A pressure-relief device for arch dam model test and its use method

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of water conservancy and hydropower engineering, and discloses a pressure-loading and unloading device for arch dam model testing. The device comprises a support device fixed to one side of the arch dam surface, a loading and unloading device fixed to the support device, and a mold bag connected to the loading and unloading device. The loading and unloading device includes a receiving space and a pressure plate. Each pressure plate is fixed to a plurality of jacks, and the pressure plate can move within the receiving space when subjected to pressure from the jacks. The mold bag is installed in the receiving space, with one side of the mold bag connected to the pressure plate and the other side in contact with the arch dam surface. The mold bag contains a non-Newtonian body. The present invention also discloses a method for using the device. The experimental results of the present invention are more realistic and more accurate.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a pressure-adding and -releasing device for arch dam model testing and a use method thereof, and belongs to the field of water conservancy and hydropower engineering. Background Art

[0002] In the construction of large arch dams, physical model testing of the dam is an important means of analyzing its stability and failure mode.

[0003] In practice, arch dam surfaces are often loaded using multiple hydraulic jacks, evenly spaced across the arch dam surface. To prevent damage to the dam surface caused by the jacks, additional loading is often performed by placing wooden blocks between the jacks and the dam surface. This loading method applies a single point of localized stress concentration to the arch dam surface, which is inconsistent with the actual water pressure. Furthermore, during unloading, the varying unloading speeds of each jack result in uneven unloading, which is also inconsistent with the unloading effect of lowering the water level. These two factors combined result in discrepancies between the final model test data and the actual damage, leading to poor stability analysis accuracy.

[0004] In the prior art, although CN117250023A discloses a centralized equivalent loading test device for a scaled-scale arch dam model, using a hydraulic jack to control a load distribution frame and several cylindrical loading supports for loading, and CN116773344A discloses a centralized equivalent static and dynamic loading test device for a scaled-scale arch dam model, using a jack to control a loading block made of a transparent material such as epoxy resin for loading, both loading methods are still localized, meaning that the loading is applied to a single point or a localized surface on the arch dam surface, which results in stress concentration on the dam surface. Furthermore, the pressure relief methods in both of these technologies are purely theoretical ideals. During actual pressure relief, the hydraulic jack's oil unloading cannot be precisely controlled according to theoretical calculations, and the load distribution frame between the jack and the dam body cannot actually simulate the state of water flow during pressure relief, thus generating errors.

[0005] Therefore, it is necessary to design a new method of adding and unloading pressure to fully simulate the interaction between actual water flow and the dam surface, so that the experimental results are more realistic and more accurate. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In view of the above-mentioned problems that currently exist, the present invention provides a pressure-adding and unloading device and water-taking method for arch dam model testing, which can fully simulate the state of actual water flow applying pressure and unloading pressure on the dam surface. The final result is more in line with the actual situation and has higher accuracy.

[0007] In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:

[0008] A pressure-loading and unloading device for arch dam model testing includes a support device fixed to one side of the arch dam surface, a loading and unloading device fixed to the support device, the pressure-loading and unloading device also including a mold bag connected to the loading and unloading device, the loading and unloading device including a receiving space and a pressure plate; each pressure plate is fixed to a number of jacks, and the pressure plates can move within the receiving space when subjected to pressure from the jacks; the mold bag is installed in the receiving space, one side of the mold bag is connected to the pressure plate, and the other side is in contact with the arch dam surface, and the mold bag contains a non-Newtonian body.

[0009] Furthermore, the accommodating space is a space that is open to the front and rear ends of the pressure plate and is surrounded by blocks on all sides.

[0010] Furthermore, the pressure plate is provided with a plurality of pressure positions to increase the roughness at the pressure positions, and each pressure plate is fixed to a plurality of jacks at the plurality of pressure positions.

[0011] Furthermore, the pressure plate includes a plate body and a connecting protrusion fixed on the plate body, and a plurality of pressure positions are arranged on the connecting protrusion.

[0012] Furthermore, the accommodating space includes a top plate, a bottom plate, a left plate, a right plate, and a front plate. The top plate, bottom plate, left plate, and right plate are respectively fixed around the front plate. The top plate and the bottom plate are arranged opposite to each other. The left plate is respectively fixed to one end of the top plate and one end of the bottom plate. The right plate is respectively fixed to the other end of the top plate and the other end of the bottom plate. A hole is provided on the front plate; the plate body is arranged on one side of the front plate, and the connecting protrusion is inserted into the hole.

[0013] Furthermore, there are a number of loading and unloading devices, which are arranged in sequence from low to high along the arch dam surface, and each loading and unloading device is fixedly connected to each other.

[0014] Furthermore, the accommodating spaces of adjacent loading and unloading devices are fixed by mortise and tenon joints.

[0015] A method for using a pressure-relieving device for an arch dam model test comprises the following steps:

[0016] Fix the support device on one side of the arch dam face;

[0017] After several loading and unloading devices are installed, the mold bags filled with non-Newtonian bodies are laid flat in the accommodation space of each loading and unloading device;

[0018] Fix the supporting device and several loading and unloading devices in sequence from low to high along the arch dam surface;

[0019] Fix the jacks to the pressure plates of several loading and unloading devices respectively;

[0020] Start the jack to pressurize or relieve the pressure on the pressure plate.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0022] By applying pressure to the non-Newtonian body within the containment space through a pressure plate and then applying it to the arch dam surface, the force on the arch dam surface is more evenly distributed, eliminating the stress concentration caused by the single hydraulic jack loading method, which is more in line with actual conditions. During pressure relief, the hysteresis force generated by the non-Newtonian body can eliminate the error caused by the uneven pressure relief speed of the hydraulic jack, resulting in more accurate test results. This invention can fully simulate the actual state of water flow applying pressure and releasing pressure on the dam surface, and the final results are more in line with actual conditions, with higher accuracy and precision. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] Figure 1 1 is a front structural schematic diagram of the pressure-adding and unloading device of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 2 It is a side structural schematic diagram of the pressure adding and releasing device of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of the bottom loading and unloading device of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 4 It is a structural schematic diagram of the pressure plate of the bottom loading and unloading device of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 5 This is a schematic structural diagram of the accommodation space of the bottom loading and unloading device of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 6 This is a schematic structural diagram of the accommodation space of the middle loading and unloading device of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 7 This is a schematic structural diagram of the accommodation space of the top loading and unloading device of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 8 1 is a front view structural diagram of the mold bag of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 9 Schematic diagram of the top view of the mold bag of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 10 It is a structural schematic diagram of another embodiment of the accommodating space of the present invention.

[0033] In the figure

[0034] 1. Arch dam surface; 2. Support device; 3. Bottom loading and unloading device; 4. Middle loading and unloading device; 5. Top loading and unloading device; 6. Mould bag; 7. Accommodation space; 71. Top plate; 72. Bottom plate; 73. Left plate; 74. Right plate; 75. Front plate; 8. Pressure plate; 81. Plate body; 82. Connecting protrusion; 9. Orifice; 10. Pressure position; 11. Tenon; 12. Mortise. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and in conjunction with the embodiments. It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined unless they conflict. For ease of description, the words "upper," "lower," "left," and "right" appear below merely to indicate the directions of upper, lower, left, and right in the accompanying drawings and do not limit the structure.

[0036] Example 1

[0037] like Figures 1 to 9As shown, a loading and unloading device for arch dam model testing includes a support device 2 fixed to one side of the arch dam surface 1, a loading and unloading device fixed to the support device 2, and a mold bag 6 connected to the loading and unloading device. The mold bag 6 contains a non-Newtonian body. The loading and unloading devices are arranged in sequence from low to high along the arch dam surface 1. Each loading and unloading device is fixedly connected to each other. The loading and unloading devices can be divided into a bottom loading and unloading device 3, a middle loading and unloading device 4, and a top loading and unloading device 5. The arch dam surface 1 of the arch dam model is curved. The support device 2 can be a stable, flat wooden block or brick, etc., used to support the bottom of the other components. The support device 2 is fixed to the bottom middle position of one side of the arch dam surface 1 to support the bottom loading and unloading device 3. The bottom loading and unloading device 3, the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the top loading and unloading device 5 are fixed in sequence along the arch dam surface 1 from low to high. There is one bottom loading and unloading device 3 and one top loading and unloading device 5. There are several middle loading and unloading devices 4, generally one to three, and their height and number are determined according to the height of the arch dam model. The length, height, and number of the bottom loading and unloading devices 3, the middle loading and unloading devices 4, and the top loading and unloading devices 5 are all adapted to the length and height of the arch dam surface 1 of the arch dam model. The bottom loading and unloading device 3, the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the top loading and unloading device 5 all include a receiving space 7 and a pressure plate 8, wherein the pressure plate 8 is movably mounted within the receiving space 7 and can extend and retract relative to the receiving space 7. Each pressure plate 8 is fixed to several jacks and can move within the receiving space 7 when subjected to pressure from the jacks. Each pressure plate 8 is evenly spaced with several pressure points 10, which are designed to increase the roughness of the pressure points 10 and are used to secure and apply pressure to the jacks. Mold bags 6 filled with a non-Newtonian material are placed into the storage spaces 7 of the bottom loading and unloading device 3, the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the top loading and unloading device 5, respectively, and laid flat on the pressure plate 8. The mold bags 6 have a certain degree of high-pressure resistance and should not deform excessively. One side of the mold bag 6 is flat and fits into the pressure plate 8, while the other side is curved and contacts or completely fits the arch dam surface 1. The width of the mold bag 6 at both ends is slightly larger than the width of the storage space 7. The non-Newtonian material is composed of starch, water, and additives. The starch and water are mixed in a ratio of 1:3 and stirred until a viscous state is formed. A small amount of polymer additive is then added to enhance the hysteresis effect of the non-Newtonian material. Plasticizers are preferably additives. Common plasticizers include epoxy resins and phosphate esters. The non-Newtonian material exhibits shear thinning (thinning of a fluid under shear force) when pressurized and hysteresis when unloaded. The expansion and contraction of the jack drives the pressure plate 8 relative to the storage space 7, allowing interaction between the mold bag 6 containing the non-Newtonian material and the arch dam surface 1.

[0038] In this embodiment, the material of the mold bag 6 must have high tensile strength and deformation resistance. Its tensile strength must be at least 2 to 3 times the maximum strength actually applied by the jack to ensure safety. Generally, the maximum strength of a similar load applied to an arch dam model is about 20 MPa, so the tensile strength of the mold bag 6 is at least 40 MPa to 60 MPa. Therefore, a medium-strength plastic is used to prepare the mold bag 6, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polystyrene (PS).

[0039] In this embodiment, each pressure plate 8 comprises a plate body 81 and a connecting protrusion 82 integrally formed on the plate body 81. A plurality of pressure positions 10 are evenly spaced and arranged on the connecting protrusion 82. The plate body 81 is square and flat, its shape matching the internal shape of the accommodation space 7. The connecting protrusion 82 is a columnar structure consisting of a central rectangular parallelepiped and two semi-cylinders at each end.

[0040] In this embodiment, the accommodating space 7 is a space that is open to the front and rear ends of the pressure plate 8 and is surrounded by blocks on all sides, top, bottom, left, and right. The shape of the accommodating space 7 can be cylindrical, such as a rectangular parallelepiped. The accommodating space 7 is used for the installation of the mold bag 6, and the accommodating space 7 can also be used for the support and translation guidance of the pressure plate 8. The accommodating space 7 can be composed of four groups of parts, such as plates that are surrounded on all sides, top, bottom, left, and right. For example, the accommodating space 7 is formed by the top plate 71, the left side plate 73, the bottom plate 72, and the right side plate 74 that are fixed and enclosed in sequence from end to end. At this time, the accommodating space 7 formed has completely open spaces at both the front and rear ends. Alternatively, the accommodating space 7 can also be composed of five groups of parts, such as plates that are assembled and enclosed and holes are opened on the parts located on the side of the extension and retraction direction of the pressure plate 8. For example, the accommodating space 7 is composed of the top plate 71, the bottom plate 72, the left side plate 73, the right side plate 74, and the front plate 75, wherein the top plate 71, the bottom plate 72, the left side plate 73, and the right side plate 74 are respectively fixed vertically. Fixed around the front plate 75, the top plate 71 and the bottom plate 72 are relatively parallel, the left plate 73 and the right side plate 74 are relatively parallel, the left side plate 73 is vertically fixed to one end of the top plate 71 and one end of the bottom plate 72 respectively, and the right side plate 74 is vertically fixed to the other end of the top plate 71 and the other end of the bottom plate 72 respectively. The front plate 75 is provided with an opening 9 for inserting the connecting protrusion 82 of the pressure plate 8. At this time, the back (or rear end) of the accommodating space 7 formed is a completely open space, and the front end is a partially open space connected to the outside world (i.e., the opening 9); the plate body 81 of the pressure plate 8 is provided on the rear side of the front plate 75. The top plate 71 and bottom plate 72 are used to limit the vertical movement of the pressure plate 8 and also support it. The left and right plates 73 and 74 are used to limit the left and right translation of the pressure plate 8 and also guide the plate body 81, or the front and back translation of the pressure plate 8. The front plate 75 can be used to position the plate body 81, or the pressure plate 8, during installation, or to limit the maximum backward translation distance of the pressure plate 8. The top plate 71, bottom plate 72, left plate 73, right plate 74, and front plate 75 can all be square plates. The structural shape of the connecting protrusion 82 of the pressure plate 8 is compatible with the structural shape of the orifice 9. The plate body 81 can slide and translate relative to the accommodating space 7, and the connecting protrusion 82 can telescopically translate relative to the orifice 9. In other words, the entire accommodating space 7 serves both to install and limit the pressure plate 8 and to guide its movement, facilitating the jack's application and release of pressure to the pressure plate 8 (and the mold bag 6).

[0041] In this embodiment, the bottom loading and unloading device 3 includes a bottom loading and unloading accommodating space 7 and a bottom loading and unloading pressure plate 8. The bottom loading and unloading accommodating space 7 has a tenon 11 at its top (i.e., on the top plate 71), an opening 9 in the front center (i.e., in the center of the front plate 75), and an open back space. The bottom loading and unloading pressure plate 8 is provided with two evenly spaced pressure points 10. The pressure points 10 have a high roughness, which facilitates the jack's securement and pressure application. The middle loading and unloading device 4 includes a middle loading and unloading accommodating space 7 and a middle loading and unloading pressure plate 8. The middle loading and unloading accommodating space 7 has a tenon 11 at its top (i.e., on the top plate 71), a groove 12 at its bottom (i.e., on the bottom plate 72), an opening 9 in the front center (i.e., in the center of the front plate 75), and an open back space. The middle loading and unloading pressure plate 8 is provided with three to four evenly spaced pressure points 10. The pressure points 10 have a high roughness, which facilitates the jack's securement and pressure application. The top loading and unloading device 5 includes a top loading and unloading accommodating space 7 and a top loading and unloading pressure plate 8. A tongue and groove 12 is provided at the lower part of the top loading and unloading accommodating space 7 (i.e., below the bottom plate 72), an opening 9 is opened in the middle of the front part (i.e., in the middle of the front plate 75), and the back space is open but not closed; the top loading and unloading pressure plate 8 is arranged with 5 evenly spaced pressure positions 10, and the roughness at the pressure positions 10 is relatively large, which is conducive to the fixation and pressure of the jack.

[0042] In this embodiment, the receiving space 7 of the bottom loading and unloading device 3 is fixed to the receiving space 7 of the middle loading and unloading device 4 by mortise and tenon joints, the receiving space 7 of the middle loading and unloading device 4 is fixed to the receiving space 7 of the top loading and unloading device 5 by mortise and tenon joints, and the receiving spaces 7 of each middle loading and unloading device 4 are fixed to each other by mortise and tenon joints. Specifically, the tenon 11 at the upper portion of the receiving space 7 of the bottom loading and unloading device 3 is inserted into the tenon groove 12 at the lower portion of the receiving space 7 of the middle loading and unloading device 4 for fixed connection, and the tenon 11 at the upper portion of the receiving space 7 of the middle loading and unloading device 4 is inserted into the tenon groove 12 at the lower portion of the receiving space 7 of the top loading and unloading device 5 for fixed connection. The pressure plate 8 of each loading and unloading device is inserted through the open space at the back of the receiving space 7 and is installed and connected through the hole 9 in the middle of the front portion of the receiving space 7 of each loading and unloading device.

[0043] The working principle of this pressure relief device is:

[0044] When the jack applies pressure to the pressure plate 8 on each loading and unloading device, the pressure plate 8 acts on the mold bag 6 containing the non-Newtonian body. At this time, the non-Newtonian body behaves in a fluid state and transmits force to the arch dam surface 1 of the arch dam model, simulating the uniform pressure of the water body on the dam body; when the jack unloads the pressure, the non-Newtonian body exhibits a hysteresis phenomenon due to its mechanical properties, and the pressure acting on the dam body slowly decreases, reducing the impact of the different unloading speeds of the jack.

[0045] The beneficial effect of this embodiment is that the non-Newtonian body in the accommodation space 7 is pressurized by the pressure plate 8 and then applied to the arch dam surface 1, making the force on the arch dam surface 1 more uniform, eliminating the stress concentration caused by the single hydraulic jack loading method, and more consistent with actual conditions. During pressure relief, the hysteresis force generated by the non-Newtonian body can eliminate the error caused by the uneven pressure relief speed of the hydraulic jack, resulting in more accurate test results.

[0046] Example 2

[0047] like Figure 10 As shown, the difference between this embodiment and the first embodiment is that, when the curvature of the arch dam is large, in order to ensure the stability of the installation of the mold bag 6 containing the non-Newtonian body on both sides of the edge of the arch dam, the length of both sides of the accommodating space 7 can be appropriately lengthened so that the back of the accommodating space 7 is arched, and the curvature is smaller than the curvature of the arch dam at the current position, so that the back is approximately integrated with the arch dam surface 1.

[0048] In this embodiment, the length of both sides of the accommodating space 7 is lengthened so that the back of the accommodating space 7 is arched, that is, the length of the left side plate 73 and the right side plate 74 are lengthened, and the back surfaces of the top plate 71 and the bottom plate 72 are changed from the original flat surface to an arcuate surface or an arched surface, that is, at this time, the shape of the top plate 71 and the bottom plate 72 are changed from the original square plate shape to a shape that is a combination of a square plate in the middle and a right-angled triangle plate with arc-shaped bottom edges on the left and right sides.

[0049] In this embodiment, the size of the accommodating space 7 of each loading and unloading device should be adjusted and designed according to the actual arch dam model parameters and the jack loading method.

[0050] The beneficial effect of this embodiment is that the non-Newtonian phantom bags 6 on both sides of the loading and unloading device accommodating space 7 have a larger fixed volume and better stability, which is conducive to loading by the jack.

[0051] Example 3

[0052] This embodiment provides a method for using a pressure-relieving device for an arch dam model test, comprising the following steps:

[0053] Step 1: First, fix the support device 2 at the bottom middle position of one side of the arch dam surface 1;

[0054] Step 2: After all loading and unloading devices are installed, namely, the bottom loading and unloading device 3, the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the top loading and unloading device 5, the mold bag 6 filled with the non-Newtonian body is vertically laid flat in the receiving space 7 of the bottom loading and unloading device 3, the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the top loading and unloading device 5 respectively;

[0055] Step 3: Fix the support device 2, the bottom loading and unloading device 3, the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the top loading and unloading device 5 in sequence along the arch dam surface 1 from low to high;

[0056] Step 4: Align the jacks with the pressure positions 10 of the pressure plates 8 of the loading and unloading devices at the bottom, middle, and top, from bottom to top, and install them;

[0057] Step 5: Start the jack to pressurize or relieve the pressure on the pressure plate 8, so that the mold bag 6 containing the non-Newtonian body interacts with the arch dam surface 1 to simulate the impact of water on the dam body.

[0058] In this embodiment, in step 2, the bottom loading and unloading device 3, the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the top loading and unloading device 5 are all installed. Specifically, the pressure plate 8 sets of the bottom loading and unloading device 3 are embedded in the accommodation space 7 of the bottom loading and unloading device 3, the pressure plate 8 sets of the middle loading and unloading device 4 are embedded in the accommodation space 7 of the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the pressure plate 8 sets of the top loading and unloading device 5 are embedded in the accommodation space 7 of the top loading and unloading device 5. In step 2, the mold bag 6 filled with non-Newtonian bodies is vertically laid flat in the receiving spaces 7 of the bottom loading and unloading device 3, the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the top loading and unloading device 5, respectively. Specifically, the mold bag 6 filled with non-Newtonian bodies is placed from the open space at the back of the receiving space 7 of the bottom loading and unloading device 3, and is vertically laid flat on the pressure plate 8 of the bottom loading and unloading device 3; the mold bag 6 filled with non-Newtonian bodies is placed from the open space at the back of the receiving space 7 of the middle loading and unloading device 4, and is vertically laid flat on the pressure plate 8 of the middle loading and unloading device 4; the mold bag 6 filled with non-Newtonian bodies is placed from the open space at the back of the receiving space 7 of the top loading and unloading device 5, and is vertically laid flat on the pressure plate 8 of the top loading and unloading device 5.

[0059] In this embodiment, in step three, the bottom loading and unloading device 3 is first secured to the support device 2. The bottom loading and unloading device 3, the middle loading and unloading device 4, and the top loading and unloading device 5 are then secured sequentially along the arch dam surface 1 from bottom to top (or bottom to top) using mortise and tenon joints. During installation, the pressure plate 8 faces outward (i.e., is positioned facing the arch dam surface 1). The mortise and tenon joint securing process involves inserting the mortise groove 12 at the lower portion of the accommodation space 7 of the middle loading and unloading device 4 into the tenon 11 at the upper portion of the accommodation space 7 of the bottom loading and unloading device 3 for fixed connection. The accommodation spaces 7 of adjacent middle loading and unloading devices 4 are then secured to each other using the upper and lower tenons 11 and mortise grooves 12. Finally, the mortise groove 12 at the lower portion of the accommodation space 7 of the top loading and unloading device 5 is inserted into the tenon 11 at the upper portion of the accommodation space 7 of the middle loading and unloading device 4 for fixed connection.

[0060] The beneficial effects of this embodiment are as follows: by adopting the above method, a device with a built-in non-Newtonian phantom bag 6 is used for pressurization, which can fully simulate the overall uniform pressure exerted by the actual water flow on the surface of the dam body, eliminating the stress concentration phenomenon caused by the existing loading method; at the same time, by adopting the device with a built-in non-Newtonian phantom bag 6 for pressure relief, it can also fully simulate the actual water flow pressure relief state, which can reduce the error caused by uneven pressure relief in the existing pressure relief method; in this way, the final result can be more in line with the actual situation, with higher accuracy and precision.

[0061] The contents described in the above embodiments should be understood as these embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the present invention, and are not used to limit the scope of the present invention. After reading the present invention, various equivalent modifications to the embodiments made by those skilled in the art fall within the scope defined by the claims attached to the present invention.

Claims

1. A pressure-adding and unloading device for an arch dam model test, comprising a support device (2) fixed to one side of an arch dam surface (1), and a pressure-adding and unloading device fixed to the support device (2), characterized in that: The pressure-adding and unloading device further comprises a mold bag (6) connected to the loading and unloading device, and the loading and unloading device comprises a receiving space (7) and a pressure plate (8); each pressure plate (8) is fixed to a plurality of jacks, and the pressure plate (8) can move in the receiving space (7) when subjected to pressure from the jacks, and the mold bag (6) is installed in the receiving space (7), one side of the mold bag (6) is connected to the pressure plate (8), and the other side is in contact with the arch dam surface (1), and a non-Newtonian body is installed in the mold bag (6).

2. The pressure relief device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The accommodating space (7) is a space that is open to the front and rear ends of the pressure plate (8) and is surrounded by blocks on all sides.

3. The pressure relief device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The pressure plate (8) is provided with a plurality of pressure positions (10) to increase the roughness at the pressure positions (10), and each pressure plate (8) is fixed to a plurality of jacks at the plurality of pressure positions (10).

4. The pressure relief device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The pressure plate (8) comprises a plate body (81) and a connecting protrusion (82) fixed on the plate body (81), and a plurality of pressure positions (10) are provided on the connecting protrusion (82).

5. The pressure relief device according to claim 4, characterized in that: The accommodating space (7) includes a top plate (71), a bottom plate (72), a left side plate (73), a right side plate (74), and a front plate (75). The top plate (71), the bottom plate (72), the left side plate (73), and the right side plate (74) are respectively fixed around the front plate (75). The top plate (71) and the bottom plate (72) are arranged opposite to each other. The left side plate (73) is respectively fixed to one end of the top plate (71) and one end of the bottom plate (72). The right side plate (74) is respectively fixed to the other end of the top plate (71) and the other end of the bottom plate (72). The front plate (75) is provided with an opening (9); the plate body (81) is arranged on one side of the front plate (75), and the connecting protrusion (82) is inserted into the opening (9).

6. The pressure relief device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: There are a number of loading and unloading devices, which are arranged in sequence from low to high along the arch dam surface (1), and each loading and unloading device is fixedly connected to each other.

7. The pressure relief device according to claim 6, characterized in that: The accommodating spaces (7) of adjacent loading and unloading devices are fixed by mortise and tenon joints.

8. A method for using the pressure-adding and pressure-reducing device for arch dam model testing as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Fixing the support device (2) on one side of the arch dam surface (1); After all the loading and unloading devices are installed, the mold bags (6) filled with non-Newtonian bodies are laid flat in the receiving space (7) of each loading and unloading device; The supporting device (2) and the plurality of loading and unloading devices are fixed in sequence from low to high along the arch dam surface (1); Fixing the jacks to the pressure plates (8) of the loading and unloading devices respectively; Start the jack to pressurize or relieve the pressure on the pressure plate (8).

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