A forest small watershed-based under-forest planting method for different sites in Liaodong mountainous areas

Abstract

The present application relates to the ecological construction engineering technical field, and provides a kind of under-forest planting method of different site in Liaodong mountainous area based on forest small watershed, comprising the following steps: (1) according to topography, slope position and slope direction, the site of forest small watershed in Liaodong mountainous area is divided;(2) with soil condition as the guiding index, data is collected and optimization scheme is determined;(3) with canopy density as the guiding index, data is collected and optimization scheme is determined;(4) based on the optimization scheme of step (2) and step (3), select the site suitable for forest fruit, forest mushroom, forest vegetable, forest medicine, and carry out under-forest planting.By the technical scheme of the present application, the forest resources in Liaodong mountainous area can be fully utilized, and economic plants or fungi can be planted under forest in different sites of forest small watershed according to local conditions, so that the economic benefits of under-forest planting can be maximized.The under-forest planting improves the functions of forest conservation, water conservation, biodiversity and other functions, and improves the ecological benefits.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of understory economic development technology, and in particular to a method for adapting understory planting to different sites in the Liaodong mountainous area based on forest watersheds. Background Technology

[0002] As an important ecological barrier in Northeast China, the Liaodong Mountains possess unique topography and climate characteristics in their forest watersheds. The terrain is predominantly low and medium mountains, with elevations ranging from 200 to 1000 meters. The main soil types are brown soil and dark brown soil, with significant variations in soil thickness across different altitudinal gradients. Site conditions have a decisive impact on the growth and yield of understory economic crops. In the Liaodong Mountains, site factors such as elevation, aspect, slope, and soil thickness collectively constitute a complex microenvironmental gradient.

[0003] The complex topography and soil conditions of the region's forest watersheds provide a foundation for developing diversified understory economies. It boasts abundant and diverse natural resources, a unique ecological environment, and immense ecological value and potential. However, due to a lack of scientific planting planning, traditional understory planting neglects the coupling relationship between topography, soil, and sunlight. Continuous cropping of single economic species leads to soil degradation, resulting in problems such as low utilization rates, limited species diversity, and ecological damage in the current planting model. In some areas, excessive harvesting of wild medicinal herbs has led to resource depletion, while other areas suitable for understory planting remain underutilized. Therefore, developing a planting method that improves the efficient utilization of understory resources in mountainous areas is essential for enhancing the overall benefits of forest management, maintaining biodiversity, and protecting forest resources. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for adapting understory planting in different sites in the Liaodong mountainous area based on forest watersheds. This method can make full use of the understory resources in the Liaodong mountainous area, realize the planting of suitable crops in suitable areas, and make full use of forest land and land resources. Through crop planting, it can achieve the effects of soil and water conservation and soil improvement, and synergistically exert the economic and ecological value of economic crops and ecological functional plants.

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0006] This invention provides a method for adapting understory planting to different sites in the Liaodong mountainous area based on forest watersheds, comprising the following steps:

[0007] (1) Based on the topography, slope position and slope aspect, the forest watersheds in the Liaodong mountainous area are divided into sites;

[0008] (2) Using soil conditions as a guiding indicator, collect data and determine the optimization scheme;

[0009] (3) Using canopy density as a guiding indicator, collect data and determine optimization schemes;

[0010] (4) Based on the optimization schemes of steps (2) and (3), select suitable sites for forest fruits, forest fungi, forest vegetables and forest medicinal herbs, and carry out understory planting.

[0011] As a preferred option, the site division results in step (1) include forest edges, valleys, sunny slopes, and shady slopes.

[0012] Preferably, the sunny slopes include south-facing, southeast-facing, and southwest-facing slopes, specifically slopes that receive more solar radiation during the day than slopes in other directions; the shady slopes include north-facing, northeast-facing, and northwest-facing slopes, specifically slopes that receive less solar radiation during the day than slopes in other directions.

[0013] Preferably, the soil conditions described in step (2) include a thick soil layer when the soil layer thickness is ≥60cm; a medium soil layer when the soil layer thickness is 40cm-60cm; and a thin soil layer when the soil layer thickness is ≤40cm.

[0014] Preferably, the canopy closure in step (3) includes high canopy closure, medium canopy closure, and low canopy closure; when the canopy closure is ≥0.6, it is high canopy closure; when the canopy closure is 0.4-0.6, it is medium canopy closure; when the canopy closure is ≤0.4, it is low canopy closure.

[0015] Preferably, the forest fruits include any one or more of the following: hardy kiwifruit, hazelnut, and black chokeberry; the forest fungi include any one or more of the following: black fungus, giant oyster mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, and Hericium erinaceus; the forest vegetables include any one or more of the following: spiny scallion, large-leaved celery, scallion, and purslane; and the forest medicinal herbs include any one or more of the following: ginseng, Acanthopanax senticosus, Epimedium brevicornu, Asarum heterotropoides, Polygonatum odoratum, and Cimicifuga foetida.

[0016] Preferably, the suitable planting sites for the fruit trees are low-canopy forest edges with thick or medium soil layers; the suitable planting sites for the vegetables are sunny slopes with medium canopy layers with medium or thin soil layers; the suitable planting sites for the medicinal herbs are shady slopes with medium canopy layers with thick soil layers, or shady slopes with medium canopy layers with medium soil layers, or shady slopes with high canopy layers with thick soil layers, or shady slopes with high canopy layers with medium soil layers; and the suitable planting sites for the fungi are forest edges with medium canopy layers with thick soil layers, or forest edges with medium canopy layers with medium soil layers, or valleys with medium canopy layers with thick soil layers, or valleys with medium canopy layers with medium soil layers.

[0017] By adopting the above technical solution, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0018] This invention offers significant benefits at the economic, social, and ecological levels. It fully utilizes the understory resources of the Liaodong mountainous region, maximizing the planting of suitable crops in appropriate areas and maximizing the use of forest and land resources. This promotes the green, safe, and efficient development of understory economic industries within the mountainous green economic zone, optimizing the local economic structure and promoting sustainable development. Simultaneously, the planting of suitable crops also achieves soil and water conservation and soil improvement to a certain extent, protecting the regional ecosystem structure. Furthermore, the appropriate understory planting enhances the functions of forest conservation in soil, water conservation, and biodiversity, thereby increasing both economic and ecological benefits. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of different site conditions in Example 1 ( Figure 1 In the diagram, A represents a shady slope, B represents a valley, C represents a forest edge, and D represents a sunny slope.

[0020] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating the cultivation model of black fungus in Example 1. Detailed Implementation

[0021] This invention provides a method for adapting understory planting to different sites in the Liaodong mountainous area based on forest watersheds, comprising the following steps:

[0022] (1) Based on the topography, slope position and slope aspect, the forest watersheds in the Liaodong mountainous area are divided into sites;

[0023] (2) Using soil conditions as a guiding indicator, collect data and determine the optimization scheme;

[0024] (3) Using canopy density as a guiding indicator, collect data and determine optimization schemes;

[0025] (4) Based on the optimization schemes of steps (2) and (3), select suitable sites for forest fruits, forest fungi, forest vegetables and forest medicinal herbs, and carry out understory planting.

[0026] In this invention, the forest watersheds in the Liaodong mountainous area are divided according to topography, slope position and slope aspect. The results of the regional division include forest edge, valley, sunny slope and shady slope.

[0027] In this invention, the sunny slope includes the south slope, southeast slope, and southwest slope, specifically the slope that receives more solar radiation during the day than slopes in other directions; the shady slope includes the north slope, northeast slope, and northwest slope, specifically the slope that receives less solar radiation during the day than slopes in other directions.

[0028] In this invention, the soil conditions include thick soil layers, medium soil layers, and thin soil layers. Preferably, a soil layer with a thickness ≥ 60 cm is considered a thick soil layer; a soil layer with a thickness of 40 cm-60 cm is considered a medium soil layer; and a soil layer with a thickness ≤ 40 cm is considered a thin soil layer.

[0029] In this invention, the canopy closure includes high canopy closure, medium canopy closure, and low canopy closure. Preferably, when the canopy closure is ≥0.6, it is considered high canopy closure; when the canopy closure is 0.4-0.6, it is considered medium canopy closure; and when the canopy closure is ≤0.4, it is considered low canopy closure.

[0030] In this invention, the forest fruits preferably include any one or more of the following: hardy kiwifruit, hazelnut, and black chokeberry; the most preferred species in this invention is hardy kiwifruit.

[0031] In this invention, the fungi preferably include any one or more of the following: black fungus, king oyster mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, and Hericium erinaceus; black fungus is a more preferred species in this invention.

[0032] In this invention, the preferred forest vegetables include any one or more of the following: Aralia elata, celery, scallion, and purslane; more preferably, Aralia elata. Aralia elata, also known as spiny crow, aralia, and dragon tooth aralia, has tender stems and leaves that are eaten as vegetables. It is a famous mountain vegetable, containing many nutrients needed by the human body, and has a fragrant and delicious taste. It can be eaten fresh, stir-fried, stir-fried with meat, or pickled. Its tender leaves, buds, and fruits can all be used medicinally, having effects such as dehumidification, diuresis, swelling reduction, and detoxification.

[0033] In this invention, the preferred medicinal herbs include any one or more of ginseng, Acanthopanax senticosus, Epimedium brevicornu, Asarum heterotropoides, Polygonatum odoratum, and Cimicifuga foetida; ginseng is a further preferred herb in this invention.

[0034] In this invention, the suitable planting sites for the fruit trees are preferably forest edges with low canopy closure in thick soil or forest edges with low canopy closure in medium soil; the suitable planting sites for the vegetables are preferably sunny slopes with medium canopy closure in medium soil or sunny slopes with medium canopy closure in thin soil; the suitable planting sites for the medicinal herbs are preferably shady slopes with medium canopy closure in thick soil, or shady slopes with medium canopy closure in medium soil, or shady slopes with high canopy closure in thick soil, or shady slopes with high canopy closure in medium soil; the suitable planting sites for the fungi are preferably forest edges with medium canopy closure in thick soil, or forest edges with medium canopy closure in medium soil, or valleys with medium canopy closure in thick soil, or valleys with medium canopy closure in medium soil.

[0035] The technical solutions provided by the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0036] Example 1

[0037] Experimental location: Beigou Forest Area, Chaijiadian Village, Tukouzi Township, Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County, Fushun City, Liaoning Province. This area has a mid-latitude continental monsoon climate with an average annual temperature of 4.6℃ and an extreme minimum temperature of -37.6℃. The average frost-free period is 133 days per year, with the first frost usually occurring in mid-September and the last frost in mid-May. The average annual rainfall is 806.5 mm, mostly concentrated in July, August, and September, with a maximum daily rainfall of 116.8 mm. The annual evaporation is 1275 mm.

[0038] Based on topography, slope position, and aspect, the test sites were divided into forest edges, valleys, sunny slopes, and shady slopes. Soil conditions and canopy closure were used as guiding indicators to collect data and determine an optimal set of planting schemes. A soil layer thickness ≥ 60 cm was considered a thick soil layer; 40 cm-60 cm was a medium soil layer; and ≤ 40 cm was a thin soil layer. A canopy closure ≥ 0.6 was considered high canopy closure; 0.4-0.6 was medium canopy closure; and ≤ 0.4 was low canopy closure. Then, suitable plots for fruit trees, fungi, vegetables, and medicinal herbs were selected from the optimal scheme set, and the corresponding crops were planted. The forest fruits are hardy kiwifruit, planted on forest edges with thick soil and low canopy closure; the forest fungi are black fungus, planted in valleys with thick soil and medium canopy closure; the forest vegetables are spiny aralia or large-leaved celery, planted on sunny slopes with medium soil and medium canopy closure; and the forest medicinal herbs are ginseng or Korean epimedium, planted on shady slopes with thick soil and medium canopy closure.

[0039] For hardy kiwifruit, the female variety is 'Changjiang No. 1' and the male variety is 'Liaoxiong No. 1'. The selected 'Liaoxiong No. 1' variety has a large number of flowers, with pollen viability reaching 91.3%, and a flowering period of 10-12 days, which can cover the flowering period of 'Changjiang No. 1'. Then, using a T-shaped trellis, perennial hardy kiwifruit seedlings are planted at a female-to-male ratio of 8:1. A post is buried every 4-5 meters along the planting row, with the post buried 50-80cm deep in the soil, and fixed with cement or stones to prevent tilting. A steel pipe or wooden strip is horizontally laid at the top of the post (T-shaped top), and the crossbeam is tied to the post with U-shaped clips or wire to ensure a secure fit. 3-4 wires are strung on each side of the crossbeam, forming a symmetrical "T" shape. The seedling is positioned below the center line of the T-shaped trellis, 20-30cm from the post, in a planting hole with a diameter of 70cm × a depth of 6cm. 0cm; After planting, select one strong branch as the main vine and fix it to the post with cloth strips or branch clips. When the main vine grows to the position of the crossbeam, train it to the wires on both sides to form "double arms". In the first year, after the main vine grows to the trellis, pinch off the tip to promote the growth of lateral branches (cultivate 2-3 fruiting mother branches on the left and right). In the second year, leave one fruiting branch every 30cm on the fruiting mother branches and remove the rest. In winter, prune to retain strong branches and shorten them to 50-60cm (retain 8-10 buds).

[0040] For black fungus, a fruiting experiment was conducted in natural forests with a canopy closure of 0.5-0.6, using the conventionally cultivated variety Heibao No. 1, through a slit-cutting method. The substrate formula for bag cultivation consisted of 80% tussah silkworm branches, 16% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% quicklime powder, and 1% gypsum powder, with a moisture content of 60%-63%. (Details follow...) Figure 2 .

[0041] For *Symplocos lanceolata*, randomly select *Symplocos lanceolata* scions with a stem length of 60cm and a branch diameter of 16mm, and plant them at an initial planting density of 700 trees / acre on sunny slopes under a canopy closure of 0.3-0.4.

[0042] For *Pheretima aspergillum*, sow seeds in natural forests with a canopy density of 0.45-0.5 by broadcasting at a row spacing of 15-20cm, using 15g per square meter, and covering with 0.5-1cm of soil.

[0043] For ginseng, using large-seed ginseng as experimental material, 3-5 seeds were sown per hole, with a plant spacing of 7cm × 10cm and a planting depth of 5cm. No transplanting was performed from sowing to harvest. Three-year-old ginseng seedlings were fertilized with a ginseng-specific water-soluble fertilizer, applied in four applications at a total rate of 10kg / mu. The fertilizer application ratio was 20%:25%:30%:25% for the seedling stage: flowering stage: fruiting stage: root weight gain stage. The water-soluble fertilizer was diluted 100 times and sprayed evenly onto the seedbed, covering 5m² for each treatment. 2 .

[0044] For Epimedium praecox in Korea, transplant Epimedium praecox that has been cultivated for 2-3 years into shady slopes under natural forest canopy closure of 0.4-0.8. Before planting, apply well-rotted organic fertilizer (cow or sheep manure) at a rate of 2000 kg per acre. After sprouting in spring and during the vigorous growth period in autumn, apply diluted organic fertilizer or compound fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio = 1:1:1) at a rate of 15 kg per acre.

[0045] Example 2

[0046] (I) Adaptability Assessment

[0047] Based on the planting method described in Example 1, the yield and quality of each crop were measured.

[0048] The fruit set rate and single fruit weight of 100 female flowers were investigated by randomly selecting fruiting branches from different parts of 4-year-old hardy kiwifruit. The results are shown in Table 1.

[0049] Table 1. Yield and quality of hardy kiwifruit.

[0050]

[0051] The quality of dried black fungus No. 1 from the first four harvests was statistically analyzed, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0052] Table 2. Quality of dried black fungus (Heibao No. 1) at different harvesting frequencies.

[0053]

[0054] After the *Spiritia esculenta* was planted and harvested, its growth indicators and the yield of its tender shoots were measured. The results are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

[0055] Table 3. Growth Indicators of Spinyosaurus Teeth

[0056] Plant height / cm Ground diameter / mm Terminal bud base diameter / mm Terminal bud length / mm Branch thickness / mm Survival rate / % 28.09±1.24 9.44±0.26 5.48±0.15 6.83±0.16 8.13±0.18 82.83±3.27

[0057] Table 4. Yield of young shoots of *Spiritula esculenta*

[0058] Fresh weight per plant / g Dry weight per plant / g Moisture / % 17.03±0.04 2.09±0.09 87.69±0.05

[0059] After the harvest of *Celtis sinensis*, leaves were randomly selected for quality testing. The soluble sugar content was determined using the anthrone colorimetric method, and the soluble protein content was determined using the Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 method. The yield of *Celtis sinensis* was also measured. The results showed that the above-ground fresh weight of *Celtis sinensis* was 900 kg / mu, the soluble sugar content was 14.58 mg / g, and the soluble protein content was 18.24 mg / g.

[0060] After the harvest of Epimedium brevicornu in North Korea, the yield of Epimedium brevicornu in North Korea was measured, and the results showed that the yield of Epimedium brevicornu in North Korea was 75 kg / mu.

[0061] After the 3-year-old Da Ma Ya ginseng seedlings were harvested, the above-ground and underground morphological indicators were measured, and the results are shown in Table 5.

[0062] Table 5. Morphological indicators of the aboveground and underground parts of the Da Ma Ya (a type of maize)

[0063] Aboveground morphological indicators underground morphological indicators Plant height / cm 24.12±1.01 Fresh root weight / g 18.24±1.14 Stem length / cm 21.22±2.84 Dry weight / g 7.33±0.51 Stem diameter / mm 3.75±0.39 Root diameter / mm 19.25±0.62 Leaf length / cm 11.4±1.04 Root length / cm 5.63±0.94 Leaf width / cm 4.59±0.57 Petiole length / cm 5.74±0.50

[0064] The above measurement results show that economic crops under the forest canopy in different sites were appropriately planted, with good planting results. This maximizes the planting of suitable crops in suitable areas while making full use of forest and land resources. Furthermore, the harvested economic crops can be sold, which also increases economic income to some extent.

[0065] (II) Benefit Evaluation

[0066] Soil samples were collected every six months from different planting areas (forest edge, valley, sunny slope, shady slope) to analyze soil fertility. The results are shown in Table 6.

[0067] Table 6 Soil fertility in different planting areas at different times

[0068]

[0069]

[0070] (III) Surface runoff water quality concentration

[0071] The surface runoff N and P concentrations (mg / L) of the riparian forest edge (experimental group) with the adapted planting method described in this invention and the riparian forest edge (control group) without any treatment were compared during light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain.

[0072] Table 7. N and P concentrations in surface runoff

[0073]

[0074] As shown in Table 7, the NH4+ in the surface runoff of riparian forest edges using the adaptive planting method described in this invention is... + -N, NO3 - The concentrations of -N, TN, and TP were all lower than the corresponding concentrations in the surface runoff of untreated riparian forest edges. This demonstrates that the adaptive planting method described in this invention plays a certain role in water conservation.

[0075] (iv) Ecological value enhancement assessment

[0076] The physical quantity and value of five ecosystem service functions—soil conservation, forest nutrient retention, water conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, and biodiversity conservation—in the planting area of ​​the Liaodong mountainous area using the forest understory adaptation planting method based on forest small watersheds described in this invention were evaluated using the national standard of the People's Republic of China, "Specification for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Service Functions" (GB / T38582—2020). The results were compared with the five ecosystem service functions before the use of the technical solution described in this invention.

[0077] The results showed that the amounts of soil, forest nutrient retention, water conservation, and carbon sequestration and oxygen release achieved using the technical solution described in this invention were 48.57 t·hm². -2 ·a -1 0.13t·hm -2 ·a -1 0.42t·hm -2 ·a -1 13.17 t·hm -2 ·a -1 Compared to before planting, the increases were 26%, 36%, 80%, and 68% respectively. Seventeen more species of understory economic crops were planted within the plot, and the average annual seedling survival rate reached over 95%. The forest ecosystem service function value was 12849.49 yuan / year for soil conservation. -1 Forest nutrient retention was 2449.12 yuan / a -1Water conservation cost 34,143.01 yuan. -1 Carbon sequestration and oxygen release: 17063.47 yuan / a -1 Purifying the air costs 7649.97 yuan. -1 Biodiversity conservation: 19,858.06 yuan / year -1 The total annual value of ecosystem service functions is 94,000 yuan per hectare. -2 ·a -1 .

[0078] (V) Economic Value Enhancement Assessment

[0079] Based on the understory economic crops introduced in (I), the average annual yield per mu of each economic crop was statistically analyzed, and the results are shown in Table 8.

[0080] Table 8. Average annual yield per mu for different cash crops

[0081] Understory economic crops Average annual yield per mu (yuan) Soft-fleshed kiwi 2500 Black fungus 2000 Thorn Dragon Fang 500 Large-leaf celery 1200 Ginseng 2000 Korean Epimedium 5000

[0082] In summary, the adaptive planting method described in this invention maximizes the planting of economic crops and utilizes forest resources, while also improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil to a certain extent, thereby enhancing ecological and economic benefits.

[0083] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for adapting understory planting to different sites in the Liaodong mountainous area based on forest watersheds, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Based on the topography, slope position and slope aspect, the forest watersheds in the Liaodong mountainous area are divided into sites; (2) Using soil conditions as a guiding indicator, collect data and determine the optimization scheme; (3) Using canopy density as a guiding indicator, collect data and determine optimization schemes; (4) Based on the optimization schemes of steps (2) and (3), select suitable sites for forest fruits, forest fungi, forest vegetables and forest medicinal herbs, and carry out understory planting; The soil conditions described in step (2) include a thick soil layer, a medium soil layer, and a thin soil layer; When the soil layer thickness is ≥60cm, it is a thick soil layer; when the soil layer thickness is 40cm-60cm, it is a medium soil layer; when the soil layer thickness is ≤40cm, it is a thin soil layer. The canopy closure level mentioned in step (3) includes high canopy closure, medium canopy closure, and low canopy closure; When the canopy closure is ≥0.6, it is considered high canopy closure; when the canopy closure is 0.4-0.6, it is considered medium canopy closure; when the canopy closure is ≤0.4, it is considered low canopy closure. The suitable planting sites for the fruit trees are low-density forest edges with thick or medium soil layers. The suitable planting sites for the forest vegetables are sunny slopes with medium canopy density and medium soil layer or thin soil layer. The suitable planting sites for the medicinal herbs are shady slopes with medium canopy closure in thick soil, or shady slopes with medium canopy closure in medium soil, or shady slopes with high canopy closure in thick soil, or shady slopes with high canopy closure in medium soil. The suitable planting sites for the forest fungus are forest edges with medium canopy density in thick soil, forest edges with medium canopy density in medium soil, valleys with medium canopy density in thick soil, or valleys with medium canopy density in medium soil.

2. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step (1) Site division results include forest edge, valley, sunny slope, and shady slope.

3. The planting method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The sunny slopes include the south-facing, southeast-facing, and southwest-facing slopes, specifically those slopes that receive more solar radiation during the day than slopes in other directions. The shaded slopes include the north-facing, northeast-facing, and northwest-facing slopes, specifically those slopes that receive less solar radiation during the day than slopes in other directions.

4. The planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fruits mentioned include any one or more of the following: hardy kiwifruit, hazelnut, and black chokeberry; The fungi mentioned include any one or more of the following: black fungus, king oyster mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, and Hericium erinaceus. The forest vegetables include any one or more of the following: spiny scallions, large-leaf celery, wild onions, and purslane. The medicinal herbs mentioned include any one or more of ginseng, Acanthopanax senticosus, Epimedium brevicornu, Asarum heterotropoides, Polygonatum odoratum, and Cimicifuga foetida.

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