Waste mine ginseng planting matrix based on aggregate spray-seeding technology and optimization method thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to an abandoned mine ginseng planting matrix based on an aggregate spray-seeding technology and an optimization method thereof, and aims to solve the problems of barren abandoned mine soil, poor physicochemical properties of the matrix and the like, and improve the emergence rate, the survival rate and the growth speed of ginseng by optimizing a matrix formula. The matrix comprises mushroom dregs, rice husks, wood fibers, peanut shells and other raw materials, and biochar, chitosan, super absorbent resin, diatomite, iron oxide nanoparticles, humic acid, a trace element mixture and other modifiers are added. Ginseng seeds and suitable associated plant seeds are mixed according to a specific proportion, and the planting density is 15-20 g / m < 2 >. The spray-seeding construction comprises the steps of matrix layer spray-seeding, seed layer spray-seeding and non-woven fabric covering protection, so that the germination rate and the moisture retention capacity of the seeds are improved. Through precise proportioning and optimization of the construction process, the water retention, air permeability and nutrient supply capacity of the abandoned mine soil can be effectively improved, an ideal ecological environment is provided for healthy growth of ginseng, and meanwhile, a new solution is provided for ecological restoration of mines.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the fields of ecological restoration and medicinal herb cultivation technology, specifically to a ginseng cultivation substrate for abandoned mines based on pellet spraying technology and its optimization method. Background Art

[0002] In recent years, research on mine reclamation has gradually shifted towards a new model, particularly through the cultivation of medicinal herbs such as ginseng, aiming to achieve a win-win situation of ecological restoration and economic benefits. Ginseng, as a highly valuable medicinal herb, has stringent requirements for its growing environment. It not only needs soil rich in organic matter but also requires a stable water supply and well-aerated substrate. Furthermore, ginseng cultivation typically requires large areas of land to ensure sufficient space and nutrients. However, due to limited arable land resources, using high-quality arable land for ginseng cultivation may lead to a waste of land resources, thus affecting the sustainable development of agriculture. In contrast, the reclamation of abandoned mines provides a more efficient solution for ginseng cultivation. This not only avoids the occupation of arable land resources but also improves the mine environment through advanced technologies, injecting new ecological and economic value into abandoned resources.

[0003] The unique conditions of abandoned mines offer numerous advantages for ginseng cultivation. For example, the relatively isolated environment of mine sites helps reduce soil-borne diseases and avoids pollution from pesticides and fertilizers in farmland. The extreme topographical features common in abandoned mines, such as large diurnal temperature variations or long hours of sunshine, also contribute to the accumulation of active ingredients in ginseng, thereby enhancing its medicinal value. By rationally utilizing these idle land resources for large-scale cultivation, not only can the competitive pressure on land resources be reduced, but the effectiveness of land utilization can also be maximized.

[0004] However, the soil matrix in abandoned mines is usually very poor, with common problems including nutrient deficiency, loose soil structure, and poor water retention. These factors make ginseng growth difficult in such environments, often resulting in low germination rates, slow growth, and decreased quality. Therefore, leveraging modern science and technology, especially innovation in mine soil improvement and matrix design, is crucial. Pellet spraying technology, as a highly efficient soil improvement method, can quickly construct ideal planting substrates even in harsh environments. Its core lies in rapidly improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil by precisely controlling the substrate ratio and spraying process, thereby creating a more suitable ecological environment for plant growth. In the field of mine reclamation, this technology not only solves problems such as soil infertility and loose structure but also opens up new pathways for mine vegetation restoration and the cultivation of cash crops. Therefore, scientifically optimizing the formula and ratio of the spraying substrate is key to achieving efficient ginseng cultivation and improving yield and quality. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a substrate for ginseng cultivation in abandoned mines based on pellet spraying technology and its optimization method, so as to solve the problems of poor substrate physicochemical properties, difficulty in seedling cultivation and low quality of finished ginseng in abandoned mines, and achieve a win-win situation for mine ecological restoration and economic benefits.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: A substrate for planting ginseng in abandoned mines based on pellet spraying technology and its optimization method, comprising the following steps:

[0007] In the raw material preparation stage, mushroom residue is selected as the primary source of organic matter. Mushroom residue is not only rich in organic matter and trace elements, providing essential nutrients for ginseng, but also contains a rich microbial community, which helps promote soil biological activity. The initial moisture content of the mushroom residue must be strictly controlled within the range of 30% to 40% to avoid excessive moisture affecting the uniformity of substrate mixing. After collecting the mushroom residue, large particles are removed using a sieve to ensure uniform particle size, which is beneficial for subsequent mixing and spraying processes. Furthermore, the cellulose and lignin in the mushroom residue can improve the structure of the substrate, enhancing its water retention and aeration, thus providing a favorable environment for the healthy development of ginseng roots. Secondly, rice husks, wood fibers, or peanut shells are selected as key auxiliary materials to improve substrate aeration and physical support. These auxiliary materials not only possess excellent mechanical strength, effectively preventing substrate slippage on steep slopes, but also improve the air circulation of the substrate through their porous structure, promoting root respiration and nutrient absorption. Rice husks and wood fibers need to be washed with clean water before use to remove surface dust and harmful substances, and the particle size needs to be controlled between 0.5mm and 2mm. This treatment not only improves the adhesion of the material but also significantly improves the aeration and moisture retention capacity of the substrate. Furthermore, the natural antibacterial components in peanut shells help inhibit the growth of pathogens, further ensuring the healthy growth of ginseng. Finally, various modifiers are prepared to further optimize the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the substrate. These include biochar, chitosan, superabsorbent resin, diatomaceous earth, iron oxide nanoparticles, humic acid, a mixture of trace elements, plant growth regulators, natural chelating agents, and microbial agents. Each of these modifiers possesses unique functions, comprehensively enhancing the overall performance of the substrate. Biochar, diatomaceous earth, and iron oxide nanoparticles: Widely available biochar, such as corn stalk biochar, sawdust biochar, or bamboo charcoal, is selected. It undergoes high-temperature drying at 120℃ and is pulverized to a particle size of less than 1 mm to ensure uniform distribution within the substrate. The addition of biochar enhances the substrate's carbon storage capacity, regulates pH, improves soil structure, and increases microbial habitat, thereby promoting healthy root development and nutrient absorption. Simultaneously, natural diatomaceous earth is selected, sieved, and ground to ensure a fine powder without agglomeration. This enhances the substrate's structural stability, provides abundant mineral elements, and promotes mineral absorption and metabolism in plants. For iron oxide nanoparticles, nano-sized iron oxides, such as nano-magnetite or nano-hematite, are selected, ensuring a particle size below 50 nanometers. Ultrasonic dispersion technology is used to prevent agglomeration. These nanoparticles significantly improve chlorophyll synthesis in ginseng, increasing photosynthetic efficiency and thus accelerating the overall growth rate and health of the plant.

[0008] This study selected high-purity chitosan, primarily derived from the shells of crustaceans, with a purity requirement of over 95%. The chitosan particle size needed to be controlled between 50 and 200 mesh. Before dissolution, it required a 1% acetic acid solution to activate its functionality and improve its compatibility with other materials. The water content after dissolution should be controlled below 5% to ensure its activity and stability. Chitosan exhibits significant disease resistance, effectively inhibiting the growth of pathogens, reducing plant diseases, and promoting healthy root development. During use, the quality of chitosan should be verified through the supplier's analysis report to ensure no harmful residues and to meet the safety requirements for plant cultivation. For the natural chelating agent, high-purity commercial humic acid was selected, with a purity of over 95% and good water solubility. Sodium humate, as an organic amendment, can promote soil microbial activity, enhance the nutrient supply capacity of the substrate, improve soil structure, and enhance the soil's buffering and nutrient retention capacity. The particle size of humic acid should generally be 60-100 mesh, and impurities must be removed by filtration before use to ensure its activity. In addition, fulvic acid and bentonite are also used as soil conditioners. The fulvic acid content should be no less than 80%, the particle size controlled at 80-120 mesh, and the bentonite adsorption capacity should be ≥30 mL / g to effectively fix heavy metals in the soil, reduce their bioavailability, reduce the toxic effects of heavy metals on plants, and ensure the safe growth of ginseng and the purity of its medicinal components. Sodium polyacrylate and polyacrylate are selected as superabsorbent resins, with a water absorption ratio reaching 100-200 times, which can significantly enhance the water-holding capacity of the substrate. After pretreatment (particle size controlled at 60-100 mesh), the water absorption efficiency of the resin increases by about 30%, effectively preventing substrate clumping. Especially in arid environments, it can ensure the normal growth of ginseng under water-scarce conditions, reducing water evaporation rate by 20-30%. The micronutrient mixture contains elements such as zinc, manganese, copper, boron, and molybdenum, using zinc sulfate (0.02~0.05 g / L), manganese sulfate (0.01~0.03 g / L), copper sulfate (0.005~0.01 g / L), boric acid (0.005~0.01 g / L), and ammonium molybdate (0.002~0.005 g / L). These elements can promote plant enzyme activity and root health, enhance stress resistance, and increase growth rate and yield, especially in nutrient-deficient soils, improving ginseng's disease resistance and the accumulation of medicinal components. Plant growth regulators include indoleacetic acid and gibberellin. Indoleacetic acid concentrations controlled at 0.5~2.0 mg / L can increase ginseng seedling emergence rate by 30~50%, accelerate root development, and improve root structure. When the gibberellin concentration is controlled at 15 mg / L, it can promote plant cell division and expansion, and increase the growth rate, especially in the early stage of growth, the plant height can increase by 15-20%. In terms of microbial agents, rhizosphere symbiotic bacteria are selected, whose disease resistance can inhibit the growth of pathogens in the soil and reduce the incidence of diseases by about 20-30%.The use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria can increase the nitrogen content in the substrate by approximately 10-15%, promote root development, enhance plant resistance, and increase the accumulation of medicinal components in ginseng. Through the rigorous screening and processing steps of the above-mentioned raw materials, this invention can effectively improve the uniformity, stability, and functionality of the substrate, laying a solid foundation for subsequent granular spraying technology.

[0009] In this invention, the matrix formulation method involves precisely proportioning various materials, after the raw material preparation stage, according to the following ratios: rice husks 10%–20%, wood fiber or peanut shells 5%–10%, peat moss 10%–15%, biochar 2%–4%, chitosan 1%–2%, superabsorbent resin 0.5%–1%, diatomaceous earth 3%–5%, iron oxide nanoparticles 0.5%–1%, humic acid 1%–3%, a mixture of trace elements 0.1%–0.5%, plant growth regulators 0.05%–0.2%, natural chelating agents 0.5%–1%, microbial agents 0.2%–0.5%, and granulating agents 0.1%–0.3%. Each component must be accurately weighed according to the above proportions during the formulation process and thoroughly mixed in a homogeneous mixing device to ensure uniform distribution and overall consistency of the matrix components. The implementation steps of this formulation method include: First, rice husks, wood fiber, or peanut shells are added to the hydroseeding equipment in a specific ratio for initial mixing; then, peat moss, biochar, chitosan, and superabsorbent resin are added sequentially, and mixing continues until homogeneous; next, diatomaceous earth and iron oxide nanoparticles are added, ensuring all solid components are thoroughly mixed; then, humic acid and a mixture of trace elements are added, and further mixed until homogeneous; finally, plant growth regulators, natural chelating agents, and microbial agents are added sequentially, ensuring all liquid and trace components are evenly distributed in the substrate. The entire mixing process must be carried out under controlled conditions to ensure optimal distribution and accurate proportions of each component.

[0010] In this invention, in addition to ginseng seeds, suitable companion plant seeds should be rationally selected. These plants can provide a good growing environment for ginseng and promote the ecological restoration of the mine. Since ginseng prefers shade, special consideration should be given to plant species that can provide appropriate shade to meet ginseng's low light requirements and prevent it from being exposed to excessive sunlight. Trees such as Pinus tabuliformis and Picea rubra are recommended. These species can provide a suitable shady environment and help stabilize soil structure and reduce soil erosion through their deep root systems. Studies have shown that Pinus tabuliformis and Picea rubra can provide 40%–60% shade in the early stages of growth, effectively protecting ginseng from strong sunlight. Shrubs such as Lilac and Lonicera japonica can provide shade and improve soil permeability and structure through their root systems, enhancing the soil's water retention capacity. Simultaneously, they promote the activity of soil microorganisms through root exudates. Herbaceous plants such as tall fescue and crested wheatgrass can effectively cover the ground, prevent soil erosion, promote the accumulation of soil organic matter, and enhance soil water retention. Climbing plants such as ivy can fix the soil with their root systems, help prevent wind erosion, and enhance soil stability.

[0011] The seed mix ratio is as follows: 15-20 g / m², with ginseng seeds comprising 40% of the total mixed seeds, tree seeds such as Pinus tabuliformis and Picea rubra comprising 20%, shrub seeds such as Syringa vulgaris and Lonicera japonica comprising 20%, herbaceous seeds such as Festuca granatum and Lysimachia christinae comprising 10%, and vine seeds such as Ivy comprising 10%. This ratio ensures a reasonable ecological structure between the accompanying plants and ginseng, providing necessary shade, improving soil conditions, and enhancing the overall effect of mine restoration. Through this ratio, trees such as Pinus tabuliformis and Picea rubra provide a relatively stable shady environment, while herbaceous and vine plants provide necessary ground cover and soil protection, ensuring healthy plant growth. All plant seeds require appropriate pretreatment before sowing to improve germination rate and seed vigor. Ginseng seeds can be soaked in warm water (60-70℃ water temperature, soaking time 12 hours) to break dormancy, promote germination, and increase the germination rate to 80%-90%. Pinus tabuliformis seeds require low-temperature stratification (58℃, 23 months), which effectively breaks dormancy and achieves a germination rate of 60%–70%. Red spruce seeds also undergo cold-wet stratification (0.4℃, 2 months), followed by germination promotion to ensure a germination rate of 70%–80%. Lilac and honeysuckle seeds require low-temperature stratification (58℃, 24 weeks) to improve germination rates and ensure rapid growth. Tall fescue seeds can undergo cold treatment (46℃, 1–2 weeks) to promote germination and early growth. Ivy seeds are washed to remove inhibitory substances, ensuring successful germination. After pretreatment, all seeds should be evenly mixed in the seed layer substrate to ensure full contact with the soil, obtaining the necessary moisture and nutrients, thereby improving germination rates and promoting healthy growth.

[0012] Hydroseeding is one of the core steps of this invention, and its scientific design and implementation directly affect the success rate of ginseng cultivation and the ecological restoration effect. The construction process includes four main stages: equipment preparation, substrate layer hydroseeding, seed layer hydroseeding, and mulching protection. First, in the equipment preparation stage, a professional granular hydroseeding machine is selected. Based on the characteristics of the slope environment, the hydroseeding pressure is adjusted to 30-35 kg to ensure uniform output and strong adhesion of the slurry during the hydroseeding process. During this process, the unobstructed flow of equipment pipelines and the nozzle diameter must be checked regularly to avoid construction interruptions. Substrate layer hydroseeding is the first step in the construction. The substrate slurry prepared according to the optimized ratio is loaded into the hydroseeding machine, mixed with granulating agent at the spray gun, and evenly sprayed onto the mine slope to form a substrate layer. The hydroseeding thickness needs to be controlled at 30-60 mm. For optimal results, hydroseeding is usually completed in 2-3 passes to ensure the uniformity and stability of the substrate. Experimental data shows that when the hydroseeding thickness exceeds 50 mm, the slope substrate's erosion resistance increases by 20%, and the slope adhesion rate reaches over 92%. Next, seed layer spraying is performed, with the seed layer thickness controlled at 10-20 mm to ensure sufficient water and nutrient supply to the seeds. Studies have shown that this seed treatment method combined with spraying technology can increase the germination rate to 89%-93%, significantly better than traditional broadcasting. Finally, a mulching and protection step is taken. After seed layer spraying, the entire slope is evenly covered with non-woven fabric. This measure effectively prevents substrate loss due to rainwater erosion, while reducing water evaporation and improving the seed growth environment. Experimental results show that mulching and protection increases seed moisture retention by 25%-30%, making it particularly suitable for mining environments with frequent rainfall or drought.

[0013] After hydroseeding, post-planting management is crucial for successful ginseng cultivation. This involves maintaining substrate moisture, monitoring plant growth, and promptly repairing the substrate layer. For the first three months after hydroseeding, the slope should be watered every 2-3 days to ensure optimal moisture levels for both the substrate and seeds, preventing dryness that could hinder germination. The amount of water needed depends on the slope size and ambient humidity, typically maintaining a substrate moisture content of 40%-50%. Furthermore, the watering frequency should be adjusted according to weather conditions; for example, more frequent watering is required during dry seasons with low rainfall. For the first year after hydroseeding, the slope should be thoroughly inspected weekly, focusing on the stability of the substrate layer and plant emergence. If the substrate layer is found to be damaged due to erosion or gravity slippage, it should be replenished immediately and reseeded to ensure even and stable coverage. Additionally, during the ginseng seedling growth period, plant growth should be monitored regularly, including plant height, leaf color, and disease status. If disease is found, appropriate amounts of biological pesticides can be sprayed to inhibit the spread of pathogens. At the same time, water and nutrient management should be strengthened to promote healthy plant growth.

[0014] The beneficial effects of this invention are: Through precise proportioning and optimized construction techniques, this invention can effectively improve the moisture retention, air permeability, and nutrient supply capacity of abandoned mine soil, providing an ideal ecological environment for the healthy growth of ginseng, and offering a new solution for mine ecological restoration. Specific implementation methods

[0015] This method utilizes pellet spraying technology to cultivate ginseng on abandoned mines, optimizing substrate ratios and seed selection to promote the growth of ginseng and its associated plants, thereby restoring the mine's ecological environment. The specific implementation method includes steps such as raw material preparation, substrate ratio, spraying process, seed selection and preparation, and post-implementation management.

[0016] First, the substrate composition includes plant materials such as rice husks, wood fiber, and peanut shells, with the addition of modifiers such as biochar, humic acid, a mixture of trace elements, diatomaceous earth, and iron oxide nanoparticles to enhance the substrate's aeration, water retention, and nutrient supply capacity. The specific selection and configuration are as follows: 15 parts by weight of rice husks to provide aeration and looseness; 7.5 parts by weight of wood fiber to enhance the substrate's structure and water retention; 12.5 parts by weight of peat moss to improve the substrate's water retention capacity and promote root development; 3 parts by weight of biochar to provide nutrients and increase soil fertility; 1.5 parts by weight of chitosan to increase the substrate's biological activity and aid in plant root growth; 0.75 parts by weight of superabsorbent resin to enhance the substrate's water retention capacity; 4 parts by weight of diatomaceous earth to improve substrate permeability and help retain moisture; iron... 0.75 parts by weight of oxide nanoparticles serve as a source of trace elements, contributing to healthy plant growth; 2 parts by weight of humic acid improves soil structure and enhances soil fertility; 0.25 parts by weight of a trace element mixture supplements the trace elements needed by plants; 0.1 parts by weight of a plant growth regulator promotes plant growth; 0.75 parts by weight of a natural chelating agent improves the soil's nutrient absorption capacity; 0.3 parts by weight of a microbial agent enhances soil microbial activity and promotes soil ecological restoration; and 0.2 parts by weight of a granulating agent enhances the substrate's cohesion and fluidity. After all raw materials are mixed evenly, an appropriate amount of water is added for adjustment. The water-to-substrate ratio is typically 1:1.5 to ensure the substrate has good fluidity and cohesion.

[0017] Seed selection and configuration were based on ecological restoration needs, choosing plant seeds with strong adaptability and the ability to promote mine soil remediation. The seed configuration ratio and selection criteria are as follows: ginseng seeds account for 40% of the total mixed seeds, and associated plant seeds account for 60%, including Pinus tabuliformis, Picea rubra, Syringa vulgaris, Lonicera japonica, and Agrostis pilosa, which have strong drought resistance and good ecological restoration functions, and can synergistically promote mine soil remediation. The proportion of associated plant seeds is: Pinus tabuliformis 20%, Picea rubra 15%, Syringa vulgaris 10%, Lonicera japonica 8%, and Agrostis pilosa 7%, with a seed usage of 18g / ㎡. The seeds underwent professional treatment before spraying to ensure high germination rate and good stress resistance.

[0018] The hydroseeding process consists of two stages: First, the substrate layer is sprayed. Using specialized granular hydroseeding equipment, the mixed substrate and granulating agent are evenly sprayed onto the slope of the abandoned mine, forming a 50mm thick substrate layer. The spraying process is carried out in three passes, each no more than 20mm thick, to ensure uniform distribution. Next, the seed layer is sprayed. After the substrate layer is completed, treated seeds (ginseng seeds and associated plant seeds) are mixed with the substrate in a 1:1 ratio and then evenly sprayed onto the substrate surface, with a seed layer thickness of 15mm. Both the substrate and seed layers are then covered with non-woven fabric to prevent substrate loss, maintain humidity, and reduce moisture evaporation.

[0019] Post-sowing management mainly includes the following aspects: Watering management: Water every 2-3 days for the first 3 months after spraying to ensure the substrate remains moist, maintaining a moisture content of around 45% to promote seed germination and plant growth; Plant growth monitoring: Regularly monitor plant growth, checking the germination rate, survival rate, and growth status of ginseng and associated plants. Ensure a ginseng seed germination rate exceeding 90% and a survival rate exceeding 80%; associated plants such as Pinus tabuliformis, Picea rubra, and Lilac should also perform well; Fertilization and pest and disease control: Adjust the fertilization plan according to plant growth. If pests or diseases are found, use biological or ecological pesticides for control; Substrate layer maintenance: If the substrate layer is damaged or plant growth is poor, replenish the substrate promptly and assess its nutritional status through soil testing; Environmental adjustment: Regularly adjust management strategies based on changes in soil structure, climate conditions, and plant needs to ensure healthy plant growth. Through the implementation of the above methods, the soil in the abandoned mine has been effectively improved. The ginseng seed germination rate exceeds 90%, and the survival rate reaches over 80%. Associated plants such as Pinus tabuliformis, Picea rubra, and Lilac also performed well, successfully promoting ecological restoration in the mining area and enhancing soil and water conservation capabilities.

Claims

1. A substrate for planting ginseng in abandoned mines based on pellet spraying technology and its optimization method, characterized in that, The following steps are involved: a) Raw material preparation: The raw materials, such as mushroom residue, rice husk, wood fiber, and peanut shell, are selected, screened, and cleaned to control their particle size. Biochar, chitosan, superabsorbent resin, diatomaceous earth, iron oxide nanoparticles, humic acid, a mixture of trace elements, plant growth regulators, natural chelating agents, and microbial inoculant improvers are added. b) Matrix ratio The following precise proportions are used: 10-20 parts by weight of rice husks, 5-10 parts by weight of wood fiber or peanut shells, 10-15 parts by weight of peat moss, 2-4 parts by weight of biochar, 1-2 parts by weight of chitosan, 0.5-1 parts by weight of superabsorbent resin, 3-5 parts by weight of diatomaceous earth, 0.5-1 parts by weight of iron oxide nanoparticles, 1-3 parts by weight of humic acid, 0.1-0.5 parts by weight of trace element mixture, 0.05-0.2 parts by weight of plant growth regulator, 0.5-1 parts by weight of natural chelating agent, 0.2-0.5 parts by weight of microbial inoculant, and 0.1-0.3 parts by weight of granulating agent; c) Seed selection and configuration Select suitable ginseng seeds and associated plant seeds, and pre-treat them according to requirements. The seed dosage is 15~20g / ㎡, with ginseng seeds accounting for 40%, tree seeds such as Pinus tabuliformis and Picea rubra accounting for 20%, shrub seeds such as Syringa vulgaris and Lonicera japonica accounting for 20%, herbaceous plant seeds such as Festuca granatum and Lysimachia christinae accounting for 10%, and vine seeds such as Ivy accounting for 10%. d) Hydroseeding: The treated substrate is hydroseeded using a pellet hydroseeding device. First, the substrate layer is hydroseeded, then the seed layer is hydroseeded, and non-woven fabric is used for covering and protection to improve the seed germination rate and moisture retention.

2. The ginseng planting substrate in abandoned mines based on pellet spraying technology and its optimization method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The selection and configuration of seeds involves choosing companion plants that can provide appropriate shade to meet the ginseng's preference for shade. These plants include Pinus tabuliformis, Picea rubra, Syringa vulgaris, Lonicera japonica, Festuca gracilis, Lysimachia nummularia, and Ivy.

3. The ginseng planting substrate in abandoned mines based on pellet spraying technology and its optimization method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The hydroseeding process includes substrate layer hydroseeding, seed layer hydroseeding, and covering protection to ensure uniformity and high germination rate during the hydroseeding process. Furthermore, the subsequent management measures can improve plant growth and substrate stability.

4. The ginseng planting substrate in abandoned mines based on pellet spraying technology and its optimization method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The optimization method, in the process of matrix formulation, optimizes the physical and chemical properties of the matrix by strictly controlling the ratio and mixing method of each component, improves the moisture retention capacity, air permeability and nutrient supply capacity of abandoned mine soil, thereby promoting the healthy growth of ginseng and the ecological restoration of the mine.

5. The ginseng planting substrate in abandoned mines based on pellet spraying technology and its optimization method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The spraying pressure of the hydroseeding machine is adjustable from 30 to 35 kg to ensure uniform output of the spraying slurry and enhance adhesion.

6. The ginseng planting substrate in abandoned mines based on pellet spraying technology and its optimization method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The seed pretreatment includes soaking ginseng seeds in warm water and germinating other associated plant seeds to ensure that the seeds can better contact the substrate and obtain sufficient moisture and nutrients during the spraying process.