Split coupling type water economizer for pen

The staggered fin design and air-water separation structure of the split-coupled water saver solve the problems of high mold cost and easy evaporation of ink in existing water saver, achieving low-cost production and long-term ink wetting, and improving the practicality and writing continuity of the pen.

CN120792358APending Publication Date: 2025-10-17GUANGZHOU XINQI PATENT TECH EXTENSION SERVICE CO LTD
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Patent Information

Application Number
CN202510977890.X
Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Applications(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2025-07-16
Publication Date
2025-10-17

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

The existing water-saving device has a complex fin structure, high mold cost, high assembly precision requirements, and the ink is easy to evaporate and dry, affecting the writing continuity and ink preservation.

Method used

It adopts a split coupling design, in which a multi-layer ink storage layer is formed by staggered coupling of the first and second coupling bodies, reducing the fin gap and ink exposure area, and combining with the air guide groove to achieve air-water separation, reduce mold costs and slow down ink evaporation.

Benefits of technology

Simplify the mold structure, reduce manufacturing costs, improve production efficiency, reduce ink evaporation, ensure the ink is moist, prevent clogging, and enhance the writing experience.

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Abstract

The split coupling type water economizer for the pen comprises a columnar core body formed by coupling two or more coupling bodies, each coupling body is provided with a plurality of fins arranged at intervals in the axial direction of the coupling body, the fins on the coupling bodies are coupled in a staggered mode, and a plurality of ink storage layers communicated in sequence are formed in the columnar core body; one side of the columnar core body is provided with an ink guide groove which extends along the axial direction and is communicated with each ink storage layer; and the other side of the columnar core body is provided with an air guide groove which extends along the axial direction. Therefore, the internal coupling ink storage layer is adopted to replace an exposed water diversion structure, air-water separation is achieved through the isolation air guide groove, the internal coupling ink storage layer structure can reduce the manufacturing cost of a mold, evaporation and drying of ink can be slowed down, even if the pen is not used for a long time, the ink can be kept in a wet state, and the ink quality is improved. Smooth ink conveying of the water economizer is guaranteed, and practicability and writing experience of a pen or other pens are improved.
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Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application belongs to the field of stationery, and particularly relates to a split-coupling type water saver for a pen. BACKGROUND

[0002] A pen is also called a water saver in a fountain pen or a direct liquid type fiber pen, which is a key part connected between an ink storage body (or an ink reservoir) and a pen head, responsible for transporting ink from the inside of the ink storage body (or the ink reservoir) to the pen head, playing a role of storing ink, controlling ink, balancing air pressure, and fixing the pen head. The existing water saver is usually a water inlet groove exposed outside, which is a straight groove and has dense fins on both sides. The fins use the surface tension of the liquid to store water and control the flow of ink through capillary action to ensure that the ink can continuously flow to the pen head. However, the dense fin structure is not easy to manufacture, the gap between the fins is narrow and deep, the mold cost is high, and the yield is low. Moreover, since the fins are exposed on the outer periphery of the water saver, they need to be precisely matched with the cavity of the pen barrel to form an effective capillary channel, otherwise uneven distribution of ink on the water saver will cause intermittent ink breakage during writing, thereby increasing the assembly precision requirement between the water saver and the pen barrel, further increasing the mold cost, and the exposed water inlet groove and fins also increase the air contact area, causing air-water mixing, thereby accelerating the evaporation and drying of the ink, which is not conducive to maintaining the wet state of the ink when the pen is not used for a long time. SUMMARY

[0003] In order to overcome the above-mentioned defects of the prior art, the present application provides a split-coupling type water saver for a pen which can reduce the manufacturing cost of the mold and slow down the evaporation and drying of the ink.

[0004] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present application provides the following technical solutions:

[0005] A split-coupling type water saver for a pen, comprising a columnar core body composed of two or more coupling bodies, each of the coupling bodies being provided with a plurality of fins arranged at intervals along the axial direction thereof, the fins on each coupling body being staggered and coupled and forming a plurality of ink storage layers in the columnar core body, the ink storage layers being sequentially connected; one side of the columnar core body is provided with an ink guide groove extending along the axial direction and communicating with each of the ink storage layers; the other side of the columnar core body is provided with an air guide groove extending along the axial direction.

[0006] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the columnar core is composed of a first coupling body and a second coupling body, the first coupling body is provided with a plurality of first fins arranged equidistantly along the axial direction thereof, the second coupling body is provided with a plurality of second fins arranged equidistantly along the axial direction thereof, the first fins and the second fins are coupled alternately to form the ink storage layer; one side edge of the first coupling body is spaced apart from one side edge of the second coupling body to form the ink guide groove; the other side edge of the first coupling body is spliced with the other side edge of the second coupling body to form the air guide groove.

[0007] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the first coupling body is a circular-arc shell, and the first fins are arranged on the inner circular-arc surface of the first coupling body; the second coupling body is a circular-arc shell, and the second fins are arranged on the inner circular-arc surface of the second coupling body.

[0008] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the first fin is provided with a first protrusion at the end away from the first coupling body, and the first protrusion abuts against the inner circular-arc surface of the second coupling body; the second fin is provided with a second protrusion at the end away from the second coupling body, and the second protrusion abuts against the inner circular-arc surface of the first coupling body.

[0009] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the rear end of the columnar core is provided with a first end plate, the first end plate is provided with a water inlet column connectable with the ink storage body, one side of the water inlet column is provided with a water inlet groove, and the other side is provided with a gas return groove, the water inlet groove and the gas return groove are parallel to each other and extend along the axial direction, the first end plate is further provided with a water inlet port and a gas return port, the water inlet port is connected with the ink guide groove and the water inlet groove respectively, and the gas return port is connected with the air guide groove and the gas return groove respectively.

[0010] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the front end of the columnar core is provided with a second end plate, the second end plate is provided with a water outlet column connectable with the fiber pen head, the side of the water outlet column is provided with a water outlet groove, the water outlet groove extends along the axial direction, the second end plate is further provided with a water outlet port, the water outlet port is connected with the ink guide groove and the water outlet groove respectively, and the front end of the air guide groove is not blocked by the second end plate and is directly connected with the outside.

[0011] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the front end of the columnar core is provided with a second end plate, the second end plate is formed with a fountain pen nib, the fountain pen nib is spliced by a first nib coupling part and a second nib coupling part, one side edge of the first nib coupling part is spaced apart from one side edge of the second nib coupling part to form a water outlet groove extending along the axial direction, the second end plate is provided with a water outlet port and an air inlet port, the water outlet port is connected with the ink guide groove and the water outlet groove respectively, and the air inlet port is connected with the air guide groove and the outside respectively.

[0012] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the joint surface between the first pen point coupling part and the second pen point coupling part is connected through a concave-convex matching structure.

[0013] As a preferred scheme of the present application, one side of the columnar core body is provided with a side plane which can be separated from the inner wall of the pen barrel, the middle part of the side plane is provided with a shunt convex rib, the top of the shunt convex rib can be in contact with the inner wall of the pen barrel, and the side part of the shunt convex rib and the side plane form the air guide groove.

[0014] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the side surface of the columnar core body is a cylindrical surface except the side plane, the cylindrical surface is provided with a contact convex rib which is in contact with the inner wall of the pen barrel, and the contact convex rib is arranged around the cylindrical surface.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the split coupling type water saver for pen according to the present application has the following beneficial effects:

[0016] (1) The split coupling type water saver for pen according to the present application is composed of a columnar core body coupled by a first coupling body and a second coupling body, a first fin is designed on the first coupling body, a second fin is designed on the second coupling body, the first fin and the second fin are staggered and coupled to form a plurality of layers of ink storage layers which are sequentially communicated, so that the gap between the fins on a single coupling body is larger than that of the fins of the traditional integrated water saver for pen, the structure of the mold is simplified, the need for fine processing is reduced, and the manufacturing cost of the mold is reduced; at the same time, the design can also improve the production efficiency, because the larger gap can reduce the requirement for accurate alignment, so that the production process is faster and more economical;

[0017] (2) The ink storage layer formed by the staggered coupling of the first fin and the second fin is arranged in the space enclosed by the first coupling body and the second coupling body, the exposure area of the ink is reduced, and the gas-water separation is realized through the isolation arrangement of the ink storage layer and the air guide groove, so as to further reduce the opportunity of contact between the ink and the air, slow down the evaporation and drying of the ink, effectively prevent the water saver from being blocked due to the dryness of the ink, maintain the wet state of the ink even in the case of long-term non-use of the pen, ensure the smooth ink delivery of the water saver, and improve the practicability and writing experience of the pen or other pens. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0018] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below.

[0019] Figure 1 The assembly drawing of the split coupling type water saver for pen provided in Embodiment One of the present application;

[0020] Figure 2The assembly view of the pen split coupling type water saver from another view for the first embodiment of the present application is provided.

[0021] Figure 3 The explosion view of the pen split coupling type water saver for the first embodiment of the present application is provided.

[0022] Figure 4 The axial section view of the pen split coupling type water saver for the first embodiment of the present application is provided.

[0023] Figure 5 The structure schematic view of the pen split coupling type water saver for the first embodiment of the present application when assembled with the fiber pen head and the pen barrel is provided.

[0024] Figure 6 The assembly view of the pen split coupling type water saver for the second embodiment of the present application is provided.

[0025] Figure 7 The assembly view of the pen split coupling type water saver from another view for the second embodiment of the present application is provided.

[0026] Figure 8 The structure schematic view of the pen split coupling type water saver for the second embodiment of the present application when assembled with the pen barrel is provided.

[0027] Markings in the figure:

[0028] Cylindrical core body 10; first coupling body 1a; second coupling body 1b; first fin 11; second fin 12; ink storage layer 13; ink guide groove 14; air guide groove 15; first protrusion 16; second protrusion 17; first end plate 18; water inlet column 19; water inlet groove 110; air return groove 111; water inlet 112; air return 113; second end plate 114; water outlet column 115; water outlet groove 116; water outlet 117; air inlet 118; pen head 119; first pen head coupling part 119a; second pen head coupling part 119b; protrusion 120; groove 121; side plane 122; shunt protruding rib 123; cylindrical surface 124; contact protruding rib 125; fiber pen head 20; pen barrel 30. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely below with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all the other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor fall within the protection scope of the present application.

[0030] As Figures 1 to 4As shown, the pen split-coupling water saver provided by the embodiment of the present application comprises a columnar core body 10 which is coupled by two or more coupling bodies (1a, 1b), each of the coupling bodies (1a, 1b) is provided with a plurality of fins (11, 12) which are arranged along the axial direction at intervals, the fins (11, 12) on each coupling body (1a, 1b) are staggered and coupled and form a plurality of ink storage layers 13 which are sequentially communicated in the columnar core body 10; one side of the columnar core body 10 is provided with an ink guide groove 14 which extends along the axial direction and is communicated with each of the ink storage layers 13; the other side of the columnar core body 10 is provided with an air guide groove 15 which extends along the axial direction.

[0031] Thus, according to the pen split-coupling water saver provided by the embodiment of the present application, the columnar core body 10 is coupled by the first coupling body 1a and the second coupling body 1b, the first fins 11 are designed on the first coupling body 1a, the second fins 12 are designed on the second coupling body 1b, the first fins 11 and the second fins 12 are staggered and coupled and form a plurality of ink storage layers 13 which are sequentially communicated, so that the flow of ink is controlled by the water storage principle and capillary action of the ink storage layers 13, which can make the fin gap on a single coupling body larger than that of the traditional pen integrated water saver, simplify the structure of the mold, reduce the need for fine processing, and thus reduce the manufacturing cost of the mold; at the same time, this design can also improve the production efficiency, because the larger gap can reduce the requirement for accurate alignment, making the production process more efficient and economical.

[0032] Moreover, since the ink storage layers 13 formed by the staggered coupling of the first fins 11 and the second fins 12 are arranged in the space enclosed by the first coupling body 1a and the second coupling body 1b, the exposure area of the ink is reduced, and at the same time, the isolation arrangement of the ink storage layers 13 and the air guide groove 15 realizes air-water separation, thereby further reducing the opportunity of ink contact with air, slowing down the evaporation and drying of the ink, effectively preventing the water saver from being blocked due to ink dryout, even in the case of long-term non-use of the pen, the ink can maintain a moist state, ensuring smooth ink delivery of the water saver, improving the practicability and writing experience of the pen or other pen types.

[0033] Embodiment one (taking application to fiber pen as an example)

[0034] As Figures 1 to 5As shown, the pen split coupling water saver provided by the embodiment of the present application comprises a cylindrical core 10 coupled by a first coupling body 1a and a second coupling body 1b, the first coupling body 1a is provided with a plurality of first fins 11 arranged equidistantly along the axial direction, the second coupling body 1b is provided with a plurality of second fins 12 arranged equidistantly along the axial direction, the first fins 11 and the second fins 12 are staggered coupled and form a plurality of ink storage layers 13 in the cylindrical core 10, the ink storage layers 13 are communicated sequentially; one side edge of the first coupling body 1a and one side edge of the second coupling body 1b are spaced apart to form an ink guide groove 14 extending along the axial direction and communicated with each of the ink storage layers 13; the other side edge of the first coupling body 1a and the other side edge of the second coupling body 1b are spliced to form an air guide groove 15 extending along the axial direction.

[0035] Exemplarily, in order to match the outer shape of the pen split coupling water saver with the inner cavity of the pen barrel, the first coupling body 1a is a circular arc shell, and the first fins 11 are arranged on the inner circular arc surface of the first coupling body 1a; the second coupling body 1b is a circular arc shell, and the second fins 12 are arranged on the inner circular arc surface of the second coupling body 1b.

[0036] Exemplarily, the first fin 11 is provided with a first protrusion 16 at the end away from the first coupling body 1a, the first protrusion 16 abuts against the inner circular arc surface of the second coupling body 1b, so that the edge of the first fin 11 is not matched with the inner circular arc surface of the second coupling body 1b, and the edge of the first fin 11 is spaced apart from the inner circular arc surface of the second coupling body 1b to form a channel communicated with the upper and lower ink storage layers 13; the second fin 12 is provided with a second protrusion 17 at the end away from the second coupling body 1b, the second protrusion 17 abuts against the inner circular arc surface of the first coupling body 1a, so that the edge of the second fin 12 is not matched with the inner circular arc surface of the first coupling body 1a, and the edge of the second fin 12 is spaced apart from the inner circular arc surface of the first coupling body 1a to form a channel communicated with the upper and lower ink storage layers 13.

[0037] Exemplarily, the rear end of the first coupling body 1a is provided with a first end plate 18, and the first end plate 18 is provided with a water inlet column 19 connectable with an ink storage body (such as an ink cartridge), and opposite sides of the water inlet column 19 are provided with a water inlet groove 110 and a gas return groove 111, respectively, which are parallel to each other and extend in the axial direction, and the first end plate 18 is further provided with a water inlet port 112 and a gas return port 113, respectively, which are in communication with the ink guide groove 14 and the water inlet groove 110 and the gas guide groove 15 and the gas return groove 111, respectively; and the front end of the second coupling body 1b is provided with a second end plate 114, and the second end plate 114 is provided with a water outlet column 115 connectable with a fiber pen tip 20, and a side of the water outlet column 115 is provided with a water outlet groove 116 extending in the axial direction, and the second end plate 114 is further provided with a water outlet port 117 in communication with the ink guide groove 14 and the water outlet groove 116, and the front end of the gas guide groove 15 is not blocked by the second end plate 18 and is directly in communication with the outside.

[0038] It should be noted that, through the water outlet channel formed by the water inlet groove 110, the water inlet port 112, the ink guide groove 14, the water outlet port 117 and the water outlet groove 116, and the gas return channel formed by the gas return groove 111, the gas return port 113 and the gas guide groove 15, the ink storage body can realize gas-liquid exchange during ink supply, so as to balance the pressure inside and outside the ink storage body and ensure smooth outflow of the ink.

[0039] Exemplarily, one side of the columnar core body 10 is provided with a side plane 122 which can form a long strip-shaped gap channel with the inner wall of the pen barrel 30; and a shunt protruding rib 123 is arranged at the middle portion of the side plane 122, and the top portion of the shunt protruding rib 123 can be in direct contact with the inner wall of the pen barrel 30 to help stabilize the core body in the pen barrel 30; at the same time, the shunt protruding rib 123 and the side plane 122 form the gas guide groove 15, that is, the shunt protruding rib 123 divides the long strip-shaped gap between the side plane 122 and the inner wall of the pen barrel 30 into two narrower air flow channels, which helps to more accurately control the air flow path and flow rate and prevent air flow from being turbulent or partially blocked.

[0040] For example, the side surface of the columnar core 10 is a cylindrical surface 124 except the side plane 122, and a contact convex rib 125 is arranged on the cylindrical surface 124 to contact and abut against the inner wall of the pen barrel 30. The top of the contact convex rib 125 directly contacts and abuts against the inner wall of the pen barrel 30, which is the main radial support point of the columnar core 10 in the pen barrel 30, so that the columnar core 10 is kept centered in the pen barrel 30 and cannot shake. Meanwhile, the contact convex rib 125 reduces the contact area between the columnar core 10 and the inner wall of the pen barrel 30, facilitating the insertion of the columnar core 10.

[0041] Embodiment Two (taking a pen as an example)

[0042] Compared with Embodiment One, the main difference of Embodiment Two is that an integrated pen tip is used instead of the water outlet column 115 in Embodiment One. Specifically, as shown in Figures 6 to 8 The rear end of the first coupling body 1a is provided with a first end plate 18, and the first end plate 18 is provided with a water inlet column 19 connectable with an ink storage body (such as an ink storage cartridge). The opposite two side surfaces of the water inlet column 19 are provided with a water inlet groove 110 and a gas return groove 111, respectively. The water inlet groove 110 and the gas return groove 111 are parallel to each other and extend along the axial direction. The first end plate 18 is further provided with a water inlet port 112 and a gas return port 113. The water inlet port 112 is connected with the ink guide groove 14 and the water inlet groove 110, respectively. The gas return port 113 is connected with the gas guide groove 15 and the gas return groove 111, respectively. The front end of the columnar core 10 is provided with a second end plate 114, and the second end plate 114 is formed with a pen tip 119. The pen tip 119 is formed by splicing a first pen tip coupling part 119a and a second pen tip coupling part 119b. The side edge of the first pen tip coupling part 119a and the side edge of the second pen tip coupling part 119b are spaced apart to form a water outlet groove 116 extending along the axial direction. The second end plate 114 is further provided with a water outlet port 117 and an air inlet port 118. The water outlet port 117 is connected with the ink guide groove 14 and the water outlet groove 116, respectively. The air inlet port 118 is connected with the gas guide groove 15 and the outside.

[0043] It should be noted that the water outlet channel formed by the water inlet groove 110, the water inlet port 112, the ink guide groove 14, the water outlet port 117 and the water outlet groove 116, and the gas return channel formed by the gas return groove 111, the gas return port 113, the gas guide groove 15 and the air inlet port 118 can enable the ink storage body to realize gas-liquid exchange during ink supply, so as to balance the pressure inside and outside the ink storage body and ensure that the ink can flow out smoothly.

[0044] Further, in order to make the combined height between the first pen head coupling part 119a and the second pen head coupling part 119b compact, the joint surface between the first pen head coupling part 119a and the second pen head coupling part 119b is connected by a convex-concave matching structure. Specifically, a convex block 120 is arranged on the first pen head coupling part 119a, and a concave groove 121 is arranged on the second pen head coupling part 119b to match the convex block 120.

[0045] While the preferred embodiments of the application have been described, it should be understood that various modifications and changes can be made by those skilled in the art which follow in the spirit of the application and the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, it is intended that all such modifications and changes be included within the scope of the application as claimed.

[0046] Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present application are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, the application can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

Claims

1. A split-coupled water saver for a pen, characterized in that: It comprises a cylindrical core body formed by coupling two or more coupling bodies, each of the coupling bodies is provided with a plurality of fins arranged at intervals along its axial direction, the fins on the coupling bodies are staggered and coupled to form multiple layers of sequentially connected ink storage layers within the cylindrical core; one side of the cylindrical core body is provided with an ink guide groove extending along the axial direction and connected to each layer of the ink storage layer; the other side of the cylindrical core body is provided with an air guide groove extending along the axial direction.

2. The split-coupled water-saving device for a pen according to claim 1, characterized in that: The cylindrical core is composed of a first coupling body and a second coupling body coupled together, the first coupling body is provided with a plurality of first fins arranged at equal intervals along its axial direction, the second coupling body is provided with a plurality of second fins arranged at equal intervals along its axial direction, the first fins and the second fins are staggered and coupled to form the ink storage layer; one side edge of the first coupling body and one side edge of the second coupling body are separated to form the ink guide groove; the other side edge of the first coupling body and the other side edge of the second coupling body are spliced ​​to form the air guide groove.

3. The split-coupled water-saving device for a pen as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: The first coupling body is an arc-shaped shell, and the first fin is arranged on the inner arc surface of the first coupling body; the second coupling body is an arc-shaped shell, and the second fin is arranged on the inner arc surface of the second coupling body.

4. The split-coupled water-saving device for a pen as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: The first fin is provided with a first protrusion at one end away from the first coupling body, and the first protrusion abuts against the inner arc surface of the second coupling body; the second fin is provided with a second protrusion at one end away from the second coupling body, and the second protrusion abuts against the inner arc surface of the first coupling body.

5. The split-coupled water-saving device for a pen as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: The rear end of the columnar core is provided with a first end plate, and the first end plate is provided with a water inlet column that can be connected to the ink storage body. Among the two opposite sides of the water inlet column, one side is provided with a water inlet groove, and the other side is provided with an air return groove. The water inlet groove and the air return groove are parallel to each other and extend axially. The first end plate is also provided with a water inlet and an air return port, the water inlet is respectively connected to the ink guide groove and the water inlet groove, and the air return port is respectively connected to the air guide groove and the air return groove.

6. The split-coupled water-saving device for a pen as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: The front end of the cylindrical core is provided with a second end plate, and the second end plate is provided with a water outlet column that can be connected to the fiber pen tip. The side of the water outlet column is provided with a water outlet groove, and the water outlet groove extends axially. The second end plate is also provided with a water outlet, and the water outlet is respectively connected to the ink guide groove and the water outlet groove. The front end of the air guide groove is not blocked by the second end plate and is directly connected to the outside world.

7. The split-coupled water-saving device for a pen according to claim 5, characterized in that: The front end of the cylindrical core is provided with a second end plate, and a fountain pen nib is formed on the second end plate. The fountain pen nib is spliced ​​by a first nib coupling part and a second nib coupling part. One side edge of the first nib coupling part and one side edge of the second nib coupling part are separated to form a water outlet groove extending along the axial direction. A water outlet and an air inlet are provided on the second end plate. The water outlet is respectively connected to the ink guide groove and the water outlet groove, and the air inlet is respectively connected to the air guide groove and the outside world.

8. The split-coupled water-saving device for a pen according to claim 7, characterized in that: The joint surface between the first pen tip coupling portion and the second pen tip coupling portion is connected by a concave-convex matching structure.

9. The split-coupled water-saving device for a pen according to claim 1, characterized in that: One side of the cylindrical core is provided with a side plane that can be separated from the inner wall of the pen shaft, and the middle part of the side plane is provided with a diversion rib, the top of the diversion rib can contact and abut the inner wall of the pen shaft, and the air guide groove is formed between the side of the diversion rib and the side plane.

10. The split-coupled water saver for a pen as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The side surfaces of the columnar core body except the side plane are all cylindrical surfaces. The cylindrical surfaces are provided with contact ribs that contact and abut against the inner wall of the pen barrel. The contact ribs are arranged along the four sides of the cylindrical surface.