Cell measurement in energy saving mode

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communications. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) output by a first cell operating in an energy saving mode. The UE may receive timing information output by the second cell. The UE may measure the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information output by the second cell. Numerous other aspects are described.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This Patent Application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 185,846, filed March 17, 2023, entitled “CELL MEASUREMENTS IN ENERGY SAVING MODE” and assigned to the assignee hereof. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of and is hereby incorporated by reference into this Patent Application. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and to techniques and apparatuses for performing cell measurements when a network node is operating in energy saving mode. BACKGROUND

[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communication systems can employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, and other similar technologies.

[0005] Despite the tremendous technological advancements in wireless communication systems over the years, challenges remain. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between a wireless transmitter and a wireless receiver. Accordingly, there is a continuing desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communication systems, including, for example: improving the speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving the efficiency of use of shared communication media, reducing the power used by transmitters and receivers in performing communications, improving the reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access a wireless communication system, increasing the ability of different types of devices to communicate with each other, increasing the number and types of wireless communication media that are available for use, and so on. Thus, there is a need to further improve wireless communication systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others. SUMMARY

[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE). The method can include receiving a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) (CSI-RS) output by a first cell operating in an energy saving mode. The method can include receiving timing information output by a second cell. The method can include measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information output by the second cell.

[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a UE. The method can include receiving a configuration of synchronization signals output by a network node, the configuration of synchronization signals allocating resources for one or both of a primary synchronization signal or a secondary synchronization signal and omitting resources for a physical broadcast channel. The method can include receiving a CSI-RS output by the network node when the network node is operating in an energy saving mode. The method can include receiving the synchronization signals. The method can include measuring the CSI-RS output by the network node with the synchronization signals.

[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a network node. The method can include outputting or configuring a CSI-RS. The method can include outputting or configuring timing information based at least in part on an operating mode of a first cell of the network node.

[0009] Other aspects provide an apparatus operable to, configured to, or otherwise adapted to perform any one or more of the preceding methods and / or those described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings and specification; a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising computer-executable instructions embodied to, configured to, or otherwise adapted to cause a device to perform the preceding methods and / or those described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings and specification; a computer program product, embodied on a computer-readable storage medium, comprising code for performing the preceding methods and / or those described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings and specification; and / or a device comprising means for performing the preceding methods and / or those described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the accompanying drawings and specification. By way of example, an apparatus can comprise a processing system, a device that has a processing system, or a processing system that is in cooperation with one or more networks.

[0010] The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows can be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed concepts and specific examples can be readily utilized as bases upon which the other structures can be built employing the principles of this disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. The characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both their organization and their method of operation, together with associated advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings. Each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description, and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the claims.

[0011] While aspects are described in the present disclosure by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that such aspects can be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. Techniques described herein can be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and / or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects can be implemented via integrated chip implementations or other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, and / or artificial intelligence devices). Aspects can be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components, and / or system-level components. Devices incorporating described aspects and features can include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspects. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals can include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders, and / or summers). It is intended that aspects described herein can be practiced in a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements, and / or end-user devices of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0012] To enable a detailed understanding of the above-described features of the present disclosure, a more particular description will be rendered by reference to certain aspects, some of which are illustrated in the drawings. It is to be understood that the figures are only example of certain typical aspects of the present disclosure and, therefore, are not to be considered limiting the scope of the disclosure, as numerous other equally effective aspects can be resorted to in addition to those noted and described. Identical reference numerals can identify similar or like elements across different figures.

[0013] Figure 1 An example of a wireless communication network in accordance with the present disclosure is depicted.

[0014] Figure 2 Aspects of example base stations (BSs) and user equipment (UEs) in accordance with the present disclosure are depicted.

[0015] Figure 3 An example disaggregated base station architecture is depicted.

[0016] Figure 4A , Figure 4B , Figure 4C and Figure 4D Aspects of data structures for a wireless communication network, such as the wireless communication network of Figure 1 , in accordance with the present disclosure are depicted.

[0017] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating examples of physical channels and reference signals in a wireless network in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 6 FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of performing cell measurements associated with an energy saving (ES) cell, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 7 FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of performing cell measurements associated with an ES cell, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 8 A method of wireless communication by a UE, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0021] Figure 9 A method for wireless communication by a network entity, such as a BS, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 1, is shown. Figure 3

[0022] A method for wireless communication by a network entity, such as a BS, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 1, is shown. Figure 10 Figure 3 A method for wireless communication by a network entity, such as a BS, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 1, is shown.

[0023] Figure 11 FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of an implementation of code and circuitry for a communication device, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 12 FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of an implementation of code and circuitry for a communication device, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatus, methods, processing systems, and computer readable media for performing cell measurements when a network node is operating in energy saving mode.

[0026] A cell operating in energy saving (ES) mode, also referred to as an ES cell, can not periodically transmit a synchronization signal block (SSB), which can carry timing information for initial network acquisition and synchronization. Without an SSB from the ES cell, a user equipment (UE) can not be able to perform certain operations on communications from the ES cell, such as channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) measurements.

[0027] ​In the absence of periodic SSBs from an ES cell, a UE can seek to estimate or otherwise determine timing information for the ES cell from other sources such as a reference cell. For example, if an associated SSB is indicated in a radio resource control (RRC) measurement object, the UE can attempt to detect and / or measure an SSB transmitted by a neighboring cell. However, for an ES cell that does not send SSBs, this option can not be available. If a reference serving cell index is indicated in the RRC measurement object, the UE can be able to use timing information from the indicated serving cell as a reference to measure a CSI-RS on the ES cell. If the associated SSB and reference serving cell index are not available, the UE can be able to use timing information from a primary cell (PCell) as a reference. However, one issue is that the ES cell can not be tightly synchronized with the reference serving cell, which means that using timing information from the reference serving cell can not result in accurately processing signals from the ES cell.

[0028] Various options are described herein for addressing cases where an ES cell does not periodically send SSBs. One option can include enhancing RRC configuration of radio resource management (RRM) measurements by, for example, applying a timing offset to a timing of a reference cell. Another option can include configuring an ES cell to send a light SSB (e.g., to send only a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or to send only a PSS and a secondary synchronization signal (SSS)). Another option can include causing an ES cell to adjust its transmission or reception timing reference based on an ES operating mode. For example, an ES cell can synchronize with a neighboring reference cell and / or make other adjustments described below to better align with the reference cell.

[0029] Accordingly, some techniques described herein enable a UE to perform various operations in cases where an ES cell does not periodically send SSBs. In this way, an ES cell can operate in an ES state to reduce overall energy consumption with minimal impact to the UE and possibly other network components.

[0030] Various aspects of the disclosure are described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art will understand that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or combinably with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus can be implemented or a method can be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using, in addition to or in place of the aspects set forth herein, other structures, functionalities, or structures and functionalities. It will be appreciated that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein can be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.

[0031] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements”). These elements can be implemented using hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends on the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0032] While aspects can be described herein using terminology commonly associated with a 5G or New Radio (NR) radio access technology (RAT), aspects of the present disclosure can be applied to other RATs, such as a 3G RAT, a 4G RAT, and / or a RAT subsequent to 5G (e.g., 6G).

[0033] Figure 1 An example of a wireless communication network 100, in accordance with the present disclosure, is depicted.

[0034] Generally, the wireless communication network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes). A network entity is generally a communication device and / or a communication function performed by a communication device (e.g., a UE, a base station (BS), a component of a BS, a server, etc.). For example, various functions of a network and various devices associated with and interacting with a network can be considered network entities. Further, the wireless communication network 100 includes ground-based aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 110), and non-ground-based aspects, such as satellites 140 and aircraft 145, which can include onboard network entities (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., ground-based BSs) and UEs.

[0035] In the depicted example, wireless communication network 100 includes BSs 110, UEs 120, and one or more core networks (such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and a 5G Core (5GC) 190) that interoperate to provide communication services via various communication links, including wired and wireless links.

[0036] Figure 1 Various example UEs 120 are depicted, which can include cellular phones, smart phones, session initiation protocol (SIP) phones, kiosk, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), satellite radios, global positioning systems (GPSs), multimedia devices, video devices, digital audio players, cameras, game consoles, tablet computers, smart devices, wearable devices, vehicles, electric meters, gas pumps, kitchen appliances, healthcare devices, implants, sensors / actuators, displays, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, always-on (AON) devices, edge processing devices, or another similar device. A UE 120 can also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communication device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a remote unit, a remote device, a wireless unit, a remote

[0037] BSs 110 can wirelessly communicate with UEs 120 via communication links 170 (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from the UEs). Communication links 170 between the BSs 110 and UEs 120 can carry uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 120 to a BS 110 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 110 to a UE 120. In various aspects, communication links 170 can use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity.

[0038] BSs 110 can include, for example, a NodeB, an enhanced NodeB (eNB), a nextgeneration enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB), a next-generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB), an access point, a transceiver base station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a transmit receive point, and / or otherwise. The BSs 110 can provide communication coverage for respective geographic coverage areas 112, which can be referred to as cells, and which can overlap in some cases (for example, small cells provided by BS 110a can have coverage areas 112' that overlap with coverage areas 112 of macrocells). For example, a BS 110 can be a macrocell (covering a relatively large geographic area), a pico cell (covering a relatively small geographic area, such as a stadium), a femto cell (covering a relatively small geographic area, such as a home), and / or otherwise.

[0039] While the BS 110 is depicted as a single communication device, the BS 110 can be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of the base station can be split, including a central unit (CU), one or more distributed units (DUs), one or more radio units (RUs), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-RT RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of the base station can be virtualized. More generally, a BS (e.g., the BS 110) can include components under a single physical cover, or components spread across multiple physical locations. In examples where the BS includes components spread across multiple physical locations, the various components can each perform various functions such that collectively they implement similar functionality to a BS under a single physical cover. In some aspects, a BS that includes components spread across multiple physical locations can be referred to as having a disaggregated radio access network architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) architecture or a virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. Figure 3 An example disaggregated BS architecture is depicted and described.

[0040] Different BSs 110 within the wireless communication network 100 can also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and / or 5G, among others. For example, BSs 110 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as the Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)) can interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., S1 interface). BSs 110 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN)) can interface with the 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. The BSs 110 can communicate with one another directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or the 5GC 190) on a third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface), which can be wired or wireless.

[0041] Wireless communications network 100 can subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other characteristics. In some aspects, the subdivision is based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency can also be referred to as a carrier, subcarrier, frequency channel, tone, or subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines frequency range 1 (FR1) to include 410-7125 MHz, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as “sub-6 GHz.” Similarly, 3GPP currently defines frequency range 2 (FR2) to include 24,250-52,600 MHz, which is sometimes (interchangeably) referred to as the “millimeter wave” (mmW or mmWave) range. Base stations configured to communicate using mmWave or near-mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., mmWave base stations such as BS 110b) can utilize beamforming (e.g., as illustrated by 182) with UEs (e.g., 120) to improve path loss and range.

[0042] Communication links 170 between BSs 110 and UEs 120, for example, can be through one or more carriers, which can have different bandwidths (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, and / or other

[0043] Communications using higher frequency bands can have higher path loss and a shorter range as compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., gNBs 180a, 180b) can be equipped or designed to transmit and receive using primarily or even exclusively high band frequencies. Such high frequency base stations can be referred to as mmWave base stations. High frequency base stations can support communications at high bandwidths and can enable high data rates in the network. Figure 1The base station 110b in the middle can utilize beamforming with the UE 120 to improve the path loss and range, as shown at 182. For example, the BS 110b and UE 120 can each include multiple antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays, to facilitate beamforming. In some cases, the BS 110b can transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 120 in one or more transmission directions 182'. The UE 120 can receive the beamformed signal from the BS 110b in one or more reception directions 182". The UE 120 can also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 110b in one or more transmission directions 182". The BS 110b can also receive the beamformed signal from the UE 120 in one or more reception directions 182'. The BS 110b and UE 120 can then perform beam training to determine the best reception and transmission directions for each of the BS 110b and the UE 120. Notably, the transmission direction and the reception direction for the BS 110b can or can not be the same. Similarly, the transmission direction and the reception direction for the UE 120 can or can not be the same.

[0044] The wireless communications network 100 also includes a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154, e.g., in 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum.

[0045] Certain UEs 120 can communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 can use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH), a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH), a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH), a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH).

[0046] The EPC 160 can include various function components, including a mobility management entity (MME) 161, other MMEs 162, a serving gateway 163, a multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) gateway 164, a broadcast multicast service center (BM-SC) 165, and / or a packet data network (PDN) gateway 166, such as in the depicted example. The MME 161 can be in communication with a home subscriber server (HSS) 167. The MME 161 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 120 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 161 provides bearer and connection management.

[0047] Generally, user Internet Protocol (IP) packets are conveyed through the serving gateway 163, which is connected to the PDN gateway 166. The PDN gateway 166 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN gateway 166 and the BM-SC 165 are connected to the IP services 168, which can include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), a packet switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.

[0048] The BM-SC 165 can provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 165 can serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, can be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN), and / or can be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 164 can distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 110 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or can be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.

[0049] The 5GC 190 can include various function components including an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 191, other AMFs 192, a Session Management Function (SMF) 193, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 194. The AMF 191 can be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 195.

[0050] The AMF 191 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 120 and the 5GC 190. The AMF 191 provides, for example, Quality of Service (QoS) flow and session management.

[0051] IP packets are conveyed through the UPF 194, which connects to the IP Services 196 and provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for the 5GC 190. The IP Services 196 can include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.

[0052] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, disaggregated base station, component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, a transmission reception point (TRP), or a combination thereof, to name a few examples.

[0053] As indicated above, Figure 1 are provided by way of example. Other examples can differ from what is described with respect to Figure 1 the examples described with respect to

[0054] Figure 2 Aspects of example BSs 110 and UEs 120, in accordance with the present disclosure, are depicted.

[0055] Generally, the BS 110 includes various processors (e.g., 220, 230, 238, and 240), antennas 234a-234t (collectively, 234), transceivers 232a-232t (collectively, 232) including modulators and demodulators, and other aspects that enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., from a data source 212) and wireless reception of data (e.g., at a data sink 239). For example, the BS 110 can transmit and receive data between the BS 110 and the UE 120. The BS 110 includes a controller / processor 240 that can be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communication.

[0056] Generally, the UE 120 includes various processors (e.g., 258, 264, 266, and 280), antennas 252a-252r (collectively, 252), transceivers 254a-254r (collectively, 254) including modulators and demodulators, and other aspects that enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., retrieved from a data source 262) and wireless reception of data (e.g., provided to a data sink 260). The UE 120 includes a controller / processor 280 that can be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communication.

[0057] For an example DL transmission, the BS 110 includes a transmit processor 220 that can receive data from a data source 212 and control information from a controller / processor 240. The control information can be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH), and / or other channel. In some examples, the data can be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).

[0058] The transmit processor 220 can process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The transmit processor 220 can also generate reference symbols, such as for the PSS, SSS, PBCH demodulation reference symbols (DMRS), or CSI-RS.

[0059] A transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 can perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on data symbols, control symbols, and / or reference symbols, if applicable, and can provide output symbol streams to modulators (MODs) in transceivers 232a-232t. Each modulator in transceivers 232a-232t can process a respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator can further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a DL signal. The DL signals from the modulators in transceivers 232a-232t can be transmitted via antennas 234a-234t, respectively.

[0060] UE 120 includes antennas 252a-252r, which can receive DL signals from BS 110 and can provide received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 254a-254r, respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers 254a-254r can condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator can further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.

[0061] A MIMO detector 256 can obtain received symbols from all the demodulators in transceivers 254a-254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. A receive processor 258 can process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, providing decoded data for UE 120 to a data sink 260, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 280.

[0062] For an example UL transmission, UE 120 also includes a transmit processor 264, which can receive and process data (e.g., for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)) from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)) from the controller / processor 280. Transmit processor 264 can also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS)). The symbols from transmit processor 264 can be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable, further processed by modulators in transceivers 254a-254r (e.g., for SC-FDM), and transmitted to BS 110.

[0063] At the BS 110, the UL signals from the UE 120 can be received by the antennas 234a-234t, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 232a-232t, detected by a MIMO detector 236 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information transmitted by the UE 120. The receive processor 238 can provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and the decoded control information to a controller / processor 240. Memory 242 and memory 282 can store data and program codes (e.g., processor- executable instructions, computer-executable instructions) for the BS 110 and the UE 120, respectively. A scheduler 244 can schedule UEs for data transmission on the DL and / or the UL.

[0064] In various aspects, the BS 110 can be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” can refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as from a data source 212, the scheduler 244, the memory 242, a transmit processor 220, the controller / processor 240, a TX MIMO processor 230, the transceivers 232a-232t, the antennas 234a-234t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” can refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as from the antennas 234a-234t, the transceivers 232a-232t, the RX MIMO detector 236, the controller / processor 240, the receive processor 238, the scheduler 244, the memory 242, a network interface, and / or other aspects described herein.

[0065] In various aspects, the UE 120 can likewise be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” can refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as from a data source 262, the memory 282, a transmit processor 264, the controller / processor 280, a TX MIMO processor 266, the transceivers 254a-254t, the antennas 252a-252t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” can refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as from the antennas 252a-252t, the transceivers 254a-254t, the RX MIMO detector 256, the controller / processor 280, the receive processor 258, the memory 282, and / or other aspects described herein.

[0066] In some aspects, a processor can be configured to perform various operations (such as those associated with the methods described herein) and transmit (output) data to or receive (obtain) data from another interface configured to transmit or receive data, respectively.

[0067] Although Figure 2 The blocks in FIG. 2 are illustrated as distinct components, but the functionality described above for these blocks may be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combined component, or in various combinations of components. For example, the functionality described for the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and / or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.

[0068] As indicated above, Figure 2 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 2 The examples described are different.

[0069] The deployment of a communication system such as a 5G NR system can be arranged in a variety of ways with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of the network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, a base station or network equipment can be implemented in an aggregated or decomposed architecture. For example, a base station (such as a node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a TRP or a cell, etc.) or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functions can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as an independent base station or a monolithic base station) or a decomposed base station. A "network entity" or a "network node" may refer to a decomposed base station or one or more units of a decomposed base station (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, one or more RUs, or a combination thereof).

[0070] A converged base station (e.g., a converged network node) may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node (e.g., within a single device or unit). A decomposed base station (e.g., a decomposed network node) may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed between two or more units (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs). In some examples, a CU may be implemented within a network node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually spread across one or more other network nodes. A DU may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CUs, DUs, and RUs may also be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU), among others.

[0071] Base station type operations or network designs can consider the aggregate nature of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations can be utilized in an IAB network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as network configurations initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)) or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)) to facilitate scaling of a communication system by separating base station functionality into one or more units that can be deployed individually. A disaggregated base station can include functionality implemented across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as functionality implemented virtually for at least one unit, which can enable flexibility in network design. Individual units of a disaggregated base station can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit of the disaggregated base station.

[0072] Figure 3 An example disaggregated base station 300 architecture is depicted. The disaggregated base station 300 architecture can include one or more central units (CUs) 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or indirectly through one or more disaggregated base station units, such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 325 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 315 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 305, or both. The CUs 310 can communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 330 via respective fronthaul links, such as Fl interfaces. The DUs 330 can communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 340 via respective front-haul links. The RUs 340 can communicate with respective UEs 120 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, a UE 120 can be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 340.

[0073] Each of the units (e.g., CU 310, DU 330, RU 340, and near-RT RIC 325, non-RT RIC 315, and SMO framework 305) can include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via wired or wireless transmission mediums. Each of the units or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interface of the unit can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission mediums. For example, the units can include wired interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals to or from one or more of the other units over a wired transmission medium. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include wireless interfaces, which can include receivers, transmitters, or transceivers (such as RF transceivers) configured to receive signals from or transmit signals to one or more of the other units over a wireless transmission medium, or both.

[0074] In some aspects, the CU 310 can host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include RRC, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can utilize an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 310. The CU 310 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., central unit-user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (e.g., central unit-control plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 310 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP units can communicate bi-directionally with the CU-CP units via an interface, such as an El interface. The CU 310 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 330 for network control and signaling as needed.

[0075] The DU 330 can correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling operation of one or more RUs 340. In some aspects, the DU 330 can host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.), depending at least in part on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some aspects, the DU 330 can also host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330 or with control functions hosted by the CU 310.

[0076] Lower layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 340. In some deployments, an RU 340 controlled by the DU 330 can correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc.), or both, based at least in part on a functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU 340 can be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 120. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with the RU 340 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU 330 and the CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0077] The SMO framework 305 can be configured to support RAN deployment and orchestration of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non- virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 can be configured to support deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an Ol interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 305 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform, such as Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 390, to perform network element lifecycle management, such as to instantiate virtualized network elements, via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an 02 interface. Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 310, DUs 330, RUs 340, and near-RT RICs 325. In some implementations, the SMO framework 305 can communicate with hardware aspects of a 4G RAN, such as Open eNB (O-eNB) 311, via an Ol interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO framework 305 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 340 via an Ol interface. The SMO framework 305 can also include a non-RT RIC 315 configured to support functionality of the SMO framework 305.

[0078] The non-RT RIC 315 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based direction of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 325. The non-RT RIC 315 can be coupled to, or in communication with, the near-RT RIC 325, such as via an Al interface. The near-RT RIC 325 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions through interfaces, such as via an E2 interface, that connect one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, or both, and an O-eNB with the near-RT RIC 325.

[0079] In some implementations, the non-RT RIC 315 can receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server to generate an AI / ML model to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 325. Such information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 325 and can be received from non-network data sources or from network functions at the SMO framework 305 or the non-RT RIC 315. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 315 or the near-RT RIC 325 can be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 315 can monitor long-term trends and patterns in performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 305 (such as via reconfiguration of O1) or by creating RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0080] As indicated above, Figure 3 are provided as examples. Other examples can be found in the Figure 3 The examples described are different.

[0081] Figure 4A 、 Figure 4B 、 Figure 4C and Figure 4D Described is a method for wireless communication networks such as Figure 1 Various aspects of the data structure of the wireless communication network 100). Figure 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, Figure 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of a DL channel within a 5G subframe, Figure 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and Figure 4D FIG480 is a diagram illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.

[0082] Wireless communication systems can utilize Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with Cyclic Prefix (CP) on both UL and DL. Such systems can also support half-duplex operation using Time Division Duplex (TDD). OFDM and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing (SC-FDM) will (for example, Figure 4B and Figure 4D The system bandwidth (as depicted in FIG) is divided into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. Modulation symbols can be transmitted in the frequency domain using OFDM and / or in the time domain using SC-FDM.

[0083] The wireless communication frame structure may be frequency division duplex (FDD), where for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated to either DL or UL. The wireless communication frame structure may also be time division duplex (TDD), where for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated to both DL and UL.

[0084] In Figure 4A and Figure 4C , the wireless communication frame structure is TDD, where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexibly used between DL / UL. A UE can be configured with a slot format (dynamically configured by DL control information (DCI) or semi-statically / statically configured by RRC signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI). In the depicted example, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equal-sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe can include one or more slots. In some examples, each slot can include 7 or 14 symbols, depending on the slot format. A subframe can also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than a whole slot. Other wireless communication technologies can have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0085] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe is based on a slot configuration and a numerology. For example, for slot configuration 0, different numerologies (μ) 0 to 5 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 slots per subframe, respectively. For slot configuration 1, different numerologies 0 to 2 allow for 2, 4, and 8 slots per subframe, respectively. Accordingly, for slot configuration 0 and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols per slot and 2 μ μ slots per subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing can equal 2 μ μ 15 kHz, where μ is a numerology index, which can be selected from values 0 to 5. Thus, the subcarrier spacing for numerology μ = 0 is 15 kHz, and the subcarrier spacing for numerology μ = 5 is 480 kHz. Other numerologies and subcarrier spacings can be used. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. Figure 4A 、 Figure 4B 、 Figure 4C and Figure 4D An example is provided with slot configuration 0 having 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ = 2 having 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.

[0086] As Figure 4A 、 Figure 4B 、 Figure 4C and Figure 4D depicted, a resource grid can be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as a physical RB (PRB)) that extends, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0087] As Figure 4ASome of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE (e.g., UE 120). The RS can include demodulation RS (DM-RS) and / or channel state information RS (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS can also include beam measurement RS (BRS), beam refinement RS (BRRS), and / or phase tracking RS (PT-RS).

[0088] Figure 4B Examples of various DL channels are illustrated. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or multiple control channel elements (CCEs), each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs), each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.

[0089] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) can be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., UE 120) to determine subframe / symbol timing and physical layer identity.

[0090] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) can be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.

[0091] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH), which carries a master information block (MIB), can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (SSB). The MIB provides system bandwidth configuration information and a scheduling of remaining minimum system information (RMSI). The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries the RMSI and system information block type 2 (SIB2), which provides scheduling information for other system information (OSI), e.g., SIB Type 1 (SIB1).

[0092] As Figure 4CSome of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE can transmit DMRS for PUCCH and DMRS for PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS can be transmitted, for example, in the first or first two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS can be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether a short PUCCH or long PUCCH is transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE 120 can transmit a sounding reference signal (SRS). The SRS can be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS can have a comb structure, and a UE can transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS can be used by the base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling for the UL.

[0093] Figure 4D Examples of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame are illustrated. The PUCCH can be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries UL control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and can additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR), a power headroom report (PHR), and / or UCI.

[0094] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of physical channels and reference signals in a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown, Figure 5 DL channels and DL reference signals can carry information from network nodes 110 to a UE 120, and UL channels and UL reference signals can carry information from a UE 120 to a network node 110.

[0095] As shown, the DL channels can include a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carrying downlink control information (DCI), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carrying downlink data, or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) carrying system information, among other channels. In some aspects, a PDSCH communication can be scheduled by a PDCCH communication. As further shown, the UL channels can include a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) carrying Uplink Control Information (UCI), a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) carrying UL data, or a physical random access channel (PRACH) for initial network access, among other channels. In some aspects, a UE 120 can transmit acknowledgment (ACK) or negative acknowledgment (NACK) feedback (e.g., ACK / NACK feedback or ACK / NACK information) in UCI on the PUCCH and / or PUSCH.

[0096] As further shown, DL reference signals can include SSB, CSI-RS, DMRS, positioning reference signal (PRS), or phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), among other examples. Also as shown, UL reference signals can include sounding reference signal (SRS), DMRS, or PTRS, among other examples.

[0097] An SSB can carry information used for initial network acquisition and synchronization, such as a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), a PBCH, and a PBCH DMRS. An SSB is sometimes referred to as a synchronization signal / PBCH (SS / PBCH) block. In some aspects, a network node 110 can transmit multiple SSBs on multiple corresponding beams, and the SSBs can be used for beam selection.

[0098] A CSI-RS can carry information used for DL channel estimation (e.g., DL CSI acquisition), which can be used for scheduling, link adaptation, or beam management, among other examples. A network node 110 can configure a set of CSI-RSs for a UE 120, and the UE 120 can measure the configured set of CSI-RSs. Based at least in part on the measurements, the UE 120 can perform channel estimation and can report channel estimation parameters (e.g., in a CSI report) to the network node 110, such as a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a layer indicator (LI), a rank indicator (RI), or a reference signal received power (RSRP), among other examples. The network node 110 can use the CSI report to select transmission parameters for DL communications to the UE 120, such as a number of transmission layers (e.g., rank), a precoding matrix (e.g., precoder), a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), or to refine a DL beam (e.g., using a beam refinement procedure or a beam management procedure), among other examples.

[0099] A DMRS can carry information used to estimate a radio channel for demodulating an associated physical channel (e.g., a PDCCH, a PDSCH, a PBCH, a PUCCH, or a PUSCH). The design and mapping of a DMRS can be specific to the physical channel for which the DMRS is used for estimation. A DMRS can be UE-specific, can be beamformed, can be confined in scheduled resources (e.g., rather than being transmitted over a wideband), and can be transmitted only when necessary. As shown, DMRSs are used for both DL communications and UL communications.

[0100] PTRS can carry information used to compensate for oscillator phase noise. Generally, phase noise increases as the oscillator carrier frequency increases. Thus, PTRS can be utilized at high carrier frequencies, such as millimeter wave frequencies, to mitigate phase noise. PTRS can be used to track the phase of a local oscillator and to enable suppression of phase noise and common phase error (CPE). As shown, PTRS is used for both DL communications (e.g., on PDSCH) and UL communications (e.g., on PUSCH).

[0101] PRS can carry information used to enable timing or ranging measurements by the UE 120 based on signals transmitted by the network node 110 to improve Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) positioning performance. For example, the PRS can be a pseudo-random Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) sequence mapped in a diagonal pattern with frequency and time offsets to avoid collision with cell-specific reference signals and control channels (e.g., PDCCH). Generally, the PRS can be designed to improve detectability by the UE 120, which can need to detect DL signals from multiple neighboring network nodes in order to perform OTDOA-based positioning. Thus, the UE 120 can receive PRS from multiple cells (e.g., a reference cell and one or more neighboring cells) and can report a Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) based on OTDOA measurements associated with the PRS received from the multiple cells. In some aspects, the network node 110 can then calculate a position of the UE 120 based on the RSTD measurements reported by the UE 120.

[0102] SRS can carry information used for UL channel estimation, which can be used for scheduling, link adaptation, precoder selection, or beam management, among other examples. The network node 110 can configure one or more SRS resource sets for the UE 120, and the UE 120 can transmit SRS on the configured SRS resource sets. The SRS resource sets can have a configured purpose, such as UL CSI acquisition, DL CSI acquisition for reciprocity-based operations, UL beam management, among other examples. The network node 110 can measure the SRS, can perform channel estimation based at least in part on the measurements, and can use the SRS measurements to configure communications with the UE 120.

[0103] As indicated above, Figure 5 are provided as examples. Other examples can differ from what is described with respect to Figure 5 the examples described with respect to

[0104] An ES cell operating in ES mode can not periodically transmit SSBs, which can carry timing information for initial network acquisition and synchronization. Without SSBs from an ES cell, a UE, such as UE 120, can not be able to perform certain operations on communications from the ES cell, such as CSI-RS measurements.

[0105] Without periodic SSBs from an ES cell, a UE can seek to estimate or otherwise determine timing information for the ES cell from other sources, such as a reference cell (also referred to as an “anchor cell”). For example, if an associated SSB is indicated in an RRC measurement object, the UE can attempt to detect and / or measure SSBs transmitted by a neighboring cell. However, for an ES cell that does not transmit SSBs, this option can not be available. If a reference serving cell index is indicated in an RRC measurement object, the UE can be able to measure CSI-RS on the ES cell using timing information from the indicated serving cell as a reference. If the associated SSB and reference serving cell index are not available, the UE can be able to use timing information from the PCell as a reference. However, one issue is that the ES cell can not be tightly synchronized with the reference serving cell, which means that using timing information from the reference serving cell can not result in accurately processing signals from the ES cell.

[0106] Various options are described herein for addressing situations in which an ES cell does not periodically transmit SSBs. One option can include enhancing RRM measurement RRC configuration by, for example, applying a timing offset to a timing of a reference cell. Another option can include configuring an ES cell to transmit a light SSB (e.g., transmitting only a PSS or transmitting only a PSS and SSS). Another option can include causing an ES cell to adjust its transmission or reception timing reference based on an ES operating mode. For example, an ES cell can synchronize with a neighboring reference cell and / or make other adjustments described below to better align with the reference cell.

[0107] Some techniques and apparatuses described herein enable a UE to receive a CSI-RS output by a first cell operating in an energy saving mode, receive timing information output by a second cell, and measure the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information output by the second cell. Thus, even if, for example, an ES cell does not periodically transmit SSBs, a UE can perform measurements on CSI-RS output by an ES cell (i.e., a cell operating in an ES mode), which allows the ES cell to operate in an ES state and reduces overall network energy consumption.

[0108] Some techniques and apparatuses described herein enable a UE to: receive a CSI-RS output by a network node operating in an energy saving mode; receive a configuration of a synchronization signal output by the network node, the configuration of the synchronization signal allocating resources for one or both of a primary synchronization signal or a secondary synchronization signal and omitting resources for a physical broadcast channel; receive the synchronization signal; and utilize the synchronization signal to measure the CSI-RS output by the network node. Thus, even if, for example, an ES cell transmits only a portion of an SSB, the UE can perform measurements on a CSI-RS output by the ES cell (i.e., a cell operating in an ES mode), which allows the ES cell to operate in an ES state and reduces overall network energy consumption.

[0109] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 associated with performing cell measurements on an ES cell in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown, a first cell, a second cell, and a UE, such as the UE 120, can be in communication with one another. The first cell and the second cell can be part of the same BS 110 or different BSs 110 relative to one another. In some aspects, the second cell is a serving cell that is adjacent to the first cell. In some aspects, the first cell is a secondary cell (SCell) and the second cell is a PCell. The first cell can be configured to operate in an ES mode and the second cell can be configured to operate as a reference cell relative to the first cell for providing timing information when the first cell operates in the ES mode. Figure 6 As shown by reference number 605, the first cell can transmit and the UE can receive a CSI-RS. The first cell can transmit the CSI-RS when the first cell operates in the ES mode.

[0110] As shown by reference number 610, the second cell can transmit and the UE can receive timing information. The timing information can be transmitted by the second cell as an RRC configuration for RRM measurements. The timing information from the second cell can include a synchronization signal, such as an SSB. In some aspects, such as when a reference serving cell index is provided to the UE for the timing information, the second cell can transmit a timing offset for the UE to apply when measuring the CSI-RS from the first cell based on the timing information from the second cell. In some aspects, the timing offset can indicate a timing difference between the timing information of the first cell and the timing information of the second cell. In some aspects, the timing offset is a single value. In some aspects, the timing offset is a window or a range of values.

[0111]

[0112] ​In some aspects, the timing information transmitted by the second cell can be modified based on, for example, whether the second cell is operating as a reference cell for the first cell. In some aspects, the first cell and the second cell can perform synchronization operations to synchronize with each other. Thus, when the first cell is operating in the ES mode, the timing information output by the second cell can be synchronized with the timing of the first cell. Additionally or alternatively, when operating in the ES mode, the first cell can adjust its timing to more closely match the timing of the second cell. Additionally or alternatively, when operating in the compensation mode (i.e., compensating for operating the first cell in the ES mode), the second cell can adjust the timing information transmitted to the UE to be more synchronized with the timing of the first cell. Any timing adjustments made by the first cell, the second cell, or both, can be applied to DL transmission timing, UL reception timing, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. In some aspects, the adjustments to the DL transmission and / or UL reception timing of the first cell and / or the second cell can take into account the propagation delay with respect to the UE.

[0113] In some aspects, when adjusting the timing between the first cell and the second cell, the first cell and the second cell can be configured for backhaul coordination. Backhaul coordination can occur via signaling between different interfaces, such as between a CU and a DU of a BS 110, between two CUs of a BS 110, between a DU and a RU of a BS 110, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. In some aspects, backhaul coordination can occur via over-the-air interface (Uu) commands to change the timing associated with a relay. In some aspects, such as in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) implementation, backhaul coordination can occur on a Uu interface between a parent DU and an IAB mobile terminal (MT) antenna.

[0114] In some aspects, timing coordination can occur via various signaling, including a request for timing alignment, an indication of an adjusted timing, a timing adjustment amount, information about a propagation delay and / or a cell coverage, information about a DL transmission and UL reception timing gap at a cell, a maximum value or range of adjustments that can be supported by a cell, and / or a combination thereof, among other examples. In one example, information about the timing of the second cell (e.g., a reference cell) or a required timing adjustment can be indicated or obtained by the second cell. For example, as part of the coordination between the first cell and the second cell, the required timing adjustment can be indicated by an adjustment value and / or an indication of whether to apply the timing of the first cell or the second cell.

[0115] As shown by reference number 615, the UE can measure the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information output by the second cell. In some aspects, the UE can apply the synchronization indicated in the SSB received from the second cell when measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell. In some aspects, the UE can apply a timing offset to the synchronization indicated in the SSB received from the second cell when measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell. Thus, in some aspects, applying the timing offset can include adjusting the timing information by the timing offset and measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell based at least in part on the adjusted timing information.

[0116] As indicated above, Figure 6 are provided as examples. Other examples can differ from what is described Figure 6 with respect to what is described.

[0117] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 associated with performing cell measurements on an ES cell, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown by Figure 7 the ES cell (which can be part of a BS 110) and a UE (such as a UE 120) can communicate with one another.

[0118] As shown by reference number 705, the ES cell can transmit and the UE can receive a configuration of a synchronization signal. In some aspects, the synchronization signal is a modified or “light” SSB signal (e.g., an SSB signal that includes only a PSS or a PSS and a SSS). The configuration of the synchronization signal can allocate resources for the PSS or the PSS and the SSS. The configuration of the synchronization signal can omit allocating resources for the PBCH. In some aspects, the configuration can be received via RRC signaling. In some aspects, the configuration configures the UE to use timing acquired from the synchronization signal for CSI-RS processing. In some aspects, the RRC signaling can also provide resources and configurations for the synchronization signal and the CSI-RS of the ES cell.

[0119] As shown by reference number 710, the ES cell can transmit and the UE can receive a CSI-RS.

[0120] As shown by reference number 715, the ES cell can transmit and the UE can receive a synchronization signal. The synchronization signal can include the PSS or the PSS and the SSS, in accordance with the configuration discussed above. In some aspects, the synchronization signal can omit the PBCH.

[0121] As shown by reference number 720, the UE can measure the CSI-RS output by the ES cell using the timing information indicated by the synchronization signal.

[0122] As indicated above, Figure 7 are provided as examples. Other examples can differ from what is described Figure 7The described content is different.

[0123] Figure 8 A method 800 for wireless communication by a UE, such as the UE 120, is shown.

[0124] The method 800 begins, at 810, by receiving a CSI-RS output by a first cell operating in an ES mode.

[0125] The method 800 then proceeds to step 820, receiving timing information output by a second cell.

[0126] The method 800 then proceeds to step 830, measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information output by the second cell.

[0127] In one aspect, the method 800 further includes receiving a timing offset to apply to the timing information output by the second cell.

[0128] In one aspect, measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information includes adjusting the timing information by the timing offset and measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell based at least in part on the adjusted timing information.

[0129] In one aspect, the timing offset is a single value.

[0130] In one aspect, the timing offset is a range of values.

[0131] In one aspect, the method 800 further includes receiving a configuration identifying the second cell.

[0132] In one aspect, the configuration is received via RRC signaling.

[0133] In one aspect, the second cell is a serving cell that is adjacent to the first cell.

[0134] In one aspect, the second cell is a primary cell.

[0135] In one aspect, the method 800 further includes coordinating backhaul signaling with the first cell.

[0136] In one aspect, the method 800, or any aspect related thereto, can be performed by an apparatus, such as the communication device 1100 of Figure 11 including various components capable of operating to perform the method 800. The communication device 1100 is described in greater detail below.

[0137] Note that, Figure 8 The method 800 is merely one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible according to the present disclosure.

[0138] Figure 9 A method 900 for wireless communications by a network entity, such as the BS 110 or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 1, is shown. Figure 3

[0139] The method 900 begins, at 910, by receiving a configuration of synchronization signals output by a network node, where the configuration of synchronization signals allocates resources for one or both of a primary synchronization signal or a secondary synchronization signal and omits resources for a physical broadcast channel.

[0140] The method 900 then proceeds to step 920, receiving a CSI-RS output by the network node when the network node is operating in an energy saving mode.

[0141] The method 900 then proceeds to step 930, receiving a synchronization signal.

[0142] The method 900 then proceeds to step 940, measuring the CSI-RS output by the network node with the synchronization signal.

[0143] In one aspect, the configuration is received via RRC signaling.

[0144] In one aspect, the method 900, or any aspect related thereto, can be performed by an apparatus, such as the communication device 1100 of FIG. 1, that includes various components enabled to, configured to, or adapted to, perform the method 900. The communication device 1100 is described in greater detail below. Figure 11

[0145] Note that the method 900 is merely one example of a method and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible according to the disclosure. Figure 9

[0146] A method 1000 for wireless communications by a network entity, such as the BS 110 or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 1, is shown. Figure 10 Figure 3 The method 1000 begins, at 1010, by outputting or configuring a CSI-RS.

[0147] The method 1000 then proceeds to step 1020, outputting or configuring timing information based at least in part on an operating mode of a first cell of the network node.

[0148] In one aspect, the method 1000 further includes adjusting a timing reference of the first cell relative to a timing reference of a second cell due to the operating mode of the first cell being an energy saving mode.

[0149]

[0150] ​​​​In one aspect, the second cell is an anchor cell with respect to the first cell.

[0151] In one aspect, the method 1000 further includes adjusting a timing reference of the first cell with respect to a timing reference of the second cell due to the operating mode of the first cell being a compensation mode and the operating mode of the second cell being an energy saving mode.

[0152] In one aspect, the timing information includes one or more of DL timing information or UL timing information.

[0153] In one aspect, the DL timing information is different than the UL timing information.

[0154] In one aspect, the method 1000 further includes transmitting or receiving backhaul coordination signaling between the first cell and the second cell.

[0155] In one aspect, the backhaul coordination signaling includes a request for timing alignment.

[0156] In one aspect, the backhaul coordination signaling includes the adjusted timing information.

[0157] In one aspect, the backhaul coordination signaling includes a timing adjustment value.

[0158] In one aspect, the backhaul coordination signaling includes one or more of propagation delay information, cell coverage information, or DL transmission and UL reception timing gap information.

[0159] In one aspect, the backhaul coordination signaling includes an indication of a maximum timing adjustment for communications with the first cell.

[0160] In one aspect, the backhaul coordination signaling includes an indication of a timing adjustment range for communications with the first cell.

[0161] In one aspect, the backhaul coordination signaling includes an indication that the second cell is an anchor cell for the first cell.

[0162] In one aspect, the backhaul coordination signaling is transmitted between one or more of a DU, RU, or CU of the first cell and one or more of a DU, RU, or CU of the second cell. In one aspect, the method 1000, or any aspect related thereto, can be performed by an apparatus, such as the communication device 1200 of FIG. 12, that includes various components, which can operate, be configured to operate, or be adapted to operate to perform the method 1000. The communication device 1200 is described in more detail below. Figure 12

[0163] Note that, Figure 10 The method 1000 is merely one example, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible under the present disclosure.

[0164] ​Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a specific implementation of code and circuitry for a communication device 1100 in accordance with the present disclosure. The communication device 1100 can be a UE, or a UE can include the communication device 1100.

[0165] The communication device 1100 includes a processing system 1102 coupled to a transceiver 1108 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver). The transceiver 1108 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communication device 1100 via an antenna 1110, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1102 can be configured to perform processing functions of the communication device 1100, including processing signals received by and / or to be transmitted by the communication device 1100.

[0166] The processing system 1102 includes one or more processors 1120. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1120 can represent one or more of receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, and / or controller / processor 280, as described with regard to FIG. 2. The one or more processors 1120 are coupled to a computer- readable medium / memory 1130 via bus 1106. In various aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1130 can represent memory 282, as described with regard to FIG. 2. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1130 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code, processor-executable code) that, when executed by the one or more processors 1120, cause the one or more processors 1120 to perform the method 800 described with regard to FIG. 8 or any aspects related thereto. Notably, references to a processor performing a function of a communication device can include one or more processors performing the function of the communication device. Figure 2 Figure 2 Figure 8

[0167] As shown in Figure 11 , the communication device 1100 can include circuitry for receiving CSI-RS output by a first cell operating in a power saving mode (circuitry 1135).

[0168] As shown in Figure 11 , the communication device 1100 can include code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1130 for receiving CSI-RS output by a first cell operating in a power saving mode (code 1140).

[0169] As shown in Figure 11 , the communication device 1100 can include circuitry for receiving timing information output by a second cell (circuitry 1145).

[0170] As shown in Figure 11 ​​​As shown, the communications device 1100 can include circuitry for receiving timing information output by a second cell (circuitry 1155) stored in computer-readable media / memory 1130.

[0171] As shown, the communications device 1100 can include circuitry for measuring a CSI-RS output by a first cell using timing information output by a second cell (circuitry 1165). Figure 11

[0172] As shown, the communications device 1100 can include circuitry for measuring a CSI-RS output by a first cell using timing information output by a second cell (circuitry 1165). Figure 11

[0173] As shown, the communications device 1100 can include circuitry for receiving a configuration of synchronization signals output by a network node, where the configuration of synchronization signals allocates resources for one or both of a primary synchronization signal or a secondary synchronization signal and omits resources for a physical broadcast channel (circuitry 1165). Figure 11

[0174] As shown, the communications device 1100 can include circuitry for receiving a configuration of synchronization signals output by a network node, where the configuration of synchronization signals allocates resources for one or both of a primary synchronization signal or a secondary synchronization signal and omits resources for a physical broadcast channel (circuitry 1165). Figure 11

[0175] As shown, the communications device 1100 can include circuitry for receiving a configuration of synchronization signals output by a network node, where the configuration of synchronization signals allocates resources for one or both of a primary synchronization signal or a secondary synchronization signal and omits resources for a physical broadcast channel (circuitry 1165). Figure 11

[0176] As shown, the communications device 1100 can include circuitry for receiving a configuration of synchronization signals output by a network node, where the configuration of synchronization signals allocates resources for one or both of a primary synchronization signal or a secondary synchronization signal and omits resources for a physical broadcast channel (circuitry 1165). Figure 11

[0177] As shown, the communications device 1100 can include circuitry for measuring a CSI-RS output by a network node with a synchronization signal (circuitry 1185). Figure 11

[0178] As shown, the communications device 1100 can include circuitry for measuring a CSI-RS output by a network node with a synchronization signal (circuitry 1185). Figure 11

[0179] The various components of the communications device 1100 can provide functionality for performing the operations as described above with regard to Figure 8 ​​​​​​​​The described method 800, aspects related to Figure 9 The described method 900, or any aspects related thereto, components. For example, means for transmitting, communicating, or outputting for transmission can include transceiver 254 and / or antennas 252 of the UE 120, and / or Figure 11 Means for receiving or obtaining can include transceiver 254 and / or antennas 252 of the UE 120, and / or Figure 11 transceiver 1108 and antennas 1110 of the communication device 1100 in FIG.

[0180] Figure 11 are provided as examples. Other examples can differ from what is described in connection with Figure 11 the described examples.

[0181] Figure 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a specific implementation of code and circuitry for a communication device 1200 in accordance with the present disclosure. The communication device 1200 can be a network node such as a BS 110 or a disaggregated base station described in relation to Figure 3 the described examples.

[0182] The communication device 1200 includes a processing system 1202 coupled to a transceiver 1208 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver). The transceiver 1208 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communication device 1200 via an antenna 1210, such as the various signals as described herein. A network interface 1212 is configured to obtain and transmit signals for the communication device 1200 via a communication link such as a backhaul link, a midhaul link, and / or a front haul link as described herein such as in relation to Figure 3 the described examples. The processing system 1202 can be configured to perform processing functions of the communication device 1200, including processing signals received by and / or to be transmitted by the communication device 1200.

[0183] The processing system 1202 includes one or more processors 1220. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1220 can represent one or more of the receive processor 238, transmit processor 220, TX MIMO processor 230, and / or controller / processor 240 as described in relation to Figure 2 the described examples. The one or more processors 1220 are coupled to a computer- readable medium / memory 1230 via a bus 1206. In various aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1230 can represent the memory 242 as described in relation to Figure 2The computer-readable medium / memory 1230 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code, processor-executable code) that, when executed by the one or more processors 1220, cause the one or more processors 1220 to perform one or more of the steps described with respect to Figure 10 the method 1000 described above or any of the aspects associated therewith. It is noted that a reference to a processor performing the functions of the communication device 1200 can include one or more processors performing the functions of the communication device 1200.

[0184] As shown, the communication device 1200 can include circuitry (circuitry 1235) for outputting or configuring a CSI-RS. Figure 12

[0185] As shown, the communication device 1200 can include code (code 1240) stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1230 for outputting or configuring a CSI-RS. Figure 12

[0186] As shown, the communication device 1200 can include circuitry (circuitry 1245) for outputting or configuring timing information based at least in part on an operating mode of the first cell of the network node. Figure 12

[0187] As shown, the communication device 1200 can include code (code 1250) stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1230 for outputting or configuring timing information based at least in part on an operating mode of the first cell of the network node. Figure 12 The various components of the communication device 1200 can provide the means to perform one or more of the steps related to the method 1000 described above or any of the aspects associated therewith. For example, means for transmitting, communicating, or outputting for transmission can include the transceiver 232 and / or the antennas 234 of the BS 110 and / or the transceiver 1208 and the antennas 1210 of the communication device 1200 in

[0188] Figure 10 For example, means for receiving or obtaining can include the transceiver 232 and / or the antennas 234 of the BS 110 and / or the transceiver 1208 and the antennas 1210 of the communication device 1200 in Figure 12 Figure 12

[0189] Figure 12 are provided by way of example. Other examples can differ from what is described. Figure 12

[0190] An overview of some aspects of the disclosure is provided below:

[0191] ​​​​​​​Aspect 1 : A method of wireless communication performed by a UE, the method comprising: receiving a CSI-RS output by a first cell operating in a power saving mode; receiving timing information output by a second cell; and measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information output by the second cell.

[0192] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, further comprising receiving a timing offset to apply to the timing information output by the second cell.

[0193] Aspect 3: The method of aspect 2, wherein measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information comprises adjusting the timing information by the timing offset; and measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell based at least in part on the adjusted timing information.

[0194] Aspect 4: The method of aspect 2, wherein the timing offset is a single value.

[0195] Aspect 5: The method of aspect 2, wherein the timing offset is a range of values.

[0196] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1-5, further comprising receiving a configuration identifying the second cell.

[0197] Aspect 7: The method of aspect 6, wherein the configuration is received via RRC signaling.

[0198] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1-7, wherein the second cell is a serving cell that is adjacent to the first cell.

[0199] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1-8, wherein the second cell is a primary cell.

[0200] Aspect 10: A method of wireless communication performed by a UE, the method comprising: receiving a configuration of synchronization signals output by a network node, wherein the configuration of the synchronization signals allocates resources for one or both of a primary synchronization signal or a secondary synchronization signal, and omits resources for a physical broadcast channel; receiving a CSI-RS output by the network node when the network node is operating in a power saving mode; receiving the synchronization signals; and measuring the CSI-RS output by the network node with the synchronization signals.

[0201] Aspect 11 : The method of aspect 10, wherein the configuration is received via RRC signaling.

[0202] Aspect 12: A method of wireless communication performed by a network node, the method comprising: outputting or configuring a CSI-RS; and outputting or configuring timing information based at least in part on an operation mode of a first cell of the network node.

[0203] Aspect 13: The method of aspect 12, further comprising adjusting a timing reference of the first cell relative to a timing reference of a second cell due to the operation mode of the first cell being a power saving mode.

[0204] Aspect 14: The method of aspect 13, wherein the second cell is an anchor cell relative to the first cell.

[0205] Aspect 15: The method of aspect 13, further comprising adjusting a timing reference of the first cell relative to a timing reference of a second cell due to the operation mode of the first cell being a compensation mode and an operation mode of the second cell being a power saving mode.

[0206] Aspect 16: The method of aspect 13, wherein timing information comprises one or more of DL timing information or UL timing information.

[0207] Aspect 17: The method of aspect 13, wherein the DL timing information is different than the UL timing information.

[0208] Aspect 18: The method of aspect 13, further comprising transmitting or receiving backhaul coordination signaling between the first cell and the second cell.

[0209] Aspect 19: The method of aspect 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises a request for timing alignment.

[0210] Aspect 20: The method of aspect 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises adjusted timing information.

[0211] Aspect 21: The method of aspect 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises a timing adjustment value.

[0212] Aspect 22: The method of aspect 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises one or more of a propagation delay information, a cell coverage information, or a DL transmission and UL reception timing gap information.

[0213] Aspect 23: The method of aspect 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises an indication of a maximum timing adjustment for communications with the first cell.

[0214] Aspect 24: The method of Aspect 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises an indication of a timing adjustment range for communications with the first cell.

[0215] Aspect 25: The method of Aspect 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises an indication that the second cell is an anchor cell of the first cell.

[0216] Aspect 26: The method of Aspect 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling is transmitted between one or more of a DU, RU, or CU of the first cell and one or more of a DU, RU, or CU of the second cell.

[0217] Aspect 27: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising a processor; memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-26.

[0218] Aspect 28: A device for wireless communication, comprising a memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-26.

[0219] Aspect 29: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-26.

[0220] Aspect 30: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-26.

[0221] Aspect 31: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-26.

[0222] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations can be possible based on the above disclosure, or can be acquired from practice of the aspects.

[0223] As used herein, the term "component" is intended to be broadly interpreted as a combination of hardware and / or hardware and software. Whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language or other names, "software" should be broadly interpreted as meaning instructions, instruction sets, codes, code segments, program codes, programs, subroutines, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, processes and / or functions, etc. As used herein, a "processor" is implemented in a combination of hardware and / or hardware and software. It will be apparent that the systems and / or methods described herein can be implemented by a combination of different forms of hardware and / or hardware and software. The actual dedicated control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and / or methods does not limit various aspects. Therefore, no reference is made herein to specific software code to describe the operation and behavior of the systems and / or methods, as those skilled in the art will appreciate that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems and / or methods based at least in part on the description herein.

[0224] As used herein, "satisfying a threshold" may mean that a value is greater than a threshold, greater than or equal to a threshold, less than a threshold, less than or equal to a threshold, equal to a threshold, not equal to a threshold, etc., depending on the context.

[0225] Although specific combinations of features are set forth in the claims and / or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features can be combined in a manner not specifically described in the claims and / or not disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim combined with each other claim in the claim set. As used herein, a phrase referring to "at least one of" a list of items refers to any combination of these items (which includes a single member). As an example, "at least one of a, b, or c" is intended to encompass a, b, c, a+b, a+c, b+c, and a+b+c, as well as any combination of multiple identical elements (e.g., a+a, a+a+a, a+a+b, a+a+c, a+b+b, a+c+c, b+b, b+b+b, b+b+c, c+c, and c+c+c, or any other arrangement of a, b, and c).

[0226] No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the article “a” is intended to include one or more items, and can be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items, and can be used interchangeably with “the one or more.” Also, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items, and can be used interchangeably with “one or more.” If only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language will be used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit any element to the presence of only a single instance of the element. Also, as used herein, the term, “based on” is intended to be given its full broad plain and ordinary meaning to an engineer in the field of computer science, and is not constrained to be based on only a single recited value or condition. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be the inclusive or (as opposed to the exclusive or), unless explicitly indicated to the contrary (e.g., if used in the context “either A or B and / or C”).

[0227] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting in terms of the scope, application, or aspects of the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and generic principles defined herein can be applied to other aspects. For example, features of one aspect can be interchanged with features of another aspect. Various examples can omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described can be performed in an order different than that described, and that various actions can be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples can be combined in some other examples. For example, any number of the aspects described herein can be implemented as a device or method. Additionally, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover all access configurations that can be implied by the various aspects described herein. It will be understood by those within the art that the disclosure of any aspect in the disclosure can be implemented separately or in combination with any other aspect.

[0228] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the disclosure herein can be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor can be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a

[0229] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory), and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.

[0230] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for implementing the methods. The method actions can be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, the order of the specific actions can be modified and / or used without departing from the scope of the claims unless a specific order of actions is specified. Furthermore, various operations of the methods described above can be performed by any suitable means without departing from the scope of the claims. Such means can include various hardware and / or software components and / or modules, including, but not limited to circuitry, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or processor. As will be realized, the methods described herein can include a number of operations that can be implemented in software and / or firmware. The methods described herein can be implemented along with one or more other methods without departing from the scope of the claims. In certain cases, the methods described herein can be implemented by one or more processors executing one or more computer programs.

[0231] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Within the claims, the singular forms are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “comprises” is used herein to mean that the methods and compositions include, but are not limited to, those features that follow the term. The term “some” is used herein to mean one or more. The term “another” is used herein to mean at least a second or more. The term “set” is used herein to mean one or more. The term “determining” is used herein to mean one or more of calculating, computing, processing, deriving, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), ascertaining, and the like. The term “determining” can also include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory), and the like. The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision. The term “communication device” is used herein to mean one or more devices. The term “couple” is used herein to mean one or more of joining, connecting, associating, or the like. The term “coupled” is used herein to mean one or more of joined, connected, associated, or the like. The term “processor” is used herein to mean one or more processors. The term “memory” is used herein to mean one or more memories. The term “interface” is used herein to mean one or more interfaces. The term “module” is used herein to mean one or more modules. The term “circuit” is used herein to mean one or more circuits. The term “logic” is used herein to mean one or more logics. The term “comprises” is used herein to mean that the methods and compositions include, but are not limited to, those features that follow the term. The term “some” is used herein to mean one or more. The term “another” is used herein to mean at least a second or more. The term “set” is used herein to mean one or more. The term “determining” is used herein to mean one or more of calculating, computing, processing, deriving, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), ascertaining, and the like. The term “determining” can also include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory), and the like. The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision. The term “communication device” is used herein to mean one or more devices. The term “couple” is used herein to mean one or more of joining, connecting, associating, or the like. The term “coupled” is used herein to mean one or more of joined, connected, associated, or the like. The term “processor” is used herein to mean one or more processors. The term “memory” is used herein to mean one or more memories. The term “interface” is used herein to mean one or more interfaces. The term “module” is used herein to mean one or more modules. The term “circuit” is used herein to mean one or more circuits. The term “logic” is used herein to mean one or more logics. The term “comprises” is used herein to mean that the methods and compositions include, but are not limited to, those features that follow the term. The term “some” is used herein to mean one or more. The term “another” is used herein to mean at least a second or more. The term “set” is used herein to mean one or more. The term “determining” is used herein to mean one or more of calculating, computing, processing, deriving, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), ascertaining, and the like. The term “determining” can also include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory), and the like. The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision. The term “communication device” is used herein to mean one or more devices. The term “couple” is used herein to mean one or more of joining, connecting, associating, or the like. The term “coupled” is used herein to mean one or more of joined, connected, associated, or the like. The term “processor” is used herein to mean one or more processors. The term “memory” is used herein to mean one or more memories. The term “interface” is used herein to mean one or more interfaces. The term “module” is used herein to mean one or more modules. The term “circuit” is used herein to mean one or more circuits. The term “logic” is used herein to mean one or more logics.

Claims

1. A user equipment for wireless communication, the user equipment comprising: a memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to: receive a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) output by a first cell operating in a power saving mode; receive timing information output by a second cell; and measure the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information output by the second cell.

2. The user equipment of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive a timing offset to apply to the timing information output by the second cell.

3. The user equipment of claim 2, wherein to measure the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information, the one or more processors are configured to: adjust the timing information by the timing offset; and measure the CSI-RS output by the first cell based at least in part on the adjusted timing information.

4. The user equipment of claim 2, wherein the timing offset is a single value.

5. The user equipment of claim 2, wherein the timing offset is a range of values.

6. The user equipment of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive a configuration identifying the second cell.

7. The user equipment of claim 6, wherein the configuration is received via radio resource control signaling.

8. The user equipment of claim 1, wherein the second cell is a serving cell that is adjacent to the first cell.

9. The user equipment of claim 1, wherein the second cell is a primary cell.

10. A user equipment for wireless communication, the user equipment comprising: a memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to: receive a configuration of synchronization signals output by a network node, wherein the configuration of the synchronization signals allocates resources for one or both of a primary synchronization signal or a secondary synchronization signal, and omits resources for a physical broadcast channel; receive a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) output by the network node when the network node is operating in a power saving mode; receive the synchronization signals; and measure the CSI-RS output by the network node with the synchronization signals.

11. The user equipment of claim 10, wherein the configuration is received via radio resource control signaling.

12. A network node for wireless communication, the network node comprising: a memory; and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to: output or configure a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS); and output or configure timing information based at least in part on a mode of operation of a first cell of the network node. ​ 13. The network node of claim 12, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to adjust a timing reference of the first cell relative to a timing reference of a second cell due to the mode of operation of the first cell being an energy saving mode.

14. The network node of claim 13, wherein the second cell is an anchor cell relative to the first cell.

15. The network node of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to adjust the timing reference of the first cell relative to a timing reference of a second cell due to the mode of operation of the first cell being a compensation mode and the mode of operation of the second cell being an energy saving mode.

16. The network node of claim 13, wherein the timing information comprises one or more of downlink timing information or uplink timing information.

17. The network node of claim 16, wherein the downlink timing information is different than the uplink timing information.

18. The network node of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to transmit or receive backhaul coordination signaling between the first cell and the second cell.

19. The network node of claim 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises a request for timing alignment.

20. The network node of claim 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises adjusted timing information.

21. The network node of claim 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises a timing adjustment value.

22. The network node of claim 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises one or more of propagation delay information, cell coverage information, or downlink transmission and uplink reception timing gap information.

23. The network node of claim 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises an indication of a maximum timing adjustment for communications with the first cell.

24. The network node of claim 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises an indication of a timing adjustment range for communications with the first cell.

25. The network node of claim 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling comprises an indication that the second cell is an anchor cell for the first cell.

26. The network node of claim 18, wherein the backhaul coordination signaling is transmitted between one or more of a distributed unit (DU), radio unit (RU), or central unit (CU) of the first cell and one or more of a DU, RU, or CU of the second cell.

27. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment, the method comprising: receiving a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) output by a first cell operating in an energy saving mode; receiving timing information output by a second cell; and measuring the CSI-RS output by the first cell using the timing information output by the second cell.

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