Cultivation method for realizing annual supply of watermelons in northern Jinji region

Abstract

The invention relates to a watermelon planting technology, and particularly discloses a cultivation method for realizing annual supply of watermelons in northern Jinji region, which comprises the following operations: matching a cultivation mode with a cultivation season: performing watermelon cultivation in spring, summer and autumn in an open field and an arched shed, and performing watermelon cultivation in a sunlight greenhouse all year round; basic cultivation conditions are met: the local frost-free period is required to be more than 130 days for open field cultivation, the temperature in an arched shed or an internally-built small arched shed is required to be kept not lower than 12 DEG C for arched shed cultivation, and a sunlight greenhouse is required to have heat preservation and heating conditions in winter for sunlight greenhouse cultivation; cultivating in different periods; variety matching: mainly using medium and late-maturing varieties in open field cultivation, mainly using early and medium-maturing varieties in arched shed cultivation, and mainly using early-maturing varieties in sunlight greenhouse cultivation; meanwhile, by adopting a specific cultivation technology, standardizing field operation, water and fertilizer management and comprehensive pest control, the long-term problems of centralized marketing, short supply period, poor quality and the like of the watermelons in the northern Jinji region are solved, and annual supply of the high-quality watermelons in the northern Jinji region is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to watermelon cultivation technology, specifically disclosing a cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi. Background Technology

[0002] The Jinbei region encompasses Xinzhou, Shuozhou, Datong, and the surrounding counties, townships, and towns centered around these cities. It has a temperate continental monsoon climate, characterized by hot, rainy summers and cold, low-snowy winters. Jinbei has long been a major area for open-field watermelon cultivation, including areas such as Xinfu District and Dingxiang County in Xinzhou, Huairen and Ying County in Shuozhou, and Guangling County in Datong. In recent years, with the adjustment of the local agricultural industrial structure, the local watermelon industry has shown a booming development trend.

[0003] Currently, watermelon cultivation in northern Shanxi is mainly carried out in spring and summer. The intensive cultivation in spring and summer leads to a concentrated market supply of watermelons from late July to mid-August, resulting in overcapacity and a relatively limited variety (such as Tianwang and Meidu, which currently account for more than 80%). This causes local watermelons to lose their market and competitive advantages, and the income of growers cannot be guaranteed. Furthermore, it results in insufficient watermelon production at other times, leading to watermelon supply gaps.

[0004] In addition, the existing cultivation methods for watermelons in northern Shanxi have the following defects: (1) continuous planting leads to the problem of replanting; (2) covering with black film in early spring to prevent weeds results in slow temperature rise and slow growth, delaying the market time; (3) in terms of cultivation technology, grafting seedling technology is not mature, and most seedlings are self-rooted; some open-field cultivation areas do not have supporting drip irrigation systems, relying on flood irrigation or natural rainwater, making it difficult to guarantee yield, quality and market time; direct seeding or watering after transplanting results in a slow rise in early soil temperature, slow emergence or long recovery time, delaying the market time; under the foundation of the previous crop, the trellised vine cultivation density is high, with a row and plant spacing of 1.3m*0.4m, and high-density cultivation makes later management difficult and light insufficient. (4) In terms of field operations, natural pollination and artificial pollination are mostly used in winter and spring. The fruit setting nodes are not uniform and deformed melons are easy to appear. The melon leaving nodes are too low. At the first female flower position, the second crop of melons is left before the first crop is harvested. This not only affects the expansion of the first crop of melons, but also affects the concentrated market supply and quality of the second crop of melons. (5) The supplementation of base fertilizer and organic fertilizer is not emphasized. In terms of topdressing, large amounts of water and chemical fertilizer are preferred, which not only affects the quality of watermelons and soil quality, but also easily leads to melon cracking. (6) Seed disinfection is not in place, which makes it difficult to control diseases in the later stage. (7) When using facility cultivation, disease control is mainly based on chemical control, ignoring "physical + biological" control. Due to the dense facility cultivation, chemical control is frequent and pesticide residues are high. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention provides a cultivation method for achieving year-round supply of watermelons in northern Shanxi.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the main technical solutions adopted by the present invention are as follows: A cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi includes the following steps: (1) Matching of cultivation methods and seasons: Watermelon cultivation is carried out in open fields in spring, summer and autumn; watermelon cultivation is carried out in arched sheds in spring, summer and autumn; and watermelon cultivation is carried out in solar greenhouses throughout the year, so as to achieve year-round supply of watermelons in northern Shanxi. (2) Meet the basic cultivation conditions: Open field cultivation requires a frost-free period of more than 130 days in the local area; arched shed cultivation requires the temperature inside the arched shed or the small arched shed inside to be kept not lower than 12℃; solar greenhouse cultivation requires the solar greenhouse to have heat preservation and heating conditions in winter; facility cultivation with heat preservation and heating conditions helps to achieve early spring and winter production. (3) Staggered cultivation: The sowing or transplanting period in open fields lasts from mid-April to late May, and the harvest and market period is from late July to early September; the transplanting period in arched greenhouses lasts from early March to early July, and the harvest and market period is from early June to early October; the transplanting period in solar greenhouses lasts from early July to mid-March of the following year, and the harvest and market period is from early October to early June of the following year; each batch of open field cultivation is staggered by 10-20 days, each batch of arched greenhouse cultivation is staggered by 10-15 days, and each batch of solar greenhouse cultivation is staggered by 20-30 days; staggered cultivation under the same cultivation method can achieve continuous market supply of watermelons and enhance the product's competitive advantage; (4) Variety matching: Open field cultivation mainly uses medium and late-maturing varieties, with a growth period of 100-120 days; greenhouse cultivation mainly uses early and medium-maturing varieties, with a growth period of 90-100 days; solar greenhouse cultivation mainly uses early-maturing varieties, with a growth period of 85-90 days; early, medium and late-maturing, local and popular varieties are reasonably matched to extend the product supply period and build brand value. (5) Adopt specific cultivation techniques: ① Open field cultivation mainly uses direct seeding of watermelon seeds, while arched shed cultivation and solar greenhouse cultivation use grafted seedlings for transplanting. Compared with direct seeding, transplanting of grafted seedlings can not only achieve earlier market availability, but also reduce the problem of continuous cropping and plant death caused by continuous watermelon planting, and can achieve continuous cropping; ② Mulching and drip irrigation: Mulching can maintain stable soil temperature and retain moisture, while drip irrigation can achieve rapid replenishment of water and fertilizer and efficient utilization of fertilizer and water; ③ Entropy accumulation and temperature increase: Before direct seeding or transplanting, the planting area should be thoroughly watered. When the soil temperature at a depth of 10cm is stable above 10℃, direct seeding or transplanting can be carried out. This can improve the emergence rate or seedling survival rate, and significantly shorten the emergence or recovery time, so as to achieve earlier market availability; ④ All three cultivation methods adopt double-row "pin-shaped" cultivation. Different cultivation methods adopt corresponding appropriate density cultivation to improve product quality; (6) Field operations: ① Vine training: Open field cultivation and arched shed cultivation mainly use 2-3 vine climbing form, while solar greenhouse cultivation mainly uses 2 vine hanging form; ② Pollination method: Open field cultivation uses natural pollination, while arched shed cultivation and solar greenhouse cultivation both use chemical pollination; ③ Fruit retention: Under the three cultivation methods, each melon seedling retains only one crop of melons and only one melon. The management technology of one crop of melons is simple, easy to learn and easy to promote, and the single melon is larger and more uniform. (7) Water and fertilizer management: Under the three cultivation methods, the base fertilizer is applied per mu (unit of land area), with 2-3 cubic meters of fully decomposed sheep manure or commercially available organic fertilizer per mu. 3 Apply 20-30 kg of superphosphate and 25-30 kg of microbial fertilizer; during the fruit enlargement period, apply balanced fertilizer, amino acid water-soluble fertilizer, and high-potassium fertilizer per mu (unit of land area), at a rate of 6-9.6 kg per mu. (8) Disease and pest control: Following the principle of combining "physical", "biological" and "chemical" control, we adopt a comprehensive control method that includes physical control, biological control and chemical control. Watermelon seeds are disinfected with chemicals. The main diseases and pests involved in watermelon cultivation are generally controlled by biological and chemical methods. The main diseases include wilt, anthracnose, bacterial fruit spot disease and viral diseases. The main pests include caterpillars, spider mites, aphids and thrips.

[0007] Furthermore, in operation (2), open-field cultivation requires that there have been no disastrous weather events in the local area in the past 8 years. In spring cultivation in arched greenhouses, small arched greenhouses are built inside and non-woven cotton quilts are covered outside the small arched greenhouses when necessary to keep the temperature inside the small arched greenhouses at no less than 12°C. In winter cultivation in solar greenhouses, the heat preservation and heating conditions include at least one of the following: thickening the cotton quilts, improving the greenhouse structure, building a double film and setting up a heating furnace.

[0008] Improvements to the greenhouse structure include raising the rear roof angle to increase incident light, installing frost protection trenches, and adding an insulation wall to the rear wall.

[0009] Furthermore, in operation (4), the varieties cultivated in open fields include Xinong No. 8, Kenong No. 9, Xinong No. 8, Jincheng No. 5 and Lvbao No. 1, the varieties cultivated in arched greenhouses include Meidu, Tianwang, Jingxin series and Zaojia 84-24, and the varieties cultivated in solar greenhouses include Jingjia 301, Jingmei 4K, Quanmei 2K, Heimeiren, Ganhong No. 2, Maohua Xiaojinlan, Jinglan and Texiaofeng.

[0010] Furthermore, in operation (5), the grafting methods of the grafted seedlings include top grafting and cleft grafting, and the seedling cultivation time of the grafted seedlings is 50-65 days; Furthermore, the mulching drip irrigation specifically refers to mulching with white film and drip irrigation using patch-type drip irrigation tape. Mulching drip irrigation can quickly raise the soil temperature and achieve efficient water and fertilizer supply, saving water and fertilizer, while also improving the soil environment, reducing labor costs, and adapting to complex terrain. Furthermore, the aforementioned entropy accumulation and warming process specifically involves: 3-5 days before direct seeding or transplanting, thoroughly watering the planting area using drip irrigation, with the drip irrigation tape as the center, allowing water to penetrate horizontally to both sides for a total of 50-60cm and vertically for 40-50cm, thus entering the moisture accumulation and warming period; with this operation, only a small amount of watering is needed after direct seeding or transplanting, greatly shortening the seedling emergence or recovery period and enabling earlier market entry; Furthermore, when cultivating in double rows in a triangular pattern in open fields and arched greenhouses, climbing vines are used, with a wide row spacing of 3.6m, a narrow row spacing of 0.5m, and a plant spacing of 0.5m; when cultivating in solar greenhouses, trellis vines are used, with a wide row spacing of 1.6m, a narrow row spacing of 0.5m, and a plant spacing of 0.4m; for example... Figure 4 As shown: In this invention, two small rows constitute one large row. The large row spacing refers to the distance between the centers of the two large rows, i.e., the center row spacing. The small row spacing refers to the distance between two small rows within the same large row. The plant spacing refers to the distance between two adjacent watermelon seedlings within a small row.

[0011] In further, in operation (6), when pruning the climbing vines, when the watermelon seedlings have 5-6 leaves, pinch off the main stem to encourage the lateral vines to grow out, select 2-3 lateral vines with the same growth, and remove the excess lateral vines in time; when pruning the hanging vines, when the watermelon seedlings have 8-10 leaves, select 1 lateral vine with a growth that is not much different from the main vine, and remove the other lateral vines. Furthermore, the specific method for pollination with the agent is as follows: at 15-20℃, 0.1wt% chlorpyrifos soluble concentrate, 2.5wt% fludioxonil suspension concentrate, and organosilicon adjuvant (such as ethoxylated trisiloxane) are added to 1L of water at 2.5ml, 0.5ml, and 0.25ml respectively, and mixed evenly to prepare a compound agent. Then, it is sprayed on the unopened melon seedlings. This pollination method is efficient, labor-saving, and can obtain good melon shape. Furthermore, when setting fruit, the fruit-setting node for climbing and hanging vines should be the 3rd or 2nd female flower node, which is the 15th-18th node and the 10th-13th node, respectively. Setting fruit at this position helps the fruit grow larger and the seedlings are less prone to premature aging.

[0012] In further, in operation (7), the base fertilizer is applied in the middle of the two drip irrigation tapes in the form of trenches, with a depth of 25-30cm; the topdressing follows the principle of "frequent application of thin fertilizer", and is applied by flushing after the watermelon's milky hairs have fallen off, once every 2-3 days, each time applying 1.0-1.2kg of balanced fertilizer and 0.8-1.0kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 6-8 times; each time applying 1.0-1.2kg of high potassium fertilizer and 0.8-1.0kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 3-5 times; stop fertilization and irrigation 7-10 days before harvest; the use of organic fertilizer is emphasized in the base fertilizer and topdressing, which helps to improve the quality of watermelon and extend the storage period. "Frequent application of thin fertilizer" and the above-mentioned "frequent irrigation with small water" of the mulched drip irrigation influence each other and work synergistically, which helps to increase the size of watermelon, reduce the risk of cracking, and improve the efficiency of water and fertilizer use.

[0013] Furthermore, the microbial fertilizer is Kingenta's Golden Crown series of microbial agents, with organic matter ≥45% and effective live bacteria count ≥500 million / g; the balanced fertilizer and high-potassium fertilizer are Stanley's Fourth Element 20-20-20 and 14-14-30; the amino acid water-soluble fertilizer is from Shandong Liangshan Taifeng Agricultural Co., Ltd., with amino acids ≥100g / L and Cu+Fe ≥20g / L.

[0014] Furthermore, in operation (8), the physical control methods used in open field cultivation include covering with insect-proof nets, hanging yellow and blue sticky traps, and physically disinfecting tools and work clothes worn by staff before use; the physical control methods used in arched shed cultivation and solar greenhouse cultivation both include installing insect-proof nets, hanging yellow and blue sticky traps, high-temperature fumigation, and physically disinfecting tools and work clothes worn by staff before use (e.g., ultraviolet disinfection). It should be noted that: when fumigating the solar greenhouse at high temperatures, it should be done in the summer months of June and July when the weather is hot. At this time, the indoor environment is not conducive to crop growth. The high temperature at this time is used to make the temperature inside the greenhouse reach above 60°C for 15-20 days.

[0015] Furthermore, in operation (8): the specific operation of the watermelon seed disinfection treatment is as follows: first, expose the watermelon seeds to the sun at 30-40℃ for 3-4 hours, then soak them in a 0.3% trisodium phosphate solution for 20-30 minutes, and finally wash them with tap water; or first, expose the watermelon seeds to the sun at 30-40℃ for 3-4 hours, then soak them in a 1:1 mixture of 100 billion spores / gram Bacillus subtilis wettable powder (500 times dilution) and 5% amino oligosaccharide aqueous solution (20 times dilution) for 2-3 hours. Furthermore, the biological and chemical control methods used for the main diseases include: For wilt, early-stage root drenching of all watermelon seedlings with alternating applications of 30% metalaxyl-mancozeb aqueous solution and 80% ethoxysulfuron emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 800 times; for anthracnose, alternating applications of one of the following: 125 g / L difenoconazole suspension at a dilution of 500 times, 40% benzyl-methyl-pyrazole suspension at a dilution of 1500 times, and 200 g / L azoxystrobin suspension at a dilution of 1000 times. For bacterial fruit spot disease, spray the entire watermelon seedling with a 1000-fold dilution of 27% kasugamycin-bromodimethalin wettable powder and a 300-fold dilution of 30% thiamethoxam suspension. For viral diseases, drench the entire watermelon seedling with a 500-fold dilution of 5% amino oligosaccharide soluble powder, and alternately spray the entire watermelon seedling with a 300-fold dilution of 6% oligosaccharide-chain protein wettable powder and a 1000-fold dilution of 40% ethoxymethyl morpholine guanidine soluble powder. Furthermore, the main biological and chemical control methods used for the aforementioned major pests specifically include: For caterpillars, spraying all watermelon seedlings alternately with a 300-fold dilution of 0.3% azadirachtin EC, a 1500-fold dilution of 17% emamectin benzoate·chlorfenapyr SC, and a 3000-fold dilution of 200 g / L chlorantraniliprole SC; for spider mites, alternating between a 4000-fold dilution of 45% cyclohexane·etoxazole SC and a 5000-fold dilution of 22.4% spirotetramat SC. Spray all watermelon seedlings; for aphids, spray all watermelon seedlings alternately with 0.5% matrine aqueous solution (500x dilution), 6% rotenone microemulsion (800x dilution), 30% biphenyl·dimethoate suspension (2500x dilution), and 20% flonicamid·bifenthrin suspension (1000x dilution); for thrips, spray all watermelon seedlings alternately with 40% flonicamid·thiamethoxam suspension (3000x dilution) and 60g / L spinosad suspension (2000x dilution).

[0016] This invention improves the cultivation methods and timing of watermelon production in northern Shanxi, meeting optimized basic cultivation conditions. Under the same cultivation method, staggered planting is adopted, with early, mid, and late-maturing varieties planted together. Specific cultivation techniques and standardized field operations are used, supplemented by reasonable water and fertilizer supply and integrated pest management. This solves the long-standing problems of concentrated market supply, short supply period, and poor quality of watermelons in northern Shanxi, and enables year-round supply of high-quality watermelons in northern Shanxi. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1 These are photos of watermelon cultivation in open fields using the cultivation method proposed in this invention. Figure 2 These are photos of watermelon cultivation in a greenhouse using the cultivation method proposed in this invention. Figure 3 These are photos of watermelon cultivation in a greenhouse using the cultivation method proposed in this invention. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the double-row "triangular" cultivation method in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0020] Examples 1, 2, and 3 were conducted from April 2020 to June 2024 in Ying County, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province; Dongchaijiazhuang Village, Xinfu District, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province; and Guangling County, Datong City, Shanxi Province, respectively. The specific operations are as follows.

[0021] Example 1:

[0022] This implementation was carried out in Ying County, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province from April to September 2020. On-site photos are shown below. Figure 1 As shown.

[0023] A cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi includes the following steps: (1) Cultivation method and cultivation season: The cultivation method in this embodiment is open field cultivation, and the cultivation season is spring, summer and autumn; (2) Meet the basic cultivation conditions: Ying County with a frost-free period of ≥130 days meets the basic cultivation conditions; (3) Staggered cultivation: The sowing or transplanting period is from mid-April to late May, and the harvesting period is from late July to early September. A batch is sown or transplanted every 10-20 days. (4) Variety selection: Select mid-to-late maturing varieties, mainly Jinxing series, Jincheng No. 5 and Lvbao No. 1; (5) Adopt specific cultivation techniques: plant in a double-row triangular pattern with a large row spacing of 3.6m, a small row spacing of 0.5m, and a plant spacing of 0.5m; lay drip irrigation tape and white mulch with the midline of the two small rows in the same large row as the axis of symmetry, with the distance between the two drip irrigation tapes 30cm, the distance between the plant and the drip irrigation tape 10cm, and the width of the white mulch 1.5m; water the planting area thoroughly 3 days before sowing or transplanting, with the drip irrigation tape as the center, and the water penetrates horizontally to both sides for a total of 50-60cm and vertically for 40-50cm. Sowing or transplanting can be carried out when the soil temperature at a depth of 10cm is stable above 10℃. The seedling period is 5-7 days or the seedling recovery period is 7-10 days. (6) Field operations: pruning and training: when the watermelon seedlings have 5-6 leaves, pinch off the main stem to encourage the lateral vines to grow out. Select 3 lateral vines with the same growth and remove excess lateral vines in time; rely on insect pollination for natural pollination; leave one melon at the 15th-18th node and only leave one crop of melons. (7) Water and fertilizer management: Base fertilizer is applied in the form of trenches in the middle of the two drip irrigation tapes, at a depth of 30cm, with 2m of fully decomposed sheep manure per mu. 3 25 kg of superphosphate and 30 kg of microbial fertilizer; start applying fertilizer after the watermelon's milky hairs have fallen off, applying it every 3-5 days, each time applying 1.2 kg of balanced fertilizer and 1 kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 6 times; each time applying 1.2 kg of high potassium fertilizer and 1 kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 5 times, stop fertilization and irrigation 10 days before harvest. (8) Pest and disease control: A comprehensive control method including physical control, biological control and chemical control is adopted; watermelon seeds are disinfected with trisodium phosphate, the specific operation is as follows: watermelon seeds are first exposed to the sun at 30-40℃ for 3 hours, then soaked in a 0.3% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, and finally washed with tap water; the physical control methods adopted include covering with insect nets, hanging yellow and blue sticky traps, and physically disinfecting tools and work clothes worn by staff before use; the main diseases are generally controlled by biological control methods. Specific control methods include: For Fusarium wilt, in the early stages, alternately drench the roots of all watermelon seedlings with an 800-fold dilution of 30% metalaxyl-mancozeb aqueous solution and 80% ethoxysulfuron emulsifiable concentrate; for anthracnose, alternately spray the entire plant of diseased watermelon seedlings with a 500-fold dilution of 125 g / L difenoconazole suspension and a 1000-fold dilution of 200 g / L azoxystrobin suspension; for bacterial fruit spot disease, spray the entire plant of diseased watermelon seedlings with a 300-fold dilution of 30% thiamethoxam suspension; for viral diseases, drench the roots with a 50% amino oligosaccharide soluble concentrate. For the diseased watermelon seedlings, spray the entire plant alternately with a 0x dilution of 6% oligosaccharide-chain protein wettable powder (300x dilution) and a 1000x dilution of 40% methyl methacrylate-hydroxymorpholine guanidine soluble powder. The main biological and chemical control methods used for the major pests include: for caterpillars, spray all watermelon seedlings alternately with a 300x dilution of 0.3% azadirachtin EC, a 1500x dilution of 17% abamectin-chlorfenapyr suspension, and a 3000x dilution of 200g / L chlorantraniliprole suspension; for spider mites, spray with a 45% hydrazine-ethoxyfen suspension. Spray all watermelon seedlings alternately with 0.000 times dilution of 22.4% spirotetramat suspension at 5000 times dilution; spray all watermelon seedlings alternately with 0.5% matrine aqueous solution at 500 times dilution, 6% rotenone microemulsion at 800 times dilution, 30% biphenyl·dimethoate suspension at 2500 times dilution, and 20% flonicamid·bifenthrin suspension at 1000 times dilution; spray all watermelon seedlings alternately with 40% flonicamid·thiamethoxam suspension at 3000 times dilution and 60g / L spinosad suspension at 2000 times dilution.

[0024] Example 2:

[0025] This implementation was carried out in Dongchaijiazhuang Village, Xinfu District, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province from March to October 2023. On-site photos are shown below. Figure 2 As shown.

[0026] A cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi includes the following steps: (1) Cultivation method and cultivation season: The cultivation method in this embodiment is greenhouse cultivation, and the cultivation season is spring, summer and autumn; (2) Meet basic cultivation conditions: The lowest temperature inside the arched greenhouse in spring is 3-5℃, which is difficult to meet the basic cultivation conditions. By laying ground film in advance to raise the ground temperature, building small arched greenhouses inside, and covering the outside of the small arched greenhouses with a layer of non-woven cotton quilts for insulation when necessary, the temperature inside the small arched greenhouses is kept above 12℃. (3) Staggered planting: The planting period is from early March to early July, and the harvest and market period is from early June to early October. A batch is planted every 10-15 days. (4) Variety selection: Early and mid-maturing varieties should be selected for cultivation, mainly Meidu and Tianwang; (5) Adopt specific cultivation techniques: Cultivate rootstock seedlings from late December to mid-May; perform grafting using the cleft grafting method from late January to early June; plant grafted seedlings aged 60-65 days from early March to mid-April; plant grafted seedlings aged 55-60 days from late April to late May; and plant grafted seedlings aged 50-55 days from early June to early July; plant in a double-row, triangular pattern, with a wide row spacing of 3.6m and a narrow row spacing of 0.5m. Lay drip irrigation tape and white mulch film 0.5m apart, with the midline of the two smaller rows within the same large row as the axis of symmetry. The distance between the two drip irrigation tapes is 30cm, and the distance between the plants and the drip irrigation tapes is 10cm. The width of the white mulch film is 1.5m. Four days before transplanting, thoroughly water the planting area. With the drip irrigation tape as the center, water horizontally to both sides for a total of 50-60cm and vertically for 40-50cm. Transplant when the soil temperature at a depth of 10cm is stable above 10℃. The seedling establishment period is 3-5 days. (6) Field operation: 2-vine climbing form; in spring and summer, the chemical pollination is carried out from 10:00-12:00 in the morning and from 5:00-7:00 in the afternoon. The specific operation of chemical pollination is as follows: at 15-20℃, add 0.1wt% chlorpyrifos soluble concentrate, 2.5wt% fludioxonil suspension concentrate, and ethoxylated trisiloxane to 1L of water at 2.5ml, 0.5ml, and 0.25ml respectively and mix evenly to make a compound agent. Then spray it on the melon seedlings that have not yet opened; leave one melon at the 15th-18th node and only leave one crop of melons; (7) Water and fertilizer management: Base fertilizer is applied in the form of trenches in the middle of the two drip irrigation tapes, at a depth of 28cm, with 2.5m of fully decomposed sheep manure per mu. 3 20 kg of superphosphate and 28 kg of microbial fertilizer; start applying fertilizer after the watermelon's milky hairs have fallen off, applying it every 2 days, each time applying 1 kg of balanced fertilizer and 0.8 kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 6 applications; each time applying 1 kg of high-potassium fertilizer and 0.8 kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 3 applications, stop applying fertilizer and water 7 days before harvest; (8) Pest and disease control: A comprehensive control method including physical control, biological control and chemical control is adopted; watermelon seeds are disinfected with trisodium phosphate. The specific operation is as follows: watermelon seeds are first exposed to the sun at 30℃-40℃ for 4 hours, then soaked in a 0.3% trisodium phosphate solution for 30 minutes, and finally washed with tap water; the physical control methods adopted include installing insect nets, hanging yellow and blue sticky traps, high-temperature fumigation, and physical disinfection of tools and work clothes worn by staff before use; biological control and chemical control methods are generally adopted for major diseases and major pests. The specific diseases, pests, and agents and methods of use are the same as in Example 1.

[0027] Example 3:

[0028] This implementation was carried out in Guangling County, Datong City, Shanxi Province from July 2022 to June 2024. On-site photos are shown below. Figure 3 As shown.

[0029] A cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi includes the following steps: (1) Cultivation method and cultivation season: The cultivation method in this embodiment is greenhouse cultivation, and the cultivation season is all year round; (2) Meet the basic cultivation conditions: By thickening the cotton quilt, improving the greenhouse structure, building a double film, and temporarily setting up a heating furnace, the requirements of the solar greenhouse cultivation are met. The solar greenhouse has the heat preservation and heating conditions in winter, and the temperature inside the solar greenhouse is improved in winter. The improvement of the greenhouse structure includes raising the rear roof angle, increasing the incident light, setting up a cold protection ditch, and adding a layer of heat preservation wall to the rear wall. (3) Staggered planting: The planting period is from early July to mid-March of the following year, and the harvest and market period is from early October to early June of the following year; a batch is planted every 20-30 days; (4) Variety selection: Select early-maturing varieties, mainly including All America 2K, Gan Hong No. 2, Maohua Xiaojinlan, Jinglan, and Te Xiaofeng; (5) Specific cultivation techniques are adopted: Grafting rootstock seedlings are cultivated from mid-May to mid-January of the following year; grafting is performed using the top-grafting method from early June to mid-February of the following year; grafted seedlings aged 50-55 days are planted from early July to early September; grafted seedlings aged 55-60 days are planted from mid-September to mid-December; and grafted seedlings aged 60-65 days are planted from late December to mid-March of the following year; the wide row spacing is 1.6m, and the narrow row spacing and plant spacing are 0.5m and 0.5m respectively. m, 0.4m; lay drip irrigation tape and white mulch with the midline of the two smaller rows in the same large row as the axis of symmetry. The distance between the two drip irrigation tapes is 30cm, and the distance between the plants and the drip irrigation tapes is 10cm. The width of the white mulch is 1.25m. Five days before transplanting, thoroughly water the planting area. With the drip irrigation tape as the center, the water should penetrate horizontally to both sides for a total of 50-60cm and vertically for 40-50cm. Transplanting can be carried out when the soil temperature at a depth of 10cm is stable above 10℃. The seedling recovery period is 3-7 days. (6) Field operation: When the watermelon seedlings have 8-10 leaves, select one lateral vine with a growth rate not much different from the main vine and train it, and remove the other lateral vines; carry out chemical pollination between 10:00 am and 12:00 pm. The specific operation of chemical pollination is as follows: at 15-20℃, add 0.1wt% chlorpyrifos soluble concentrate, 2.5wt% fludioxonil suspension concentrate, and ethoxylated trisiloxane to 1L of water at 2.5ml, 0.5ml, and 0.25ml respectively and mix them evenly to make a compound agent. Then spray it on the watermelon seedlings that have flowers but have not yet opened; leave one fruit at the 10th-13th node and only keep one crop of fruit; (7) Water and fertilizer management: Base fertilizer is applied in the form of trenches in the middle of the two drip irrigation tapes, at a depth of 25cm, and 3m³ of commercial organic fertilizer is applied per mu. 3 30 kg of superphosphate and 25 kg of microbial fertilizer; start applying fertilizer after the watermelon's milky hairs have fallen off, once every 3 days, each time applying 1.2 kg of balanced fertilizer and 1 kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 8 times; each time applying 1 kg of high potassium fertilizer and 1 kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 5 times, stop fertilization and irrigation 7 days before harvest. (8) Pest and disease control: A comprehensive control method including physical control, biological control and chemical control is adopted; Seed disinfection treatment, the specific operation is as follows: watermelon seeds are first exposed to the sun at 30℃-40℃ for 4 hours, and then soaked in a 1:1 mixture of 100 billion spores / gram Bacillus subtilis wettable powder 200 times and 5% amino oligosaccharide aqueous solution 20 times in volume ratio for 2.5 hours; The physical control methods adopted include installing insect nets, hanging yellow and blue sticky traps, high temperature fumigation, and physical disinfection of tools and work clothes worn by staff before use; The main diseases and pests are generally controlled by biological control and chemical control methods, and the specific diseases, pests and the agents and methods of use are the same as in Example 1.

[0030] The above three implementation methods, through the appropriate combination of three typical cultivation methods—open field, arched shed, and solar greenhouse—and cultivation seasons, staggered cultivation under the same cultivation method, and the combination of early, mid, and late-maturing varieties, employ specific watermelon cultivation techniques, standardized field operations, and supplemented by reasonable water and fertilizer supply and integrated pest management, have enabled year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi. This has solved the problems of concentrated market entry, short supply period, and poor quality of watermelons in northern Shanxi in recent years, and is suitable for large-scale promotion in northern Shanxi.

[0031] In practical applications, those skilled in the art can also flexibly adjust the proportion of the three cultivation methods according to the seasonal market demand for watermelons to enhance the supply of watermelons in autumn, winter and spring.

[0032] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make modifications, alterations, substitutions, and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, without contradiction, those skilled in the art can combine and integrate the different embodiments or examples described in this specification, as well as the features of the different embodiments or examples.

Claims

1. A cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi, characterized by: This includes the following operations: (1) Cultivation methods and seasons: Watermelon is cultivated in open fields in spring, summer and autumn; watermelon is cultivated in arched sheds in spring, summer and autumn; and watermelon is cultivated in solar greenhouses all year round. (2) Meet the basic cultivation conditions: Open field cultivation requires a frost-free period of more than 130 days in the local area; arched shed cultivation requires the temperature inside the arched shed or the small arched shed inside to be kept not lower than 12℃; solar greenhouse cultivation requires the solar greenhouse to have heat preservation and heating conditions in winter. (3) Staggered cultivation: The sowing or transplanting period for open field cultivation lasts from mid-April to late May, and the harvest and market period is from late July to early September; the transplanting period for arched greenhouse cultivation lasts from early March to early July, and the harvest and market period is from early June to early October; the transplanting period for solar greenhouse cultivation lasts from early July to mid-March of the following year, and the harvest and market period is from early October to early June of the following year; each batch of open field cultivation is staggered by 10-20 days, each batch of arched greenhouse cultivation is staggered by 10-15 days, and each batch of solar greenhouse cultivation is staggered by 20-30 days. (4) Variety matching: Open field cultivation mainly uses medium and late-maturing varieties, with a growth period of 100-120 days; arched greenhouse cultivation mainly uses early and medium-maturing varieties, with a growth period of 90-100 days; solar greenhouse cultivation mainly uses early-maturing varieties, with a growth period of 85-90 days. (5) Adopt specific cultivation techniques: ① Open field cultivation is mainly based on direct sowing of watermelon seeds, while arched shed cultivation and solar greenhouse cultivation adopt grafted seedlings for transplanting; ② Film covering and drip irrigation; ③ Entropy accumulation and temperature increase: Before direct sowing or transplanting, the planting area should be thoroughly watered, and direct sowing or transplanting should be carried out when the soil temperature at a depth of 10cm is stable above 10℃; ④ All three cultivation methods adopt double-row "pin-shaped" cultivation. (6) Field operations: ① Vine training: Open field cultivation and arched shed cultivation mainly use 2-3 vine climbing form, while solar greenhouse cultivation mainly uses 2 vine hanging form; ② Pollination method: Open field cultivation uses natural pollination, while arched shed cultivation and solar greenhouse cultivation both use chemical pollination; ③ Fruit retention: Under the three cultivation methods, each melon seedling retains only one crop of melons and one melon; (7) Water and fertilizer management: Under the three cultivation methods, the base fertilizer is applied per mu (unit of land area), with 2-3 cubic meters of fully decomposed sheep manure or commercially available organic fertilizer per mu. 3 Apply 20-30 kg of superphosphate and 25-30 kg of microbial fertilizer; during the fruit enlargement period, apply balanced fertilizer, amino acid water-soluble fertilizer, and high-potassium fertilizer per mu (unit of land area), at a rate of 6-9.6 kg per mu. (8) Disease and pest control: A comprehensive control method including physical control, biological control and chemical control is adopted; watermelon seeds are disinfected with chemicals; biological control and chemical control are generally adopted for the main diseases and pests involved in watermelon cultivation. The main diseases include wilt, anthracnose, bacterial fruit spot disease and viral diseases, and the main pests include caterpillars, spider mites, aphids and thrips.

2. The cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi according to claim 1, characterized in that: In operation (2), open field cultivation requires that there have been no disastrous weather events in the local area in the past 8 years. In spring cultivation in arched greenhouses, small arched greenhouses are built inside and non-woven cotton quilts are covered outside the small arched greenhouses when necessary to keep the temperature inside the small arched greenhouses not lower than 12℃. The heat preservation and heating conditions for winter cultivation in solar greenhouses include at least one of the following: thickening the cotton quilt, improving the greenhouse structure, building a double-layer film, and setting up a heating furnace.

3. The cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi according to claim 1, characterized in that: In operation (4), the varieties cultivated in open fields include Xinong No. 8, Kenong No. 9, Xinong No. 8, Jincheng No. 5 and Lvbao No. 1, the varieties cultivated in arched greenhouses include Meidu, Tianwang, Jingxin series and Zaojia 84-24, and the varieties cultivated in solar greenhouses include Jingjia 301, Jingmei 4K, Quanmei 2K, Heimeiren, Ganhong No. 2, Maohua Xiaojinlan, Jinglan and Texiaofeng.

4. The cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi according to claim 1, characterized in that: In operation (5), the grafting methods of the grafted seedlings include top grafting and cleft grafting, and the seedling cultivation time of the grafted seedlings is 50-65 days; The film-covered drip irrigation specifically refers to covering with white film and using patch-type drip irrigation tape for drip irrigation; The entropy storage and warming technology specifically involves: 3-5 days before direct seeding or transplanting, thoroughly watering the planting area with drip irrigation, with the drip irrigation tape as the center, allowing the water to penetrate horizontally to both sides for a total of 50-60cm and vertically for 40-50cm, and then entering the moisture storage and warming period; When cultivating in double rows in a triangular pattern in open fields and arched greenhouses, climbing vines are used, with a large row spacing of 3.6m, a small row spacing of 0.5m, and a plant spacing of 0.5m; when cultivating in solar greenhouses, hanging vines are used, with a large row spacing of 1.6m, a small row spacing of 0.5m, and a plant spacing of 0.4m.

5. The cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi according to claim 1, characterized in that: In operation (6), when pruning the climbing vines, when the watermelon seedlings have 5-6 leaves, pinch off the main vine to encourage the lateral vines to grow out. Select 2-3 lateral vines with the same growth and remove the excess lateral vines in time. When pruning the hanging vines, when the watermelon seedlings have 8-10 leaves, select 1 lateral vine with a growth that is not much different from the main vine and remove the other lateral vines. The specific method for pollination with the agent is as follows: at 15-20℃, 0.1wt% chlorpyrifos soluble concentrate, 2.5wt% fludioxonil suspension concentrate, and organosilicon adjuvant are added to 1L of water at 2.5ml, 0.5ml, and 0.25ml respectively, and mixed evenly to prepare a compound agent, which is then sprayed on the melon seedlings that have not yet opened. When setting fruit, the fruit-setting node for climbing and hanging vine cultivation is the 3rd or 2nd female flower node, which is the 15th-18th node and the 10th-13th node, respectively.

6. The cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi according to claim 1, characterized in that: In operation (7), the base fertilizer is applied in the middle of the two drip irrigation tapes in the form of trenches, with a depth of 25-30cm; after the watermelon fuzz has fallen off, the fertilizer is applied by flushing, once every 2-3 days, each time applying 1.0-1.2kg of balanced fertilizer and 0.8-1.0kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 6-8 times; each time applying 1.0-1.2kg of high potassium fertilizer and 0.8-1.0kg of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer per mu, for a total of 3-5 times; stop fertilization and irrigation 7-10 days before harvest; The microbial fertilizer is Kingenta's Golden Crown series of microbial agents, with organic matter ≥45% and effective live bacteria count ≥500 million / g; the balanced fertilizer and high-potassium fertilizer are Stanley's Fourth Element 20-20-20 and 14-14-30; the amino acid water-soluble fertilizer is from Shandong Liangshan Taifeng Agricultural Co., Ltd., with amino acids ≥100g / L and Cu+Fe ≥20g / L.

7. The cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi according to claim 1, characterized in that: In operation (8), the physical control methods used in open field cultivation include covering with insect-proof nets, hanging yellow and blue sticky traps, and physically disinfecting tools and work clothes worn by staff before use; the physical control methods used in arched shed cultivation and solar greenhouse cultivation both include installing insect-proof nets, hanging yellow and blue sticky traps, high-temperature fumigation, and physically disinfecting tools and work clothes worn by staff before use.

8. The cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi according to claim 1, characterized in that: In operation (8), the specific operation of disinfecting watermelon seeds is as follows: first, expose watermelon seeds to the sun at 30-40℃ for 3-4 hours, then soak them in a 0.3% trisodium phosphate solution for 20-30 minutes, and finally wash them with tap water; or first, expose watermelon seeds to the sun at 30-40℃ for 3-4 hours, then soak them in a 1:1 mixture of 100 billion spores / gram Bacillus subtilis wettable powder (500 times dilution) and 5% amino oligosaccharide aqueous solution (20 times dilution) for 2-3 hours.

9. The cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi according to claim 1, characterized in that: In operation (8), the biological and chemical control methods used for the main diseases include: For wilt, early drenching of all watermelon seedlings with alternating applications of 30% metalaxyl-mancozeb aqueous solution and 80% ethoxysulfuron emulsifiable concentrate at 800 times dilution; for anthracnose, alternating applications of one of the following: 125 g / L difenoconazole suspension at 500 times dilution, 40% benzyl-methyl-pyrazole suspension at 1500 times dilution, and 200 g / L azoxystrobin suspension at 1000 times dilution. For bacterial fruit spot disease, spray the entire plant of the diseased watermelon seedlings alternately with a 1000-fold dilution of 27% kasugamycin-bromodimethalin wettable powder and a 300-fold dilution of 30% thiamethoxam suspension. For viral diseases, drench the entire plant with a 500-fold dilution of 5% amino oligosaccharide soluble powder, and alternately spray the entire plant of the diseased watermelon seedlings with a 300-fold dilution of 6% oligosaccharide-chain protein wettable powder and a 1000-fold dilution of 40% ethoxymethyl morpholine guanidine soluble powder.

10. The cultivation method for achieving year-round watermelon supply in northern Shanxi according to claim 1, characterized in that: In operation (8), the biological and chemical control methods used for the main pests include: for caterpillars, spraying all watermelon seedlings alternately with 0.3% azadirachtin EC at 300 times dilution, 17% emamectin benzoate SC at 1500 times dilution, and 200g / L chlorantraniliprole SC at 3000 times dilution; for spider mites, alternating with 45% hydrazine SC at 4000 times dilution and 22.4% spirotetramat SC at 5000 times dilution. Spray all watermelon seedlings; for aphids, spray all watermelon seedlings alternately with 0.5% matrine aqueous solution (500x dilution), 6% rotenone microemulsion (800x dilution), 30% biphenyl·dimethoate suspension (2500x dilution), and 20% flonicamid·bifenthrin suspension (1000x dilution); for thrips, spray all watermelon seedlings alternately with 40% flonicamid·thiamethoxam suspension (3000x dilution) and 60g / L spinosad suspension (2000x dilution).

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