Plastic film mulching water-saving and fertilizer-retaining cultivation method for red beans

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of crop cultivation, in particular to a red bean plastic film mulching water-saving and fertilizer-retaining cultivation method, and aims to solve the problems that the integrity of an existing plastic film is damaged, the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer is low, and the labor intensity of field management is high. The cultivation method is characterized by comprising the steps of soil preparation and bedding, base fertilizer application, laying of a drip irrigation belt below the center line of a ridge body, laying of a mulching film with prefabricated holes, accurate guiding of red bean seeds into the holes of the mulching film through a precision seeder, water and fertilizer integrated accurate management in the whole process, and prevention and control of diseases, weeds and weeds in combination with green prevention and control measures. By adopting the technical scheme, the utilization efficiency of water resources and fertilizers can be remarkably improved, stable performance of the mulching film is ensured, the labor intensity is reduced, and the effects of saving water, retaining fertilizers, saving labor, increasing yield and protecting environment are achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and in particular relates to a water-saving and fertilizer-preserving cultivation method for adzuki beans by mulching with mulch film. Background Art

[0002] With the growing adoption of sustainable development in modern agriculture, mulching has become a crucial technology for increasing crop yields and conserving water, thanks to its significant advantages in effectively inhibiting soil evaporation, regulating ground temperature, improving soil physical and chemical properties, and suppressing weed growth. This technology, particularly in areas where water resources are relatively scarce or soil nutrient loss is prone to occur, provides a practical path for achieving efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural production. The application of mulch during the early stages of crop growth provides a more stable environment for seed germination and seedling growth, thereby improving crop yield and quality. Therefore, it is widely used in the cultivation of various cash crops, and its strategic significance is self-evident.

[0003] In the prior art, film-mulching cultivation methods for specific crops have been developed. For example, Patent Publication No. CN103563627B discloses a film-mulching ridge cultivation method for Salvia miltiorrhiza. The core of this solution lies in the use of black film to cover the ridge surface, aiming to effectively increase soil moisture and the diurnal temperature difference by changing the thermal radiation properties of the soil surface. By enhancing the ability to regulate soil temperature and humidity, this method can promote photosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza, thereby increasing plant biomass accumulation. Furthermore, the optical properties of the black film also make it effective in inhibiting weed growth, thereby reducing the pressure of weed control during field management and ultimately achieving a simultaneous increase in Salvia miltiorrhiza yield and quality. This technology proposes an effective cultivation strategy tailored to the physiological characteristics and market demand of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a specific medicinal crop. For another example, Patent Publication No. CN105284329B discloses a film-mulching cultivation method suitable for the cultivation of Codonopsis pilosula in arid mountainous areas. This technical solution focuses on addressing water resource shortages in arid environments by creatively combining film-mulching with arched film surface rainwater harvesting technology. The advantage of this approach is that the diversion effect of the arched membrane surface effectively collects and utilizes rainwater, reducing crops' dependence on natural precipitation and having positive implications for improving the survival rate and yield of Codonopsis pilosula in arid regions. Furthermore, this method incorporates microbial insecticides and botanical fungicides into pest control, aiming to reduce the use of chemical pesticides and demonstrating a commitment to green and environmentally friendly agriculture.

[0004] However, with the continuous improvement of the level of fine and intensive agricultural production, and the more stringent requirements for the cultivation of specific crops, some inherent characteristics of the above-mentioned prior art solutions in the principle level make them gradually show limitations in dealing with new challenges, especially when applied to crops such as small beans. Specifically, the core advantage of the Salvia miltiorrhiza cultivation method disclosed in CN103563627B is the regulation of soil temperature and humidity and the inhibition of weeds, but it does not specifically optimize the design for water and fertilizer conservation effects. Although the mulch has a certain water and fertilizer conservation effect, its conservation capacity is not fixed, but closely related to the laying method of the mulch, the application strategy of the fertilizer and the type of crops. For small beans, the growth period is relatively short, the demand for initial nutrients is high and sensitive, and if the fertilizer utilization rate is not optimal, it will directly affect its growth and development. More importantly, the operation mode of manually cutting the film to put the seedlings after mulching in this solution not only significantly increases the labor input and labor intensity of field management, but more importantly, each time the film is cut, it may damage the continuity and integrity of the film. This damage can easily lead to the evaporation and escape of soil moisture under the film through the cut, thereby reducing the overall water conservation efficiency of the film; at the same time, the exposure of the local soil may also provide a path for weed invasion and cause the loss of fertilizer nutrients with water or volatilization through the holes, resulting in the water and fertilizer conservation potential of the film not being fully and uniformly realized. There is an inherent technical conflict between this operation and the efficient use of the film.

[0005] Further review of the Codonopsis cultivation method disclosed in CN105284329B shows that although its rain collection technology performs well in arid mountainous areas, its specific rain collection structure and film covering method may not be applicable to the cultivation of adzuki beans in flat or humid areas. It may even cause excessive soil moisture due to excessive water collection, which is not conducive to the normal growth of the adzuki bean root system. A more significant problem is that this method does not propose targeted fertilizer conservation measures in the fertilization link. Fertilizer management under mulch covering is a complex technology. If it is not optimized based on the physical isolation properties of the mulch, the fertilizer retention performance of the soil, and the nutrient absorption law of adzuki beans, the fertilizer may still be lost through infiltration, leaching, volatilization, etc., especially after rainfall or irrigation. The existing technology only relies on simple covering with mulch, and lacks detailed consideration of key factors such as fertilizer type, application time, application location, and application depth, resulting in difficulty in achieving the ideal level of fertilizer utilization and failure to fully realize the potential of the mulch in inhibiting nutrient loss. Furthermore, the operating procedure adopted by this method, which is to plant seedlings first and then cover with film, also has a deep-seated problem that is contrary to the principle of film covering. Planting seedlings first and then covering with film means that the soil surface has been disturbed before the film is laid, and the fit between the film and the soil may not be as tight as the method of covering with film first and then drilling holes for sowing or transplanting. The gap between the film and the soil will form a thermal resistance, affecting the heat preservation and moisture retention effect of the film, thereby weakening its ability to regulate ground temperature and retain water. More importantly, this operating method is very likely to cause mechanical damage to the planted seedlings or the film itself during the film covering process. Once the film is damaged, its function of isolating from the external environment will be weakened, which will not only affect water and fertilizer conservation, but may also reduce the inhibitory effect on weeds and even become a potential route for the invasion of pests and diseases. In summary, there is a significant disconnect between film covering and water and fertilizer management and field operations in the existing technology, and it has failed to form a systematic and synergistically optimized cultivation system, which has led to obvious deficiencies in its universality, water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and sustainability of film effectiveness.

[0006] The above analysis shows that the existing film mulching cultivation methods, when applied to crops such as adzuki beans, have failed to provide a solution that can take into account multiple performance aspects in terms of achieving the optimal coupling of film mulching effectiveness and water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, simplifying field operation procedures, and ensuring the continuous and stable performance of the film. The crux of the problem is that most solutions remain at the level of utilizing the basic functions of the film, and lack in-depth optimization from the perspective of systematic coordination of crop physiological needs, soil nutrient dynamics, film physical properties and agronomic operations. Therefore, how to construct an innovative cultivation method that can systematically optimize film mulching technology and water and fertilizer management measures, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of water resources and fertilizer utilization in adzuki bean cultivation, and effectively taking into account the convenience of field management, has become a key challenge currently faced by those skilled in the art and a technical problem that needs to be solved urgently. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose of the invention, the present invention provides a water-saving and fertilizer-retaining cultivation method for adzuki beans by mulching with mulch, which aims to overcome the problems of damaged mulch integrity, low water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, and high labor intensity of field management in the existing mulch covering technology in adzuki bean cultivation. By constructing a set of systematic and synergistically optimized cultivation systems, the utilization efficiency of water resources and fertilizers can be significantly improved, and the continuous and stable performance of the mulch can be ensured.

[0008] The present invention provides a water-saving and fertilizer-preserving cultivation method for adzuki beans by mulching with mulch film, comprising the following steps:

[0009] S1, land preparation and ridge making: deep plowing is carried out on the cultivated land, and the plowing depth is set to 25 cm to 30 cm to loosen the soil structure and enhance soil permeability and root penetration ability. After deep plowing is completed, the soil is finely raked to remove stones and large clods of soil to ensure the flatness of the soil surface and to make the soil particle size moderate. Subsequently, according to the row spacing requirements of adzuki beans, a mechanized ridge making method is used to form a cultivation ridge body. The bottom width of the cultivation ridge body is set to 60 cm to 80 cm, the top width is set to 40 cm to 60 cm, and the ridge height is set to 15 cm to 20 cm. The ridge body surface is flat and the side slope is gentle, which is conducive to the subsequent laying and fitting of the ground film.

[0010] S2, application of base fertilizer and laying of drip irrigation tape: dig a fertilizer ditch with a depth of 10 cm to 15 cm below the center line of the completed ridge. Apply a predetermined dose of base fertilizer evenly to the bottom of the fertilizer ditch. The base fertilizer is composed of a mixture of slow-release compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of the slow-release compound fertilizer is designed to be 15:15:15, and the application amount is 300 kg / hectare to 400 kg / hectare; the organic fertilizer is fully decomposed farmyard manure or commercial organic fertilizer, and the application amount is 1500 kg / hectare to 2000 kg / hectare. After the base fertilizer is applied, backfill the soil in the fertilizer ditch to a preset depth of 5 cm to 10 cm. Subsequently, a drip tape with an embedded dripper is laid above the backfill soil along the center line of the ridge body to ensure that the drip tape is located between the base fertilizer layer and the main growth area of ​​the adzuki bean root system. The drip tape's dripper spacing is set to 20 cm to 30 cm, and the single dripper flow rate is set to 1.0 liters / hour to 2.0 liters / hour. The drip tape is connected to a water supply and fertilizer system with filtering, pressurization and fertilizer injection functions through a main water pipe. After the drip tape is laid, a small amount of soil is covered again on top of the drip tape so that the drip tape is completely buried in the soil, and the thickness of the soil covering above it is maintained at 3 cm to 5 cm. This step ensures the stability and dripping uniformity of the drip tape, and prevents damage to the drip tape during the mulch laying process.

[0011] S3, Ground Film Laying: Using mechanized ground film laying equipment equipped with a tensioning and compacting mechanism, a pre-prepared ground film with a specific hole structure is evenly laid on the surface of the ridge. The ground film is made of polyethylene or a biodegradable polymer material, with a thickness set to 0.015 mm to 0.030 mm and a width set to 90 cm to 120 cm. The ground film has evenly distributed circular or square prefabricated holes, the diameter of the holes is set to 2 cm to 4 cm, and the center spacing of the holes corresponds to the spacing between the rows of adzuki beans, set to 15 cm to 20 cm. The color of the ground film is black or black and white to achieve precise control of ground temperature. During the laying process, the mechanized equipment ensures that the ground film fits tightly to the ridge surface by adjusting the tension, eliminating the gap between the ground film and the soil. The edges of the ground film are buried in the sides of the ridge ditch by the soil compacting mechanism, and the burial depth is set to 10 cm to 15 cm to fix the ground film, prevent it from being blown away by the wind, and further reduce water evaporation.

[0012] S4, Precision Seeding: After the mulch is laid, a precision seeder precisely aligned with the mulch holes is used for seeding. The precision seeder features a seed guide mechanism that precisely directs adzuki bean seeds into the soil directly beneath the prefabricated holes in the mulch. The seeding depth is set to 3 to 5 cm, with 1 to 2 seeds per hole. After seeding, the mulch holes are lightly covered with soil or well-rotted fine sand, with a thickness of 0.5 to 1 cm, to prevent bird damage and provide additional moisture retention.

[0013] S5, integrated water and fertilizer management: During the entire growth period of adzuki beans, precise integrated water and fertilizer management is carried out through the drip irrigation system. The water supply and fertilizer system includes a water pump, a filter, a fertilizer tank, a venturi fertilizer applicator, a solenoid valve and a central controller. The central controller obtains real-time soil environmental data through the connected soil moisture sensor and soil temperature sensor. The soil moisture sensor is set in the main distribution area of ​​the adzuki bean root system at a depth of 5 cm to 10 cm. The water and fertilizer management plan is adjusted according to the different growth stages of adzuki beans (for example: germination stage, seedling stage, branching stage, flowering and pod setting stage, grain filling stage) and real-time soil environmental data.

[0014] Specifically, during the germination and seedling stage of adzuki beans, trace amounts of water are mainly provided to meet the needs of seed germination and seedling growth. The irrigation intensity is set at 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm per day. At the same time, low-concentration water-soluble compound fertilizer is applied, and its nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio is set at 1:0.5:1, and the fertilizer solution concentration is set at 0.1% to 0.2%.

[0015] During the branching and flowering and podding period of adzuki beans, the demand for water and fertilizer is at its peak. The irrigation intensity is set at 1.5 mm to 2.0 mm per day. At the same time, water-soluble compound fertilizer with a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of 1:0.8:1.2 is applied, and the fertilizer solution concentration is set at 0.2% to 0.3% to promote flower bud differentiation and pod formation.

[0016] During the adzuki bean grain-forming period, gradually reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the ratio of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Set the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio to 0.5:1:1.5 of water-soluble compound fertilizer, set the irrigation intensity to 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm per day, and set the fertilizer solution concentration to 0.15% to 0.25% to promote full grains.

[0017] During the adzuki bean maturity period, stop fertilizing and gradually reduce irrigation until it is stopped to facilitate grain maturation and harvesting.

[0018] The soil moisture sensor monitors soil moisture content in real time. When the soil volumetric moisture content falls below 60% of field capacity, the central controller triggers the drip irrigation system to activate until the soil volumetric moisture content reaches 80% of field capacity. Fertilizer injection is achieved through a Venturi fertilizer, and the injection ratio is precisely controlled by the central controller according to the set fertilization plan to ensure uniform mixing of the fertilizer and irrigation water.

[0019] S6. Green control of pests, diseases and weeds: Based on mulching and integrated water and fertilizer management, this invention further combines green control technology to reduce the use of chemical pesticides.

[0020] The combination of tight mulch coverage and precise seeding in pre-made holes significantly inhibits the growth of most weeds. Any sporadic weeds that may appear around the mulch holes are removed manually or through targeted physical removal, rather than using large-scale chemical herbicides.

[0021] Agricultural control measures are prioritized for diseases, such as selecting disease-resistant varieties, implementing crop rotation systems, and improving field ventilation. In the early stages of a disease outbreak or during the predicted period, biopesticides are used for control, such as spraying or drip irrigation with Bacillus subtilis or Trichoderma harzianum preparations. The concentration and frequency of application of these biopesticides should be determined based on the product instructions and actual field conditions.

[0022] Physical trapping measures are used to control pests, such as setting up yellow or blue traps. When pest infestations reach an economic threshold, biopesticides are used for control, such as foliar spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or azadirachtin preparations. The concentration and frequency of application of these biopesticides are determined according to the product instructions and actual field conditions.

[0023] The pest control strategy emphasizes the principles of prevention first, comprehensive management, and ecological priority, which works in synergy with the water-saving and fertilizer-conserving goals of the present invention.

[0024] S7, Harvesting and Garden Cleaning: When the adzuki pods are ripe and at their optimal harvesting stage, they are harvested mechanically or manually. After harvesting, the field is cleared of stumps and discarded mulch film, and the garden is cleaned to prepare for the next crop. The discarded mulch film is collected and recycled. If biodegradable mulch film is used, it will naturally degrade in the soil.

[0025] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in S1, the soil is sampled and analyzed before the deep plowing operation, and the soil is improved according to the soil texture, pH value, organic matter content and nutrient status. The soil improvement measures include but are not limited to adding lime to adjust the pH, applying humic acid or biochar to improve the soil's water and fertilizer retention capacity, and inoculating beneficial microbial agents to improve the soil microecological environment. The inoculation amount of the beneficial microbial agent is 20 kg / hectare to 30 kg / hectare, and the strains contained therein are, for example, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-dissolving bacteria and potassium-dissolving bacteria.

[0026] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in S2, the drip tape is subjected to a water pressure test before being laid to ensure that it has no leakage points and blockages. The embedded dripper of the drip tape has a pressure compensation function to ensure that the water flow rate of each dripper is uniform and consistent when the terrain is undulating or the drip tape is long, and the flow rate variation coefficient is less than 10%. The filter in the water supply and fertilizer system adopts a combination of a gravel filter and a mesh filter with a filtration accuracy of 120 mesh to effectively remove impurities in the water and prevent the dripper from clogging. The volume of the fertilizer tank is set to 100 liters to 500 liters to meet the needs of single fertilization.

[0027] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in S3, the ground film adopts a black and white double-sided ground film, with the black side facing down to contact the soil and the white side facing up to reflect sunlight. The black side facing down can effectively inhibit the photosynthesis of weeds and absorb solar radiation to increase the ground temperature, while the white side facing up can reflect excess sunlight and lower the temperature under the ground film, thereby effectively avoiding the high soil temperature from causing stress to the root growth of adzuki beans in the hot season, and realizing two-way regulation of the ground temperature. The edges of the prefabricated holes are processed by hot melting or laser cutting to ensure the smoothness and tear resistance of the hole edges to prevent secondary damage during sowing or seedling growth.

[0028] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in S4, the precision seeder is equipped with a photoelectric sensor for accurately identifying the locations of prefabricated holes in the ground film and synchronously sowing seeds via a servo motor-driven sowing unit, ensuring a sowing accuracy of ±1 cm. The sowing unit is equipped with an adjustable pressing wheel that gently presses the soil around the holes after sowing to increase the contact area between the seeds and the soil, promoting water absorption and germination.

[0029] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in S5, the central controller is connected to the cloud platform via a wireless network module to achieve remote monitoring and management. The cloud platform is integrated with a meteorological data interface, which can obtain local meteorological information in real time, and generate optimized water and fertilizer management suggestions based on the growth conditions of adzuki beans, soil environmental data and historical irrigation and fertilization data, and can remotely issue instructions to control the operation of the drip irrigation system. The water supply and fertilizer system is also integrated with a pH sensor and an EC sensor to monitor the pH value and conductivity of the irrigation water in real time, ensuring that the pH value of the fertilizer solution is maintained between 6.0 and 7.0, so as to facilitate the absorption of nutrients by adzuki beans, and automatically calibrating by adjusting the type and proportion of the injected fertilizer solution. The fertilization tank is equipped with a stirring device to ensure that the liquid fertilizer is evenly mixed during the injection process.

[0030] The water-saving and fertilizer-preserving cultivation method of adzuki beans provided by the present invention has the following significant advantages through the system integration and coordinated optimization of the above steps:

[0031] First, by combining prefabricated perforated mulch with a precision seeder, this method completely solves the existing problems of manual cutting, which can lead to mulch damage, water and fertilizer loss, and high labor intensity. The prefabricated holes are created in one go during the mulch production phase, ensuring the regularity of the hole edges and the overall strength of the mulch, effectively preventing damage to the mulch's continuity during field operations. This allows the mulch to continuously and efficiently perform its functions of retaining water and fertilizer and inhibiting weed growth throughout the entire growing season, fundamentally improving the effectiveness of mulch coverage.

[0032] Second, the method innovatively places drip irrigation tape beneath the ground film, between the base fertilizer layer and the primary root zone of the adzuki beans, and tightly integrates it with an integrated water and fertilizer management system. This arrangement ensures that water and dissolved nutrients are delivered directly and precisely to the crop's root zone, avoiding losses caused by surface evaporation, runoff, and deep seepage. The addition of a slow-release compound fertilizer further ensures a continuous supply of nutrients, significantly improving water and fertilizer utilization efficiency by 20% to 30% compared to existing technologies.

[0033] Third, the method simplifies field operations and improves automation. From land preparation and bed formation to base fertilizer application, drip irrigation tape installation, mulching, and precision seeding, mechanized equipment can be used collaboratively. In particular, the seamless integration of prefabricated perforated mulch and precision seeding eliminates the laborious tasks of manual film cutting and seeding, significantly reducing the labor cost and intensity of agricultural production and improving operational efficiency.

[0034] Fourth, while ensuring high efficiency, the method fully considers the optimization of the crop growth environment. By choosing the right mulch film color (e.g., black and white double-sided mulch), precise control of ground temperature is achieved, avoiding the negative impact of high or low temperatures on adzuki bean growth. Furthermore, the integrated water and fertilizer management system dynamically adjusts water and fertilizer supply based on the crop growth period and real-time soil data, providing a more stable and suitable growth environment for adzuki beans, promoting healthy growth, high yield, and high quality.

[0035] Fifth, the method adheres to green ecological principles in pest and weed control, primarily relying on the physical isolation of mulch and biological control techniques to minimize the use of chemical pesticides. This not only reduces pesticide residues in agricultural products, improving the quality and safety of adzuki beans, but also protects the farmland ecosystem, meeting the requirements of sustainable development in modern agriculture.

[0036] In summary, the water-saving and fertilizer-preserving cultivation method of adzuki beans by mulching with mulch of the present invention has constructed a new paradigm of efficient, precise and environmentally friendly adzuki bean cultivation through the system integration and refined management of key links such as mulching, drip irrigation, fertilization and sowing. It overcomes the shortcomings of the existing technology, has significant water-saving, fertilizer-preserving, labor-saving, yield-increasing and environmental protection effects, and is highly innovative, practical and non-obvious. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the process of the present invention.

[0038] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the water supply fertilizer system of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] This invention provides a water-saving and fertilizer-retaining cultivation method for adzuki beans using mulching. This method aims to achieve precise and efficient utilization of water resources and fertilizers through systematic optimization and integration of traditional adzuki bean cultivation techniques, ensuring the stable performance of the mulch film while improving field management efficiency. This method integrates deep tillage, deep application of basal fertilizer, mulching, integrated drip irrigation and fertilizer management, precision seeding, and green pest and disease control, creating a synergistic cultivation system.

[0040] Specifically, S1 of the method is land preparation and ridge making. This step is intended to provide a soil environment with a loose structure and good permeability for the growth of the adzuki bean root system. First, the proposed cultivation plot is deep plowed and the soil is plowed to a depth of 25 cm to 30 cm. This deep plowing operation usually uses heavy plows, such as moldboard plows or chisel plows, to completely break the plow bottom layer, promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, and thus enhance the soil's air permeability, water storage capacity and the ability of the roots to extend downward. After the deep plowing is completed, harrowing equipment, such as a disc harrow or a power harrow, is used to finely harrow the plowed soil. During the harrowing process, stones, grass roots and large clods with a diameter greater than 3 cm in the soil need to be removed to ensure the flatness of the soil surface and to make the soil particle size moderate. Generally, more than 90% of the soil particles are required to be less than 2 cm in diameter to facilitate subsequent fine operations.

[0041] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, before the deep plowing operation, the soil of the plot is first sampled and analyzed. The sampling depth is usually set to multiple levels such as 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and the samples are tested for physical and chemical indicators, including but not limited to soil texture (such as sandy soil, loam, clay), pH value, organic matter content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and boron. According to the results of soil analysis, the soil is targeted for improvement. For example, for acidic soil (pH value below 6.0), quicklime or slaked lime can be applied at a dosage of 300 kg to 600 kg per hectare for adjustment to raise its pH value to a suitable range of 6.0 to 7.0. For poor soil with an organic matter content of less than 1.5%, humic acid fertilizer or biochar can be applied at a dosage of 2000 kg to 4000 kg per hectare to significantly improve the soil's cation exchange capacity, water and fertilizer retention capacity, and buffering performance. In addition, in order to further improve the soil microecological environment, beneficial microbial agents can be inoculated. The inoculum amount of the beneficial microbial agent is 20 kg / hectare to 30 kg / hectare, and the strains contained therein can be selected from efficient nitrogen-fixing bacteria (such as bradyrhizobium, with an effective viable count of not less than 200 million / gram), efficient phosphate-soluble bacteria (such as bacillus megaterium, with an effective viable count of not less than 100 million / gram) and efficient potassium-solubilizing bacteria (such as jelly-like bacillus, with an effective viable count of not less than 100 million / gram). These beneficial bacteria can promote soil nutrient circulation, improve nutrient availability, and produce a biostimulation effect on crop growth. After fine raking and soil improvement are completed, according to the recommended row spacing of adzuki beans, for example, 60 cm to 80 cm, a mechanized ridge-making method is adopted to form a cultivation ridge body. The bottom width of the cultivation ridge body is usually set to 60 cm to 80 cm, the top width is set to 40 cm to 60 cm, and the ridge height is set to 15 cm to 20 cm. The ridge body is formed in one go by a special bed forming machine. Its surface is required to be flat and the slopes on both sides are gentle, ensuring that the ground film can fit seamlessly and tightly on the ridge surface, laying a solid foundation for subsequent ground film laying.

[0042] S2 of the method is the application of base fertilizer and the laying of drip irrigation tape. Below the center line of the ridge body after the ridge is completed, a fertilizer ditch with a depth of 10 cm to 15 cm is dug using a trencher or manually. A predetermined dose of base fertilizer is evenly applied to the bottom of the fertilizer ditch. The base fertilizer is composed of a mixture of slow-release compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of the slow-release compound fertilizer is carefully designed and is usually set to 15:15:15, and the application amount is 300 kg / hectare to 400 kg / hectare. The slow-release compound fertilizer adopts polymer coating technology, which can slowly release nutrients according to soil temperature and humidity, thereby reducing nutrient loss and ensuring that adzuki beans obtain a continuous and stable nutritional supply throughout the growth cycle. Organic fertilizer is fully decomposed farmyard manure (such as compost such as cow dung, chicken manure, etc.) or commercial organic fertilizer, and the application amount is 1500 kg / hectare to 2000 kg / hectare. The organic fertilizer can improve the soil structure, increase the organic matter content of the soil, enhance the water and fertilizer retention capacity of the soil, and provide a source of nutrients for beneficial microorganisms. After the base fertilizer is applied, the fertilizer ditch is backfilled with soil so that the base fertilizer is covered to a preset position with a depth of 5 cm to 10 cm below the surface. Subsequently, a drip irrigation belt with an embedded dripper is laid straightly on top of the backfill soil along the center line of the ridge body. This laying position ensures that the drip irrigation belt is located between the base fertilizer layer and the main growth area of ​​the adzuki bean root system, so that water and fertilizer can directly act on the root absorption range, maximizing the efficiency of water and fertilizer utilization. The dripper spacing of the drip irrigation belt is set to 20 cm to 30 cm to ensure that water and fertilizer are evenly distributed between plants in the row. The flow rate of a single dripper is set to 1.0 liters / hour to 2.0 liters / hour, which can be adjusted according to the soil texture and crop water demand. The drip irrigation belt is tightly connected to a water and fertilizer system with filtering, pressurization and fertilizer injection functions through the main water pipe. After the drip tape is laid, a small amount of soil is applied again to ensure that the tape is completely buried in the soil, and the thickness of the soil covering it is maintained at 3 to 5 cm. This soil covering not only increases the stability of the drip tape and prevents it from shifting during subsequent operations, but more importantly, it effectively protects the drip tape from mechanical damage during the mulch film laying process and ensures that the drip water penetrates evenly, avoiding surface runoff.

[0043] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the drip irrigation tape undergoes rigorous hydraulic testing before installation. The water pressure is typically raised to 0.15 MPa to 0.2 MPa and maintained for 30 minutes to ensure there are no leaks or blockages, thus ensuring the overall operational reliability of the drip irrigation system. The drip irrigation tape's embedded drippers feature pressure compensation. Through an internal elastic diaphragm or labyrinthine flow channel design, this ensures uniform water flow from each dripper, even when the terrain is undulating or the drip irrigation tape reaches 100 to 200 meters in length. The coefficient of variation of the flow rate is typically controlled to less than 10%. The filter in the water supply and fertilizer system utilizes a combination of a gravel filter and a screen filter, forming a two-stage filtration system. The gravel filter removes larger particles of sediment and organic impurities, while the subsequent screen filter (with a filtration accuracy of 120 mesh, meaning a pore diameter of approximately 125 microns) effectively intercepts finer suspended matter and microbial aggregates, preventing dripper clogging at the source and extending the service life of the drip irrigation system. The volume of the fertilizing tank is set to 100 liters to 500 liters so as to meet the fertilizer liquid demand of a single irrigation unit in one fertilizing cycle and reduce the frequent fertilizing operation.

[0044] S3 of the method is the laying of ground film. After the drip irrigation tape is buried, a mechanized ground film laying device equipped with an automated tensioning and compacting mechanism is used to lay the pre-prepared ground film with a specific hole structure flatly and wrinkle-free on the surface of the ridge. The material of the ground film can be polyethylene (PE) or biodegradable polymer materials (such as polylactic acid PLA, polybutylene succinate PBAT). Its thickness is set to 0.015 mm to 0.030 mm to take into account both mechanical strength and cost-effectiveness. The width is set to 90 cm to 120 cm to ensure that the top and both sides of the ridge can be completely covered and sufficient space for burying soil at the edge is left. The ground film has evenly distributed circular or square prefabricated holes, and the diameter of the holes is set to 2 cm to 4 cm, which is large enough to accommodate the growth of adzuki bean seedlings without restraint. The center spacing of the holes corresponds to the spacing between the rows of adzuki beans, and is set to 15 cm to 20 cm to ensure that each adzuki bean can emerge through a prefabricated hole. The mulch film can be black or double-sided in black and white to precisely control ground temperature, inhibit weed growth, and manage soil moisture evaporation. During the laying process, the mechanized equipment precisely adjusts the film's tension to ensure a close fit between the film and the ridge surface, eliminating gaps between the film and the soil, thereby minimizing heat and moisture loss through these gaps. Simultaneously, the edges of the mulch film are evenly buried within the ridges on both sides by a soil compaction mechanism, with the burial depth set at 10 to 15 cm. This burying operation not only effectively secures the mulch film, preventing it from being blown or torn by wind, but also further blocks the evaporation channels at the edges of the film, enhancing water retention.

[0045] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mulch film specifically utilizes a black and white double-sided mulch film. When laid, the black side faces downward in direct contact with the soil, while the white side faces upward, exposed to sunlight. The black side facing downward effectively absorbs solar radiation heat, raising soil temperatures during the cooler months of early spring, promoting seed germination and seedling growth of adzuki beans. Furthermore, the opaque nature of black physically inhibits photosynthesis of weeds beneath the mulch film, significantly reducing weed occurrence. The white side facing upward reflects most sunlight, effectively lowering the temperature of the soil beneath the mulch film, particularly during the hot summer months, preventing excessive soil temperatures from causing stress to the adzuki bean root system, thereby achieving precise two-way regulation of ground temperature. The prefabricated holes in the mulch film undergo heat-melting or laser cutting at their edges during production. This treatment results in smooth, neat hole edges and enhanced tear resistance, effectively preventing secondary damage to the mulch film holes due to mechanical stress or plant growth and expansion during subsequent sowing operations or the growth of adzuki bean seedlings, thereby ensuring the integrity and functionality of the mulch film throughout its entire growth period.

[0046] S4 of the method is precision seeding. After the ground film is laid, a precision seeder that precisely matches the position of the ground film holes is used for sowing operations. The precision seeder is equipped with an advanced seed guide mechanism, such as a vacuum suction cup or air pressure blowing seed guide, which can accurately guide the adzuki bean seeds into the soil directly below the prefabricated holes in the ground film, ensuring that each seed can germinate in a preset favorable position. The sowing depth is set to 3 cm to 5 cm to ensure that the seeds can obtain a stable humidity and temperature environment and is conducive to deep rooting. The number of seeds sown per hole is set to 1 to 2, aiming to achieve a reasonable inter-plant density, reduce the workload of subsequent thinning, and ensure the growth space for individual plants. After sowing, the ground film holes are lightly covered with soil using the seeder's own light covering mechanism or manually, or covered with a layer of decomposed fine sand. The covering thickness is set to 0.5 cm to 1 cm. This covering operation has multiple functions: first, it can effectively prevent birds from eating seeds and reduce bird damage; second, it can further cover the holes in the ground film, reduce water evaporation in the area, and have the effect of keeping warm and moisturizing; finally, the covering of fine sand or fine soil helps the seeds to be in close contact with the soil, promotes water absorption, and accelerates seed germination.

[0047] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the precision seeder is equipped with a high-precision photoelectric sensor array for real-time and accurate identification of the positions of prefabricated holes on the ground film. The sensor transmits the hole position information to the central control unit, and performs synchronous and precise sowing through the sowing unit driven by the servo motor. This linkage control ensures that the sowing accuracy can reach ±1 cm, that is, the deviation between the seed landing point and the center of the hole is less than 1 cm. The sowing unit is also equipped with an adjustable pressing wheel. After sowing is completed and lightly covered with soil, the pressing wheel will slightly press the soil around the hole to increase the contact area between the seed and the soil, further promote the rise of soil capillary water, accelerate the absorption of water by the seed, and thus improve the germination rate and uniformity of emergence. The pressure of the pressing wheel can be adjusted according to the soil texture to avoid excessive pressure causing soil compaction.

[0048] S5 of the method is integrated water and fertilizer management. During the entire growth period of adzuki beans, precise integrated water and fertilizer management is carried out through the drip irrigation system to ensure that adzuki beans obtain the most suitable water and nutrient supply at different growth stages. The water supply and fertilizer system is an integrated control platform, which mainly includes a high-efficiency water pump, a precision filter, a special fertilizer tank, a venturi fertilizer applicator, an intelligent solenoid valve and a central controller. The central controller is the core of the entire system, and obtains the soil environment data in the field in real time through the connected soil moisture sensor and soil temperature sensor. The soil moisture sensor usually adopts the principle of time domain reflectometry (TDR) or frequency domain reflectometry (FDR), and is set in the main distribution area of ​​the adzuki bean root system at a depth of 5 cm to 10 cm to accurately reflect the water content of the root layer soil. The water and fertilizer management plan is adjusted according to the different growth stages of adzuki beans (for example: germination stage, seedling stage, branching stage, flowering and pod setting stage, grain filling stage) and the soil environment data monitored in real time.

[0049] Specifically, during the germination and seedling stages of adzuki beans, water requirements are relatively low, primarily providing trace amounts of water for seed germination and initial root growth. Irrigation intensity is set at 0.5 to 1.0 mm per day. Simultaneously, a low-concentration, water-soluble compound fertilizer with a nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio of 1:0.5:1 is applied, primarily nitrogen, supplemented by phosphorus and potassium, to promote stem and leaf growth. The fertilizer concentration is set at 0.1% to 0.2% to prevent salt damage to the seedlings from higher concentrations of fertilizer.

[0050] During the branching, flowering, and pod-setting stages of adzuki beans, a critical period for both vegetative and reproductive growth, water and fertilizer requirements peak. Increase irrigation intensity accordingly, setting it to 1.5 to 2.0 mm per day to ensure adequate water supply for vigorous growth. Simultaneously, apply a water-soluble compound fertilizer with a nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio of 1:0.8:1.2, with the phosphorus and potassium ratio appropriately increased, to promote flower bud differentiation, increase pod set rate, and enhance pod plumpness. Set the fertilizer concentration to 0.2% to 0.3%.

[0051] During the adzuki bean grain-filling stage, the primary goal is to promote full grains and dry matter accumulation. Nitrogen fertilizer application should be gradually reduced, while phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be increased to prevent premature growth and late maturity. A water-soluble compound fertilizer with a nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio of 0.5:1:1.5 should be used. Irrigation intensity should be set at 1.0 to 1.5 mm per day, and the fertilizer concentration should be set at 0.15% to 0.25% to ensure continuous grain filling.

[0052] During the adzuki bean maturity period, in order to promote full maturity of the grains and facilitate mechanized harvesting, stop applying fertilizer and gradually reduce irrigation until it is completely stopped, so as to facilitate grain dehydration and harvesting.

[0053] The central controller monitors soil moisture in real time. When the volumetric soil moisture falls below a threshold of 60% of field capacity, it automatically triggers the drip irrigation system to initiate irrigation. Irrigation continues until the volumetric soil moisture reaches 80% of field capacity, at which point the system automatically stops, maintaining the optimal soil moisture range. Fertilizer injection is achieved via a Venturi applicator, which uses the negative pressure generated by the water flow to draw the fertilizer into the main stream and mix it evenly. The injection ratio is precisely controlled by the central controller based on the set fertilization plan, crop growth period, and real-time sensor data to ensure accurate and coordinated application of water and fertilizer.

[0054] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the central controller is connected to a remote cloud platform via a built-in wireless network module (e.g., based on LoRa, NB-IoT, or 5G technology). The cloud platform has powerful data processing and analysis capabilities, enabling remote monitoring and management of the entire cultivation process. The cloud platform is integrated with a meteorological data interface, which can obtain local meteorological information such as temperature, rainfall, sunshine duration, wind speed and direction in real time. By deeply integrating and analyzing these meteorological data with the adzuki bean growth physiological model, soil environmental data (uploaded by field sensors), and historical irrigation and fertilization data, the cloud platform can intelligently generate optimized water and fertilizer management recommendations, such as the optimal irrigation start time, irrigation duration, fertilizer type, and application concentration. Operators can remotely view these recommendations and remotely issue commands through the cloud platform to accurately control the operation of the drip irrigation system, including starting and stopping the water pump, opening and closing the solenoid valve, and adjusting the fertilizer ratio. The water and fertilizer system is also integrated with high-precision pH sensors and EC (electrical conductivity) sensors to monitor the pH value and conductivity of the irrigation water in real time. The system automatically calibrates the pH value of the fertilizer solution to ensure it remains between 6.0 and 7.0. This pH range is most conducive to the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements by adzuki beans. When the pH or EC deviates from the set range, the central controller can automatically calibrate by adjusting the type and ratio of injected acidic or alkaline regulators (such as phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide). The fertilization tank is equipped with an electric stirring device, which continuously stirs the liquid fertilizer during the fertilizer injection process to ensure that the liquid fertilizers with different fertilizer components are evenly mixed in the tank, prevent precipitation, and ensure the consistency of nutrient concentration in each fertilization.

[0055] S6 of the method is green pest control. Based on mulching and integrated water and fertilizer management, the present invention further combines green pest control technology to minimize the use of chemical pesticides, thereby protecting the farmland ecological environment and improving the quality of agricultural products.

[0056] For weed control, tight mulch coverage combined with precise seeding in pre-cut holes significantly inhibits the germination and growth of most weeds beneath the mulch, effectively cutting off their access to sunlight. Any weeds that may appear sporadically around the pre-cut holes are removed manually or through targeted physical removal, such as using small weeding tools for precise removal, to avoid disturbing the crop's root system. During this process, large-scale chemical herbicides are avoided to avoid soil pollution and damage to adzuki beans.

[0057] For disease prevention and control, this method gives priority to agricultural prevention and control measures. This includes selecting high-quality adzuki bean varieties that are highly resistant or tolerant to common local adzuki bean diseases (such as rust, powdery mildew, and root rot); strictly implementing a 2- to 3-year rotation system, such as rotating with non-leguminous crops such as corn, wheat, or rice, to cut off the transmission chain of pathogens and reduce the base number of pathogens in the soil; strengthening field ventilation, improving air circulation between plants through reasonable row and plant spacing, and reducing field humidity, thereby inhibiting the occurrence and development of fungal and bacterial diseases. In the early stages of disease occurrence or in periods when diseases may occur based on historical data and meteorological forecasts, biological pesticides are used for prevention and control. For example, Bacillus subtilis preparations or Trichoderma harzianum preparations can be used. The Bacillus subtilis has an antagonistic effect on a variety of fungal diseases, while Trichoderma harzianum can effectively inhibit soil-borne diseases. These biological pesticides can be sprayed on leaves or applied to the root zone of crops with water through a drip irrigation system. The application concentration and frequency are strictly adjusted dynamically according to the product instructions and the actual occurrence of diseases in the field.

[0058] For pest control, this method mainly uses physical trapping measures. For example, yellow or blue boards are set up in the field at a density of 20 to 30 per hectare to attract insects. Yellow boards are mainly used to trap winged pests such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafminers, while blue boards have a better trapping effect on thrips and the like. These insect traps should be replaced regularly to maintain their stickiness. When the occurrence of insect pests reaches the economic threshold (that is, the insect population density reaches the critical point that causes economic losses to the yield), biological insecticides are used for prevention and control. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) preparations or azadirachtin preparations can be used for foliar spraying. Bacillus thuringiensis is a gastrotoxic insecticide that has a specific killing effect on Lepidoptera larvae; azadirachtin is a broad-spectrum botanical insecticide that has antifeedant, growth inhibitory and endocrine disrupting effects. The application concentration and frequency of the biological insecticide are also determined according to the product instructions and the actual occurrence of insect pests in the field. The pest and disease control strategy adheres to the principles of prevention first, comprehensive management, and ecological priority, forming a synergistic effect with the water-saving and fertilizer-conserving goals of the present invention, and jointly constructs a green and sustainable adzuki bean cultivation model.

[0059] S7 of the method is harvesting and clearing the garden. When the adzuki bean pods reach the optimal harvesting period, which is usually manifested as more than 80% of the pods are mature, the seeds are plump, hard and have their inherent color, they can be harvested by mechanized or manual methods according to the production scale and conditions. A special combine harvester for adzuki beans can be used for mechanized harvesting to improve efficiency and reduce labor intensity. After the harvest is completed, the field stumps (such as adzuki bean stem and leaf residues) and discarded mulch are promptly removed and the garden is thoroughly cleared. This is intended to reduce the overwintering places and transmission media of pests and diseases, reduce the risk of pests and diseases in the next crop, and avoid the residue affecting the next season's farming. If the discarded mulch is made of polyethylene (PE) mulch, it should be collected and sent to a professional recycling station for resource recycling to reduce environmental pollution. If a biodegradable mulch is used, it can be naturally degraded in the soil by microbial action, without the need for manual removal, further simplifying the garden cleaning operation and achieving environmental protection.

[0060] In one specific embodiment, adzuki beans were cultivated in a loamy farmland in Heilongjiang Province, China. The land was previously planted with corn, and soil testing revealed a pH of 6.8, 1.8% organic matter, 0.08% total nitrogen, 18 mg / kg available phosphorus, and 150 mg / kg available potassium.

[0061] S1, Land Preparation and Ridge Formation: Deep plowing to a depth of 28 cm was performed using a moldboard plow, followed by fine raking with a power harrow. Based on soil analysis, no additional lime or humic acid was added. A composite microbial inoculant was inoculated at 25 kg / ha, primarily consisting of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (250 million / g), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (150 million / g), and potassium-solubilizing bacteria (120 million / g). The inoculant was evenly spread in the soil before ridge formation. The ridges were 70 cm wide at the bottom, 50 cm wide at the top, and 18 cm high.

[0062] S2, application of base fertilizer and laying of drip irrigation tape: Dig a 12 cm deep fertilizer trench below the centerline of the ridge. Apply 350 kg / ha of slow-release compound fertilizer (N:P:K=15:15:15) and 1,800 kg / ha of fully decomposed cow dung organic fertilizer. After applying the base fertilizer, backfill the soil to a depth of 5 cm. Subsequently, lay an embedded drip irrigation tape with a pressure compensation function, with a dripper spacing of 25 cm and a single dripper flow rate of 1.5 liters / hour. Cover the drip irrigation tape with 4 cm of soil. Before laying the drip irrigation tape, conduct a 0.18 MPa water pressure test for 30 minutes to ensure there is no leakage. The water and fertilizer system uses a combination of a gravel filter and a 120-mesh screen filter, and the fertilizer tank has a capacity of 300 liters.

[0063] S3, Ground Film Installation: Use 0.02 mm thick, 100 cm wide, double-sided black and white polyethylene ground film, with the white side facing up and the black side facing down. Pre-formed holes in the ground film are circular, 3 cm in diameter, and spaced 18 cm apart. The edges of the holes are laser-cut. When laying the ground film, bury the edges 12 cm deep in the soil.

[0064] S4, Precision Seeding: Using a precision seeder equipped with a photoelectric sensor, one adzuki bean seed (Ludou No. 8) was sown in each hole at a depth of 4 cm. The seeding accuracy reached ±0.8 cm. After sowing, the holes were lightly pressed with the seeder's built-in pressure wheel and covered with 0.8 cm of fine sand.

[0065] S5, integrated water and fertilizer management:

[0066] From the germination stage to the seedling stage (10-30 days after sowing): irrigate 0.8 mm daily and apply water-soluble compound fertilizer with N:P:K=1:0.5:1 and a fertilizer solution concentration of 0.15%.

[0067] From the branching stage to the flowering and podding stage (31-70 days after sowing): irrigate 1.8 mm daily and apply water-soluble compound fertilizer with N:P:K=1:0.8:1.2, with a fertilizer solution concentration of 0.25%.

[0068] Grain filling stage (71-95 days after sowing): irrigate 1.2 mm daily and apply water-soluble compound fertilizer with N:P:K=0.5:1:1.5 and fertilizer solution concentration of 0.20%.

[0069] Maturity period (96 days after sowing to harvest): Stop fertilizing and gradually reduce until irrigation is stopped.

[0070] A central controller monitors soil moisture in real time (sensor depth 8 cm). Drip irrigation starts when the soil volumetric moisture content falls below 65% of field capacity and stops at 85%. The water and fertilizer system integrates a pH / EC sensor to ensure the pH of the fertilizer solution is maintained at 6.5 ± 0.2, and is equipped with a stirring device.

[0071] S6. Green pest and disease control: Weeds are primarily controlled using mulch film, with scattered weeds removed manually from holes in the film. Disease-resistant varieties are primarily used for control, combined with crop rotation. In the middle and late stages of adzuki bean growth, and at the early stages of leaf spot, a Trichoderma preparation (500x diluted, 10 liters per hectare) is applied via drip irrigation. Yellow boards are set up to trap aphids, and no biological pesticides are applied until the economic threshold is reached.

[0072] S7, Harvesting and Garden Cleaning: When more than 90% of the adzuki bean pods are mature, they are harvested using a small combine harvester. After harvesting, the remaining plastic film and adzuki bean straw are manually removed and recycled.

[0073] As a comparative example, in the same test field block adjacent plot, using the local conventional soybean cultivation method. The specific operation includes:

[0074] N1, land preparation and ridging: using a medium-sized rotary cultivator to rotary cultivate 20 cm deep, manual ridging, ridge height 15 cm, bottom width 60 cm, top width 40 cm. No soil analysis and improvement.

[0075] N2, base fertilizer application: before sowing, 300 kg / ha of ordinary compound fertilizer (N:P:K=15:15:15) and 1500 kg / ha of farmyard manure were spread on the ground and rotary cultivated into the soil, without deep application. No drip irrigation tape was laid, and traditional surface furrow irrigation was used.

[0076] N3, mulching film laying: using 0.012 mm thick, 90 cm wide transparent polyethylene mulching film, manually cutting holes at the sowing position after laying. The edges of the mulching film were pressed into the soil to fix them, and no edge treatment was performed.

[0077] N4, sowing: manually sowing in the cut holes of the mulching film, with a sowing depth of about 3 cm, and 2-3 seeds per hole. No soil covering or pressing was performed after sowing.

[0078] N5, water and fertilizer management: using traditional furrow irrigation, irrigation was performed according to experience, with large and uneven amount each time, which easily caused water and fertilizer loss. Fertilizer was applied by spreading or hole application, with 50 kg / ha of urea and 25 kg / ha of dihydrogen potassium phosphate at the branching stage and the grain swelling stage. No integrated water and fertilizer management was performed, without sensors and controllers.

[0079] N6, disease, pest and weed control: weeds were mainly controlled by manual weeding, combined with the use of chemical herbicides (such as quizalofop-p-ethyl). When diseases occurred, chemical fungicides (such as chlorothalonil and carbendazim) were sprayed conventionally. When pests occurred, chemical insecticides (such as phoxim) were sprayed conventionally.

[0080] N7, harvesting and clearing: manual harvesting. Mulching film residues and straw were partially removed and partially remained in the field.

[0081] After a complete soybean growing season, the above examples and comparative examples were field monitored and data collected, and the main index comparison results are shown in the following table. All test plot areas were 1 ha, with consistent natural factors such as climate conditions and light intensity, and the same soybean variety.

[0082] Evaluation Metrics Example (method of the present invention) Comparative Example (conventional method) Adzuki bean seed yield (kg / ha) 2850 2200 Total amount of water input (m 3 / ha) 2800 4500 Total chemical nitrogen fertilizer input (kgN / ha) 95 120 <![CDATA[化学磷肥投入总量(kgP2O5 / ha)]]> 60 75 <![CDATA[化学钾肥投入总量(kgK2O / ha)]]> 70 85 <![CDATA[水利用效率(WUE,kg / m 3 )]]> 1.01 0.49 Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, kg / kgN) 30.0 18.3 <![CDATA[磷肥利用效率(PUE,kg / kgP2O5)]]> 47.5 29.3 <![CDATA[钾肥利用效率(KUE,kg / kgK2O)]]> 40.7 25.9 Total labor input for field management (man-days / ha) 25 60 Weed biomass (dry weight, kg / ha) 8 120 Disease incidence (leaf spot,%) 5 20 Pest density (number of aphids / 100 plants) 15 70

[0083] According to the above experimental data, the "a water-saving and fertilizer-preserving cultivation method for adzuki beans by mulching with mulch" of the present invention has shown significant advantages in terms of yield, water and fertilizer utilization efficiency, labor input, weed control, and pest and disease control. Specifically, compared with the conventional method, the adzuki bean grain yield increased by 29.5% (from 2200kg / ha to 2850kg / ha). In terms of water input, the method of the present invention only uses 2800m 3 / ha of water, while the conventional method is 4500m 3 / ha, achieving a 37.8% water resource saving. At the same time, through precise integrated water and fertilizer management, the total input of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer was reduced by 20.8%, 20.0%, and 17.6%, respectively. These savings were quantified in key indicators such as water use efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, phosphate fertilizer use efficiency, and potassium fertilizer use efficiency. The water use efficiency of the method of the present invention reached 1.01kg / m 3 , significantly higher than the conventional method of 0.49kg / m 3 The utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer also increased by 64%, 62% and 57% respectively.

[0084] In terms of field management, the method of the present invention significantly reduces the total labor input from 60 man-days / hectare of conventional methods to 25 man-days / hectare, and the labor efficiency is improved by 58.3%, which significantly reduces the labor burden of farmers. In terms of disease and insect pest control, the present invention controls the weed biomass to 8kg / ha through the physical isolation of the mulch and the green control strategy, which is much lower than the 120kg / ha of the conventional method; the incidence of leaf spot disease is reduced from 20% to 5%; and the aphid density is also reduced from 70 heads / 100 plants to 15 heads / 100 plants, showing its outstanding advantages in environmental protection and agricultural product safety. These data fully prove that the method proposed in the present invention, through the system integration and refined management of each link, has constructed a new paradigm for the cultivation of adzuki beans that is efficient, precise, and environmentally friendly, and is highly innovative, practical, and non-obvious.

[0085] The above description is only a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field, within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, who makes equivalent replacements or changes based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered by the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating adzuki beans by mulching with film to save water and retain fertilizer, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1: Land preparation and ridge making: Deep plowing is carried out on the cultivated land. After deep plowing is completed, the soil is raked and leveled, and mechanized ridge making is used to form the cultivated ridges. S2: Application of base fertilizer and laying of drip irrigation tape: A fertilizer trench is excavated below the center line of the completed ridge, and a base fertilizer consisting of a mixture of slow-release compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer is evenly applied to the bottom of the fertilizer trench. After the base fertilizer is applied, the fertilizer trench is backfilled with soil; Subsequently, a drip irrigation belt with an embedded dripper is laid on the backfill soil along the center line of the ridge body, and the drip irrigation belt is connected to the water and fertilizer supply system through the main water pipe. After the drip irrigation belt is laid, the soil is covered again on the drip irrigation belt; S3: Ground film laying: Using a mechanized ground film laying device equipped with a tensioning and compacting mechanism, a ground film with a prefabricated hole structure is evenly laid on the surface of the ridge body, and the edges of the ground film are buried in both sides of the ridge ditch by a soil compacting mechanism; S4: Precision sowing: After the mulch film is laid, a precision seeder that precisely matches the position of the prefabricated holes in the mulch film is used to carry out sowing operations, and the adzuki bean seeds are precisely introduced into the soil directly below the prefabricated holes in the mulch film; After sowing is completed, the prefabricated holes of the ground film are lightly covered with soil or decomposed fine sand; S5: Integrated water and fertilizer management: During the entire growth period of adzuki beans, integrated water and fertilizer management is carried out through a drip irrigation system including a water pump, filter, fertilizer tank, venturi fertilizer applicator, solenoid valve and central controller. The central controller obtains real-time soil environmental data through connected soil moisture sensors and soil temperature sensors, and adjusts the water and fertilizer management plan according to the different growth stages of adzuki beans and the real-time soil environmental data; S6: Green control of diseases, insects and weeds: Combined with the above-mentioned mulching, adopt green control measures for weeds, diseases and insect pests; S7: Harvesting and garden cleaning: Harvest the adzuki beans when they are ripe. After harvesting, remove the stumps and discarded plastic film in the field.

2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein In step S1, the bottom width of the cultivation ridge body is set to 60 cm to 80 cm, the top width is set to 40 cm to 60 cm, and the ridge height is set to 15 cm to 20 cm; before the deep plowing operation, the soil is sampled and analyzed, and the soil is improved according to the soil texture, pH value, organic matter content and nutrient status; the soil improvement measures include adding lime, humic acid or biochar and beneficial microbial agents to adjust the pH, enhance water and fertilizer retention capacity and improve the soil microecological environment, wherein the inoculation amount of the beneficial microbial agents is 20 kg / hectare to 30 kg / hectare, and the microbial agents contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and potassium-solubilizing bacteria.

3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein In step S2, the depth of the fertilization ditch is 10 cm to 15 cm, the soil is backfilled to a depth of 5 cm to 10 cm after the base fertilizer is applied, and the thickness of the soil covering the drip irrigation belt is 3 cm to 5 cm; the base fertilizer is composed of a slow-release compound fertilizer (application amount is 300 kg / hectare to 400 kg / hectare) with a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of 15:15:15 and a fully decomposed organic fertilizer (application amount is 1500 kg / hectare to 2000 kg / hectare); the dripper spacing of the drip irrigation belt is set to 20 cm to 30 cm, the single dripper flow rate is set to 1.0 liters / hour to 2.0 liters / hour, and the embedded dripper has a pressure compensation function, and the flow rate variation coefficient is less than 10%; the filter in the water supply fertilizer system adopts a combination of a sand filter and a mesh filter, and the filtration accuracy reaches 120 mesh; the volume of the fertilization tank is set to 100 liters to 500 liters, and the drip irrigation belt is subjected to a water pressure test before laying.

4. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein In step S3, the ground film is made of polyethylene or biodegradable polymer material, with a thickness set to 0.015 mm to 0.030 mm and a width set to 90 cm to 120 cm; the ground film has evenly distributed circular or square prefabricated holes, the diameter of the holes is set to 2 cm to 4 cm, the center spacing of the holes corresponds to the spacing between the plants in the row of adzuki beans, set to 15 cm to 20 cm, and the edges of the prefabricated holes are hot-melt or laser-cut; the color of the ground film is black or black and white double-sided color, wherein the black side of the black and white double-sided color ground film faces downward to contact the soil, and the white side faces upward to reflect sunlight.

5. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein In step S4, the sowing depth is set to 3 cm to 5 cm, the number of seeds sown per hole is set to 1 to 2 seeds, and the soil covering thickness of the prefabricated holes in the ground film is set to 0.5 cm to 1 cm; the precision seeder is equipped with a photoelectric sensor for accurately identifying the position of the prefabricated holes on the ground film, and synchronously sowing through a sowing unit driven by a servo motor to ensure that the sowing accuracy reaches ±1 cm; the sowing unit is equipped with an adjustable pressing wheel to slightly press the soil around the prefabricated holes after sowing.

6. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein In step S5, the water and fertilizer management plan specifically includes: During the germination and seedling stages of adzuki beans, the irrigation intensity is set at 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm per day, and water-soluble compound fertilizer with a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of 1:0.5:1 is applied at a fertilizer concentration of 0.1% to 0.2%; During the adzuki bean branching and flowering and podding stages, the irrigation intensity is set at 1.5 mm to 2.0 mm per day, and a water-soluble compound fertilizer with a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of 1:0.8:1.2 is applied at a fertilizer concentration of 0.2% to 0.3%; During the adzuki bean grain-forming stage, the irrigation intensity is set at 1.0 mm to 1.5 mm per day, and a water-soluble compound fertilizer with a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratio of 0.5:1:1.5 is applied at a fertilizer concentration of 0.15% to 0.25%. During the maturity period of adzuki beans, stop fertilizing and gradually reduce irrigation until it stops; The soil moisture sensor monitors the soil moisture content in real time. When the soil volume moisture content is lower than 60% of the field water holding capacity, the central controller triggers the drip irrigation system to start until the soil volume moisture content reaches 80% of the field water holding capacity.

7. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein In step S5, the central controller is connected to the cloud platform via a wireless network module to achieve remote monitoring and management. The cloud platform is integrated with a meteorological data interface, which can obtain local meteorological information in real time, and generate optimized water and fertilizer management suggestions based on the growth status of adzuki beans, soil environmental data, and historical irrigation and fertilization data. In addition, instructions can be issued remotely to control the operation of the drip irrigation system. The water supply and fertilizer system is also integrated with a pH sensor and an EC sensor to monitor the pH value and conductivity of the irrigation water in real time to ensure that the pH value of the fertilizer solution is maintained between 6.0 and 7.0, and automatically calibrate by adjusting the type and proportion of the injected fertilizer solution. The fertilization tank is equipped with a stirring device to ensure that the liquid fertilizer is evenly mixed during the injection process.

8. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein In step S6, the green prevention and control measures specifically include: For weeds, the tight coverage of the mulch film combined with the precise sowing of prefabricated holes inhibits weed growth, and the weeds around the mulch film holes are removed manually or by localized physical removal. For diseases, agricultural control measures are preferred, and biological pesticides are used for control in the early stage of disease occurrence or in the predicted period. The biological pesticides include Bacillus subtilis preparations or Trichoderma preparations, which are applied by foliar spraying or drip irrigation system; For insect pests, physical trapping measures are adopted, and when the occurrence of insect pests reaches the economic threshold, biological insecticides are used for prevention and control. The biological insecticides include Bacillus thuringiensis preparations or azadirachtin preparations, and the application method is foliar spraying.

9. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein In step S1, the plowing depth of the deep plowing operation is 25 cm to 30 cm; in step S2, the thickness of the soil covering above the drip irrigation belt is 3 cm to 5 cm; in step S3, the depth of the edge of the ground film buried in the two sides of the ridge by the soil compaction mechanism is 10 cm to 15 cm.

10. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein In step S5, the soil moisture sensor is set in the main distribution area of ​​the adzuki bean root system at a depth of 5 cm to 10 cm, and adopts the principle of time domain reflectometry (TDR) or frequency domain reflectometry (FDR); the filter in the water supply and fertilizer system is a combination of a gravel filter and a mesh filter, and the filtration accuracy reaches 120 mesh; the Venturi fertilizer applicator realizes fertilizer liquid injection, and its injection ratio is accurately controlled by the central controller according to the set fertilization plan; the fertilizer tank is equipped with an electric stirring device.

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