Transparency-adjustable photovoltaic photo-thermal coupling system and use method thereof

Abstract

The invention provides a transparency-adjustable photovoltaic photo-thermal coupling system and a use method thereof, the transparency-adjustable photovoltaic photo-thermal coupling system comprises multiple layers of transparency-adjustable flexible perovskite solar cells, each layer of flexible perovskite solar cell has a hierarchical structure with different band gaps, and each layer of flexible perovskite solar cell absorbs light of different wave bands; the photo-thermal reflecting mirror is positioned below the flexible perovskite solar cell and is used for reflecting the long-wave light which is not absorbed by the flexible perovskite solar cell to a heat collector; and the transparency adjusting mechanism comprises an electric reel type storage device, and the electric reel type storage device is connected with the flexible perovskite solar cell and is used for adjusting the unfolding or storage state of the flexible perovskite solar cell. The flexible structure and the reel type storage device are adopted, so that the photovoltaic layer can dynamically adjust the unfolding state, and the problem of structural stress of a traditional rigid photovoltaic module in extreme environments of strong wind, high temperature and the like is avoided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaic thermal power generation equipment, and in particular to a photovoltaic thermal coupling system with adjustable transparency and a method for using the same. Background Art

[0002] With the widespread application of solar energy, photovoltaic and solar thermal energy have gradually become the main technologies for renewable energy utilization. Traditional photovoltaic and solar thermal systems suffer from the following problems: irrational energy distribution between solar thermal and photovoltaic systems, and inadequate light spectrum utilization. Existing systems often lack effective synergistic optimization between solar thermal and photovoltaic systems, resulting in low efficiency in photoelectric conversion and solar thermal utilization. Existing solar energy systems generally can only choose between photovoltaic or solar thermal modes of operation, lacking flexible switching capabilities and difficulty adapting to energy demands under different environmental conditions. Traditional photovoltaic modules are mostly rigid structures, making it difficult to operate stably for long periods of time in harsh environments and lacking good adaptability.

[0003] Therefore, how to optimize spectrum distribution and improve the flexibility, adaptability and intelligence level of the system has become a key issue that needs to be urgently addressed in current solar energy utilization technology. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention aims to provide a photovoltaic-thermal coupling system with adjustable transparency and its use method. By integrating multiple layers of flexible perovskite solar cells with adjustable transparency and thermal reflectors, this system addresses the existing issues of irrational spectrum distribution and the system's inability to flexibly adjust energy conversion. The system can dynamically adjust the conversion ratio of photovoltaic and thermal energy based on environmental conditions and needs, thereby improving the overall efficiency of solar energy utilization.

[0005] According to the purpose of the present invention, the present invention provides a transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, comprising:

[0006] A multi-layered flexible perovskite solar cell with adjustable transparency, wherein each layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell has a hierarchical structure with a different band gap, and each layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell absorbs light of a different wavelength band;

[0007] A photothermal reflector, located below the flexible perovskite solar cell, for reflecting long-wave light not absorbed by the flexible perovskite solar cell to a heat collector;

[0008] The transparency adjustment mechanism includes an electric scroll-type storage device, which is connected to the flexible perovskite solar cell to adjust the unfolding or storage state of the flexible perovskite solar cell.

[0009] Furthermore, it also includes a control system, which includes a light intensity sensor, a temperature sensor and an intelligent control chip. The control system automatically adjusts the photovoltaic thermal mode according to environmental conditions, and the transparency adjustment mechanism is connected to the control system.

[0010] Furthermore, the control system dynamically adjusts the transparency of the flexible perovskite solar cell according to real-time light intensity, temperature and load demand to optimize the energy distribution of photovoltaic and photothermal energy.

[0011] Furthermore, the flexible perovskite solar cell includes at least two layers, and the band gap combination of the at least two layers of the flexible perovskite solar cell is used to absorb ultraviolet light, visible light or near-infrared light respectively.

[0012] Furthermore, the electric scroll-type storage device includes several scrolls, and the flexible perovskite solar cells are respectively wound on the corresponding scrolls. The scrolls are connected to micro motors, and the micro motor drives the scrolls to rotate to realize the unfolding or storage of the flexible perovskite solar cells.

[0013] Furthermore, the electric scroll-type storage device also includes a connecting frame, the photothermal reflector is fixed at the bottom of the connecting frame, and several of the scrolls are rotatably connected to the front and rear ends of the connecting frame. The other end of the connecting frame is rotatably connected to a roller, and the roller is connected to the connecting frame through a torsion spring. Each of the scrolls is respectively connected to one of the micro motors, and a layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell is pre-wound on the surface of the scroll. Traction lines are respectively provided on both sides of the flexible perovskite solar cell, and the traction lines are wound around the rollers.

[0014] Furthermore, the flexible perovskite solar cell adopts PET or PI substrate material, which has good mechanical durability and flexibility.

[0015] According to another object of the present invention, the present invention provides a method for using the above-mentioned transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, comprising the following steps:

[0016] Under high solar irradiation conditions: all flexible perovskite solar cells are unfolded, the first layer of flexible perovskite solar cells mainly absorbs high-energy short-wave light, the second layer of flexible perovskite solar cells absorbs visible light, and the third layer of flexible perovskite solar cells absorbs near-infrared light. The remaining long-wave light is transmitted to the photothermal reflector for photothermal conversion.

[0017] In the case of low solar radiation or high demand for photothermal energy: part of the high-bandgap flexible perovskite solar cell layer is retracted, leaving only the low-bandgap flexible perovskite solar cell layer, allowing more light to pass through the photothermal reflector, thereby improving the heat collection efficiency.

[0018] Furthermore, the unfolding and storage of the flexible perovskite solar cell includes the following steps:

[0019] Step 1: Intelligent control system monitors environmental parameters

[0020] The current solar spectrum distribution and intensity are measured through light sensors; the ambient temperature and the operating temperature of the solar thermal system are monitored through temperature sensors; and the current photovoltaic / solar thermal power generation demand is determined by load demand.

[0021] Step 2: The electric scroll-type storage device automatically adjusts the unfolding state of the perovskite solar cell according to the lighting conditions and performs the storage / expansion operation.

[0022] The electric reel-type storage device uses a micro motor to drive the reel to control the unfolding or storage status of solar cells with different band gaps, and combines with an intelligent control system to achieve automatic adjustment.

[0023] Furthermore, the adjustment of the expanded and stored state of the perovskite solar cell includes the following steps:

[0024] Under strong sunlight conditions, photovoltaic power generation efficiency is high, and all perovskite layers are unfolded to maximize the use of sunlight to generate electricity;

[0025] In low light conditions, the photovoltaic efficiency is relatively low. Incorporating one or more layers of flexible perovskite solar cells allows more light to reach the bottom, improving the utilization of light and heat.

[0026] Clouds weaken the intensity of ultraviolet and short-wave light, but have little effect on infrared light. High-bandgap flexible perovskite solar cells are deployed to ensure photovoltaic power generation capacity, while low-bandgap flexible perovskite solar cells are housed to allow more infrared light to enter the solar thermal system.

[0027] The temperature is lower in winter, and the temperature of photovoltaic modules is low. The flexible perovskite solar cells with high band gap layers are used to allow more visible light and short-wave light to pass through, thereby increasing the energy input of the photothermal reflector. Only the flexible perovskite solar cells with low band gap layers are retained for photovoltaic power generation to avoid the impact of heat on the photovoltaic modules.

[0028] The technical solution of this invention utilizes a flexible structure and a reel-type storage device, allowing the photovoltaic layer to dynamically adjust its unfolding state, thus avoiding the structural stress issues that traditional rigid photovoltaic modules face in extreme environments such as strong winds and high temperatures. The design of the adjustable transparency structure not only improves the efficiency of solar-thermal integration but also enhances its resistance to wind and sand, making it particularly suitable for extreme environments such as plateaus and deserts, ensuring long-term stable operation of the system in adverse climates. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the specific embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0030] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 2 This is a schematic structural diagram of a working state of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 3 This is another schematic diagram of the working state structure of an embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 4 This is a schematic structural diagram of a flexible perovskite solar cell in an unfolded state according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 5 This is a schematic structural diagram of a flexible perovskite solar cell in a stored state according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0035] In the figure: 1. The first layer of flexible perovskite solar cells; 2. The second layer of flexible perovskite solar cells; 3. The third layer of flexible perovskite solar cells; 4. Photothermal reflector; 5. Scroll; 6. Connecting frame; 7. Servo motor; 8. Roller; 9. Traction line; 10. Torsion spring. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions of the present invention in conjunction with the embodiments. Obviously, the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0037] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise" and the like to indicate directions or positional relationships based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific direction, be constructed and operate in a specific direction, and therefore should not be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0038] In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of the indicated technical features. Therefore, the features defined as "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the said features. In the description of the present invention, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined. In addition, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or it can be a communication between the two elements. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to the specific circumstances.

[0039] Example 1

[0040] like Figure 1-Figure 5 As shown:

[0041] A photovoltaic-thermal coupling system with adjustable transparency, comprising:

[0042] Multi-layered flexible perovskite solar cells with adjustable transparency, each layer of which has a hierarchical structure with different band gaps, and each layer of which absorbs light in different wavelengths;

[0043] The photothermal reflector is located below the flexible perovskite solar cell and is used to reflect the long-wave light not absorbed by the flexible perovskite solar cell to the collector;

[0044] The transparency adjustment mechanism uses an electric scroll-type storage device to adjust the unfolding or storage state of the flexible perovskite solar cell through an intelligent control system;

[0045] The control system includes a light intensity sensor, a temperature sensor and an intelligent control chip, which automatically adjusts the photovoltaic thermal mode according to environmental conditions.

[0046] The flexible perovskite solar cell of the present invention adopts PET or PI substrate materials, and the band gap combination of the flexible perovskite solar cell is 2.1eV, 1.6eV and 1.3eV, which are used to absorb ultraviolet light, visible light and near-infrared light respectively.

[0047] The design of the photothermal reflector can improve the reflection efficiency of long-wave light.

[0048] The control system of the present invention can dynamically adjust the transparency of the flexible perovskite solar cell according to real-time light intensity, temperature and load requirements.

[0049] The electric scroll-type storage device is driven by a micro motor to unfold or store flexible perovskite solar cells with different band gaps.

[0050] The system automatically adjusts the conversion ratio of photovoltaic power to solar thermal power based on seasonal variations. It prioritizes the deployment of the photovoltaic layer in strong sunlight conditions, maximizing photovoltaic power generation, and prioritizes the deployment of the solar thermal layer in low light conditions, improving thermal energy efficiency. The system is highly adaptable to harsh climates and is suitable for environments such as plateaus and deserts. The overall system design offers excellent resistance to wind and sand, ensuring long-term stable operation.

[0051] The present invention adopts multi-layer transparency-adjustable flexible perovskite solar cells, each layer of solar cells has a different band gap, so as to selectively absorb ultraviolet light, visible light and part of near-infrared light, avoiding the spectral loss caused by a single band gap structure. The photothermal reflector serves as the bottom emitting component, which is responsible for reflecting long-wave light (infrared light) that is not absorbed by the photovoltaic layer, thereby improving the photothermal conversion efficiency. The electric scroll-type storage device and the intelligent control system can automatically adjust the transparency and optimize the energy distribution of photovoltaic and photothermal systems according to different light intensities, climate environments and energy requirements. Combined with environmental sensors and intelligent control chips, dynamic adjustment of the photovoltaic and photothermal systems is achieved, and the adaptability and comprehensive power generation efficiency of the system are improved. The present invention solves the problems of unreasonable spectrum distribution, fixed working mode and low adaptability in existing solar energy systems, and greatly improves the overall energy efficiency of the system.

[0052] This invention integrates flexible perovskite solar cells with adjustable transparency and solar thermal reflectors. When the system is operating under high light intensity, all photovoltaic cell layers expand, fully absorbing short-wavelength light (ultraviolet and visible light) for efficient photoelectric conversion. Unabsorbed infrared light passes through the photovoltaic cell layers and is reflected by the solar thermal reflectors to the collector, where it is converted into heat energy. When light intensity is low or the ambient temperature is low, some of the high-bandgap photovoltaic layers retract, allowing more light to pass through the solar cells and be absorbed by the reflectors, improving the efficiency of the solar thermal system.

[0053] The flexible perovskite solar cell of this invention utilizes high-temperature and UV-resistant materials to ensure system stability in extreme environments. Furthermore, a motorized reel-type storage device allows the photovoltaic layer to be automatically deployed or retracted as needed, improving the system's adaptability.

[0054] This invention uses an intelligent control system to monitor light intensity, temperature, and electricity demand in real time, automatically adjusting the photovoltaic-thermal mode. For example, in winter, when greater thermal energy is needed, the system prioritizes solar thermal mode; in summer, when electricity demand is high, the system prioritizes deploying the photovoltaic layer, increasing the proportion of power generation.

[0055] Example 2

[0056] The structure of this embodiment is basically the same as that of Example 1, except that this embodiment specifically uses a three-layer flexible perovskite solar cell with adjustable transparency to illustrate the structure of the present invention.

[0057] The transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of the present invention comprises:

[0058] The photothermal reflector located at the bottom layer is used to reflect long-wavelength light (infrared light) to the collector to improve the photothermal conversion efficiency;

[0059] A multi-layer transparency-adjustable flexible perovskite solar cell is provided above the photothermal reflector. The multi-layer transparency-adjustable flexible perovskite solar cell is composed of multiple layers of flexible perovskite solar cells with different band gaps. The flexible perovskite solar cells in different layers absorb light in different wavelengths, and the remaining light is transmitted to the lower layer or the photothermal reflector.

[0060] Transparency adjustment mechanism: Adopting an electric storage mechanism, it can unfold or store perovskite solar cells with different band gaps according to environmental conditions, thus achieving dynamic transparency adjustment;

[0061] Control system: including environmental sensors (light intensity sensor, temperature sensor), intelligent control chip and actuator to achieve intelligent control;

[0062] Solar thermal collector: used to absorb long-wavelength light reflected by solar thermal reflectors and store thermal energy or use it for power generation.

[0063] In this embodiment, the specific structure of the flexible perovskite solar cell with adjustable transparency includes a multi-layer flexible perovskite solar cell. The perovskite solar cell adopts a layered design with different band gaps to achieve spectrally selective absorption and improve the controllability of transmitted light.

[0064] In this embodiment, a three-layer perovskite solar cell is included, and the basic structure of each layer of the perovskite solar cell includes a transparent conductive layer, a perovskite light absorption layer, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer and a flexible substrate material;

[0065] Transparent conductive layer (such as ITO, FTO): ensures light transmittance and acts as an electrode to collect charges. Perovskite light absorption layer (different band gap): core material responsible for absorbing light in a specific wavelength range and generating current. Electron transport layer (ETL) (such as SnO2, TiO2, C60): promotes the transport of electrons from the perovskite layer to the external electrode. Hole transport layer (HTL) (such as Spiro-OMeTAD, PTAA, NiO x ):Promote the transport of holes to the external electrode and improve the stability of the device. Flexible substrate materials (such as PET, PI): Ensure the flexibility of the device and realize the curling and storage function.

[0066] In this embodiment, the bandgap distribution of the flexible perovskite solar cell is designed as follows:

[0067] Different layers of perovskite light-absorbing materials have different band gaps to selectively absorb sunlight of different wavelengths: according to different working modes, different multi-layer transparency-adjustable flexible perovskite solar cell structures can be designed, including four types: standard type (photovoltaic and thermal balance type), high photovoltaic efficiency type (photovoltaic priority type), high thermal efficiency type (thermal priority type) and wide spectrum utilization type (full-band balanced absorption type). The details are as follows:

[0068] Option 1: Standard (Photovoltaic and Thermal Balanced)

[0069] The design goal of the photovoltaic-thermal balance type is to use short-wave light (ultraviolet and visible light) for photovoltaic power generation, while long-wave light (near-infrared) is mainly used for photothermal conversion. Its specific characteristics are shown in Table 1:

[0070] Table 1:

[0071]

[0072]

[0073] The first layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 1 has a band gap of 2.1eV, absorbs short-wave light to prevent it from damaging the underlying devices and reduces heat loss (short-wave light has high energy but is easily converted into heat).

[0074] The second layer of flexible perovskite solar cells has a band gap of 1.6eV, corresponding to the main power generation band gap in the visible light region, maximizing the photovoltaic conversion efficiency2.

[0075] The third layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 3 has a band gap of 1.3eV, which allows long-wavelength light to pass through and improves the light-to-heat conversion efficiency.

[0076] Option 2: High photovoltaic efficiency (photovoltaic priority)

[0077] The design goal of the photovoltaic priority type is to maximize photovoltaic conversion efficiency, minimize light and heat transmission, and improve overall photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Its specific characteristics are shown in Table 2:

[0078] Table 2

[0079]

[0080] The first layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 1 has a band gap of 2.2eV, which further increases the open circuit voltage and improves the single-layer photovoltaic efficiency.

[0081] The second layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 2 has a band gap of 1.8eV and enhances green-red light absorption, making it the main power generation layer.

[0082] The third layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 3 has a band gap of 1.4eV and can still transmit some infrared light, but it gives priority to photovoltaic power generation and does not pursue maximum photothermal utilization.

[0083] Option 3: High photothermal efficiency (photothermal priority)

[0084] The design goal of the photothermal priority type is to allow as much sunlight as possible to pass through the photothermal reflector to improve the photothermal conversion efficiency. Its specific characteristics are shown in Table 3:

[0085] Table 3

[0086]

[0087] The first layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 1 has a band gap of 2.3eV and only absorbs high-energy short-wave light, reducing visible light loss.

[0088] The second layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 2 has a band gap of 1.9eV, which further reduces photovoltaic absorption and increases transmitted light.

[0089] The third layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 3 has a band gap of 1.5eV, allowing most infrared light to penetrate and improving the photothermal efficiency.

[0090] Option 4: Broad spectrum utilization (full-band balanced absorption)

[0091] The design goal of the full-band balanced absorption type is to make the photovoltaic layers with different band gaps absorb the spectrum in a balanced manner and improve energy utilization. Its specific characteristics are shown in Table 4:

[0092] Table 4

[0093]

[0094] The first layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 1 has a band gap of 2.0 eV and appropriately absorbs short-wave light to avoid light damage to the underlying devices.

[0095] The second layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 2 has a band gap of 1.7eV, which ensures visible light absorption and provides a certain infrared transmission capability.

[0096] The third layer of flexible perovskite solar cell 3 has a band gap of 1.35eV, transmits more infrared light, and improves the light-thermal coupling efficiency.

[0097] When the present invention is used, the working principle is as follows:

[0098] Under high solar irradiation conditions (such as noon): all perovskite layers are unfolded, the first layer of flexible perovskite solar cells mainly absorbs high-energy short-wave light (ultraviolet to green light), the second layer of flexible perovskite solar cells absorbs visible light (green to red light), and the third layer of flexible perovskite solar cells absorbs near-infrared light. The remaining long-wave light (>900nm) is transmitted to the photothermal reflector for photothermal conversion.

[0099] In conditions of low solar irradiation or high solar thermal demand (such as in the morning, evening or cold weather): part of the higher bandgap solar cell layer can be retracted, leaving only the low bandgap cell layer, allowing more light to pass through to the solar thermal system and improving the heat collection efficiency.

[0100] The transparency adjustment method of the flexible perovskite solar cell of the present invention mainly relies on the expansion and storage of flexible perovskite solar cells with different band gaps. The specific method is as follows:

[0101] Step 1: Intelligent control system monitors environmental parameters

[0102] The current solar spectrum distribution and intensity are measured through light sensors; the ambient temperature and the operating temperature of the solar thermal system are monitored through temperature sensors; and the current photovoltaic / solar thermal power generation demand is determined by load demand.

[0103] Step 2: Automatically adjust the expansion state of the perovskite solar cell

[0104] In the present invention, four schemes are adopted for the unfolded state of the perovskite solar cell:

[0105] Solution 1: Strong sunlight (sunny day, noon, photovoltaic priority mode)

[0106] Applicable conditions: Time: 10:00-14:00 (solar radiation is strongest)

[0107] Weather: Sunny

[0108] Goal: Maximize photovoltaic power generation, reduce light and heat transmission, and reduce thermal management pressure

[0109] Under strong sunlight, photovoltaic power generation efficiency is high. Unfolding all perovskite layers maximizes the use of sunlight for power generation. High-energy, short-wavelength light can easily increase device temperature, and unfolding the high-bandgap layer (2.1eV) can reduce heat loss and extend the life of the photovoltaic module. The status of each layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell is shown in Table 5:

[0110] Table 5

[0111]

[0112] Option 2: Low sunlight (morning / evening, light and heat priority mode)

[0113] Applicable conditions:

[0114] Time: 06:00-09:00, 16:00-19:00 (low sun angle, weak light intensity)

[0115] Weather: Sunny or cloudy

[0116] Goal: Allow more light to penetrate the photothermal system and improve photothermal conversion efficiency

[0117] In the morning and evening, sunlight angles are low, and shortwave light (ultraviolet and blue light) is relatively low, making the expansion of the high-bandgap layer less effective. However, properly transmitting shortwave light can improve the photothermal conversion efficiency. In low light conditions, photovoltaic efficiency is relatively low, so it is necessary to reserve more light energy for the photothermal system. This allows more light to reach the bottom layer (2.1eV) and improve photothermal utilization. The status of each layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell is shown in Table 6:

[0118] Table 6

[0119] Number of layers Band gap (ev) Expanded / folded state Scientific analysis First floor 2.1 Storage Transmit more short-wave light and increase the input energy of the photothermal system Second floor 1.6 Expand Mainly absorbs visible light and provides basic photovoltaic power generation Third floor 1.3 Expand Appropriate absorption of infrared light to balance photovoltaic and photothermal utilization

[0120] Option 3: Cloudy weather (balanced mode)

[0121] Applicable conditions:

[0122] Weather: cloudy, lightly covered

[0123] Goal: Take into account both photovoltaic power generation and solar thermal utilization, and dynamically adjust transparency

[0124] Cloud cover weakens the intensity of ultraviolet and shortwave light, but has less impact on infrared light. Properly expanding the high-bandgap layer (2.1eV) ensures photovoltaic power generation capacity, while simultaneously retaining the low-bandgap layer (1.3eV) allows more infrared light to enter the solar thermal system. This improves the system's overall energy efficiency and achieves a more balanced photovoltaic and solar thermal power generation. The status of each layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell is shown in Table 7:

[0125] Table 7

[0126] Number of layers Band gap (ev) Expanded / folded state Scientific analysis First floor 2.1 Expand Absorb short-wave light to improve photovoltaic power generation efficiency Second floor 1.6 Expand As the main power generation layer, maximize photovoltaic utilization Third floor 1.3 Storage Allows some long-wave light to pass through, increasing light and heat absorption

[0127] Option 4: Winter (photothermal enhancement mode)

[0128] Applicable conditions:

[0129] Season: Winter

[0130] Goal: Improve the efficiency of solar thermal systems and reduce the impact of cell temperature on photovoltaic performance

[0131] Winter temperatures are lower, and the temperature of photovoltaic modules is also lower. Appropriately increasing the energy input to the solar thermal system can improve overall system efficiency. Incorporating high-bandgap layers (2.1eV and 1.6eV) allows more visible and short-wavelength light to pass through, increasing the energy input to the solar thermal reflector. Retaining only the low-bandgap layer (1.3eV) for photovoltaic power generation minimizes the effects of heat on the photovoltaic module. The status of each layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell is shown in Table 8:

[0132] Table 8

[0133] Number of layers Band gap (ev) Expanded / folded state Scientific analysis First floor 2.1 Storage Allows more short-wave light to pass through, increasing light and heat absorption Second floor 1.6 Storage Transmit visible light to increase the energy input of the photothermal system Third floor 1.3 Expand Only absorbs near-infrared to improve photovoltaic conversion efficiency

[0134] Step 3: Electric scroll storage device performs storage / expansion operation

[0135] The electric reel-type storage device uses a micro motor to drive the reel 5 to control the deployment or storage state of solar cells with different band gaps. Combined with an intelligent control system, it can achieve automatic adjustment, and the transparency mode can also be manually set.

[0136] In this embodiment, the electric reel-type storage device includes a connecting frame 6 and a plurality of reels 5. A photothermal reflector 4 is fixed to the bottom of the connecting frame 6. A plurality of reels 5 are evenly rotated at both ends of the upper portion of the connecting frame 6. A servo motor 7 is provided in each reel 5. The servo motor 7 is fixedly connected to the connecting frame 6. The output shaft of the servo motor 7 is connected to the corresponding reel 5. The servo motor 7 can drive the reel 5 to rotate. The reels 5 are respectively wound with corresponding flexible perovskite solar cells. The other end of the connecting frame 6 is rotatably provided with a plurality of rollers 8, which are arranged corresponding to the reels 5. The diameter of the reel 5 is large, so that the circumference of the reel 5 is greater than the length of the flexible perovskite solar cell. The flexible perovskite solar cell can be rolled on the surface of the reel 5 without overlapping or contacting each other. It is understandable that one end of the flexible perovskite solar cell can be glued or welded to the reel 5 so that the reeling or releasing of the flexible perovskite solar cell can be achieved by the rotation of the reel 5.

[0137] In order to keep the flexible perovskite solar cells in a tensioned state during the rotation of the reel 5, traction lines 9 are provided on both sides of each layer of flexible perovskite solar cells, and the two ends of the traction lines 9 extend from the two ends of the flexible perovskite solar cells respectively. On the one hand, the traction lines 9 can enhance the strength of the flexible perovskite solar cells to avoid the flexible perovskite solar cells from breaking during the rotation of the reel 5. On the other hand, by winding the traction lines 9 on the roller 8, the roller 8 is connected to the connecting frame through a torsion spring. In this way, the traction lines can be kept in a tensioned state at all times, so that the flexible perovskite solar cells can be kept in a tensioned state. In this way, when the reel 5 is rotated forward and reversed, the flexible perovskite solar cells can be smoothly wound up or released, so that the flexible perovskite solar cells can be driven to unfold or store by the servo motor.

[0138] The present invention achieves synergistic photovoltaic-thermal optimization, improving overall energy conversion efficiency. The integrated design of multi-layer, transparency-adjustable flexible perovskite solar cells and photothermal reflectors allows for the rational distribution of solar energy across different spectral regions. Short-wave light (ultraviolet and visible light) is primarily used for photovoltaic power generation, while long-wave light (infrared light) is transmitted to the photothermal reflectors and ultimately absorbed by the photothermal collectors, improving the system's spectral utilization. The maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency can reach over 30% (depending on the specific bandgap design optimization), significantly improving overall solar energy utilization.

[0139] This invention features adjustable transparency, adapting to various environments and enhancing flexibility in power generation and heating. A motorized retraction system adjusts the transparency of the flexible perovskite solar cell, intelligently switching between photovoltaic and solar thermal modes according to varying lighting conditions, climate, and energy demands. In strong sunlight, all photovoltaic layers deploy to maximize photovoltaic power generation. In low-light or cold environments, portions of the high-bandgap photovoltaic layer retract, allowing more light to reach the solar thermal system and improving thermal energy utilization. An intelligent control system monitors light intensity, temperature, and power generation demand in real time, dynamically adjusting transparency to optimize photovoltaic and solar thermal utilization, enhancing the overall system's adaptability and overall power generation efficiency.

[0140] The multi-bandgap flexible perovskite cell of this invention improves photovoltaic conversion efficiency. The photovoltaic unit utilizes a layered bandgap optimization strategy. Typical designs include different bandgap combinations such as 2.1eV, 1.6eV, and 1.3eV. This allows the photovoltaic module to fully absorb ultraviolet, visible, and some near-infrared light, avoiding the spectral loss caused by a single bandgap structure. Furthermore, the photovoltaic module adopts a flexible design, and the substrate materials, such as PET and PI, have good mechanical durability and flexibility, meeting the requirements of curling and storage.

[0141] The present invention utilizes intelligent control and automatic adjustment, enhancing the system's intelligence. It integrates an intelligent environmental sensing system, including a light intensity sensor, a temperature sensor, and a load monitoring module, combined with an intelligent control chip to optimize the management of solar energy allocation strategies. The system automatically adjusts the photovoltaic-to-solar thermal conversion mode based on different seasons, weather conditions, and real-time energy demand. For example, in winter, the solar thermal mode can be enhanced to improve heating efficiency, while in summer, the photovoltaic layer is prioritized to reduce the heat load and increase the proportion of photovoltaic power generation. This automatic adjustment function not only optimizes system energy efficiency but also reduces the cost of manual intervention, making solar power generation and thermal energy utilization more efficient and intelligent.

[0142] The present invention boasts a rational structural design, enhanced durability and environmental adaptability. Its flexible structure and reel-type storage device allow the photovoltaic layer to dynamically adjust its unfolded state, avoiding the structural stress issues experienced by traditional rigid photovoltaic modules in extreme environments such as strong winds and high temperatures. The low-temperature preparation process for flexible perovskite cells makes them suitable for lightweight substrates, reducing system weight and making them suitable for rooftop photovoltaics, mobile energy, and solar thermal systems. The design of the adjustable transparency structure not only improves the efficiency of solar thermal integration but also enhances its resistance to wind and sand, making it particularly suitable for extreme environments such as plateaus and deserts, ensuring the long-term stable operation of the system in adverse climatic conditions.

[0143] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the above embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein with equivalents. However, these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic-thermal coupling system with adjustable transparency, characterized in that: include: A multi-layered flexible perovskite solar cell with adjustable transparency, wherein each layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell has a hierarchical structure with a different band gap, and each layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell absorbs light of a different wavelength band; A photothermal reflector, located below the flexible perovskite solar cell, for reflecting long-wave light not absorbed by the flexible perovskite solar cell to a heat collector; The transparency adjustment mechanism includes an electric scroll-type storage device, which is connected to the flexible perovskite solar cell to adjust the unfolding or storage state of the flexible perovskite solar cell.

2. The transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a control system, which includes a light intensity sensor, a temperature sensor and an intelligent control chip. The control system automatically adjusts the photovoltaic thermal mode according to environmental conditions, and the transparency adjustment mechanism is connected to the control system.

3. The transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 2, characterized in that: The control system dynamically adjusts the transparency of the flexible perovskite solar cell according to real-time light intensity, temperature and load demand to optimize the energy distribution of photovoltaic and photothermal energy.

4. The transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The flexible perovskite solar cell includes at least two layers, and the band gap combination of the at least two layers of the flexible perovskite solar cell is used to absorb ultraviolet light, visible light or near-infrared light respectively.

5. The transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electric scroll-type storage device includes several scrolls, and the flexible perovskite solar cells are respectively wound on the corresponding scrolls. The scrolls are connected to micro motors, and the micro motor drives the scrolls to rotate to realize the unfolding or storage of the flexible perovskite solar cells.

6. The transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 5, characterized in that: The electric scroll-type storage device also includes a connecting frame, the photothermal reflector is fixed at the bottom of the connecting frame, and several scrolls are rotatably connected to the front and rear ends of the connecting frame. The other end of the connecting frame is rotatably connected to a roller, and the roller is connected to the connecting frame through a torsion spring. Each scroll is connected to one of the micro motors respectively, and a layer of the flexible perovskite solar cell is pre-wound on the surface of the scroll. A traction line is provided on both sides of the flexible perovskite solar cell, and the traction line is wound around the roller.

7. The transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The flexible perovskite solar cell adopts PET or PI substrate material and has good mechanical durability and flexibility.

8. The method for using the transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The steps include: Under high solar irradiation conditions: all flexible perovskite solar cells are unfolded, the first layer of flexible perovskite solar cells mainly absorbs high-energy short-wave light, the second layer of flexible perovskite solar cells absorbs visible light, and the third layer of flexible perovskite solar cells absorbs near-infrared light. The remaining long-wave light is transmitted to the photothermal reflector for photothermal conversion. In the case of low solar radiation or high demand for photothermal energy: part of the high-bandgap flexible perovskite solar cell layer is retracted, leaving only the low-bandgap flexible perovskite solar cell layer, allowing more light to pass through the photothermal reflector, thereby improving the heat collection efficiency.

9. The method for using the transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 8, characterized in that: The unfolding and storage of the flexible perovskite solar cell includes the following steps: Step 1: Intelligent control system monitors environmental parameters The current solar spectrum distribution and intensity are measured through light sensors; the ambient temperature and the operating temperature of the solar thermal system are monitored through temperature sensors; and the current photovoltaic / solar thermal power generation demand is determined by load demand. Step 2: The electric scroll-type storage device automatically adjusts the unfolding state of the perovskite solar cell according to the lighting conditions and performs the storage / expansion operation. The electric reel-type storage device uses a micro motor to drive the reel to control the unfolding or storage status of solar cells with different band gaps, and combines with an intelligent control system to achieve automatic adjustment.

10. The method for using the transparency-adjustable photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 9, characterized in that: The adjustment of the unfolded or stowed state of the perovskite solar cell includes the following steps: Under strong sunlight conditions, photovoltaic power generation efficiency is high, and all perovskite layers are unfolded to maximize the use of sunlight to generate electricity; In low light conditions, the photovoltaic efficiency is relatively low. Incorporating one or more layers of flexible perovskite solar cells allows more light to reach the bottom, improving the utilization of light and heat. Clouds weaken the intensity of ultraviolet and short-wave light, but have little effect on infrared light. High-bandgap flexible perovskite solar cells are deployed to ensure photovoltaic power generation capacity, while low-bandgap flexible perovskite solar cells are housed to allow more infrared light to enter the solar thermal system. The temperature is lower in winter, and the temperature of photovoltaic modules is low. The flexible perovskite solar cells with high band gap layers are used to allow more visible light and short-wave light to pass through, thereby increasing the energy input of the photothermal reflector. Only the flexible perovskite solar cells with low band gap layers are retained for photovoltaic power generation to avoid the impact of heat on the photovoltaic modules.

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