 110.

[0091] The battery state estimation device 120 can use the changed initial state change -d_SOC_0 (e.g., -3%), the OCV1 of the battery 110 (e.g., 3.78V), the OCV3 of the battery 110 (e.g., 3.7V), and the voltage difference dV (e.g., -0.2V) to determine the state change (or state error amount) d_SOC of the battery 110. For example, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine the state change d_SOC of the battery 110 through Equation 1 above. According to Equation 1, the ratio between d_SOC_0 and d_SOC can be equal to the ratio between the OCV difference (e.g., OCV3 - OCV1 = 3.7V - 3.78V = -0.08V) and the voltage difference dV. When -d_SOC_0 is -3% for example, d_SOC can be "-3%×(-0.2) / (-0.08) = -7.5%". In other words, in Figure 5 the example shown, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine d_SOC as -7.5%. As described above, the battery state estimation device 120 can update the battery model based on the state change d_SOC (e.g., -7.5%), and determine the state information (e.g., SOC) of the battery 110 through the updated battery model. Therefore, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine the state information with high accuracy.

[0092] Figure 6 Illustrates an example method for determining the state change of a battery according to one or more embodiments.

[0093] Referring to Figure 6 , in a non-limiting example, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine the first OCV of the battery 110 (e.g., the OCV1 referred to above with reference to Figure 4 and Figure 5 ). The battery state estimation device 120 can determine the optimal value 610 of the state change d_SOC by performing an optimization operation for optimizing the state change d_SOC based on the determined voltage difference dV, the surface concentration of each electrode of the battery 110, and the determined first OCV. In the example described with reference to Figure 6 , the determined voltage difference dV can be a positive number.

[0094] In an example, the battery state estimation device 120 can perform an optimization operation through Equation 2 below to determine the optimal value 610 of the state change d_SOC.

[0095] Equation 2:

[0096] dV = OCV(SOC + d_SOC) - OCV(SOC)

[0097] OCV(SOC) = OCP_CA(Y) - OCP_AN(X)

[0098] OCV(SOC + d_SOC) = OCP_CA(Y + dY) - OCP_AN(X + dX)

[0099] dY = d_SOC_0 × d_SOC_CA

[0100] dX = d_SOC_0 × d_SOC_AN

[0101] In Equation 2, OCV(SOC) can represent the OCV at the SOC (e.g., the above SOC1) determined by the battery model. OCV(SOC + d_SOC) can represent the OCV at SOC + d_SOC. In other words, OCV(SOC + d_SOC) can represent the OCV considering d_SOC. In Equation 2, OCP_CA(·) can represent the first OCP table (or Curve Graph 410), and OCP_AN(·) can represent the second OCP table (or Curve Graph 420). In Equation 2, OCP_CA(Y) can represent the cathode OCP corresponding to the cathode surface concentration Y of the battery 110, and OCP_AN(X) can represent the anode OCP corresponding to the anode surface concentration X of the battery 110. The cathode surface concentration Y and the anode surface concentration X can be determined by the battery model. As described above, d_SOC_0, d_SOC_CA, and d_SOC_AN can respectively represent the initial state change, a predetermined value of the cathode of the battery 110, and a predetermined value of the anode of the battery 110.

[0102] In one example, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine the cathode surface concentration and the anode surface concentration of the battery 110 as Y1 and X1 respectively through the battery model, and determine the SOC of the battery 110 as SOC1 through the battery model. The battery state estimation device 120 can determine the voltage difference dV as 300 mV. The battery state estimation device 120 can determine OCP_CA(Y1) as 3.95 V through the first OCP table, and determine OCP_AN(X1) as 0.17 V through the second OCP table. The battery state estimation device 120 can determine OCV(SOC1) as 3.78 V.

[0103] Based on Equation 2, "dV = OCV(SOC+d_SOC)-OCV(SOC)", the battery state estimation device 120 can calculate a correction value (e.g., initial state change d_SOC_0) so that the difference between OCV(SOC) and OCV(SOC+d_SOC) is equal to the voltage difference dV (e.g., 0.3V). That is, the value dX and the value dY can be adjusted by the correction value based on the initial state change d_SOC_0. The initial state change d_SOC_0 can be, for example, 0.03 (or 3%), d_SOC_CA can be, for example, -0.6, and d_SOC_AN can be, for example, 0.89. Therefore, using these example values, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine that dY will be -0.018 and dX will be 0.0267 by calculating the correction value.

[0104] That is, in one example, the battery state estimation device 120 may determine the optimal value 610 of the state change d_SOC by performing an optimization operation on dV=OCV(SOC1+d_SOC)-OCV(SOC1) and OCV(SOC1+d_SOC)=OCP_CA(Y1+dY)-OCP_AN(X1+dX). The optimization operation may include, for example, a global optimization method, a gradient descent method, etc.

[0105] When the optimal value 610 is determined, the battery state estimation device 120 may update the battery model based on the optimal value 610 and determine the state information (e.g., SOC) of the battery 110 using the updated battery model. At this time, the voltage difference dV may be minimized under the determined state information. Therefore, the battery state estimation device 120 may determine the state information with high accuracy.

[0106] Figure 7A 、 Figure 7B and Figure 8 An example diagram illustrating determining a change in state of a battery according to one or more embodiments.

[0107] Reference Figure 7A In one non-limiting example, a graph 710 of cathode OCP OCP_CA as a function of SOC and a graph 720 of anode OCP OCP_AN as a function of SOC are shown. In one example, the graph 710 of cathode OCP as a function of SOC may be obtained from Figure 7B Graph 740 of OCP according to cathode concentration (e.g., cathode stoichiometric concentration) of battery 110 is obtained. When the cathode concentration of battery 110 is converted to SOC according to the determined conversion relationship, graph 710 can be obtained from graph 740. In one example, graph 720 of anode OCP according to SOC can be obtained from Figure 7BIt is obtained from the OCP curve graph 750 according to the anode concentration (e.g., anode stoichiometric concentration) of the battery 110 shown. When the anode concentration of the battery 110 is converted into SOC according to the determined conversion relationship, the curve graph 720 can be obtained from the curve graph 750.

[0108] In one example, the curve graph 710 can be obtained from the curve graph 740 and the curve graph 720 can be obtained from the curve graph 750 by the battery state estimation device 120. However, the example is not limited thereto, and the battery state estimation device 120 can pre-store the curve graph 710 (or a table corresponding to the curve graph 710) and the curve graph 720 (or a table corresponding to the curve graph 720).

[0109] The battery state estimation device 120 can use a battery model to determine the cathode surface concentration of the battery 110 as, for example, 0.42, determine the anode surface concentration of the battery 110 as, for example, 0.5, and estimate the OCV and voltage of the battery 110.

[0110] The battery state estimation device 120 can determine the voltage difference dV between the sensed voltage of the battery 110 and the estimated voltage of the battery 110 as, for example, -0.15.

[0111] The battery state estimation device 120 can obtain the SOC (e.g., 0.75) corresponding to the cathode surface concentration (e.g., 0.42) through the determined conversion relationship. The battery state estimation device 120 can obtain the SOC (e.g., 0.5) corresponding to the anode surface concentration (e.g., 0.5) through the determined conversion relationship.

[0112] In one example, the battery state estimation device 120 can move the curve graph 710 and / or the curve graph 720 so that the SOC (e.g., 0.75) corresponding to the cathode surface concentration (e.g., 0.42) and the SOC (e.g., 0.5) corresponding to the anode surface concentration (e.g., 0.5) are aligned. Thus, as in the example shown in Figure 7A the SOC (e.g., 0.75) corresponding to the cathode surface concentration (e.g., 0.42) and the SOC (e.g., 0.5) corresponding to the anode surface concentration (e.g., 0.5) can be aligned on line 701 through the movement of the curve graph 710 and / or 720. For convenience, in the example shown in Figure 7A the curve graph 710 is shown to be moved (i.e., the moved curve graph 710).

[0113] The battery state estimation device 120 can obtain the graph 730 by subtracting the graph 720 from the shifted graph 710. The x-axis of the graph 730 can indicate the relative SOC (e.g., the result obtained by subtracting the SOC on the x-axis of the graph 720 from the SOC on the x-axis of the shifted graph 710). On the x-axis of the graph 730, the SOC a can be, for example, 0.25. The y-axis of the graph 730 can indicate the difference between the cathode OCP OCP_CA and the anode OCP OCP_AN. The difference between the cathode OCP OCP_CA and the anode OCP OCP_AN can represent, for example, the OCV.

[0114] The battery state estimation device 120 can apply a voltage difference dV 731 (e.g., -0.15) to the estimated OCV (e.g., Figure 7A the OCV est ). The battery state estimation device 120 can determine the SOC corresponding to "OCV est +dV 731" in the graph 730 b . The battery state estimation device 120 can determine the difference between the SOC b and the SOC corresponding to the estimated OCV OCV est as the initial state change d_SOC_0. In a the illustration of, in one example, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine the initial state change d_SOC_0 as -13%. Figure 7A In the illustration of, in one example, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine the initial state change d_SOC_0 as -13%.

[0115] A predetermined value d_SOC_CA of the cathode of the battery 110 can be, for example, -0.6, and a predetermined value d_SOC_AN of the anode of the battery 110 can be, for example, 0.89.

[0116] Based on the above example values, the battery state estimation device 120 can determine dY 711 of Figure 7A as 0.078 according to "dY = d_SOC_0 × d_SOC_CA", and determine dX 721 of Figure 7A as -0.1157 according to "dX = d_SOC_0 × d_SOC_AN".

[0117] The battery state estimation device 120 can use Figure 8 the graph 810 to determine a ratio value (hereinafter referred to as "the first ratio value") (e.g., -1.8) corresponding to the cathode surface concentration (e.g., 0.42) of the battery 110. Refer to Figure 8, in a non-limiting example, graph 810 may show the relationship between the ratio dOCP / dY between the cathode concentration change dY and the cathode OCP change dOCP of battery 110 and the cathode concentration (e.g., cathode stoichiometric concentration). Graph 810 may be determined, for example, based on the first OCP table.

[0118] Battery state estimation device 120 may use Figure 8 graph 820 to determine the ratio value (hereinafter referred to as "second ratio value") (e.g., -0.4) corresponding to the anode surface concentration (e.g., 0.5) of battery 110. In one example, graph 820 may show the relationship between the ratio dOCP / dX between the anode concentration change dX and the anode OCP change dOCP of battery 110 and the anode concentration (e.g., anode stoichiometric concentration). Graph 820 may be determined, for example, based on the second OCP table.

[0119] In one example, referring back to Figure 7A , battery state estimation device 120 may determine the cathode OCP change value dOCP_CA based on the first ratio value and dY 711, and determine the anode OCP change value dOCP_AN based on the second ratio value and dX721. When dY is multiplied by dOCP / dY, dOCP may be determined. Battery state estimation device 120 may determine the cathode OCP change value dOCP_CA (e.g., -0.1404) by multiplying dY 711 (e.g., 0.078) by the first ratio value (e.g., -1.8). Similarly, battery state estimation device 120 may determine the anode OCP change value dOCP_AN (e.g., 0.04628) by multiplying dX 721 (e.g., -0.1157) by the second ratio value (e.g., -0.4).

[0120] Battery state estimation device 120 may determine the OCV difference dOCV of battery 110 based on the cathode OCP change value dOCP_CA and the anode OCP change value dOCP_AN. For example, "dOCV = dOCP_CA + dOCP_AN". Battery state estimation device 120 may determine the OCV difference dOCV (e.g., -0.09412) of battery 110 according to "dOCV = dOCP_CA + dOCP_AN".

[0121] Battery state estimation device 120 may use the initial state change d_SOC_0 (e.g., -0.13 or -13%), the OCV difference dOCV (e.g., approximately -0.094), and the voltage difference dV (e.g., -0.15) to determine the state change d_SOC. For example, battery state estimation device 120 may determine the state change d_SOC (e.g., -20.7%) through Equation 1 above.

[0122] In one example, when one of the first ratio value and the second ratio value is greater than the other by a predetermined level, the battery state estimation device 120 may use the larger ratio value. For example, the battery state estimation device 120 may determine the first ratio value as -1.8 and the second ratio value as -0.4. In this case, the battery state estimation device 120 may determine that the first ratio value (e.g., the absolute value of the first ratio value, i.e., 1.8) is greater than the second ratio value (e.g., the absolute value of the second ratio value, i.e., 0.4) by a predetermined level. Therefore, since the first ratio value is greater than the second ratio value, the battery state estimation device 120 may use the first ratio value instead of the second ratio value. The battery state estimation device 120 may determine dY 711 of Figure 7A as 0.078 according to "dY = d_SOC_0 × d_SOC_CA". The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the cathode OCP change value dOCP_CA (e.g., -0.1404) by multiplying dY 711 (e.g., 0.078) by the first ratio value (e.g., -1.8). The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the cathode OCP change value dOCP_CA as the OCV difference dOCV. When the first ratio value is greater than the second ratio value by a predetermined level or more, dOCV = dOCP_CA = -0.1404. The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the state change d_SOC as -13.9% through Equation 1 above.

[0123] Figure 9 FIG. shows an example diagram for determining an initial state change of a battery state according to one or more embodiments.

[0124] Referring to Figure 9 , in a non-limiting example, a graph 910 between SOC and OCV is shown.

[0125] When the voltage difference dV is determined, the battery state estimation device 120 may use the determined voltage difference dV and the graph 910 (or a table between SOC and OCV) to determine the initial state change d_SOC_0.

[0126] In one example, the battery state estimation device 120 may determine the estimated voltage V of the battery through a battery model est and the SOC of the battery 110 (hereinafter referred to as "SOC1" in Figure 9 . The battery state estimation device 120 may determine the sensed voltage V of the battery 110 sen and the estimated voltage V estThe battery state estimation device 120 may obtain OCV1 corresponding to SOC1 in the graph 910. The battery state estimation device 120 may obtain the result (OCV1+dV) of “adding the obtained OCV1 and the determined voltage difference dV” ( Figure 9 The battery state estimation apparatus 120 may determine the difference between SOC1 and SOC2 as the initial state change d_SOC_0.

[0127] Figure 10 An example battery state estimation device is shown in accordance with one or more embodiments.

[0128] Reference Figure 10 In a non-limiting example, the battery state estimation device 120 may include a processor 1010 , a voltage sensor 1020 , and a memory 1030 .

[0129] The memory 1030 may include computer-readable instructions. The processor 1010 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions (such as computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1030), and by executing the computer-readable instructions, the processor 1010 is configured to perform one or more or any combination of the operations and / or methods described herein. The memory 1030 may be a volatile or non-volatile memory. In one example, the memory 1030 may store a battery model (e.g., an electrochemical model).

[0130] The processor 1010 may be configured to execute a program or application to configure the processor 1010 to control the battery state estimation device 120 to perform one or more or all operations and / or methods involving battery state estimation, and may include, for example, any one or a combination of two or more of a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a neural processing unit (NPU), and a tensor processing unit (TPU), but is not limited to the above examples.

[0131] The processor 1010 may determine an estimated voltage of the battery 110 and a surface concentration of each electrode of the battery 110 through a battery model.

[0132] The processor 1010 may obtain a sensed voltage of the battery 110 using the voltage sensor 1020 .

[0133] The processor 1010 may determine a voltage difference dV between the obtained sensing voltage and the determined estimation voltage.

[0134] The processor 1010 may determine a state change d_SOC of the battery based on the determined voltage difference and each determined surface concentration.

[0135] In one example, the processor 1010 may use each determined surface concentration to determine a first OCP for each electrode (e.g., anode and cathode) of the battery 110. For example, the processor 1010 may use each OCP table showing the relationship between the stoichiometric concentration and the OCP of each electrode of the battery 110 and each determined surface concentration to determine the first OCP for each electrode of the battery 110.

[0136] The processor 1010 may use each determined first OCP to determine a first OCV (e.g., OCV1 as described above) of the battery 110. The processor 1010 may compensate each surface concentration based on the initial state change d_SOC_0. In one example, the processor 1010 may use a predetermined value for each electrode of the battery 110 and the initial state change d_SOC_0 to determine each compensation value for compensating each surface concentration, and compensate each surface concentration based on each determined compensation value.

[0137] The processor 1010 may use each compensated surface concentration to determine a second OCP for each electrode of the battery 110. In one example, the processor 1010 may use each OCP table and each compensated surface concentration to determine the second OCP for each electrode of the battery 110. The processor 1010 may use each determined second OCP to determine a second OCV (e.g., OCV2 or OCV3 as described above) of the battery 110.

[0138] The processor 1010 may use the determined first OCV, the determined second OCV, the initial state change, and the determined voltage difference to determine the state change d_SOC. In one example, the processor 1010 may determine the difference between the determined second OCV and the determined first OCV, and determine the state change by applying the ratio between the determined difference and the determined voltage difference dV to the initial state change.

[0139] In one example, the processor 1010 may determine an optimal value of the state change by performing an optimization operation for optimizing the state change d_SOC based on the determined voltage difference dV, each determined surface concentration, and the determined OCV (e.g., the first OCV). In this case, the processor 1010 may perform the optimization operation by setting such that the voltage difference between the determined OCV and the OCV considering the state change (e.g., OCV(SOC + d_SOC)) is the same as the determined voltage difference dV.

[0140] In one example, the processor 1010 may obtain a first ratio value corresponding to the surface concentration of the first electrode from a first table (or graph 810) showing the relationship between the ratio of the concentration change and the OCP change of the first electrode (e.g., the cathode) of the battery 110 and the concentration of the first electrode. The first table may be determined, for example, from graph 810. The processor 1010 may obtain a second ratio value corresponding to the surface concentration of the second electrode from a second table (or graph 820) showing the relationship between the ratio of the concentration change and the OCP change of the second electrode (e.g., the anode) of the battery 110 and the concentration of the second electrode. The second table may be determined, for example, from graph 820.

[0141] The processor 1010 may use the determined voltage difference dV, the obtained first ratio value, the obtained second ratio value, and the initial state change to determine the state change. In one example, the processor 1010 may determine a first compensation value (e.g., Figure 7A dY 711) for compensating the surface concentration of the first electrode by applying the initial state change (e.g., the initial state change 732) to a predetermined value (e.g., d_SOC_CA) of the first electrode. The processor 1010 may use the determined first compensation value and the obtained first ratio value to determine a first OCP change value (e.g., the above dOCP_CA) of the first electrode. The processor 1010 may determine a second compensation value (e.g., Figure 7A dX 721) for compensating the surface concentration of the second electrode by applying the initial state change (e.g., the initial state change 732) to a predetermined value (e.g., d_SOC_AN) of the second electrode. The processor 1010 may use the determined second compensation value and the obtained second ratio value to determine a second OCP change value (e.g., the above dOCP_AN) of the second electrode. The processor 1010 may calculate the sum of the determined first OCP change value and the determined second OCP change value. In this case, the calculated sum may correspond to dOCV as described above. The processor 1010 may determine the state change d_SOC by applying the ratio (e.g., dV / dOCV) between the determined voltage difference and the calculated sum to the initial state change (e.g., the initial state change 732). The example of using the determined voltage difference dV, the obtained first ratio value, the obtained second ratio value, and the initial state change to determine the state change has been described in more detail with reference to Figure 7A and Figure 7A and Figure 7A and Figure 7A and Figure 7B and Figure 8 above, and thus the detailed description will be omitted.

[0142] The processor 1010 may update the battery model based on the determined state change. In one example, the processor 1010 may update the battery model by compensating at least one of the parameters of the electrochemical model (e.g., the ion concentration distribution in the active material particles and / or the ion concentration distribution in the electrodes) based on the determined state change.

[0143] The processor 1010 may determine the state information (e.g., SOC, etc.) of the battery 110 based on the updated battery model.

[0144] The example described above with reference to Figures 1 to 9 may be applied to Figure 10 the battery state estimation device 120.

[0145] Figure 11 FIG. shows an example electronic device including a battery state estimation device according to one or more embodiments.

[0146] With reference to Figure 11 , in a non-limiting example, the electronic device 1100 may include a battery 110 and a battery state estimation device 120.

[0147] In one example, the electronic device 1100 may be applied to a vehicle (e.g., an electric vehicle, etc.), a mobile device (e.g., a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), etc.), etc.

[0148] The electronic device 1100 may determine the estimated voltage of the battery 110 and the surface concentration of each electrode of the battery 110 through the battery model. The electronic device 1100 may obtain the sensed voltage of the battery 110 using a voltage sensor. The electronic device 1100 may determine the voltage difference between the obtained sensed voltage and the determined estimated voltage. The electronic device 1100 may determine the state change of the battery 110 based on the determined voltage difference and each determined surface concentration. The electronic device 1100 may update the battery model based on the determined state change. The electronic device 1100 may determine the state information of the battery 110 based on the updated battery model. The electronic device 1100 may display the determined state information on a display.

[0149] The example described above with reference to Figures 1 to 10 may be applied to Figure 11 the electronic device 1100.

[0150] Figure 12 FIG. shows an example mobile device according to one or more embodiments.

[0151] With reference to Figure 12 , in a non-limiting example, the mobile device 1200 may include a processor 1210, a memory 1220, a battery 1230, a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) 1240, and a display 1250.

[0152] The memory 1220 may include computer-readable instructions. The processor 1210 may be configured to execute the computer-readable instructions (such as the computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1220), and by executing the computer-readable instructions, the processor 1210 is configured to perform one or more or any combination of the operations and / or methods described herein. The memory 1220 may be volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1220 may store a battery model.

[0153] In one example, the PMIC 1240 may charge the battery 1230 using power received from an external device (such as a travel adapter or a wireless charger) of the mobile device 1200. The PMIC 1240 may supply the power stored in the battery 1230 to components (such as the processor 1210, etc.) of the mobile device 1200.

[0154] The PMIC 1240 may obtain a sensed voltage by sensing the voltage of the battery 1230 via a voltage sensor, and transmit the obtained sensed voltage to the processor 1210. In one example, the voltage sensor may be located near the battery 1230, and the voltage sensor may sense the voltage of the battery 1230 and transmit the obtained sensed voltage to the processor 1210.

[0155] The processor 1210 may perform at least some or all of the operations of the above-described battery state estimation device 120. The processor 1210 may determine an estimated voltage of the battery 1230 and the surface concentration of each electrode of the battery 1230 through the battery model. The processor 1210 may determine the voltage difference between the obtained sensed voltage and the determined estimated voltage. The processor 1210 may determine a state change of the battery 1230 based on the determined voltage difference and each determined surface concentration. The processor 1210 may update the battery model based on the determined state change. The processor 1210 may determine the state information of the battery 1230 based on the updated battery model. The processor 1210 may control the display 1250 such that the determined state information is displayed on the display 1250.

[0156] The above reference Figures 1 to 11 The examples described Figure 12 may be applied to the mobile device 1200 of

[0157] Those described herein and herein with respect to Figures 1 to 12The described disclosed processor, memory, battery, battery state estimation device, electronic device, battery system 100, battery 110, battery state estimation device 120, processor 1010, voltage sensor 1020, memory 1030, electronic device 1100, mobile device 1200, processor 1210, memory 1220, battery 1230, PMIC 1240, and display 1250 are implemented by or represent hardware components. Examples of hardware components that can be used to perform the operations described in this application include, where appropriate: controllers, sensors, generators, drivers, memories, comparators, arithmetic logic units, adders, subtracters, multipliers, dividers, integrators, and any other electronic components configured to perform the operations described in this application. In other examples, one or more of the hardware components that perform the operations described in this application are implemented by computing hardware (e.g., by one or more processors or computers). The processor or computer can be implemented by one or more processing elements (such as logic gate arrays, controllers, and arithmetic logic units, digital signal processors, microcomputers, programmable logic controllers, field programmable gate arrays, programmable logic arrays, microprocessors, or any other device or combination of devices configured to respond and execute instructions in a defined manner to achieve a desired result). In one example, the processor or computer includes or is connected to one or more memories that store instructions or software executed by the processor or computer. The hardware components implemented by the processor or computer can execute instructions or software for performing the operations described in this application (such as an operating system (OS) and one or more software applications running on the OS). The hardware components can also access, manipulate, process, create, and store data in response to the execution of the instructions or software. For brevity, the singular terms "processor" or "computer" can be used in the description of the examples described in this application, but in other examples, multiple processors or computers can be used, or the processor or computer can include multiple processing elements, or multiple types of processing elements, or both. For example, a single hardware component, or two or more hardware components, can be implemented by a single processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more hardware components can be implemented by one or more processors, or a processor and a controller, and one or more other hardware components can be implemented by one or more other processors, or additional processors and additional controllers. One or more processors, or a processor and a controller, can implement a single hardware component, or two or more hardware components.As described above, or in addition to the above description, example hardware components may have any one or more of different processing configurations. Examples of different processing configurations include: a single processor, a stand-alone processor, a parallel processor, single instruction single data (SISD) multiprocessing, single instruction multiple data (SIMD) multiprocessing, multiple instruction single data (MISD) multiprocessing, and multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) multiprocessing.

[0158] Figures 1 to 12 The method of performing the operations described in this application, shown in to Figures 1 to 12 , is performed by computing hardware (e.g., by one or more processors or computers), which is implemented to execute instructions or software as described above to perform the operations performed by the method described in this application. For example, a single operation, or two or more operations, may be performed by a single processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more operations may be performed by one or more processors, or a processor and a controller, and one or more other operations may be performed by one or more other processors, or additional processors and additional controllers. One or more processors, or a processor and a controller, may perform a single operation, or two or more operations.

[0159] Instructions or software for controlling computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors or computers) to implement the hardware components and perform the method as described above may be written as a computer program, code segment, instruction, or any combination thereof to individually or jointly direct or configure one or more processors or computers to operate as a machine or special-purpose computer to perform the operations performed by the hardware components and method as described above. In one example, the instructions or software include machine code (such as machine code generated by a compiler) that is directly executed by one or more processors or computers. In another example, the instructions or software include high-level code that is executed by one or more processors or computers using an interpreter. The instructions or software may be written in any programming language based on the block diagrams and flowcharts shown in the figures and the corresponding descriptions herein, which disclose algorithms for performing the operations performed by the hardware components and method as described above.

[0160] Instructions or software for controlling computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors or computers) to implement the hardware components and execute the methods as described above, as well as any associated data, data files, and data structures, can be recorded, stored, or fixed in one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media, or recorded, stored, or fixed on one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media, and thus are not signals themselves. As described above, or in addition to the above description, examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include: read-only memory (ROM), random access programmable read-only memory (PROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, non-volatile memory, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD+R, CD-RW, CD+RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-ROM, BD-R, BD-R LTH, BD-RE, Blu-ray or optical disc storage devices, hard disk drives (HDD), solid state drives (SSD), flash memory, card-type memories (such as multimedia cards or micro cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) or Extreme Digital (XD))), magnetic tapes, floppy disks, magneto-optical data storage devices, optical data storage devices, hard disks, solid state disks, and any other device configured to store instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures in a non-transitory manner and provide the instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures to one or more processors or computers such that the one or more processors or computers can execute the instructions. In one example, the instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures are distributed in a networked computer system such that the instructions and software and any associated data, data files, and data structures are stored, accessed, and executed in a distributed manner by one or more processors or computers.

[0161] Although this disclosure includes specific examples, it will be apparent after understanding the disclosure of this application that various changes in form and detail can be made in these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims and their equivalents. The examples described herein should be considered only descriptive and not for purposes of limitation. The description of each feature or aspect in an example should be considered applicable to similar features or aspects in other examples. Appropriate results can be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order, and / or if the components in the described system, architecture, device, or circuit are combined in a different manner, and / or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents.

[0162] Accordingly, in addition to what has been disclosed above and in all the accompanying drawings, the scope of the disclosure also includes the claims and their equivalents, that is, all variations within the scope of the claims and their equivalents should be construed as being included in the disclosure.

Claims

1. A processor - implemented method for battery state estimation, the method comprising: Determining an estimated voltage of the battery and a surface concentration of each of the anode and cathode of the battery through a battery model; Determining a voltage difference between the sensed voltage of the battery and the determined estimated voltage; Determining a state change of the battery based on the determined voltage difference and each determined surface concentration; Updating the battery model based on the determined state change; And Determining state information of the battery based on the updated battery model.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein The step of determining the state change includes: Determining a first open - circuit potential of each of the anode and cathode using each determined surface concentration; Determining a first open - circuit voltage of the battery using each determined first open - circuit potential; Compensating each determined surface concentration based on an initial state change; Determining a second open - circuit potential of each of the anode and cathode using each compensated surface concentration; Determining a second open - circuit voltage of the battery using each determined second open - circuit potential; and Determining the state change using the determined first open - circuit voltage, the determined second open - circuit voltage, the initial state change, and the determined voltage difference.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein The step of determining a first open - circuit potential of each of the anode and cathode includes: Using each open - circuit potential table showing the relationship between the stoichiometric concentration and the open - circuit potential of each of the anode and cathode and each determined surface concentration to determine a first open - circuit potential of each of the anode and cathode.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein, The step of determining the state change using the determined first open - circuit voltage, the determined second open - circuit voltage, the initial state change, and the determined voltage difference includes: Determining a difference between the determined second open - circuit voltage and the determined first open - circuit voltage; and Determining the state change by applying a ratio between the determined difference and the determined voltage difference to the initial state change.

5. The method according to claim 2, wherein, The step of compensating each determined surface concentration includes: Determining each compensation value for compensating each determined surface concentration using a predetermined value of each of the anode and cathode and the initial state change; and Compensating each determined surface concentration based on each determined compensation value.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein The step of determining the state change includes: Determining an open - circuit potential of each of the anode and cathode using each determined surface concentration; Determining an open - circuit voltage of the battery using each determined open - circuit potential; and Determining an optimal value of the state change by performing an optimization operation for optimizing the state change based on the determined voltage difference, each determined surface concentration, and the determined open - circuit voltage.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein, The step of determining the optimal value includes: Performing an optimization operation by adjusting a voltage difference between the determined open - circuit voltage and an open - circuit voltage considering the state change to be the same as the determined voltage difference.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The step of determining the state change includes: Obtaining a first ratio value corresponding to the surface concentration of a first electrode among the anode and cathode from a first table, the first table showing the relationship between the ratio of the concentration change and the open - circuit potential change of the first electrode and the concentration of the first electrode; Obtain a second ratio value corresponding to the surface concentration of the second electrode among the anode and the cathode from a second table, where the second table shows the relationship between the ratio between the concentration change and the open-circuit potential change of the second electrode and the concentration of the second electrode; and Use the determined voltage difference, the obtained first ratio value, the obtained second ratio value, and the initial state change to determine the state change.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein, The step of using the determined voltage difference, the obtained first ratio value, the obtained second ratio value, and the initial state change to determine the state change includes: Determine a first compensation value for compensating the surface concentration of the first electrode by applying the initial state change to a predetermined value of the first electrode; Use the determined first compensation value and the obtained first ratio value to determine a first open-circuit potential change value of the first electrode; Determine a second compensation value for compensating the surface concentration of the second electrode by applying the initial state change to a predetermined value of the second electrode; Use the determined second compensation value and the obtained second ratio value to determine a second open-circuit potential change value of the second electrode; Calculate the sum of the determined first open-circuit potential change value and the determined second open-circuit potential change value; and Determine the state change by applying the ratio between the determined voltage difference and the calculated sum to the initial state change.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, The step of updating the battery model includes: updating the internal state of the battery model by compensating one or more parameters in the parameters of the battery model based on the determined state change.

11. An electronic device, comprising: A battery; At least one processor configured to execute instructions; And A memory storing the instructions, wherein the execution of the instructions causes the at least one processor to: Determine the estimated voltage of the battery and the surface concentration of each of the anode and the cathode of the battery through a battery model; Determine the voltage difference between the sensed voltage of the battery and the determined estimated voltage; Determine the state change of the battery based on the determined voltage difference and each determined surface concentration; Update the battery model based on the determined state change; and Determine the state information of the battery based on the updated battery model.

12. The electronic device according to claim 11, further comprising: A voltage sensor configured to sense the battery to obtain the sensed voltage of the battery.

13. The electronic device according to claim 11, wherein, The execution of the instructions causes the at least one processor to: Use each determined surface concentration to determine the first open-circuit potential of each of the anode and the cathode; Use each determined first open-circuit potential to determine the first open-circuit voltage of the battery; Compensate each determined surface concentration based on the initial state change; Use each compensated surface concentration to determine the second open-circuit potential of each of the anode and the cathode; Use each determined second open-circuit potential to determine the second open-circuit voltage of the battery; and And Use the determined first open-circuit voltage, the determined second open-circuit voltage, the initial state change, and the determined voltage difference to determine the state change.

14. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein, The execution of the instructions causes the at least one processor to: Use each open-circuit potential table showing the relationship between the stoichiometric concentration and the open-circuit potential of each of the anode and the cathode and each determined surface concentration to determine the first open-circuit potential of each of the anode and the cathode.

15. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein, The execution of the instructions causes the at least one processor to: Determine the difference between the determined second open-circuit voltage and the determined first open-circuit voltage; and Determine the state change by applying the ratio between the determined difference and the determined voltage difference to the initial state change.

16. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein, The execution of the instructions causes the at least one processor to: Use the predetermined value of each of the anode and the cathode and the initial state change to determine each compensation value for compensating each determined surface concentration; and Compensate each determined surface concentration based on each determined compensation value.

17. The electronic device according to claim 11, wherein, The execution of the instructions causes the at least one processor to: Obtain a first ratio value corresponding to the surface concentration of the first electrode among the anode and the cathode from a first table, the first table showing the relationship between the ratio of the concentration change and the open-circuit potential change of the first electrode and the concentration of the first electrode; Obtain a second ratio value corresponding to the surface concentration of the second electrode among the anode and the cathode from a second table, the second table showing the relationship between the ratio of the concentration change and the open-circuit potential change of the second electrode and the concentration of the second electrode; And Use the determined voltage difference, the obtained first ratio value, the obtained second ratio value, and the initial state change to determine the state change.

18. The electronic device according to claim 11, wherein, The execution of the instructions causes the at least one processor to: Use each determined surface concentration to determine the open-circuit potential of each of the anode and the cathode; Use each determined open-circuit potential to determine the open-circuit voltage of the battery; And Determine the optimal value of the state change by performing an optimization operation for optimizing the state change based on the determined voltage difference, each determined surface concentration, and the determined open-circuit voltage.

19. The electronic device according to claim 18, wherein, The execution of the instructions causes the at least one processor to: Perform the optimization operation by adjusting the voltage difference between the determined open-circuit voltage and the open-circuit voltage considering the state change to be the same as the determined voltage difference.

20. The electronic device according to any one of claims 11 to 19, wherein, The execution of the instructions causes the at least one processor to: Control the display so that the determined state information is displayed.

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