Potato black film earthing on-ridge micro-ditch cultivation method

Abstract

A potato black film earthing on-ridge micro-ditch cultivation method relates to the technical field of potato cultivation and comprises the steps of variety selection, potato seed treatment, soil preparation, ridging, ditching, sowing, fertilization, black film mulching, earthing, field management and pest control. Through furrowing on ridge surfaces, punching water seepage holes in furrows, covering black films to inhibit evaporation and weed, collecting rain and covering soil on film surfaces and planting on ridges, the method has the effects of inhibiting evaporation and weed, collecting rain and increasing moisture on film surfaces, naturally emerging seedlings at variable temperature, saving labor and labor, obviously increasing yield, improving quality and the like, the emergence rate of natural top film reaches 75% or above, the yield is increased by 10-30%, the commercial potato rate is increased by 10% or above, and the yield is increased by 10-30%. The method can resist drought, preserve soil moisture, inhibit steaming and weeds, naturally emerge seedlings, save labor and labor and remarkably increase yield, effectively solves the problems that sowing cannot be conducted in time due to drought in dry farming areas and water is deficient in key growth periods of potatoes, achieves the purposes of no output reduction or less output reduction in drought years, and achieves stable yield and high yield, and is suitable for drought and semi-arid areas with the annual rainfall of 250-400 mm and dark and wet areas with the annual rainfall of 400-600 mm.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of potato cultivation, in particular to a potato black film-covered soil ridge micro-ditch cultivation method. Background Art

[0002] Linxia Prefecture is a traditional agricultural region, where potatoes are its second-largest crop. Annually, they cover approximately 650,000 mu (approximately 1,500 kg) of cultivated land, with an average yield of around 1,500 kg per mu. Potatoes are primarily cultivated in arid and semi-arid areas such as Dongxiang and Yongjing. Dongxiang County, with 572,000 mu (approximately 1,000 acres) of arable land, is a major staple and a key specialty crop. Potatoes are primarily grown in the county's arid and semi-arid mountainous areas at altitudes of 1,800 to 2,400 meters. Over 300,000 mu (approximately 1,000 acres) of cultivated land are planted annually, accounting for 52.7% of the total sown area.

[0003] Drought has long been the primary threat to agriculture in Linxia Prefecture. The spring drought of 2022, the summer drought of 2023, and the high-temperature drought of 2024, in particular, had a significant impact on potato production in Linxia Prefecture, severely hampering the development of the potato industry. Faced with water scarcity, low precipitation utilization, poor drought mitigation measures, and low levels of mechanization across the prefecture, there is an urgent need to improve dryland farming conditions, ensure the full and rational development and utilization of agricultural resources, and achieve sustainable agricultural development. To innovate potato cultivation models in Linxia Prefecture, a new drought-resistant potato cultivation model suitable for arid and semi-arid mountainous areas has been developed. Based on previous experimental work, comparative trials have been conducted on various cultivation models, including white film-covered high ridges, black film-covered soil-covered ridges with micro-furrows, black film-covered soil-covered ridges, and high ridge open-field cultivation. This has identified new drought-resistant and yield-increasing technologies suitable for arid and semi-arid regions in Linxia Prefecture. Agricultural technicians are based on reality, insisting on how to retain "water from the sky", utilize "surface water" and store "water in the ground", and constantly exploring integrated drought-resistant technologies. On the basis of potato black film high ridge covering cultivation technology and ridge micro-ditch technology, combining the advantages of the above two drought-resistant technologies, they creatively proposed potato black film covering ridge micro-ditch technology. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the above-mentioned prior art and provide a potato black film covered ridge micro-ditch cultivation method which can preserve soil moisture, reduce ineffective evaporation of soil moisture and reduce the occurrence of diseases.

[0005] The technical solution adopted to solve the above technical problems is: a method for cultivating potatoes in micro-furrows on ridges with black film covering soil, comprising the following steps:

[0006] S1, Variety selection: Select high-quality virus-free seed potato varieties, with a seed potato weight of 50-250g;

[0007] S2, seed potato treatment: cutting the seed potatoes into pieces;

[0008] S3. Land preparation: Apply farmyard manure or organic fertilizer before the beginning of winter and plow the land 30-35 cm deep to allow the soil to freeze and weather, allowing it to receive rain and snow, killing overwintering pests. Plow and harrow again before sowing to ensure a fine, clod-free top layer and a smooth, stubble-free field surface. Apply 5 kg of phoxim granules per mu before sowing to control underground pests.

[0009] S4, ridge formation: the bottom width S2 of the ridge is 80-85 cm, the top width S1 of the ridge is 45-55 cm, the height H1 of the ridge is 16-17 cm, and the distance between two adjacent ridges is 40-45 cm;

[0010] S5, furrowing: dig a micro-ditch in the middle of the top surface of the ridge. The depth H2 of the micro-ditch is 8-10 cm, the top width S3 of the micro-ditch is 10 cm, and multiple seepage holes are opened horizontally at the bottom of the micro-ditch. The diameter of the seepage holes is 0.5 mm, and the distance S4 between each two adjacent seepage holes is 45-50 cm.

[0011] S6, sowing and fertilizing;

[0012] S7, covering with black film and soil: Cover the ridge with black film, the width of the black film is 100 cm, the thickness of the black film is 0.01 mm, and the soil with a thickness of 3 to 5 cm is covered on the black film.

[0013] Furthermore, the method for cutting seed potatoes in S2 comprises the following steps:

[0014] S201, germination: The seed potatoes are sun-dried and germinated, and the seeds are piled up under scattered light for germination, with ventilation during the day and covered with quilts at night. The sun-dried germination time is 15 to 20 days before sowing, and the length of the germinated sprouts is 0.5 cm;

[0015] S202, cutting: cutting the seed potatoes 2 to 3 days before sowing;

[0016] S203, seed dressing: all the cut tubers are dressed with 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 2% kasugamycin powder. The dressed tubers are sown within 1 to 2 days.

[0017] Furthermore, each seed potato piece in S202 weighs 40 to 50 grams, and each piece has 1 to 2 eyes.

[0018] Furthermore, the bottom width of the ridge in S4 is 80 cm, the surface width of the ridge is 55 cm, and the height of the ridge is 17 cm.

[0019] Furthermore, the sowing method in S6 is as follows: the ground temperature during the sowing period is 8-10°C, two rows of seed potatoes are planted on each ridge, the row spacing is 25-30 cm, the planting spacing is 28-30 cm, and the planting density is 3700-4000 plants / mu.

[0020] Furthermore, the depth of the micro groove is 10 cm, and the distance S4 between every two adjacent seepage holes is 45 cm.

[0021] Furthermore, the method further includes the following steps:

[0022] S8, Field Management: After potato seedlings emerge, promptly check and replant them, weed and loosen the soil. During the tuber formation and tuber expansion period, apply 0.5% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate as foliar fertilizer 2-3 times with an interval of 5-7 days to promote the growth and expansion of potato tubers.

[0023] S9. Pest and disease control: During the flowering period, spray 10% imidacloprid 0.02kg per mu and 3% acetamiprid 0.015kg once each. Before the flowering period, spray 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 100-120g / mu with 50kg of water and spray once.

[0024] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: (1) The present invention adopts the method of digging furrows on the ridge surface, drilling seepage holes in the furrows, covering with black film to inhibit evaporation and weeds, collecting rainwater on the film surface and covering with soil, and planting on the ridges. It has the effects of inhibiting evaporation and weeds, collecting rainwater on the film surface to increase moisture, natural emergence at variable temperature, saving labor and effort, significantly increasing production, and improving quality. The natural emergence rate of the top film reaches more than 75%, increasing production by 10-30%, and the commercial potato rate is increased by more than 10%. It can resist drought and retain moisture, inhibit evaporation and weeds, naturally emerge, save labor and effort, and significantly increase production. It can effectively solve the problem of not being able to sow in time due to drought in dry farming areas and lack of water during the critical period of potato growth, and achieve no or little production reduction in years of severe drought, and achieve the purpose of stable and high yield. It is suitable for arid and semi-arid areas with an annual rainfall of 250-400 mm and shady and humid areas with an annual rainfall of 400-600 mm.

[0025] (2) The present invention allows water to infiltrate the roots of potato crops locally through micro-grooves and seepage holes. The micro-grooves on the ridges can better retain natural precipitation to the maximum extent. It allows water to infiltrate the roots of potato crops locally through the micro-grooves and seepage holes. It is a very effective drought resistance technology in arid and semi-arid mountainous areas, increases the moisture content of the cultivated layer of soil, and meets the water demand of potato crops for growth and development.

[0026] (3) The present invention can increase potato yield by more than 17%. Black film covering can suppress weeds, reduce the frequency and amount of pesticide use, and cover with soil and black film to reduce the production of green potatoes, thereby increasing the survival rate and commercial rate of potato seedlings. At the same time, black film covering relies on the soil gravity on the film and the natural upward action of potato sprouts, which can promote the potato sprouts to break through the film and emerge naturally from the soil. The seedlings emerge in an orderly manner, with an emergence rate of more than 75%. Covering can increase ground temperature, conserve soil moisture, and reduce ineffective evaporation of soil moisture.

[0027] (4) The present application adopts reasonable close planting on the ridge, and since the ridge is high, the ridge is prevented from being flooded, the relative dryness of the root layer of the potato plant is maintained, the humidity is relatively low, and the occurrence of diseases is reduced. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0028] Figure 1 is a structural schematic view of one embodiment of the present application.

[0029] Figure 2 is a top view of Figure 1 .

[0030] Reference signs: 1, micro ditch; 2, ridging; 3, water seepage hole. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] In order to make the purpose, technical scheme and advantages of the present application more clear, the present application is further described in detail below in combination with the drawings and examples. It should be understood that the specific examples described herein are only used to explain the present application and do not limit the present application.

[0032] Example 1

[0033] The potato black film soil covering ridge micro ditch cultivation method of the present embodiment comprises the following steps:

[0034] S1, variety selection: select an excellent virus-free seed potato variety, and the weight of the selected seed potato is 50-250g. Since the virus-free elite variety is drought-resistant, disease-resistant, high-yielding, and slow-degrading, it has more extensive adaptability to the environment.

[0035] The number of seed potatoes is determined by the sowing area, sowing density, size of single seed potato, and natural loss rate, etc.

[0036] The sowing amount per mu (kg) = expected planting density x average seed weight x natural loss rate %.

[0037] The natural loss rate is generally considered to be 5%.

[0038] Large potato blocks are selected as seed potatoes, and the seed amount is large and the cost is high. Generally, potato blocks with a size of 50-250g are good. If the seed potato is insufficient, it should not be less than 15g, and about 250-350kg of seed is used per mu.

[0039] S2, seed potato treatment: cut the seed potato.

[0040] S201, germination: sunning and germination of the seed potato, and the seed potato is germinated under scattered light, and the seed potato is ventilated during the day and covered with a cotton quilt at night. The sunning and germination time is 15 days before sowing, and the length of the germinated bud is 0.5cm.

[0041] S202, cutting: Cut the seed potatoes into pieces 2 days before sowing. The weight of each piece of seed potato is 40-50 grams. Each piece has 1-2 buds to control the density. When cutting, make full use of the apical advantage and try to include the top buds. The pieces should be cut close to the buds to facilitate rooting.

[0042] If the seeds are cut too early and stacked for a long time, they are prone to infection by bacteria and rot. If the pieces are cut too late and the pieces have not yet healed, they are prone to rot after sowing. The pieces should not be exposed to the sun, which is prone to rot after sowing. When the pieces are stacked, they should not be blown into dry pieces or the cut surfaces should be sticky, which will result in failure to germinate and rot.

[0043] The first cut of the potato tuber is to cut one millimeter off the navel to see if the vascular bundle of the potato flesh has turned brown. If brown, the potato tuber needs to be eliminated and the cutter should be changed to cut other potato tubers. If not, the normal bud cutting method can be used: for potato tubers weighing about 50 grams, no cutting is required, and the whole potato can be used as seeds; for seed potatoes weighing 60-100 grams, they can be split into 2 pieces from the top bud; for seed potatoes weighing 110-200 grams, first cut off a slightly larger 1 / 3 of the tail, and then split it from the top bud, so that it is cut into 3 pieces; for seed potatoes weighing 160-200 grams, first split it from the top bud, and then cut it horizontally from the middle, for a total of 4 pieces; for potato tubers weighing about 200 grams, first cut off a slightly larger 1 / 4 of the tail, and then cut the remaining part from the top bud, and then cut it horizontally from the middle, for a total of 5 pieces.

[0044] S203, seed dressing: all the cut tubers are dressed with 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 2% kasugamycin powder. The dressed tubers are sown within 1 to 2 days.

[0045] During the storage of seed potatoes, the cellar temperature is controlled between 3 and 4°C. Low temperature is used to force dormancy and inhibit premature germination of the seed potatoes. 15 to 20 days before taking the potatoes out of the cellar and cutting the bud blocks, the cellar temperature is raised to 10 to 15°C to raise the body temperature of the seed potatoes by 6 to 7°C, breaking dormancy and allowing them to sprout as soon as possible, which is conducive to germination and emergence.

[0046] S3. Land preparation: Apply farmyard manure or organic fertilizer before the beginning of winter, and plow the land 32 cm deep to freeze and weather the soil to receive rain and snow, which will kill overwintering pests. Plow and harrow again before sowing to achieve a fine plow layer without clods and a flat field surface without stubble. Apply 5 kg of phoxim granules per mu before sowing to prevent and control underground pests.

[0047] Choose plots with deep, loose, well-permeable soil, rich in organic matter, relatively flat terrain, and no waterlogging. Avoid planting potatoes in the same crop as previous crops, including those in the Solanaceae family (such as tomatoes and eggplant) and root crops (such as beets and radishes). Leguminous and grass crops are good predecessors to potatoes. Avoid planting potatoes on land that has been previously treated with long-lasting herbicides such as dapoxetine, pursuant to the herbicide, and dapoxetine. Avoid planting potatoes on crops that are heavily infested with underground pests.

[0048] S4, ridge forming: the bottom width S2 of ridge 2 is 83 cm, the top width S1 of ridge 2 is 50 cm, the height H1 of ridge is 16 cm, and the distance between two adjacent ridges 2 is 42 cm.

[0049] The function of ridge 2 is to improve soil permeability, facilitate drainage and prevent waterlogging, increase the temperature difference between day and night, keep the roots of potato plants relatively dry, and reduce the occurrence of weeds and pests and diseases.

[0050] S5, trenching: a micro-ditch 1 is opened in the middle of the top surface of the ridge 2. The depth H2 of the micro-ditch 1 is 9 cm, the top width S3 of the micro-ditch 1 is 10 cm, and a plurality of seepage holes 3 are opened horizontally in the bottom of the micro-ditch 1. The diameter of the seepage holes 3 is 0.5 mm, and the distance S4 between each two adjacent seepage holes 3 is 47 cm. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown.

[0051] The function of the micro-ditch 1 is to retain natural precipitation to the maximum extent, especially to effectively collect and utilize the small rainfall of 10 to 20 mm or invalid rainfall in early spring, and prevent the middle of the ridge surface from being too dry.

[0052] The function of the seepage holes 3 is to allow the rainwater collected by the micro-grooves 1 to directly seep into the roots of potato crops, thereby improving the moisture content in the ridges.

[0053] S6, sowing and fertilizing;

[0054] The sowing method is: the ground temperature during the sowing period is 9°C, two rows of seed potatoes are planted on each ridge 2, the row spacing is 28 cm, the planting spacing is 29 cm, the planting density is 3,800 plants / mu, and the sowing time is April 10th to May 1st.

[0055] When sowing, fertilizer is applied deep in the middle of the ridge bottom to prevent it from being exposed on the soil surface, thereby improving the fertilizer efficiency and utilization rate.

[0056] S7, covering with black film and soil: Cover the ridge with black film, the width of the black film is 100 cm, the thickness of the black film is 0.01 mm, and the soil with a thickness of 4 cm is covered on the black film.

[0057] The functions of black film are to inhibit soil moisture evaporation, retain moisture, suppress weeds, reduce temperatures, reduce green potatoes, and increase the survival rate of potato seedlings. Covering crops with film can increase ground temperature, retain soil moisture, and reduce ineffective evaporation of soil moisture.

[0058] The purpose of soil covering is to increase the natural emergence rate of potato sprouts. The upward force of potato sprouts and the gravity of the covering soil allow them to naturally break through the soil and emerge. During the early growth phase, soil covering increases the temperature on the ridge surface, promoting strong seedlings. After the ridges are sealed, the temperature is lowered, promoting tuber enlargement. Covering the ridge surface with soil effectively seals water seepage holes, reducing excessive rainwater infiltration beneath the film, keeping the ridge surface relatively dry, and reducing potato rot. Covering with black film can suppress weeds, reduce the frequency and amount of pesticide application, effectively prevent green potatoes, and improve the commercial properties of potatoes.

[0059] S8, Field management: After the potato seedlings emerge, check and supplement the seedlings in time, weed and loosen the soil. During the tuber formation and tuber expansion period, use 0.5% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate for foliar topdressing twice with an interval of 6 days to promote the growth and expansion of potato tubers.

[0060] S9. Pest and disease control: During the flowering period, spray 10% imidacloprid 0.02kg per mu and 3% acetamiprid 0.015kg once each. Before the flowering period, spray 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 110g / mu with 50kg of water and spray once.

[0061] Example 2

[0062] The potato black film covering soil ridge micro-ditch cultivation method of the present embodiment comprises the following steps:

[0063] S1, Variety selection: Choose high-quality virus-free seed potato varieties.

[0064] S2, seed potato processing: cutting the seed potatoes into pieces.

[0065] S201, germination: The seed potatoes are sun-dried and germinated, piled up under scattered light for germination, with ventilation around during the day and covered with quilts at night. The time for sun-dried germination is 15 days before sowing, and the length of the germinated buds is 0.5 cm.

[0066] S202, cutting: Cut the seed potatoes into pieces 2 days before sowing. The weight of each seed potato piece is 40 grams. Each piece has one bud eye, which is convenient for controlling the density. When cutting, make full use of the apical advantage and try to carry the top bud as much as possible. The pieces should be cut close to the bud eye to facilitate rooting.

[0067] S203, seed dressing: all the cut tubers are dressed with 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 2% kasugamycin powder. The dressed tubers are sown within 1 to 2 days.

[0068] S3. Land preparation: Apply farmyard manure or organic fertilizer before the beginning of winter, and plow the land 30 cm deep to freeze and weather the soil to accept rain and snow, and kill overwintering pests. Plow and harrow again before sowing to achieve a fine plow layer without clods and a flat field surface without stubble. Apply 5 kg of phoxim granules per mu before sowing to prevent and control underground pests.

[0069] S4, ridge forming: the bottom width S2 of ridge 2 is 80 cm, the top width S1 of ridge 2 is 45 cm, the height H1 of ridge is 16 cm, and the distance between two adjacent ridges 2 is 40 cm.

[0070] S5, trenching: a micro-ditch 1 is opened in the middle of the top surface of the ridge 2. The depth H2 of the micro-ditch 1 is 8 cm, the top width S3 of the micro-ditch 1 is 10 cm, and a plurality of seepage holes 3 are opened horizontally in the bottom of the micro-ditch 1. The diameter of the seepage holes 3 is 0.5 mm, and the distance S4 between each two adjacent seepage holes 3 is 45 cm. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown.

[0071] S6, sowing and fertilizing;

[0072] The sowing method is: the ground temperature during the sowing period is 8°C, two rows of seed potatoes are planted on each ridge 2, the row spacing is 25 cm, the planting spacing is 28 cm, the planting density is 3700 plants / mu, and the sowing time is April 10th to May 1st.

[0073] S7, covering with black film and soil: Cover the ridge with black film, the width of the black film is 100 cm, the thickness of the black film is 0.01 mm, and the soil with a thickness of 3 cm is covered on the black film.

[0074] S8, Field management: After the potato seedlings emerge, check and replant the seedlings in time, weed and loosen the soil. During the tuber formation and tuber expansion period, use 0.5% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate for foliar topdressing twice with an interval of 5 days to promote the growth and expansion of potato tubers.

[0075] S9. Pest and disease control: During the flowering period, spray 10% imidacloprid 0.02kg per mu and 3% acetamiprid 0.015kg once each. Before the flowering period, spray 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 100g / mu with 50kg of water and spray once.

[0076] Example 3

[0077] S1, Variety selection: Choose high-quality virus-free seed potato varieties.

[0078] S2, seed potato processing: cutting the seed potatoes into pieces.

[0079] S201, germination: The seed potatoes are sun-dried and germinated, piled up under scattered light for germination, with ventilation around during the day and covered with quilts at night. The time for sun-dried germination is 20 days before sowing, and the length of the germinated buds is 0.5 cm.

[0080] S202, cutting: Cut the seed potatoes into pieces 3 days before sowing. The weight of each seed potato piece is 50 grams. Each piece has 2 buds to control the density. When cutting, make full use of the apical advantage and try to include the top buds. The pieces should be cut close to the buds to facilitate rooting.

[0081] S203, seed dressing: all the cut tubers are dressed with 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 2% kasugamycin powder. The dressed tubers are sown within 1 to 2 days.

[0082] S3. Land preparation: Apply farmyard manure or organic fertilizer before the beginning of winter, and plow the land 35 cm deep to freeze and weather the soil to accept rain and snow, and kill overwintering pests. Plow and harrow again before sowing to achieve a fine plow layer without clods and a flat field surface without stubble. Apply 5 kg of phoxim granules per mu before sowing to prevent and control underground pests.

[0083] S4, ridge forming: the bottom width S2 of ridge 2 is 85 cm, the top width S1 of ridge 2 is 55 cm, the height H1 of ridge is 17 cm, and the distance between two adjacent ridges 2 is 45 cm.

[0084] S5, trenching: a micro-ditch 1 is opened in the middle of the top surface of the ridge 2. The depth H2 of the micro-ditch 1 is 10 cm, the top width S3 of the micro-ditch 1 is 10 cm, and a plurality of seepage holes 3 are opened horizontally in the bottom of the micro-ditch 1. The diameter of the seepage holes 3 is 0.5 mm, and the distance S4 between each two adjacent seepage holes 3 is 50 cm. Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown.

[0085] S6, sowing and fertilizing;

[0086] The sowing method is: the ground temperature during the sowing period is 10℃, two rows of seed potatoes are planted on each ridge 2, the row spacing is 30cm, the planting spacing is 30cm, the planting density is 4000 plants / mu, and the sowing time is April 10th to May 1st.

[0087] S7, covering with black film and soil: Cover the ridge with black film, the width of the black film is 100 cm, the thickness of the black film is 0.01 mm, and the soil with a thickness of 5 cm is covered on the black film.

[0088] S8, Field management: After the potato seedlings emerge, check and supplement the seedlings in time, weed and loosen the soil. During the tuber formation and tuber expansion period, use 0.5% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate for foliar topdressing three times with an interval of 7 days to promote the growth and expansion of potato tubers.

[0089] S9. Pest and disease control: During the flowering period, spray 10% imidacloprid 0.02kg per mu and 3% acetamiprid 0.015kg once each. Before the flowering period, spray 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 120g / mu mixed with 50kg of water and spray once.

[0090] The experimental method of this embodiment is specifically as follows:

[0091] (1) Overview of the test sites

[0092] This experiment was carried out in two test sites, one in an arid mountainous area and the other in a semi-arid mountainous area.

[0093] Experimental site 1 was located in the Aisha plot in Dongjiagou Village, Dongling Township, Dongxiang County. This arid mountainous area lies at an altitude of 2,500 meters, with an average annual precipitation of 250–300 mm. The soil is loess-soil, with no irrigation available. The previous crop was quinoa, and the soil fertility was medium, representative of the local fertility level. Cultivation conditions and fertilization levels for the experimental site are shown in Table 1.

[0094] Test site 2 was located in Pingzhuang Village, Pingzhuang Township, Dongxiang County. The test area is located in a semi-arid mountainous area at an altitude of 2,030 meters. The average annual temperature is 8.9°C, the frost-free period averages 196 days per year, and the average annual precipitation is approximately 450 mm. The soil is jute, with no irrigation available. The previous crop was corn, and the soil fertility is above average, representing the local fertility level. Cultivation conditions and fertilization levels for the test site are shown in Table 2.

[0095] Table 1. Basic information of test site 1

[0096]

[0097] Table 2. Basic information of test site 2

[0098]

[0099] (2) Experimental design

[0100] The test varieties are all high-quality virus-free seed potatoes suitable for local planting.

[0101] Test site 1: Select the late-maturing variety Longshu No. 10 original seed and conduct a simple comparative test with a planting area of ​​1200m 2 There are 4 treatments: white film covering high ridges, black film covering soil on ridges with micro-ditching, black film covering soil on ridges, and high ridge open field planting (CK). Each treatment has a 300m 2 The ridge formation, sowing method, sowing depth, and fertilizer application amount were all the same. The treatments are as follows:

[0102] Treatment ①: Covering high ridges with white film: area 300m 2The ridge surface is covered with white film, and the soil is covered 3-5 cm above the film. The ridge bottom width is 80-85 cm, the ridge surface width is 45-55 cm, the ridge height is 20 cm, the ridge spacing is 40 cm, and the hole spacing is 28 cm. One ridge has two rows and is planted in a triangular shape. The sowing depth is 12-13 cm and the planting density is 4,000 plants per mu.

[0103] Treatment ②: Micro-ditch on the ridge covered with black film: area 300m 2 The ridge bottom width is 80-85cm, the ridge surface width is 45-55cm, and the ridge height is 16-18cm. A micro-ditch 8-10cm deep is dug in the middle of the ridge surface. The ridge surface is covered with black film. A water seepage hole is drilled every 50cm at the bottom of the micro-ditch. The film is covered with soil 3-5cm. The ridge spacing is 40cm, and the hole spacing is 28cm. Two rows per ridge are planted in a V-shaped pattern. The sowing depth is 12-13cm, and the planting density is 4000 plants per mu.

[0104] Treatment ③ Covering the ridge with black film: area 300m 2 The ridge surface is covered with black film, and the soil is covered 3-5 cm above the film. The ridge bottom width is 80-85 cm, the ridge surface width is 45-55 cm, the ridge height is 20 cm, the ridge spacing is 40 cm, and the hole spacing is 28 cm. One ridge has two rows and is planted in a triangular shape. The sowing depth is 12-13 cm and the planting density is 4,000 plants per mu.

[0105] Treatment ④: high ridge open field planting: area 300m 2 The ridge surface is not covered with film, the ridge bottom width is 80-85cm, the ridge surface width is 45-55cm, the ridge height is 20cm, the ridge spacing is 40cm, and the hole spacing is 28cm. One ridge has two rows and a V-shaped planting pattern. The sowing depth is 12-13cm and the planting density is 4000 plants per mu.

[0106] Test site 2: Linshu No. 18 original seed was used as the test variety. A simple comparative test was conducted with a plot area of ​​1334m 2 There are 4 treatments: white film covering high ridges, black film covering soil on ridges with micro-ditching, black film covering soil on ridges, and high ridge open field planting (CK). Each treatment has a 333.4m 2 The ridge formation, sowing method, sowing depth, and fertilizer application amount were all the same. The treatments are as follows:

[0107] Treatment ①: high ridge covered with white film: area 333.4m 2 The ridge surface is covered with white film, and the soil is covered 3-5 cm above the film. The ridge bottom width is 80-85 cm, the ridge surface width is 45-55 cm, the ridge height is 20 cm, the ridge spacing is 40 cm, and the hole spacing is 28 cm. One ridge has two rows and is planted in a triangular shape. The sowing depth is 12-13 cm and the planting density is 4000 plants per mu.

[0108] Treatment ② Micro-ditch on black film covered ridge: area 333.4m 2The ridge bottom width is 80-85cm, the ridge surface width is 45-55cm, and the ridge height is 16-18cm. A micro-ditch 8-10cm deep is dug in the middle of the ridge surface. The ridge surface is covered with black film. A water seepage hole is drilled every 50cm at the bottom of the micro-ditch. The film is covered with soil 3-5cm. The ridge spacing is 40cm, and the hole spacing is 28cm. Two rows per ridge are planted in a triangular shape. The sowing depth is 12-13cm, and the planting density is 4000 plants per mu.

[0109] Treatment ③ Covering the ridge with black film: area 333.4m 2 The ridge surface is covered with black film, and the soil is covered 3-5 cm above the film. The ridge bottom width is 80-85 cm, the ridge surface width is 45-55 cm, the ridge height is 20 cm, the ridge spacing is 40 cm, and the hole spacing is 28 cm. One ridge has two rows and is planted in a triangular shape. The sowing depth is 12-13 cm and the planting density is 4,000 plants per mu.

[0110] Treatment ④: high ridge open field planting: area 333.4m 2 The ridge surface is not covered with film, the ridge bottom width is 80-85cm, the ridge surface width is 45-55cm, the ridge height is 20cm, the ridge spacing is 40cm, and the hole spacing is 28cm. One ridge has two rows and a V-shaped planting pattern. The sowing depth is 12-13cm and the planting density is 4000 plants per mu.

[0111] (3) Experimental implementation

[0112] 1. Seed potato processing

[0113] ① Seed potatoes out of the cellar

[0114] Time to take the seeds out of the cellar: Generally, they should be taken out of the cellar for germination 15 to 20 days before sowing. The seed potatoes should generally be dried in the sun for germination, piled up under scattered light for germination, with ventilation all around during the day and covered with quilts at night to ensure that they are 100% not affected by low temperature or frost damage. The best time for the germination sprouts is when they are 0.5 cm long, that is, "white".

[0115] ② Cutting time. Cutting should be done 2-3 days before sowing. Cutting too early and stacking for a long time will easily lead to infection and rot. Cutting too late, before the cut pieces have healed, will easily cause seed rot after sowing. Cut pieces should not be exposed to direct sunlight, otherwise they will easily cause seed rot after sowing. When stacking cut pieces, do not let them become dry or the cut surface will become sticky, otherwise they will not germinate or the seeds will rot.

[0116] ③ Size of cut pieces: Generally, each piece should weigh 40-50 grams, with 1-2 buds per piece. When cutting, make full use of the apical advantage and try to include the top buds. Cut the pieces close to the buds to facilitate rooting.

[0117] ④ Seed dressing: To prevent diseases, use 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 2% kasugamycin powder to dress the seeds. The dressed tubers must be sown within 2 days.

[0118] 2. Careful cultivation and reasonable planting density

[0119] After harvesting the previous crop, clean the field promptly and remove any diseased leaves and plants. Apply organic fertilizer before the beginning of winter and plow the soil to a depth of approximately 30 cm to allow it to freeze and weather, allowing it to absorb rain and snow, killing overwintering pests. Plow and harrow again before sowing to achieve a fine, clod-free top layer and a smooth, stubble-free field surface, ensuring a flat top and crisp bottom. Apply 5 kg of phoxim granules per mu before sowing to control underground pests such as wireworms and white grubs.

[0120] 3. Sow seeds at the right time

[0121] Mechanical mulching, ridge formation, fertilization, furrowing, black film covering, soil covering, and manual sowing were used. The sowing time for test site one was May 10, and the sowing time for test site two was April 26.

[0122] 4. Strengthen field management

[0123] The focus of seedling management is to preserve the seedlings and promote their growth.

[0124] ① After the potato seedlings emerge, they should be checked and seedled promptly, and the weeds should be removed and the soil loosened in time. After sowing with mulch, the field should be checked at any time for seedling conditions and seedlings should be planted in time.

[0125] ② Management in the middle and late stages: During the tuber formation and tuber expansion period, i.e. the flowering period, apply 0.5% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, combined with spraying pesticides, for foliar topdressing three times, with an interval of 7 days. This will help promote the growth and expansion of potato tubers.

[0126] 5. Pest and disease control

[0127] ① Aphid control: Spray 10% imidacloprid 0.02kg per mu and 3% acetamiprid 0.015kg once each.

[0128] ② Prevention of early and late blight: Spray 70% mancozeb wettable powder before flowering, 100-120g / mu mixed with 50kg of water and spray once.

[0129] 6. Management during the reproductive period

[0130] At the two test sites, growth conditions were observed and recorded during the growth period. At maturity, 10 plants were sampled from each plot for testing. The number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant, and the percentage of large and medium-sized tubers were investigated. Fresh tubers were harvested and weighed in each plot. Other management measures were the same as for field cultivation.

[0131] Table 3. Observation records of different growth stages at test site 1 (Dongling Township)

[0132]

[0133] Table 4. Observation records of different growth stages at test site 2 (Pingzhuang Township)

[0134]

[0135] Tables 3 and 4 show that, given the same sowing time, potato seedlings emerged, budded, and flowered the latest in the high-ridge open-field planting treatment. The white-film-covered high-ridge treatment showed the earliest emergence, budding, and flowered. The black-film-covered soil-on-ridge micro-ditch and black-film-covered soil-on-ridge treatments had the same seedling and budding periods. At Experimental Site 1, where the potato growth period was approximately 121 days, seedlings emerged three days earlier in the white-film-covered high-ridge treatment than in the black-film-covered soil-on-ridge and black-film-covered soil-on-ridge micro-ditch treatments, and four days earlier than in the high-ridge open-field planting treatment. At Experimental Site 2, where the potato growth period was approximately 135 days, seedlings emerged three days earlier in the white-film-covered high-ridge treatment than in the black-film-covered soil-on-ridge and black-film-covered soil-on-ridge micro-ditch treatments, and four days earlier than in the high-ridge open-field planting treatment.

[0136] 3. Test results and analysis

[0137] Under the same treatments such as ridge formation, sowing method, sowing depth, and fertilizer application, and the same planting density, field yield measurements were conducted at two test sites. The results are shown in the figure below:

[0138] Table 5. Yield measurement results of test site 1 (Dongling Township)

[0139]

[0140] Table 6. Yield measurement results of test site 2 (Pingzhuang Township)

[0141]

[0142] Table 5 shows that the yields of film-mulched crops in all three plots at Experimental Site 1 were higher than those in open-field plantings, increasing by 281.73 kg, 330.15 kg, and 209.74 kg, respectively, compared to the control, with yield increases of 18.46%, 21.63%, and 13.74%, respectively. Table 6 shows that the yields of film-mulched crops in all three plots at Experimental Site 2 were higher than those in open-field plantings, increasing by 498.55 kg, 549.44 kg, and 264.73 kg, respectively, compared to the control, with yield increases of 27.72%, 30.55%, and 14.72%, respectively. Both sets of data demonstrate that film-mulched crops can effectively increase yields.

[0143] Comparing the data from the two experimental groups revealed that, among the three film-mulching planting patterns, black film-covered soil-covered ridge micro-ditch planting achieved the highest overall yield, followed by white film-covered high ridges, and the lowest yield for black film-covered soil-covered ridges. This suggests that ridge micro-ditching is the key factor in increasing yield. Analysis suggests that ridge micro-ditching collects natural rainfall, allowing it to enter the potato plant roots through the micro-ditch seepage holes, meeting the potato's water needs for growth and development, thereby increasing yield.

[0144] By comparing the commodity rate and field observation, it was found that the production of green-headed potatoes and deformed potatoes was more in the white film-covered planting, resulting in the lowest commodity rate (<CK),两种黑膜覆土的商品率均高于对照(> CK), and the commercial yield was highest when planted in micro-furrows on ridges covered with black film, indicating that black film covering effectively reduces the incidence of green potatoes. Analysis shows that using black film, relying on the soil gravity above the film and the natural upward force of potato sprouts, promotes the natural and uniform emergence of potato sprouts, which break through the film and push through the soil. Furthermore, black film combined with covering can suppress weeds, reduce the frequency and amount of pesticide application, thereby reducing the green potato rate and improving the commercial properties of potatoes.

[0145] Tables 5 and 6 also show that the yield increase rate of potato mulching at Experimental Site 1 ranged from 13% to 22%, while at Experimental Site 2, the yield increase rate reached 14% to 31%. Comparing the data between the two experimental groups, the yield increase rate at Experimental Site 2 was higher than that at Experimental Site 1, particularly under the white film mulching treatments with high ridges and the black film mulching treatments with soil on ridges and micro-ditching. Analysis indicates that Experimental Site 2 is located in a semi-arid mountainous area, while Experimental Site 1 is located in an arid mountainous area with a higher altitude and less precipitation during the growing season, which to some extent affected the yield-increasing effect of mulching. This suggests that potato mulching with high ridges and film mulching can effectively increase yield in both arid and semi-arid mountainous areas. In particular, potato mulching with black film mulching with soil on ridges and micro-ditching significantly increased yield, with the yield-increasing effect being even more pronounced in the Eryin Mountain area.

[0146] 4. Discussion and Conclusion

[0147] Potatoes are the second largest crop in our prefecture and one of the favorite staple foods of the people in Dongxiang County. Faced with the current situation of water scarcity, low rainfall utilization rate, backward drought resistance methods, and low level of mechanization application in our prefecture, it is particularly important to improve the production conditions of dryland agriculture, increase the utilization rate of natural resources such as light, temperature, water, air, and fertilizer, and promote the increase of potato production and commercialization rate. After nearly two years of experiments by prefecture and county agricultural technicians, it was found that

[0148] The potato cultivation technique of black film mulching on ridges and micro-ditching not only allows for optimal planting density, but also, due to its high ridge height, prevents flooding, keeps the soil relatively dry, and reduces the incidence of disease. Fertilizer is applied deep into the middle of the ridge bottom during sowing, preventing it from being exposed to the soil surface and improving its efficiency and utilization rate. Top-mulching with film raises ground temperature, conserves soil moisture, and reduces ineffective evaporation. The micro-ditching technique on ridges, in particular, maximizes the retention of natural rainfall, especially the minimal or even ineffective 10-20 mm of early spring rainfall. Water seeps through the micro-ditch seepage holes and infiltrates directly into the potato crop roots, improving soil moisture levels in the topsoil. Black film mulching suppresses weeds, reduces the frequency and amount of pesticide application, effectively prevents green potatoes, and enhances the commercial properties of potatoes.

[0149] To sum up, the conclusion is: the potato black film covering soil on ridge micro-ditch cultivation technology is a new drought-resistant production technology that summarizes the advantages of Gansu Province's potato black film high ridge covering soil cultivation technology and ridge micro-ditch technology. It integrates the cultivation technologies of covering with black film to inhibit evaporation and weeds, rainwater collection on the film surface and covering with soil, planting on ridges, and reducing diseases to achieve the effects of increasing production, resisting drought, and improving quality.

[0150] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A potato black film covered ridge micro-ditch cultivation method, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1, Variety selection: Select high-quality virus-free seed potato varieties, with a seed potato weight of 50-250g; S2, seed potato treatment: cutting the seed potatoes into pieces; S3. Land preparation: Apply farmyard manure or organic fertilizer before the beginning of winter and plow the land 30-35 cm deep to allow the soil to freeze and weather, allowing it to receive rain and snow, killing overwintering pests. Plow and harrow again before sowing to ensure a fine, clod-free top layer and a smooth, stubble-free field surface. Apply 5 kg of phoxim granules per mu before sowing to control underground pests. S4, ridge formation: the bottom width S2 of the ridge (2) is 80-85 cm, the top width S1 of the ridge (2) is 45-55 cm, the height H1 of the ridge is 16-17 cm, and the distance between two adjacent ridges (2) is 40-45 cm; S5, furrowing: a micro-ditch (1) is opened in the middle of the top surface of the ridge (2), the depth H2 of the micro-ditch (1) is 8 to 10 cm, the top width S3 of the micro-ditch (1) is 10 cm, a plurality of seepage holes (3) are opened in the horizontal direction at the bottom of the micro-ditch (1), the diameter of the seepage holes (3) is 0.5 mm, and the distance S4 between each two adjacent seepage holes (3) is 45 to 50 cm; S6, sowing and fertilizing; S7, covering with black film and soil: Cover the ridge with black film, the width of the black film is 100 cm, the thickness of the black film is 0.01 mm, and the soil with a thickness of 3 to 5 cm is covered on the black film.

2. The potato black film covering soil ridge micro-ditch cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method for cutting seed potatoes in S2 comprises the following steps: S201, germination: The seed potatoes are sun-dried and germinated, and the seeds are piled up under scattered light for germination, with ventilation during the day and covered with quilts at night. The sun-dried germination time is 15 to 20 days before sowing, and the length of the germinated sprouts is 0.5 cm; S202, cutting: cutting the seed potatoes 2 to 3 days before sowing; S203, seed dressing: all the cut tubers are dressed with 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 2% kasugamycin powder. The dressed tubers are sown within 1 to 2 days.

3. The potato black film covering soil ridge micro-ditch cultivation method according to claim 2, characterized in that: Each seed potato block in S202 weighs 40 to 50 grams, and each block has 1 to 2 eyes.

4. The potato black film covering soil ridge micro-ditch cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bottom width of the ridge in the S4 is 80 cm, the surface width of the ridge is 55 cm, and the height of the ridge is 17 cm.

5. The potato black film covering soil ridge micro-ditch cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sowing method in S6 is as follows: the ground temperature during the sowing period is 8-10°C, two rows of seed potatoes are planted on each ridge (2), the row spacing is 25-30 cm, the planting spacing is 28-30 cm, the planting density is 3700-4000 plants / mu, and the sowing date is April 10-May 1.

6. The potato black film covering soil ridge micro-ditch cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The depth of the micro groove (1) is 10 cm, and the distance S4 between every two adjacent seepage holes (3) is 45 cm.

7. The potato black film covering soil ridge micro-ditch cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The following steps are also included: S8, Field Management: After potato seedlings emerge, promptly check and replant them, weed and loosen the soil. During the tuber formation and tuber expansion period, apply 0.5% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate as foliar fertilizer 2-3 times with an interval of 5-7 days to promote the growth and expansion of potato tubers. S9. Pest and disease control: During the flowering period, spray 10% imidacloprid 0.02kg per mu and 3% acetamiprid 0.015kg once each. Before the flowering period, spray 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 100-120g / mu with 50kg of water and spray once.

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