Device and method for detecting tunnel water-outburst and mud-outburst surrounding rock cracks

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of disaster prevention and control of underground engineering, and particularly relates to tunnel water and mud inrush surrounding rock fracture detection equipment and method, and the equipment comprises a plurality of detection balls and a detection ball release pipeline assembly; the detection ball is mounted in the detection ball release pipeline assembly; the detection ball comprises a detection ball upper cover and a detection ball lower cover; the guide rail is of a spiral structure; the test paper is cylindrical and coaxially sleeves the outer side of the guide rail; the magnetic traction ball is fixedly connected with the detection ball lower cover through an elastic part, the magnetic traction ball is in running fit with the elastic part, one side of the magnetic traction ball is movably provided with one end of a refill, and the other end of the refill is in contact with the test paper; the detection ball upper cover is in transmission connection with the magnetic traction ball; the elastic part drives the magnetic traction ball to move, and the refill moves along the guide rail. Compared with the prior art, the device does not depend on electronic elements, completely avoids the influence of temperature and electromagnetic interference, does not need a signal transmission system, and is suitable for being used in high-temperature, high-humidity and high-pressure deep tunnels.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of underground engineering disaster prevention and control, and in particular relates to a device and method for detecting surrounding rock fissures caused by water and mud bursts in tunnels. Background Art

[0002] During the construction of underground projects, "water and mud bursts" are a common and dangerous geological disaster. It refers to the phenomenon that when construction passes through water-rich zones such as caves or faults, a large amount of water accompanied by mud, sand or rock fragments rushes into the construction space in a short period of time. It has the characteristics of high density, fast speed, high pressure and strong destructive power, and can easily lead to casualties and equipment damage.

[0003] At present, the prevention and control measures mainly include geological exploration, drainage system layout, grouting reinforcement and other methods. Among them, geological exploration is a key link. Accurately understanding the geometric distribution of water channels is the prerequisite for formulating effective drainage and grouting reinforcement plans. The technical methods commonly used in engineering to detect the geometric distribution of water channels include seismic radar, transient electromagnetic method, seismic wave method, borehole television, acoustic imaging, isotope tracking method, etc. However, as the project develops deeper, problems such as high ground temperature, high ground stress, high pore water pressure, and strong rock fragmentation begin to appear. The previous conventional detection methods have obvious limitations, including:

[0004] (1) Severe electromagnetic wave attenuation: The deep rock mass has high water content and high electrical conductivity, and the penetration ability of electromagnetic waves is significantly reduced; (2) Large construction interference: More underground metal facilities (such as support and steel mesh) will increase signal interference; (3) Complex wave velocity field: The deep rock mass has high stress and many fracture zones, and the wave field propagation and reflection are extremely complex; (4) Deep drilling is costly and has large disturbances. High temperature, high pressure, and water flow impact in the well will interfere with imaging quality; (5) Tracers need a long time to wait for water body response, have poor timeliness, and cannot directly obtain geometric shapes.

[0005] Therefore, there is still a need to further develop geological exploration equipment suitable for deep underground engineering.

[0006] When developing deep underground engineering geological exploration equipment, the adverse effects of high ground temperatures and high pore water pressure on the equipment must be considered. High ground temperatures severely impact the operation of electronic control equipment. Furthermore, in deep, high-temperature, and high-humidity environments, electronic control systems are fragile, difficult to maintain, and suffer from poor heat dissipation. Therefore, a device and method for detecting surrounding rock fractures and water inrush, mud intrusion, and other issues in tunnels is urgently needed. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a tunnel water burst and mud burst surrounding rock crack detection equipment and method to solve the above problems.

[0008] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solutions:

[0009] A tunnel water burst and mud burst surrounding rock crack detection device, comprising:

[0010] Several detection balls and detection ball release pipe assemblies;

[0011] The detection ball is installed in the detection ball release pipeline assembly;

[0012] The detection ball comprises:

[0013] A detection ball upper cover and a detection ball lower cover, wherein the detection ball upper cover and the detection ball lower cover are spliced ​​into a sphere; the detection ball lower cover has a mass greater than that of the detection ball upper cover;

[0014] A guide rail, the bottom of which is fixed to the lower cover of the detection ball, and the guide rail is a spiral structure;

[0015] The test paper has a bottom portion fixed to the lower cover of the detection ball, and the test paper is cylindrical and coaxially sleeved on the outer side of the guide rail;

[0016] A magnetic traction ball is fixedly connected to the lower cover of the detection ball through an elastic part. The magnetic traction ball rotates in conjunction with the elastic part. One end of the pen core is movably provided on one side of the magnetic traction ball, and the other end of the pen core contacts the test paper.

[0017] The detection ball upper cover is in transmission connection with the magnetic traction ball;

[0018] The elastic part drives the magnetic traction ball to move, and the pen core moves along the guide rail.

[0019] Optionally, the outer surface of the detection ball upper cover and the detection ball lower cover is a smooth surface or a rough surface.

[0020] Optionally, the elastic part includes a spring, the bottom end of the spring is fixedly connected to the center of the inner wall of the lower cover of the detection ball, and the spring is rotationally connected to the magnetic traction ball.

[0021] Optionally, the magnetic traction ball is provided with a magnetic traction ball rotation port, and a magnetic traction ball rotation port limiting ring is axially connected to the inner side of the groove of the magnetic traction ball rotation port. The end of the spring away from the lower cover of the detection ball slides into the magnetic traction ball rotation port, and the magnetic traction ball rotation port limiting ring is limited and rotated with the end of the spring away from the lower cover of the detection ball.

[0022] Optionally, a refill expansion opening is provided on one side of the magnetic traction ball, the refill expansion opening is perpendicularly arranged to the rotation opening space of the magnetic traction ball, a refill expansion opening limiting ring is axially connected to the inner side of the notch of the refill expansion opening, the end of the refill away from the test paper slides into the refill expansion opening, and the end of the refill away from the test paper is limited and rotatably matched with the refill expansion opening limiting ring;

[0023] A micro spring is provided between the end of the pen core away from the test paper and the inner wall of the pen core telescopic opening. One end of the micro spring is connected to the end of the pen core away from the test paper, and the other end of the micro spring is connected to the inner wall of the pen core telescopic opening.

[0024] Optionally, the lower cover of the detection ball and the upper cover of the detection ball are both non-ferromagnetic substrates, and a ferromagnetic liner is embedded in the inner side of the upper cover of the detection ball, and the ferromagnetic liner is magnetically connected to the magnetic traction ball.

[0025] Optionally, the surface of the guide rail is provided with a sinusoidal corrugated structure.

[0026] Optionally, the detection ball release pipeline assembly includes:

[0027] A pipeline, wherein a permanent isolation zone is provided in the middle of the pipeline, and the permanent isolation zone separates the pipeline into a detection ball pipeline and a power pipeline. The detection ball pipeline is used to load the detection ball, and the power pipeline is provided with a driving fluid. A temporary isolation plate for controlling on and off is provided between the detection ball pipeline and the power pipeline;

[0028] The outlet end of the power pipeline is connected to a reverse boost nozzle, and the temporary isolation plate is arranged close to the reverse boost nozzle.

[0029] Optionally, the reverse boost nozzle is a T-shaped structure, the inlet end of the reverse boost nozzle is connected to the outlet end of the power pipeline, and the fluid movement direction of the outlet end of the reverse boost nozzle is opposite to the fluid movement direction of the inlet end of the reverse boost nozzle.

[0030] A method for detecting cracks in surrounding rocks caused by water and mud bursts in tunnels, using the above-mentioned device for detecting cracks in surrounding rocks caused by water and mud bursts in tunnels, comprises the following steps:

[0031] Measure the length and width of the crack surface, and record the location, flow rate, direction and speed of water inflow from the crack;

[0032] Filling a plurality of the detection balls into the detection ball release pipeline assembly;

[0033] Moving one end of the detection ball release pipe assembly to the far end of the crack;

[0034] The detection ball release pipeline assembly releases a plurality of detection balls from the distal end of the crack, so that the detection balls move from the distal end of the crack to the proximal end of the crack;

[0035] collecting the detection balls;

[0036] Acquiring data collected by the detection ball;

[0037] The collected data is processed to obtain detection data, and the cracks are processed according to the detection data.

[0038] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and technical effects:

[0039] When in use, fill several detection balls into the detection ball release pipeline assembly, move one end of the detection ball release pipeline assembly to the far end of the crack, release several detection balls from the far end of the crack, and move the detection balls from the far end of the crack to the near end of the crack. As the detection balls move in the crack with the gushing water, they can collect data on the crack. By collecting and processing the acquired data, the crack morphology can be obtained. Compared with traditional technologies, this device does not rely on electronic components, completely avoids the influence of temperature and electromagnetic interference, does not require a signal transmission system, and is particularly suitable for deep tunnels with high temperature, high humidity, and high pressure. The detection ball is simple to use, and its mechanical structure is easy to inspect and replace. It is suitable for rapid processing with limited manpower in deep environments. It does not require a cooling system, has a more compact structure, and has an extremely small size. It is suitable for multi-scale surrounding rock cracks. The detection ball has a simple structure and low production cost. The detection ball can be reused and released and recovered multiple times to detect complex geological structures such as caves and faults. It has a simple principle, is easy to operate, and has a low learning cost. On-site construction personnel can quickly get started and use it. It does not require traditional drilling to lay out probes, which reduces construction disturbances. It has no electricity demand and extremely low use costs. It has a large detection depth and can be flexibly adjusted according to project requirements. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can also derive other drawings based on these drawings without inventive work.

[0041] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 2 This is an exploded diagram of the detection ball structure of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the movement of the pen core along the guide rail of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 4 This is a cross-sectional view of the magnetic traction ball of the present invention;

[0045] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the connection structure between the spring and the magnetic traction ball of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 6This is a schematic diagram of the micro spring and the limiting ring of the retractable opening of the pen core according to the present invention;

[0047] Figure 7 It is a cross-sectional view of the upper cover and the lower cover of the detection ball of the present invention;

[0048] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the strong magnetic material of the present invention cooperating with the magnetic traction ball to make the spring do work;

[0049] Figure 9 For the present invention Figure 2 A magnified view of the guide rail surface structure at point A in the middle;

[0050] Figures 10 to 12 Schematic diagram of the measurement of vertical motion of the detection ball of the present invention;

[0051] Figures 13 to 15 This is a schematic diagram of measuring the horizontal motion of a detection ball according to the present invention;

[0052] Figure 16 This is a schematic diagram of the detection ball collision of the present invention;

[0053] Figure 17 Schematic diagram of the pipeline structure of the present invention;

[0054] Figure 18 This is a schematic diagram of the reverse boost nozzle structure of the present invention;

[0055] Figure 19 This is a schematic structural diagram of a temporary isolation board according to the present invention;

[0056] Figure 20 This is a schematic diagram of the surface structure of the dorsal fin of the detection ball of the present invention;

[0057] Figure 21 This is a schematic diagram of the concave-convex surface structure of the detection ball of the present invention;

[0058] Among them, 1. detection ball; 2. power pipeline; 3. detection ball pipeline; 4. permanent isolation belt; 5. temporary isolation board; 6. reverse boost nozzle; 7. detection ball upper cover; 8. magnetic traction ball; 9. refill; 10. guide rail; 11. spring; 12. test paper; 13. detection ball lower cover; 14. magnetic traction ball self-rotating port; 15. refill telescopic port; 16. magnetic traction ball self-rotating port limit ring; 17. micro spring; 18. refill telescopic port limit ring; 19. non-ferromagnetic matrix; 20. ferromagnetic liner; 21. strong magnetic material; 22. driving fluid. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0059] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0060] In order to make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and easy to understand, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0061] Reference Figures 1 to 21 The present invention discloses a tunnel water burst, mud burst and surrounding rock crack detection device, comprising:

[0062] A plurality of detection balls 1 and detection ball release pipeline assemblies;

[0063] The detection ball 1 is installed in the detection ball release pipeline assembly;

[0064] The detection ball 1 includes:

[0065] The detection ball upper cover 7 and the detection ball lower cover 13 are spliced ​​into a sphere; the detection ball lower cover 13 has a mass greater than the detection ball upper cover 7;

[0066] The bottom of the guide rail 10 is fixed to the lower cover 13 of the detection ball, and the guide rail 10 is a spiral structure;

[0067] The test paper 12 is fixed at the bottom to the lower cover 13 of the detection ball. The test paper 12 is cylindrical and coaxially sleeved on the outer side of the guide rail 10;

[0068] The magnetic traction ball 8 is fixedly connected to the lower cover 13 of the detection ball through the elastic part. The magnetic traction ball 8 rotates with the elastic part. One end of the pen core 9 is movably provided on one side of the magnetic traction ball 8, and the other end of the pen core 9 contacts the test paper 12.

[0069] The detection ball upper cover 7 is transmission-connected to the magnetic traction ball 8;

[0070] The elastic part drives the magnetic traction ball 8 to move, and the pen core 9 moves along the guide rail 10.

[0071] When in use, fill several detection balls 1 into the detection ball release pipeline assembly, move one end of the detection ball release pipeline assembly to the far end of the crack, release several detection balls 1 from the far end of the crack, and move the detection balls 1 from the far end of the crack to the near end of the crack. The detection balls 1 can collect crack data as the water flows through the crack. By collecting the detection balls 1 and processing the acquired data, the crack morphology can be obtained. Compared with traditional technologies, this device does not rely on electronic components, completely avoids the influence of temperature and electromagnetic interference, does not require a signal transmission system, and is particularly suitable for deep areas with high temperature, high humidity, and high pressure. For use in tunnels, the mechanical structure is easy to inspect and replace, and is suitable for rapid processing with limited manpower in deep environments. It does not require a cooling system, has a more compact structure, and has an extremely small mechanical structure. It is suitable for multi-scale surrounding rock cracks. The detection ball 1 has a simple structure and low production cost. The detection ball 1 can be reused and released and recovered multiple times to detect complex geological structures such as caves and faults. The principle is simple, easy to operate, and has a low learning cost. On-site construction personnel can quickly get started and use it. There is no need for traditional drilling to lay out probes, which reduces construction disturbances. There is no electricity demand and extremely low use costs. The detection depth is large and can be flexibly adjusted according to project requirements.

[0072] The detection ball 1 is the core component for obtaining the geometric data of the water gushing channel, and is transported to the deep part of the crack through the detection ball release pipeline assembly.

[0073] First, the detection ball 1 is released deep within a cave, fault, or crack. It then follows the flow of fissure water from deep to shallow, ultimately being captured within the construction space. During its movement, the internal mechanical structure automatically records various characteristic data of the cracks, which can be used to determine their geometric distribution.

[0074] As an optional implementation, the outer surface of the detection ball upper cover 7 and the detection ball lower cover 13 is a smooth surface or a rough surface.

[0075] Specifically, the rough surface is a concave-convex surface or a dorsal fin surface. Figure 20 .

[0076] As an optional embodiment, the elastic part includes a spring 11 , the bottom end of the spring 11 is fixedly connected to the center of the inner wall of the detection ball lower cover 13 , and the spring 11 is rotatably connected to the magnetic traction ball 8 .

[0077] The detection ball 1 is mainly composed of a detection ball upper cover 7, a magnetic traction ball 8, a pen core 9, a guide rail 10, a spring 11, a test paper 12, and a detection ball lower cover 13, wherein one end of the pen core 9 is connected to the magnetic traction ball 8, and the other end is overlapped with the test paper 12; the bottom of the magnetic traction ball 8 is connected to the top of the spring 11; the bottom of the spring 11 is rigidly connected to the detection ball lower cover 13; the bottom of the guide rail 10 and the test paper 12 are rigidly connected to the detection ball lower cover 13.

[0078] The spring 11 is stretched by an external force, which may be magnetic force, gravity, etc. Since the bottom of the spring 11 is fixed to the inner surface of the detection ball lower cover 13, the extension of the spring 11 is always in the direction of the detection ball upper cover 7.

[0079] After the spring 11 is stretched to a certain length and the external force is removed, the elastic potential energy accumulated within the spring 11 causes it to contract and return to its original, undeformed state. During this contraction, the spring 11 shortens vertically, and the movement of the magnetic traction ball 8 and the pen core 9 is restricted by the guide rail 10, causing them to spiral downward, leaving traces on the inner surface of the test paper 12. It is worth noting that materials of different densities should be selected, and the overall design of the probe ball 1 should be heavy at the bottom and light at the top, so that the probe ball 1 always maintains a motion posture with the upper cover 7 facing upward and the lower cover 13 facing downward when submerged in water.

[0080] Spring 11 contracts under the influence of its elastic internal energy. The contraction force of spring 11 is related to the material's elastic modulus and is linearly correlated with the degree of deformation. However, when the refill 9 is placed on the guide rail 10, the movement of the refill 9 and the magnetic traction ball 8 must spiral downward along the guide rail 10. If the magnetic traction ball 8 and spring 11 were rigidly connected, spring 11 would inevitably twist, disrupting the linear relationship between the contraction force and the degree of deformation. To prevent the generation of additional torque in spring 11, a structural design is required to prevent the effect of the magnetic traction ball 8's rotation on spring 11.

[0081] As an optional embodiment, the magnetic traction ball 8 is provided with a magnetic traction ball rotation port 14, and a magnetic traction ball rotation port limiting ring 16 is axially connected to the inner side of the groove of the magnetic traction ball rotation port 14. The end of the spring 11 away from the detection ball lower cover 13 slides into the magnetic traction ball rotation port 14, and the magnetic traction ball rotation port limiting ring 16 is limited and rotated with the end of the spring 11 away from the detection ball lower cover 13.

[0082] As an optional embodiment, a refill expansion opening 15 is provided on one side of the magnetic traction ball 8. The refill expansion opening 15 is vertically arranged with respect to the magnetic traction ball rotation opening 14. A refill expansion opening limiting ring 18 is axially connected to the inner side of the notch of the refill expansion opening 15. The end of the refill 9 away from the test paper 12 slides into the refill expansion opening 15. The end of the refill 9 away from the test paper 12 is limited and rotated with the refill expansion opening limiting ring 18.

[0083] A micro spring 17 is provided between the end of the refill 9 away from the test paper 12 and the inner wall of the refill telescopic opening 15 . One end of the micro spring 17 is connected to the end of the refill 9 away from the test paper 12 , and the other end of the micro spring 17 is connected to the inner wall of the refill telescopic opening 15 .

[0084] A vertical cross-section of the magnetic traction ball 8 reveals the magnetic traction ball rotation opening 14 and the refill retractable opening 15. The top of the spring 11 is wider, allowing it to be inserted into the magnetic traction ball rotation opening 14. A magnetic traction ball rotation opening retaining ring 16 simultaneously limits the displacement of the top of the spring 11, preventing it from vertically displacing within the magnetic traction ball rotation opening 14 and allowing only relative rotation between the two. Furthermore, since the bottom of the spring 11 is rigidly connected to the detection ball lower cover 13, the spring 11 cannot rotate. This structure allows the magnetic traction ball 8 to rotate freely without generating any additional torque in the spring 11.

[0085] As the refill 9 and magnetic traction ball 8 spiral down the guide rail 10, significant friction exists between the refill 9 and the guide rail 10. As the contact area between the refill 9 and the guide rail 10 wears, the friction between the refill 9 and the guide rail 10 gradually changes and is ultimately transferred to the spring 11. This also changes the linear relationship between the spring 11's contraction force and its degree of deformation. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the friction at the contact area between the refill 9 and the guide rail 10.

[0086] Similar to the design of the magnetic traction ball rotation port 14, the wider end of the refill 9 can be inserted into the refill expansion port 15. The refill expansion port limiter 18 restricts the displacement of one end of the refill 9, allowing the refill 9 to rotate freely within the refill expansion port 15. This design converts the sliding friction between the refill 9 and the guide rail 10 into rolling friction, greatly reducing the friction between the two.

[0087] After the outer shell of the detection ball 1 collides with the surrounding rock, the movement trajectory of the outer shell of the detection ball 1 will be instantly changed, while the movement change of the magnetic traction ball 8 has an obvious lag, and the force needs to be gradually transmitted through the deformation of the spring 11, which causes the magnetic traction ball 8 to produce a "looking up" or "looking down" movement posture. When the magnetic traction ball 8 "looks up" or "looks down", the pen core 9 will not be able to contact the test paper 12, resulting in interruption of the handwriting on the test paper 12, and the various characteristic data of the recorded cracks will be incomplete. For this reason, the length of the pen core telescopic opening 15 is deepened, and a micro spring 17 is set inside it. The pen core 9 will automatically extend and shorten as the magnetic traction ball 8 "looks up" or "looks down", and always maintains contact with the test paper 12.

[0088] The internal structure of the sensor ball 1 is complex and precise. To ensure its watertightness, the upper cover 7 and lower cover 13 are tightly bonded together at the factory. Therefore, the question of how to stretch the spring 11 and store its elastic potential energy without opening the sensor ball 1 requires careful consideration.

[0089] As an optional embodiment, the detection ball lower cover 13 and the detection ball upper cover 7 are both non-ferromagnetic substrates 19, and the inner side of the detection ball upper cover 7 is embedded with a ferromagnetic liner 20, which is magnetically connected to the magnetic traction ball 8.

[0090] The magnetic traction ball 8 is made of magnetic material and has two polarities, namely the north pole (N) and the south pole (S).

[0091] The probe ball's upper cover 7 is constructed from a non-ferromagnetic substrate 19 on the outside and a partially ferromagnetic liner 20 on the inside. After obtaining the probe ball 1 at the construction site, a strong magnetic material 21 is placed on top of the ball. The two polarities of the strong magnetic material 21 and the magnetic traction ball 8 attract each other, and the magnetic force pulls the magnetic traction ball 8 and the spring 11 to a higher level, thus stretching the spring 11. Subsequently, the strong magnetic material 21 is removed, but the magnetic traction ball 8 remains firmly attached to the inner surface of the ferromagnetic liner 20, thus storing the elastic potential energy within the spring 11. Finally, when the detection test begins, the north pole N and south pole S of the ferromagnetic material 21 are flipped over and placed on the top of the detection ball 1. The two same polarities of the ferromagnetic material 21 and the magnetic traction ball 8 repel each other, and the repulsive force between the ferromagnetic material 21 and the magnetic traction ball 8 is greater than the attractive force between the magnetic traction ball 8 and the ferromagnetic inner liner 20. The magnetic traction ball 8 will be released from the detection ball cover 7, and the elastic potential energy inside the spring 11 begins to do work. The magnetic traction ball 8 and the pen core 9 begin to spiral down along the guide rail 10, thus completing the startup of the detection equipment.

[0092] It is worth noting that as the spring 11 contracts, the magnetic traction ball 8 will get closer to the detection ball lower cover 13. The detection ball lower cover 13 should use a non-ferromagnetic matrix 19 material to avoid generating attraction and breaking the linear correlation between the contraction force of the spring 11 and the degree of deformation.

[0093] The probe ball 1 is released deep within a cave, fault, or fracture, where it moves from deep to shallow as the fissure water flows. The motion of the probe ball 1 can be divided into three axes: front-to-back, left-to-right, and up-to-down. By obtaining the trajectory of a single probe ball 1 and then superimposing the trajectories of multiple probe balls 1, the complete fracture distribution and geometry can be determined.

[0094] As an optional embodiment, the surface of the guide rail 10 is provided with a sinusoidal corrugated structure.

[0095] There are prefabricated “sine waves” on the upper surface of the guide rail 10 .

[0096] As the refill 9 spirals down the guide rail 10, it leaves a "sine wave" on the test paper 12. A sine wave is a periodically fluctuating mathematical curve that describes how the value of a sine function changes with angle or time. Its shape is undulating, like a wave, and in mathematics and physics, it has a special name: a sine wave. The characteristics of a sine wave are:

[0097] Periodicity: A sine wave is a periodic function, meaning it repeats the same shape with a fixed period.

[0098] Smooth wave shape: Its peaks and troughs are smooth, continuous and without interruptions.

[0099] Amplitude: The amplitude of a sine wave usually refers to the distance between its highest point and lowest point, which is usually 1 or a constant.

[0100] In the above-mentioned "basic structure of the magnetic traction ball" and "basic principle of accumulation and release of internal energy in the spring", we have ensured the linear correlation between the contraction force of the spring 11 and the degree of deformation through structural design, thereby ensuring the time uniformity of the change from long to short of the spring 11. Then the time experienced by the current peak and the next peak in each cycle of the handwriting is the same. We only need to analyze the characteristics of the handwriting to reversely solve the motion state, motion acceleration and duration of each motion state of the detection ball 1. The speed of the detection ball 1 when it is released is known. When the initial velocity, motion acceleration and acceleration time of the detection ball 1 are known, the velocity vector and displacement distance of the detection ball at each position can be known. By obtaining the position information of the detection ball 1 on the three axes at different times, the three-dimensional motion trajectory of the detection ball 1 that changes along time can be obtained.

[0101] The specific measurement method of the vertical motion of the detection ball is:

[0102] The "up and down" axis of the movement direction of the detection ball 1, that is, the vertical direction, can be calculated by the height difference and amplitude change of the horizontal center line of the handwriting sine wave. In the initial state, the pen core 9 and the guide rail 10 are in the same horizontal position, and the handwriting presents a periodically symmetrical sine wave. When the detection ball 1 is suddenly moved upward by the collision of the surrounding rock or the erosion of water flow, the detection ball upper cover 7, the detection ball lower cover 13, the guide rail 10, and the test paper 12 of the detection ball 1 are rigidly connected to each other, and the whole moves upward at the same time. However, the magnetic traction ball 8 and the pen core 9 are connected to the spring 11. The spring 11 cannot instantly apply this change in movement direction to the magnetic traction ball 8 and the pen core 9. It must gradually obtain an upward force through the deformation of the spring 11 to generate an upward acceleration, thereby moving upward, and there is an obvious time lag. Within a short period of time after the external force is applied, the upper and lower covers 7, 13, guide rails 10, and test paper 12 of the probe ball 1 move upward, compressing the spring 11 from the bottom. The magnetic traction ball 8 and the pen refill 9 remain in their original positions, experiencing an upward acceleration. However, due to the short duration of time, there is no upward velocity and their positions have not changed. Instead, they are displaced downward relative to the other components. Immediately, the magnetic traction ball 8 and the pen refill 9 appear to be "looking up," and the amplitude of the sine wave changes. The sine wave drawn by the pen refill 9 on the test paper 12 suddenly rises, and the horizontal centerline position continuously changes with the acceleration. Similarly, when the probe ball 1 moves downward as a whole, the magnetic traction ball 8 and the pen refill 9 are displaced upward relative to the other components, appearing to be "looking down." The amplitude of the sine wave changes, and the horizontal centerline position drops. Therefore, by calculating the height difference and amplitude change of the sine wave's horizontal centerline, the motion of the probe ball 1 along the vertical axis can be determined.

[0103] Specific measurement method for the horizontal motion of the detection ball:

[0104] The movement of the detection ball 1 on the "left-right" and "front-back" axes can be obtained through the rotation of the detection ball 1. The geometric shape of the crack fundamentally determines the flow state of the gushing water. The flow state of the gushing water can be known through the rotation of the detection ball 1, and the geometric shape of the crack can be finally inferred. In the initial state, the pen core 9 and the guide rail 10 are orthogonal, and the pen core 9 and the test paper 12 are also orthogonal, and the spacing of one cycle of the sine wave is stable and unchanged. When the detection ball 1 is flushed by the external force of the gushing water and rotates clockwise, the detection ball upper cover 7, the detection ball lower cover 13, the guide rail 10, and the test paper 12 of the detection ball 1 rotate instantaneously, while the magnetic traction ball 8 and the pen core 9 have an obvious time lag and rotate counterclockwise relative to other structures. The pen core 9 rotates relatively counterclockwise, and the new handwriting will be close to the handwriting of the previous moment. The spacing of one cycle of the sine wave is shortened and the frequency is accelerated. Similarly, when the sensing ball 1 is subjected to external force, such as surging water, and rotates counterclockwise, the magnetic traction ball 8 and the pen core 9 rotate clockwise relative to the other components. The new handwriting moves away from the previous handwriting, increasing the spacing between each sine wave cycle and decreasing the frequency. It's worth noting that different water velocities cause the sensing ball 1 to rotate at different speeds. If the water flow is slow, the rotation speed is very low, and the increase or decrease in the sine wave cycle is negligible and difficult to detect. If the water flow is high, the rotation speed is very high, and the increase or decrease in the sine wave cycle exceeds the measuring range and cannot be measured.

[0105] The sensitivity of the detection ball 1 to the rotation of the water flow can be adjusted by designing different surface structures of the detection ball upper cover 7 and the detection ball lower cover 13 of the detection ball 1 .

[0106] As the probe ball 1 moves through the water channel, its outer shell is impacted at a bend. The impact signal is visually reflected in the sinusoidal image of the handwriting, resulting in a jump-like displacement. The curvature of the surrounding rock mass determines the impact location. For example, the sinusoidal image will show different jump directions at impact locations a, b, and c. The degree of curvature of the surrounding rock mass determines the severity of the impact, with different jump distances occurring in the sinusoidal image. The distribution of the water channel along the tunnel wall can be determined, and the curvature of the surrounding rock mass can be inferred from these parameters. By observing the four parameters of the handwriting's sine wave—the period spacing, the number of affected periods, the jump direction, and the jump distance—the horizontal movement of the probe ball 1 can be determined. These four parameters interact with each other, making it difficult to separate them into independent variables for discussion. However, a machine learning model can be established and trained for analysis.

[0107] As an optional embodiment, the detection ball release pipeline assembly includes:

[0108] The pipeline is provided with a permanent isolation zone 4 in the middle of the pipeline, which separates the pipeline into a detection ball pipeline 3 and a power pipeline 2. The detection ball pipeline 3 is used to load the detection ball 1. The power pipeline 2 is provided with a driving fluid 22. A temporary isolation plate 5 for controlling the on-off is provided between the detection ball pipeline 3 and the power pipeline 2;

[0109] The outlet end of the power pipeline 2 is connected to the reverse boost nozzle 6 , and the temporary isolation plate 5 is arranged close to the reverse boost nozzle 6 .

[0110] As an optional embodiment, the reverse boost nozzle 6 has a T-shaped structure, the inlet end of the reverse boost nozzle 6 is connected to the outlet end of the power pipeline 2, and the fluid movement direction of the outlet end of the reverse boost nozzle 6 is opposite to the fluid movement direction of the inlet end of the reverse boost nozzle 6.

[0111] The detection ball release pipeline assembly includes a power pipeline 2, a detection ball pipeline 3, a permanent isolation belt 4, a temporary isolation plate 5 and a reverse boost nozzle 6. The detection ball release pipeline assembly has the function of transporting the detection ball 1 to the deep part of the crack.

[0112] The detection ball 1 is tightly packed in the detection ball pipeline 3. A permanent isolation zone 4 exists between the detection ball pipeline 3 and the power pipeline 2. The driving fluid 22 cannot penetrate the permanent isolation zone 4. The detection ball pipeline 3, the power pipeline 2, and the permanent isolation zone 4 can all be made of the same soft, impermeable material. The driving fluid 22 can be a non-toxic and harmless fluid such as water, carbon dioxide, or air.

[0113] Near the top of the detection ball pipeline 3 and the power pipeline 2, there are temporary isolation plates 5 and reverse boost nozzles 6. The reverse boost nozzles 6 convert the static pressure of the fluid into kinetic energy through physical principles. When the fluid flows through a smaller channel, the speed increases and the pressure decreases. Through a special design, the reverse boost nozzles 6 can maintain a high-pressure water flow and quickly convert it into a greater jet force through the nozzle. The driving fluid 22 reaches the reverse boost nozzles 6 along the power pipeline 2, spraying a powerful water column toward the rear, thereby moving the entire structure forward.

[0114] If a single-channel pipeline is selected, it is easily squeezed and deformed when entering the gap. The internal driving fluid 22 can deform as the single-channel pipeline deforms, but when the pipeline reaches the specified depth and the detection ball 1 needs to be transported through the pipeline, it cannot pass through the narrow pipe section.

[0115] If the detection ball 1 is placed in the single-channel pipeline in the initial state and the driving fluid 22 is injected to support the outer wall of the detection ball release pipeline assembly, the driving fluid 22 will be accompanied by huge flow resistance when passing through the pipeline, seriously weakening the fluid driving force.

[0116] Therefore, adding a permanent isolation zone 4 on the basis of the single-channel pipeline to separate the pipeline into the detection ball pipeline 3 and the power pipeline 2 has obvious advantages. It can ensure the shape of the detection ball pipeline 3 without increasing the flow resistance of the power pipeline 2.

[0117] There are many types of double-hole piping. Using a combination of rectangular and rectangular cross-sections ensures a secure connection between the two pipes. Pipes with circular or elliptical cross-sections have a smaller contact area between the two pipes, resulting in less stability. Strengthening components can be added to enhance integrity.

[0118] Driven by the reverse boost nozzle 6, the probe ball pipeline 3 and the power pipeline 2 "drill" into the surrounding rock fissure. Upon reaching the target depth, the injection of the driving fluid 22 is stopped, the temporary isolation plate 5 is opened, and the probe ball 1 is released. The probe ball 1 passes through the power pipeline 2 and the reverse boost nozzle 6, and is ultimately released deep within the surrounding rock fissure. As the water gushes in, it begins to move, and its movement data is recorded.

[0119] Remote opening of the temporary isolation panel 5 can be achieved in several ways.

[0120] As an additional embodiment, the temporary isolation plate 5 is made of a soluble material. By injecting water containing a solvent into the detection ball pipeline 3, the temporary isolation plate 5 is dissolved. The combination of the temporary isolation plate 5 material and the solvent can be: (1) The temporary isolation plate 5 is made of polycaprolactone material, which is stable to water at room temperature, has excellent mechanical properties, and is suitable for long-term water transportation. When water containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or an alkaline buffer is injected into the detection ball pipeline 3 and the pH of the water is adjusted to 11-12, the temporary isolation plate 5 material will be rapidly hydrolyzed; (2) The temporary isolation plate 5 is made of polylactic acid-wrapped titanium dioxide material. The polylactic acid provides basic strength and is stable in contact with water. Titanium dioxide triggers a chain oxidation reaction in the presence of ultraviolet light or peroxide. Injecting a 3-5% concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution into the detection ball pipeline 3 causes the temporary isolation plate 5 structure to oxidize and break; (3) The temporary isolation plate 5 is made of chitosan or calcium alginate composite hydrogel material. It remains stable in normal water flow due to calcium ion cross-linking. Injecting ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution into the detection ball pipeline 3 will chelate and remove calcium ions, destroy the cross-linked structure, and the temporary isolation plate 5 will swell and disintegrate.

[0121] At this point, the new tunnel water burst, mud burst and crack detection equipment has achieved the recording of the geometric distribution data of the water burst channel through a purely mechanical structure.

[0122] A method for detecting cracks in surrounding rocks caused by water and mud bursts in tunnels, using the above-mentioned device for detecting cracks in surrounding rocks caused by water and mud bursts in tunnels, comprises the following steps:

[0123] Measure the length and width of the crack surface, and record the location, flow rate, direction and speed of water inflow from the crack;

[0124] Fill a plurality of detection balls 1 into the detection ball release pipeline assembly;

[0125] Move one end of the detection ball release pipe assembly to the far end of the crack;

[0126] The detection ball release pipeline assembly releases a plurality of detection balls 1 from the far end of the crack, so that the detection balls 1 move from the far end of the crack to the near end of the crack;

[0127] Collect detection ball 1;

[0128] Obtain data collected by the detection ball 1;

[0129] The collected data is processed to obtain detection data, and cracks are processed according to the detection data.

[0130] The detection process of tunnel water and mud burst cracks is as follows:

[0131] The first step is to produce the detection ball 1. Based on the detection mission requirements and the crack width, the appropriate size and material of the detection ball are selected. This ensures that the ball is strong enough to withstand underground environments, such as high pressure, humidity, and corrosion. It also ensures that it is small enough to be deployed within the surrounding rock cracks. High-strength plastic, rubber, or metal is typically used to ensure the ball can move flexibly within the cracks and withstand environmental pressure.

[0132] The second step is quality inspection and testing. After production is completed, strict quality inspections are carried out, including pressure testing, leakage testing, stability verification, accuracy verification, etc.

[0133] The third step is to establish a crack disease database. Through laboratory experiments or numerical simulations, a large amount of data is collected on the periodic spacing of the sinusoidal curves of the probe ball moving in different crack spaces, the affected periodic quantity, the jump direction, and the jump distance. Missing values ​​and duplicate data are removed, and the data is standardized or normalized to ensure that different features have the same scale to prevent certain parameters from being too large or too small and affecting the model. The correlation matrix is ​​calculated, and the correlation between each parameter is analyzed to identify the features with strong correlation.

[0134] Step 4: Build a machine learning model. Select an algorithm such as RF, GBDT, ETC, or SVC. Divide the data into training and test sets, and perform cross-validation on the training data to ensure model generalization. Train the model using the training set and adjust parameters based on the cross-validation results. Try different models, compare their performance, and select the best performing one. Based on the model, calculate the planar trajectory of the probe ball for different sinusoidal curve period spacing, affected period quantity, jump direction, and jump distance.

[0135] Step 5: Clean and prepare the construction site. Before crack detection, thoroughly clean the construction site to remove debris that could affect the test. Ensure the safety of on-site workers and take necessary protective measures, such as wearing hard hats, gloves, and protective shoes. Inspect the construction site environment to ensure that equipment, tools, and measuring instruments are in good condition.

[0136] The sixth step is to measure the surface morphology of the crack. Measure the length, width and other parameters of the crack surface, and record the location, flow rate, direction, speed and other parameters of the water inflow.

[0137] Step 7: Transport the detection ball 1. Place the detection ball 1 tightly in the detection ball pipeline 3, inject the driving fluid 22 into the power pipeline 2, and the reverse boost nozzle 6 drives the detection ball pipeline 3 to the depth of the crack. When the predetermined depth is reached, the injection of the driving fluid 22 is stopped.

[0138] Step 8: Release of the detection ball 1. The temporary isolation plate 5 is remotely opened, and the detection ball passes through the power pipeline 2 and the reverse boost nozzle 6, and is finally released deep into the surrounding rock fissure.

[0139] Step 9: Record characteristic data. As the detection ball 1 begins to move due to the gushing water, the recorded data includes the height difference of the horizontal centerline of the sine wave, amplitude change, cycle spacing, affected cycle quantity, jump direction, and jump distance, a total of 6 items.

[0140] Step 10: Collect the probe balls 1. The probe balls 1 flow into the construction space along with the fissure water. Due to their small size, they are difficult to separate from the fissure water. Strong magnetic attraction or diamond mesh interception can be used to collect the probe balls 1. The process of transporting, releasing, recording, and collecting the probe balls 1 should be repeated multiple times to more fully record the characteristic data of the entire fissure space.

[0141] Step 11: Feature data processing. The vertical motion of the probe ball 1 is calculated using the height difference and amplitude change of the horizontal centerline of the sine wave. The horizontal motion of the probe ball 1 is identified by a machine learning model based on the obtained sine wave period spacing, the number of affected periods, the jump direction, and the jump distance. By obtaining the position information of the probe ball 1 on the three axes at different times, the three-dimensional motion trajectory of the probe ball 1 over time can be obtained. By superimposing the three-dimensional motion trajectories of the probe ball 1 measured multiple times, a relatively complete spatial distribution of the crack can be obtained.

[0142] Step 12: Visualization. Visualizing the data through 3D modeling and other methods helps engineers more intuitively understand information such as the geometric distribution, scope, water source location, and water volume of the cracks.

[0143] Step 13: Crack treatment. Based on the detection data, a risk assessment of water and mud inrush is conducted, and control measures are formulated and implemented to ensure the long-term stability and safety of the tunnel. For example, a drainage system is designed based on the characteristics of the cracks and water inrush to reduce water accumulation and mitigate the risk of water inrush. Another example is to repair and reinforce cracks by injecting cement slurry, chemical slurry, or other reinforcement materials, enhancing soil stability and preventing cement slurry from seeping into the surrounding environment.

[0144] Step 14: Post-processing. Continuously monitor the tunnel, regularly checking for cracks and water flow, and promptly identify new cracks or potential risk points. Prepare a detailed inspection report summarizing the findings, providing decision support, and recommending follow-up improvement measures.

[0145] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0146] (1) It does not rely on electronic components and completely avoids the influence of temperature and electromagnetic interference. It does not require a signal transmission system and is particularly suitable for use in deep tunnels with high temperature, high humidity, and high pressure.

[0147] (2) The mechanical structure is easy to inspect and replace, and is suitable for rapid processing with limited manpower in deep environments.

[0148] (3) No need for a heat dissipation system, the structure is more compact, the mechanical structure size is extremely small, and it is suitable for multi-scale surrounding rock cracks.

[0149] (4) The detection ball has a simple structure, low production cost, and can be reused.

[0150] (5) The detection balls can be released and recovered multiple times to detect complex geological structures such as caves and faults.

[0151] (6) The principle is simple, easy to operate, and has a low learning cost. On-site construction personnel can quickly get started and use it.

[0152] (7) No need for traditional drilling and placement of probes, reducing construction disturbance.

[0153] (8) No electricity requirement, extremely low cost of use.

[0154] (9) The detection depth is large and can be flexibly adjusted according to project requirements.

[0155] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "longitudinal", "transverse", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", etc., indicating the orientation or position relationship, are based on the orientation or position relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the present invention.

[0156] The embodiments described above are merely descriptions of preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit of the present invention, various modifications and improvements made to the technical solutions of the present invention by persons skilled in the art should fall within the scope of protection defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A tunnel water burst and mud burst surrounding rock crack detection equipment, characterized in that: include: A plurality of detection balls (1) and detection ball release pipeline assemblies; The detection ball (1) is installed in the detection ball release pipeline assembly; The detection ball (1) comprises: A detection ball upper cover (7) and a detection ball lower cover (13), wherein the detection ball upper cover (7) and the detection ball lower cover (13) are spliced ​​into a sphere; the detection ball lower cover (13) has a mass greater than that of the detection ball upper cover (7); A guide rail (10), the bottom of which is fixed to the detection ball lower cover (13), and the guide rail (10) is a spiral structure; A test paper (12), the bottom of which is fixed to the lower cover (13) of the detection ball, and the test paper (12) is cylindrical and coaxially sleeved on the outer side of the guide rail (10); A magnetic traction ball (8) is fixedly connected to the detection ball lower cover (13) via an elastic portion, the magnetic traction ball (8) and the elastic portion are rotatably matched, one end of a pen core (9) is movably provided on one side of the magnetic traction ball (8), and the other end of the pen core (9) is in contact with the test paper (12); The detection ball upper cover (7) is transmission-connected to the magnetic traction ball (8); The elastic part drives the magnetic traction ball (8) to move, and the pen core (9) moves along the guide rail (10).

2. The tunnel water burst and mud burst surrounding rock fissure detection device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The outer surfaces of the detection ball upper cover (7) and the detection ball lower cover (13) are either smooth or rough.

3. The tunnel water and mud burst and surrounding rock fissure detection device according to claim 1 is characterized by: The elastic part comprises a spring (11), the bottom end of the spring (11) is fixedly connected to the center of the inner wall of the lower cover (13) of the detection ball, and the spring (11) is rotationally connected to the magnetic traction ball (8).

4. The tunnel water and mud burst and surrounding rock fissure detection device according to claim 3 is characterized by: The magnetic traction ball (8) is provided with a magnetic traction ball self-rotating opening (14), and a magnetic traction ball self-rotating opening limiting ring (16) is connected to the inner axis of the groove of the magnetic traction ball self-rotating opening (14). The end of the spring (11) away from the lower cover (13) of the detection ball slides into the magnetic traction ball self-rotating opening (14), and the magnetic traction ball self-rotating opening limiting ring (16) and the end of the spring (11) away from the lower cover (13) of the detection ball are limited and rotated together.

5. The tunnel water and mud burst and surrounding rock fissure detection device according to claim 4 is characterized by: A refill telescopic opening (15) is provided on one side of the magnetic traction ball (8), and the refill telescopic opening (15) is vertically arranged in space with respect to the magnetic traction ball rotation opening (14). A refill telescopic opening limiting ring (18) is connected to the inner axis of the notch of the refill telescopic opening (15). The end of the refill (9) away from the test paper (12) slides into the refill telescopic opening (15), and the end of the refill (9) away from the test paper (12) is limited and rotationally matched with the refill telescopic opening limiting ring (18). A micro spring (17) is provided between the end of the pen core (9) away from the test paper (12) and the inner wall of the pen core telescopic opening (15); one end of the micro spring (17) is connected to the end of the pen core (9) away from the test paper (12), and the other end of the micro spring (17) is connected to the inner wall of the pen core telescopic opening (15).

6. The tunnel water and mud burst and surrounding rock fissure detection device according to claim 1 is characterized by: The detection ball lower cover (13) and the detection ball upper cover (7) are both non-ferromagnetic substrates (19), and a ferromagnetic inner liner (20) is embedded in the inner side of the detection ball upper cover (7), and the ferromagnetic inner liner (20) is magnetically connected to the magnetic traction ball (8).

7. The tunnel water and mud burst and surrounding rock fissure detection device according to claim 1 is characterized by: The surface of the guide rail (10) is provided with a sinusoidal corrugated structure.

8. The tunnel water burst and mud burst surrounding rock fissure detection device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The detection ball release pipeline assembly includes: A pipeline, wherein a permanent isolation zone (4) is provided in the middle of the pipeline, and the permanent isolation zone (4) separates the pipeline into a detection ball pipeline (3) and a power pipeline (2), the detection ball pipeline (3) is used to load the detection ball (1), the power pipeline (2) is provided with a driving fluid (22), and a temporary isolation plate (5) for controlling on and off is provided between the detection ball pipeline (3) and the power pipeline (2); The outlet end of the power pipeline (2) is connected to a reverse boost nozzle (6), and the temporary isolation plate (5) is arranged close to the reverse boost nozzle (6).

9. The tunnel water and mud burst and surrounding rock fissure detection device according to claim 8, characterized in that: The reverse boost nozzle (6) is a T-shaped structure, the inlet end of the reverse boost nozzle (6) is connected to the outlet end of the power pipeline (2), and the fluid movement direction of the outlet end of the reverse boost nozzle (6) is opposite to the fluid movement direction of the inlet end of the reverse boost nozzle (6).

10. A method for detecting cracks in surrounding rocks caused by water and mud bursts in tunnels, using a device for detecting cracks in surrounding rocks caused by water and mud bursts in tunnels according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that The steps include: Measure the length and width of the crack surface, and record the location, flow rate, direction and speed of water inflow from the crack; Filling a plurality of the detection balls (1) into the detection ball release pipeline assembly; Moving one end of the detection ball release pipe assembly to the far end of the crack; The detection ball release pipeline assembly releases a plurality of detection balls (1) from the distal end of the crack, so that the detection balls (1) move from the distal end of the crack to the proximal end of the crack; collecting the detection balls (1); Acquiring data collected by the detection ball (1); The collected data is processed to obtain detection data, and the cracks are processed according to the detection data.

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