Complete-element bio-organic fertilizer suitable for loess plateau rain-fed agriculture and preparation method of complete-element bio-organic fertilizer

Abstract

The invention relates to a complete-element bio-organic fertilizer suitable for loess plateau rain-fed agriculture. The complete-element bio-organic fertilizer is prepared from a composted material, a composite plant growth-promoting microbial agent, coated urea, potassium sulfate, boron and zinc trace elements, an anionic polyacrylamide-bentonite compound water-retaining agent and ammonium humate. The rotten material is prepared by fermenting and rotting sheep manure, shiitake mushroom residues, modified mushroom residue biochar and phosphate fertilizer through a composite high-temperature degradation bacterial agent; the compound plant growth promoting bacterial agent is prepared from bacillus subtilis LDB01, bacillus mucilaginosus and trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum T-22, and the compound plant growth promoting bacterial agent is prepared from bacillus subtilis LDB01, bacillus mucilaginosus and trichoderma harzianum T-22, and the compound plant growth promoting bacterial agent is prepared from bacillus subtilis LDB01, bacillus mucilaginosus and trichoderma harzianum T-22. Meanwhile, the invention further discloses a preparation method of the complete-element bio-organic fertilizer. The complete-element bio-organic fertilizer is comprehensive and balanced in nutrition, the survival rate of bacteria can be increased, and drought stress is avoided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural fertilizer technology, and in particular to a complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture in the Loess Plateau and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0003] Traditional organic fertilizers can replenish organic matter, but lack active functional microorganisms and precise nutrient formulation, resulting in weak regulation of the soil microbiome. Single-agent fertilizers, on the other hand, have limited effectiveness due to the difficulty of microbial colonization in complex soils and their inability to synergistically provide nutrients. All-element bio-organic fertilizers, however, achieve their goal through the synergistic coupling of multiple components, including organic materials, inorganic nutrients, and complex functional microorganisms, to meet the nutrient needs of seasonal crops and provide long-term soil improvement. Their key feature is the ternary fusion of functional microorganisms adsorbed onto an organic carrier for slow nutrient release. Currently, all-element fertilizers generally suffer from imbalances in the ratio of organic, inorganic, and microbial components; the alkaline environment (pH > 8.0) of composted manure inhibits the activity of functional bacteria; and the survival rate of conventional microbial agents is less than 50%. Furthermore, mixing chemical and organic fertilizers can easily lead to excessively high local salt concentrations, which can kill functional microorganisms. Existing formulations focus on a single function of promoting growth or disease resistance, lacking synergistic design for soil improvement and microbial diversity enhancement (e.g., CN202311866298.X, CN202311289429.2, CN202110688147.4, CN202110152549.2, CN202010242923.3, CN202010113157.0, CN201910584977.5).

[0004] The Loess Plateau region is characterized by low, concentrated, and highly variable rainfall, strong evaporation, and frequent droughts. Its soils, based on loose and porous loess parent material, mainly develop into loess-bearing soil and black loess, generally exhibiting calcareous properties, poor structure, low organic matter content, and susceptibility to extreme soil erosion. The interaction between climate and soil has shaped the region's agriculture into a typical rainfed dryland farming system focused on soil and water conservation. Its ecological vulnerability and water scarcity remain its greatest challenges.

[0005] In the Loess Plateau region, the application of bio-organic fertilizers presents challenges due to the soil's low organic matter content and nutrient imbalance. The organic carbon in the fertilizers is insufficient to replenish the soil's carbon pool in the short term. Furthermore, the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms consumes already limited soil nitrogen, leading to periodic nitrogen deficiency in crops. Loess soil often has a pH > 8.0 (alkaline), while the optimal pH for functional bacteria in bio-organic fertilizers is 6.5–7.5. An alkaline environment directly inhibits bacterial growth, reducing their phosphorus solubilization and nitrogen fixation efficiency. Studies have shown that when pH > 8.0, bacterial activity decreases by more than 50%, and the rate of organic nitrogen mineralization decreases by 60%. Simultaneously, the low clay content and loose structure of loess soil result in poor water retention, making shallow application of organic fertilizers easily eroded by wind or washed away by rainwater, preventing the formation of stable aggregates. Deep soil compaction further hinders root penetration and limits nutrient absorption.

[0006] In addition, the Loess Plateau experiences an average annual rainfall of less than 500 mm, and soil moisture content is often less than 12%. Under arid conditions, microorganisms enter dormancy, the rate of organic matter decomposition decreases by 70%, and functional bacteria require soil moisture content greater than 60% to be active, which is difficult to meet in actual field conditions. When the average daily temperature difference is greater than 15℃, the microbial community structure becomes disordered; strong winds accelerate the loss of surface organic matter mineralization, reducing the sustainability of fertilizer effectiveness. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a complete elemental biological organic fertilizer that is nutritionally balanced, can improve the survival rate of bacteria, and avoids drought stress, and is suitable for rain-fed agriculture in the Loess Plateau.

[0008] Another technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the all-element biological organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture in the Loess Plateau.

[0009] To address the aforementioned problems, the present invention provides a complete bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau, characterized in that: the complete bio-organic fertilizer comprises composted material, a compound plant growth-promoting agent, coated urea, potassium sulfate, boron and zinc trace elements, anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent, and ammonium humate; the composted material is prepared by fermenting and composting sheep manure, shiitake mushroom substrate, modified substrate biochar, and phosphate fertilizer with a compound high-temperature degradation agent; the compound plant growth-promoting agent comprises Bacillus polygonatumic LDB01, Paenibacillus mucilaginosus, and Trichoderma harzianum. The composition of T-22 is as follows: its addition amount is 1-5% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; the addition amount of the coated urea is 2-4% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; the addition amount of the potassium sulfate is 7-9% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; the addition amount of the boron and zinc trace elements is 0.1-0.4% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; the addition amount of the anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent is 0.1-0.4% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; and the addition amount of the ammonium humate is 4-6% of the air-dried weight of the composted material.

[0010] The composted material is prepared by the following method: 400-450 kg of sheep manure, 300-350 kg of shiitake mushroom substrate, 100-150 kg of modified mushroom substrate biochar, and 30-60 kg of phosphate fertilizer are mixed together, and a compound high-temperature degradation agent is added at 1-5% of the mass of the mixture. The mixture is then fermented and composted.

[0011] The modified bacterial residue biochar was prepared by the following method:

[0012] (1) Crush the mushroom substrate into particles ≤3mm. Add 85% phosphoric acid in three batches at a mass ratio of 1.2:1 to the substrate, with the addition amounts being 20%, 40%, and 40% of the total phosphoric acid. Stir at a constant temperature of 60℃, with a 10-minute interval between each batch to ensure that the acid fully penetrates the lignocellulose network. Then, perform vacuum degassing to remove air bubbles from the pores.

[0013] (2) After impregnation, the material is transferred to an oxygen-deficient pyrolysis furnace for gradient carbonization: dehydration at 120℃ for 30 minutes, N2 flow rate 2L / min; medium-temperature carbonization at 350℃ for 60 minutes, N2 flow rate 1L / min; high-temperature activation at 500℃ for 45 minutes, N2 flow rate 0.5L / min; the residual oxygen content is controlled to be ≤0.1% throughout the process.

[0014] (3) After rinsing the pyrolytic char with 5% dilute hydrochloric acid until pH=4.0-5.0 to remove ash, deionized water is added at a solid-liquid mass ratio of 1:10, and the char is ultrasonically treated with 40kHz ultrasound in pulse mode for 30 minutes to obtain the modified material.

[0015] (4) The modified material is immediately neutralized with a 1% sodium bicarbonate solution until the pH reaches 7.0 to terminate the reaction. After vacuum filtration and dehydration to a moisture content of 40%, the product with a moisture content of ≤5% is obtained by microwave drying at 60℃.

[0016] The mass ratio of superphosphate powder to bone meal in the phosphate fertilizer is 2.5:1.5 to 3.5:2.5, and the particle size of superphosphate powder is <2 mm.

[0017] The composite high-temperature degrading bacterial agent is composed of thermophilic brown actinomycetes, thermophilic strobilurinary spores and sparsely cottony thermophilic filamentous fungi in a mass ratio of 1:1:1 to 1:2:1.

[0018] The compound plant growth-promoting bacterial agent is prepared by the following method:

[0019] ① Inoculate Bacillus polygonatumicLDB01 at a 5% inoculum on LB liquid medium and incubate at 30℃±1℃ with shaking at 180 rpm for 24 h. The incubation endpoint is OD. 600 =4.2±0.3, which means the viable count is ≥2×10 9 CFU / mL bacterial culture A; the LB liquid culture medium refers to the solution obtained by adding 10g of tryptone, 5g of yeast powder and 10g of NaCl to 1L of deionized water, mixing well and sterilizing at 121℃ for 20min.

[0020] ② Inoculate *Paenibacillus mucilaginosus* at an 8% inoculum on the culture medium and incubate at 37℃±1℃ with shaking at 120 rpm for 48 h. The culture endpoint is defined as a spore formation rate ≥95%, i.e., a viable count ≥1.5×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / mL bacterial culture solution B; the culture medium refers to the solution obtained by adding 10g glucose, 25g Ca3(PO4)2, and 0.5g MgSO4 to 1L of deionized water, mixing well, adjusting the pH to 7.2, and sterilizing at 121℃ for 20min.

[0021] ③ On a solid-state fermentation substrate, at 5×10 6 Inoculate Trichoderma harzianum T-22 onto the solid-state fermentation substrate with spores / g and incubate in the dark at 25℃ for 5 days, stirring once every 24 hours. Dilute the Trichoderma harzianum spore powder obtained from solid-state fermentation with sterile water and vortex. After filtering through a 200-mesh sieve, the culture endpoint is reached, yielding a spore concentration ≥5×10⁻⁶. 9 Spores / g spore suspension; the solid fermentation substrate refers to a solid fermentation substrate with a water content of 45% obtained by mixing wheat bran and rice husk at a volume ratio of 7:3 and adding deionized water.

[0022] ④ Mix bacterial solution A and bacterial solution B at a volume ratio of 1:2, and add chitosan at 0.1% of the total volume. Stir at 30°C and 50 rpm for 2 hours to obtain mixed bacterial solution A.

[0023] ⑤ Add the spore suspension to the mixed bacterial solution A, and the ratio of viable bacteria in bacterial solution A, bacterial solution B and spore suspension is 1:2:1.5; let stand at room temperature for 30 minutes to form a three-phase symbiosis, thus obtaining mixed bacterial solution B;

[0024] ⑥ Add 5% trehalose, 10% skim milk powder, and 1% nano-SiO2 by weight per kilogram of the mixed bacterial solution B, and stir at 4°C for 30 minutes to obtain mixed bacterial solution C;

[0025] ⑦ The mixed bacterial solution C is adsorbed with the composite carrier at a mass ratio of 1:2 to obtain the composite plant growth-promoting bacterial agent; the composite carrier is prepared by mixing 40% phosphoric acid modified biochar, 30% peat soil, 20% bentonite and 10% maifanite powder evenly and passing it through a 100-mesh sieve by mass percentage.

[0026] The coated urea is a micron-sized double-layer coated urea, prepared according to the following method:

[0027] a. Add 1%–5% by weight of ethyl cellulose (EC), 1%–4% by weight of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and 16%–20% by weight of triethyl citrate (TEC) to anhydrous ethanol to obtain an ethanol mixture.

[0028] b. Urea microparticles with a particle size of 1.5-2.5 mm are preheated to 50-60℃ and then coated in a bottom-spray fluidized bed under the conditions of inlet air temperature of 40-43℃, atomization pressure of 1.2 bar, and spray rate of 6.5-8.0 g / min.

[0029] c. Modified bacterial biochar powder with a particle size ≤75μm that has passed through a 200-mesh sieve is mixed with an ethanol mixture at a mass ratio of 1:3, and nano-SiO2 is added at 1% to 3% of the mass of the modified bacterial biochar powder. After homogenization, a composite slurry is prepared.

[0030] d. Under the conditions of inlet air temperature of 45℃ and atomization pressure of 1.5 bar, a composite slurry is sprayed on the surface of urea microparticles, and the weight gain is 6% to form a functional layer with a thickness of 50-80μm. Finally, the interface is strengthened by cross-linking and curing at 60℃ for 30 minutes.

[0031] The boron and zinc trace elements are composed of borax and zinc sulfate heptahydrate.

[0032] The anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent is prepared by the following method:

[0033] First, the pulverized sodium-based bentonite that has passed through a 200-mesh sieve is soaked in a 10% NaCl solution for 24 hours to obtain the soaked bentonite.

[0034] Then, anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is slowly added to cold water at ≤25℃ at a concentration of 0.1%, and stirred at a constant speed of 60r / min to obtain anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) solution.

[0035] Finally, based on a mass ratio of 1:2.5 between anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) solution and sodium bentonite, the soaked bentonite was mixed with the anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) solution, and 0.05% of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide crosslinking agent relative to the mass of the anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) dry powder was added. The mixture was stirred at low speed at 45°C for 30 minutes to form a three-dimensional network gel.

[0036] The preparation method of the all-element bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau, as described above, includes the following steps:

[0037] S1 raw material pretreatment:

[0038] i Select mold-free spawn, remove the moisture-retaining film, dry until the moisture content is <30%, crush and pass through an 18-mesh sieve to obtain shiitake mushroom spawn with a particle size ≤3mm;

[0039] ii. Dissolve the compound high-temperature degrading bacterial agent in 50L of aqueous solution containing 3-6kg of glucose at 40-60℃, let it stand for 15-60 minutes to activate it, and form a suspension of the compound high-temperature degrading bacterial agent;

[0040] Preparation of S2 mixed base material:

[0041] Based on a mass ratio of sheep manure to shiitake mushroom substrate of 4:1 to 1:1, mix sheep manure, crushed shiitake mushroom substrate, 100-150 kg of modified substrate biochar, 10-30 kg of superphosphate powder with a particle size <2 mm, and 10-20 kg of bone meal. While stirring the materials, spray an aqueous solution containing 1-6 kg of urea to make the moisture content of the materials reach 50-55%, the carbon-nitrogen ratio reach 25:1, and adjust the pH of the mixture to 6.0-6.5.

[0042] S3 reactor construction and temperature-controlled reactor turning:

[0043] For each ton of mixed material, apply 50L of a compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension containing 100-300g of microbial agent; when piling the material, while turning the pile, evenly spray 40%-60% of the total amount of the compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension. After mixing evenly, pile the mixed material into windrows 2.5m wide and 1.0-1.5m high for primary fermentation. Maintain the fermentation temperature at 55-63℃ for 5-7 days or more. When the temperature exceeds 65℃ or the O2 concentration is <10%, turn the pile and spray the remaining amount of compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension.

[0044] S4 secondary fermentation:

[0045] When the material cools down to 30-35℃, add 1-5% of the compound plant growth promoter by the air-dried basis weight of the composted material, turn it over and mix it evenly; control the temperature at 35-40℃ and the moisture content at 45-50%, turn the pile once every 2 days to maintain an aerobic environment, and keep the temperature stable at 40±2℃. Stop the composting and fermentation when the C / N ratio of the composted material is <15, the GI is >80%, the color of the composted material is dark brown, there is no ammonia smell, and there is a fresh earthy fragrance.

[0046] S5 Pre-granulation material preparation:

[0047] The actual weight of the composted material was measured on an air-dried basis. First, 0.1-0.4% of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent and 0.1-0.4% of boron and zinc trace elements were added to 10-20% of the total weight of the composted material on an air-dried basis. After premixing for 5 minutes, the mixture was put into the main mixer. The remaining composted material, along with 7-9% of potassium sulfate, 2-4% of coated urea, and 4-6% of ammonium humate on an air-dried basis, were added to the main mixer and mixed evenly. The moisture content of the composted material was adjusted to 25-30% with a 1-2.5% trehalose solution. The mixture was allowed to stand and mature for 2-24 hours to obtain the precast material.

[0048] S6 extrusion granulation:

[0049] The pre-formed material is granulated by a dual-die extrusion granulator, screened by an 8-mesh rotary vibrating screen, and packaged to obtain Quanyuan biological organic fertilizer.

[0050] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0051] 1. This invention employs precise pH control technology, namely, before composting, dilute sulfuric acid / calcium carbonate is used to adjust the initial pH to 6.0-6.5, blocking the pH rise caused by ammonification; thermophilic bacteria metabolize and produce acid to neutralize alkaline substances in sheep manure; bone meal releases phosphate to maintain dynamic pH balance, thereby solving the problem of bacterial survival rate <50% caused by pH>8.0 in the traditional preparation process of all-element biological organic fertilizer.

[0052] 2. This invention uses a coating layer to physically isolate high concentrations of nitrogen elements, and slowly releases citric acid-soluble phosphorus (60%) from bone meal, avoiding drought stress, thereby solving the problem of local high salt content that kills microorganisms during the preparation of traditional all-element biological organic fertilizers.

[0053] 3. This invention uses a carrier symbiotic system and a composite microbial community mainly constructed by the native strain Bacillus polygonatumicLDB01 (tolerant to large diurnal temperature differences) combined with a phosphoric acid modified biochar carrier, which effectively unifies the relationship between growth promotion, disease resistance and soil improvement.

[0054] 4. The anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent and phosphate-modified bacterial biochar (specific surface area ≥800 m²) used in this invention 2 The synergistic effect of / g) enables the water holding capacity to reach 300g / g, and the soil moisture content to be steadily increased by 40%.

[0055] 5. Comprehensive and balanced nutrition:

[0056] This invention's all-element bio-organic fertilizer contains abundant organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements such as boron and zinc, and also includes a compound plant growth-promoting microbial agent with specific functions. The proportions of each nutrient are rationally balanced, comprehensively meeting the diverse nutrient requirements of crops during their growth process.

[0057] 6. Improve the soil environment:

[0058] This invention utilizes decomposed sheep manure, shiitake mushroom substrate, and modified mushroom biochar, which effectively improve soil structure, increase soil porosity, and enhance soil water and fertilizer retention capacity. The addition of this compound functional microbial agent helps regulate the soil microbial community, enhances soil fertility and activity, and inhibits the growth of harmful microorganisms. It significantly improves soil quality and creates an excellent soil environment for crop growth.

[0059] 7. Reduce environmental pollution:

[0060] The fertilizer of this invention emphasizes the rational utilization and slow-release effect of nutrients, reducing the loss and volatilization of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and lowering the risk of water and air pollution. At the same time, by improving the soil environment, it reduces the overuse of chemical fertilizers caused by soil deterioration, thus meeting the requirements of green agricultural development. Detailed Implementation

[0061] All the bacterial strains involved in this invention are available for purchase.

[0062] This is a complete bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau. It consists of decomposed material, compound plant growth-promoting bacteria, coated urea, potassium sulfate, boron and zinc trace elements, anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent, and ammonium humate.

[0063] The composting material is prepared by fermenting sheep manure, shiitake mushroom substrate, modified substrate biochar, and phosphate fertilizer with a compound high-temperature degradation agent. The compound plant growth-promoting agent consists of Bacillus polygonatumic LDB01 (accession number CGMCC No. 29560, disclosed in patent 202410580453.X), Paenibacillus mucilaginosus (accession number CGMCC No. 3769), and Trichoderma harzianum. The composition of T-22 is as follows: 1-5% of the composted material by air-dried basis; 2-4% of the coated urea by air-dried basis; 7-9% of the potassium sulfate by air-dried basis; 0.1-0.4% of the boron and zinc trace elements by air-dried basis; 0.1-0.4% of the anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent by air-dried basis; and 4-6% of the ammonium humate by air-dried basis. Air-dried basis refers to the material being naturally air-dried at room temperature until its moisture content is ≤10%.

[0064] The compost is prepared by the following method: 400-450 kg of sheep manure, 300-350 kg of shiitake mushroom substrate (particle size ≤3 mm), 100-150 kg of modified substrate biochar, and 30-60 kg of phosphate fertilizer are mixed together, and a compound high-temperature degradation agent is added at 1-5% of the mass of the mixture. The mixture is then fermented and composted.

[0065] Sheep manure, preferably 390-410 kg, provides abundant organic matter to the soil and improves soil structure. Shiitake mushroom substrate (particle size ≤3 mm), preferably 290-310 kg, also provides abundant organic matter to the soil, while mycelial polysaccharides enhance soil aggregate stability, helping to maintain good soil physical structure. Modified substrate biochar has good pore structure and water retention capacity, which is beneficial for soil water and fertilizer retention and microbial habitat.

[0066] Modified bacterial residue biochar is prepared by the following method:

[0067] (1) Crush the mushroom substrate into particles ≤3mm. Add 85% phosphoric acid in three portions at a mass ratio of phosphate to substrate (g / g) of 1.2:1. The amounts added are 20%, 40%, and 40% of the total phosphoric acid. Stir at a constant temperature of 60℃ with a 10-minute interval between each stage to ensure that the acid fully penetrates the lignocellulose network. Then, perform vacuum degassing (-0.08MPa, 15 minutes) to remove air bubbles from the pores.

[0068] (2) After impregnation, the material is transferred to an oxygen-deficient pyrolysis furnace for gradient carbonization: dehydration at 120℃ for 30 minutes, N2 flow rate 2L / min; medium-temperature carbonization at 350℃ for 60 minutes, N2 flow rate 1L / min; high-temperature activation at 500℃ for 45 minutes, N2 flow rate 0.5L / min; the residual oxygen content is controlled to be ≤0.1% throughout the process to prevent oxidation and burn-off.

[0069] (3) After rinsing the pyrolytic char with 5% dilute hydrochloric acid until pH=4.0-5.0 to remove ash, deionized water is added at a solid-liquid mass ratio (g / g) of 1:10. The char is then ultrasonically treated for 30 minutes using 40kHz ultrasound (power density 0.35W / mL) in pulse mode (2 seconds working / 1 second intermittent). The microjets generated by the cavitation effect can break up the tar blocking the pores and expand the <2nm micropores to the 2-50nm mesopore range. At the same time, active functional groups such as carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups are grafted onto the char surface to obtain the modified material.

[0070] (4) The modified material is immediately neutralized with a 1% sodium bicarbonate solution to pH 7.0 to terminate the reaction. After vacuum filtration (-0.09 MPa) to dehydrate to a moisture content of 40%, it is then microwave-dried at 60℃ to obtain a finished product with a moisture content ≤5%. The specific surface area of ​​the modified bacterial residue biochar is ≥800 m². 2 / g, mesoporosity ≥60%.

[0071] The mass ratio of superphosphate powder to bone meal in phosphate fertilizer is 2.5:1.5 to 3.5:2.5, and the particle size of superphosphate powder is <2 mm. Bone meal provides citric acid-soluble phosphorus (60%), which can extend the phosphorus release cycle to 60 days, meet the long-term phosphorus requirements of crops, and promote their growth and accumulation of effective components.

[0072] The compound high-temperature degrading microbial agent is composed of thermophilic brown thermophilic actinomycetes (Thermobifida fusca, ATCC 27730), thermophilic geobacterium stearothermophilus (CICC 10091), and thermophilic filamentous filamentous fungi (Thermomyces lanuginosus, ATCC 34626) in a mass ratio of 1:1:1 to 1:2:1. Through the triple action of accelerated high-temperature composting, decomposition of stubborn organic matter, and detoxification of pathogens, the compound high-temperature degrading microbial agent efficiently transforms agricultural waste into highly active humus, while simultaneously endowing the fertilizer with long-term functions of improving soil microecology and inhibiting diseases.

[0073] The compound plant growth-promoting microbial agent has a synergistic effect of iron absorption, potassium solubilization, phosphorus solubilization, and disease resistance. It can improve the soil microbial community, enhance soil fertility, and increase plant disease resistance. It is prepared by the following method:

[0074] ① Inoculate Bacillus polygonatumicLDB01 onto LB liquid medium at a 5% (v / v) inoculation rate and incubate at 30℃±1℃ with shaking at 180 rpm for 24 h. The incubation endpoint is OD. 600 =4.2±0.3, which means the viable count is ≥2×10 9 CFU / mL bacterial culture A; LB liquid culture medium is prepared by adding 10g tryptone, 5g yeast powder and 10g NaCl to 1L of deionized water, mixing well and sterilizing at 121℃ for 20min.

[0075] ② Inoculate Paenibacillus mucilaginosus at an inoculum rate of 8% (v / v) on the culture medium and incubate at 37℃±1℃ with shaking at 120 rpm for 48 h. The culture endpoint is defined as a spore formation rate ≥95%, i.e., a viable count ≥1.5×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / mL bacterial culture solution B; the culture medium is prepared by adding 10g glucose, 25g Ca3(PO4)2, and 0.5g MgSO4 to 1L of deionized water, mixing well, adjusting the pH to 7.2, and sterilizing at 121℃ for 20min.

[0076] ③ On a solid-state fermentation substrate, at 5×10 6 Inoculate Trichoderma harzianum T-22 onto the solid-state fermentation substrate with spores / g and incubate in the dark at 25℃ for 5 days, stirring once every 24 hours. Dilute the Trichoderma harzianum spore powder obtained from solid-state fermentation with sterile water and vortex. After filtering through a 200-mesh sieve, the culture endpoint is reached, yielding a spore concentration ≥5×10⁻⁶. 9Spores / g spore suspension; solid fermentation substrate refers to a solid fermentation substrate with a water content of 45% obtained by mixing wheat bran and rice husk at a volume ratio of 7:3 and adding deionized water.

[0077] ④ Mix bacterial solution A and bacterial solution B at a volume ratio of 1:2, and add chitosan (w / v) at 0.1% of the total volume. Stir at 30℃ and 50 rpm for 2 hours to promote biofilm symbiosis, and the mixed bacterial solution A is obtained.

[0078] ⑤ Add the spore suspension to the mixed bacterial solution A, and the ratio of viable bacteria in bacterial solution A, bacterial solution B and spore suspension is 1:2:1.5; let stand at room temperature for 30 minutes to form a three-phase symbiosis, which is the mixed bacterial solution B.

[0079] ⑥ Add 5% trehalose, 10% skim milk powder, and 1% nano-SiO2 by weight per kilogram of mixed bacterial solution B, and stir at 4°C for 30 minutes to obtain mixed bacterial solution C;

[0080] ⑦ The mixed bacterial solution C is adsorbed with the composite carrier at a mass ratio of 1:2 (g / g) to achieve bacterial loading, thus obtaining the composite plant growth-promoting bacterial agent; the composite carrier is prepared by mixing 40% phosphoric acid modified biochar, 30% peat soil, 20% bentonite and 10% maifanite powder evenly by mass percentage (g) and passing it through a 100-mesh sieve.

[0081] Coated urea is a micron-sized, double-layered coated urea that slowly releases nitrogen, meeting the nitrogen requirements of crops at different growth stages while reducing nitrogen volatilization loss. It is prepared by the following method:

[0082] a. Ethyl cellulose (EC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), and triethyl citrate (TEC) are added sequentially to anhydrous ethanol to obtain an ethanol mixture; HPMC is used as a pore-forming agent; TEC is used as a plasticizer.

[0083] b. Urea microparticles with a particle size of 1.5-2.5 mm are preheated to 50-60℃ and then coated in a bottom-spray fluidized bed under the conditions of inlet air temperature of 40-43℃, atomization pressure of 1.2 bar, and spray rate of 6.5-8.0 g / min.

[0084] c. Modified bacterial biochar powder with a particle size ≤75μm that has passed through a 200-mesh sieve is mixed with an ethanol mixture at a mass ratio of 1:3 (g / g), and nano-SiO2 is added at 1% to 3% of the mass of the modified bacterial biochar powder to improve its strength. After homogenization, a composite slurry is prepared.

[0085] d. Under the conditions of inlet air temperature of 45℃ and atomization pressure of 1.5 bar, a composite slurry is sprayed on the surface of urea microparticles, and the weight gain is 6% to form a functional layer with a thickness of 50-80μm. Finally, the interface is strengthened by cross-linking and curing at 60℃ for 30 minutes.

[0086] Potassium sulfate helps enhance crop resistance to adverse conditions, among other things.

[0087] Boron and zinc are key factors in crop quality formation and are composed of borax and zinc sulfate heptahydrate.

[0088] Anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent can significantly reduce soil evaporation, effectively improve soil moisture retention capacity, and provide a stable water environment for crop growth. It is prepared by the following method:

[0089] First, the pulverized sodium-based bentonite that has passed through a 200-mesh sieve is soaked in a 10% NaCl solution for 24 hours to obtain the soaked bentonite.

[0090] Then, anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) is slowly added to cold water at ≤25℃ at a concentration of 0.1%, and stirred at a constant speed of 60r / min to prevent clumping, thus obtaining anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) solution.

[0091] Finally, based on a mass ratio (g / g) of 1:2.5 between anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) solution and sodium bentonite, the soaked bentonite was mixed with the anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) solution, and 0.05% of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide crosslinking agent relative to the mass of the anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) dry powder was added. The mixture was stirred at low speed at 45°C for 30 minutes to form a three-dimensional network gel.

[0092] Ammonium humate acts as both a binder and a biostimulant, enabling the granules to have a hardness of ≥50N, which helps in the formation of fertilizer granules and stimulates plant growth.

[0093] A method for preparing a complete bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau includes the following steps:

[0094] S1 raw material pretreatment:

[0095] i. Select mold-free mushroom logs, remove the moisture-retaining film, dry them until the moisture content is <30%, crush them through an 18-mesh sieve to obtain shiitake mushroom substrate with a particle size ≤3mm.

[0096] ii. Dissolve the compound high-temperature degrading bacterial agent in 50L of aqueous solution containing 3-6kg of glucose at 40-60℃, and let it stand for 15-60 minutes to activate it, thus forming a suspension of the compound high-temperature degrading bacterial agent.

[0097] Preparation of S2 mixed base material:

[0098] Based on a mass ratio (g / g) of sheep manure to shiitake mushroom substrate of 4:1 to 1:1, mix sheep manure, crushed shiitake mushroom substrate, 100-150 kg of modified substrate biochar, 10-30 kg of superphosphate powder with a particle size <2 mm, and 10-20 kg of bone meal. While stirring the materials, spray an aqueous solution containing 1-6 kg of urea to bring the moisture content of the materials to 50-55% and the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C / N) to 25:1. Adjust the pH of the mixture to 6.0-6.5. If the pH is >6.5, add a dilute sulfuric acid solution (10%) to adjust it to 6.0-6.5. If the pH is <6.0, add calcium carbonate powder to adjust it to 6.0-6.5.

[0099] S3 pile construction and temperature-controlled turning: The primary fermentation is mainly high-temperature aerobic fermentation, which aims to rapidly decompose organic matter and kill pathogens and weed seeds.

[0100] For each ton of mixed material, apply 50L of a compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension containing 100-300g of microbial agent. When piling the material, while turning the pile, evenly spray 40%-60% of the total amount of the compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension. After mixing evenly, pile the mixed material into windrows 2.5m wide and 1.0-1.5m high for primary fermentation. Maintain the fermentation temperature at 55-63℃ for 5-7 days or more. When the temperature exceeds 65℃ or the O2 concentration is <10%, turn the pile (use a portable oxygen analyzer inserted 50cm deep into the pile for real-time monitoring) and spray the remaining amount of compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension.

[0101] S4 Secondary Fermentation: The secondary fermentation is mainly low-temperature fermentation, which aims to inoculate the compound plant growth-promoting bacteria and provide a suitable growth and colonization environment for them.

[0102] When the material cools down to 30-35℃, add 1-5% of the compound plant growth promoter by weight of the decomposed material, turn it over and mix it evenly; control the temperature at 35-40℃ and the moisture content at 45-50%, turn the pile over once every 2 days to maintain an aerobic environment, and keep the temperature stable at 40±2℃. Stop the decomposition and fermentation when the C / N ratio of the decomposed material is <15, the GI (seed germination index) is >80% (GI is determined according to the seed germination index determination method in "Organic Fertilizer" (NY / T525-2021), the decomposed material is dark brown in color, has no ammonia smell, and has a fresh earthy aroma.

[0103] S5 Pre-granulation material preparation:

[0104] The actual weight of the composted material was measured on an air-dried basis. First, 0.1-0.4% of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent and 0.1-0.4% of boron and zinc trace elements were added to 10-20% of the total weight of the composted material on an air-dried basis. After premixing for 5 minutes, the mixture was put into the main mixer. The remaining composted material, along with 7-9% of potassium sulfate, 2-4% of coated urea, and 4-6% of ammonium humate on an air-dried basis, were then added to the main mixer. The mixture was mixed evenly, and the moisture content of the composted material was adjusted to 25-30% with a 1-2.5% trehalose solution. The mixture was allowed to stand for 2-24 hours to mature, and the pre-made material was obtained.

[0105] S6 extrusion granulation:

[0106] The pre-formed material is granulated using a dual-die extrusion granulator, screened by an 8-mesh rotary vibrating screen, and packaged to obtain the complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer. The specific process is as follows:

[0107] The preformed material is fed uniformly at a feeding speed of 2.0 t / h via a twin-shaft feeder. The material is initially shaped through a pre-extrusion die at an extrusion pressure of 6–8 MPa and a temperature ≤40℃. The preformed granules are then cooled to a surface temperature ≤30℃ via an air-cooled conveyor belt (wind speed 1.0–1.5 m / s), followed by medium-pressure shaping at an extrusion pressure of 8–10 MPa and a temperature ≤40℃. The medium-pressure shaped granules then enter the final extrusion die for high-pressure densification at an extrusion pressure of 10–12 MPa and a temperature ≤45℃, resulting in high-hardness granules of Φ4mm × 5–8mm (density 0.9–1.0 g / cm³). 3 The discharged particles are immediately screened by a rotary vibrating screen (8 mesh) and then packaged. Final product requirements: Functional microorganisms ≥ 2 × 10⁻⁶ 7 / g, inorganic nutrients (N+P2O5+K2O) 5%~15%, organic matter 35%~45%, moisture ≤25%, pH=6.0~8.0, disintegration rate ≥80% / 30min.

[0108] The complete bio-organic fertilizer described in this invention can be applied to the remediation of degraded yellow soil. When applied to a depth of 20cm and maintaining a soil moisture content of 18-22%, it helps to improve the soil structure and fertility of degraded yellow soil, creating favorable soil conditions for crop growth.

[0109] Example 1: Preparation of All-Element Bio-Organic Fertilizer

[0110] S1 raw material pretreatment:

[0111] i. Select mold-free mushroom logs, remove the moisture-retaining film, dry them until the moisture content is <30%, crush them through an 18-mesh sieve to obtain shiitake mushroom substrate with a particle size ≤3mm.

[0112] ii. Dissolve the compound high-temperature degrading bacterial agent in 50L of aqueous solution containing 5kg of glucose at 55℃, let it stand for 20 minutes to activate, and form a suspension of the compound high-temperature degrading bacterial agent.

[0113] Preparation of S2 mixed base material:

[0114] Mix 400 kg of sheep manure, 300 kg of crushed shiitake mushroom substrate, 150 kg of modified mushroom biochar, 30 kg of superphosphate powder with a particle size <2 mm, and 20 kg of bone meal. While stirring the materials, spray an aqueous solution containing 4 kg of urea to bring the moisture content of the materials to 50-55% and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C / N) to 25:1. Test the pH of the mixture and adjust it to 6.0-6.5 by adding a 10% dilute sulfuric acid solution.

[0115] S3 reactor construction and temperature-controlled reactor turning:

[0116] Apply 200g of compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension to each ton of mixed material. When piling the material, spray 60% of the total amount of compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension evenly while turning the pile. After mixing evenly, pile the mixed material into windrows 2.5m wide and 1.2m high for primary fermentation. Maintain the fermentation temperature at 55-63℃ for 5-7 days or more. When the temperature exceeds 65℃ or the O2 concentration is <10%, turn the pile and spray the remaining 40% of the compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension.

[0117] S4 secondary fermentation:

[0118] When the material cools down to 35℃, add compound plant growth promoter at 1.0kg / ton of initial material, turn and mix evenly; control the temperature at 35~40℃ and the moisture content at 45~50%, turn the pile once every 2 days to maintain an aerobic environment, and keep the temperature stable at 40±2℃. Stop the composting and fermentation when the C / N ratio of the composted material is <15, the GI (seed germination index) is >80%, the composted material is dark brown in color, has no ammonia smell, and has a fresh earthy aroma.

[0119] S5 Pre-granulation material preparation:

[0120] The actual weight of the composted material was measured on an air-dried basis. First, 0.2% of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent and 0.2% of boron and zinc trace elements were added to 10% of the total weight of the composted material on an air-dried basis. After premixing for 5 minutes, the mixture was put into the main mixer. The remaining composted material, along with 8.6% of potassium sulfate, 2.6% of coated urea, and 5.2% of ammonium humate on an air-dried basis, were then added into the main mixer and mixed evenly. The moisture content of the composted material was adjusted to 25-30% with a 1% trehalose solution. The mixture was allowed to stand for 2 hours to mature, and the pre-formed material was obtained.

[0121] S6 extrusion granulation:

[0122] The pre-formed material enters a double-die extrusion granulator, fed evenly at a rate of 2.0 t / h via a twin-shaft feeder. The material undergoes initial shaping through the pre-extrusion die at a pressure of 6 MPa and a temperature ≤40℃. The pre-formed granules are then cooled to a surface temperature ≤30℃ via an air-cooled conveyor belt (wind speed 1.0~1.5 m / s), followed by medium-pressure shaping at 8 MPa and a temperature ≤40℃. The medium-pressure shaped granules then enter the final extrusion die for high-pressure densification at 10 MPa and a temperature ≤45℃, resulting in high-hardness granules (Φ4mm×5~8mm, density 0.9~1.0 g / cm³). 3 The discharged particles are immediately screened by a rotary vibrating screen (8 mesh) and then packaged.

[0123] Example 2: Application of complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer in Scutellaria baicalensis cultivation

[0124] This study investigated the effects of a complete bio-organic fertilizer (hereinafter referred to as "this fertilizer") on the growth of two-year-old Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, the accumulation of baicalin, and soil improvement, and compared it with local conventional fertilization programs.

[0125] 1. Experiment Overview

[0126] The experiment was conducted at the Scutellaria baicalensis experimental base in Wenquan Township, Xifeng District, Qingyang City, Gansu Province. The experimental period was from transplanting on April 10, 2023 to harvesting on October 20, 2024. The region has an average annual temperature of 9.1℃, an annual precipitation of 548 mm, an evaporation of 1480 mm, a frost-free period of 165 days, and 2450 hours of sunshine. It belongs to the typical cold and arid Loess Plateau region of eastern Gansu, and the soil type is loess. The basic physical and chemical properties of the soil are shown in Table 1.

[0127] Table 1. Basic physicochemical properties of the topsoil layer (0–20 cm) of the experimental site

[0128] pH Organic matter (g kg -1 )]]> mg kg -1 )]]> <![CDATA[Available phosphorus (mg kg -1 )]]> <![CDATA[Available potassium (mg kg -1 )]]> Baicalin background value* (%) 8.12 10.4 62.3 14.7 195 7.86

[0129] *This represents the average value of baicalin in the roots of 10 randomly selected Scutellaria baicalensis plants.

[0130] Table 1 shows that the soil at a depth of 20–40 cm in the experimental site was alkaline (pH = 8.12) and had a low organic matter content (10.4 g·kg⁻¹). -1 Available nitrogen (62.3 mg·kg⁻¹) -1 ) and available phosphorus (14.2 mg·kg -1 The potassium level is at a moderate to low level, with a moderate amount of available potassium (195 mg / kg). -1The baicalin content was 7.86%. Overall, the soil fertility is moderately low, with weak water and fertilizer retention capacity. The baicalin content in Scutellaria baicalensis did not meet the requirements of the National Pharmacopoeia (2025 edition) (>9.0%), providing a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of whole-element bio-organic fertilizer in improving the yield and quality of Scutellaria baicalensis in barren soils.

[0131] 2. Experimental Design

[0132] A randomized block design was used, with 3 replicates and 3 treatments in total, with each cell containing 20m samples. 2 (4m×5m), row spacing 30cm, plant spacing 15cm, 444 plants per plot. Treatment settings are as follows: ①T1: CK group (no fertilizer); ②T2: local conventional fertilizer group 450kg ha -1 High phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O=15-15-15, compound fertilizer applied as basal fertilizer); ③T3: 1200kg ha of this fertilizer -1 Group (one-time base application, 20cm deep tillage).

[0133] 3. Field Management

[0134] On April 10, the land was prepared, divided into zones, and fertilized; on April 15, two-year-old Scutellaria baicalensis seedlings were transplanted; weeding and cultivation were carried out once each in May and July; green pest and disease control was implemented, and no chemical fungicides were used.

[0135] 4. Measurement Items and Methods

[0136] Plant height and number of branches: 30 plants were randomly selected from each plot on August 20th for measurement. Root dry weight: 20 plants were taken from each plot at harvest, blanched at 105℃ for 30 min, and then dried at 65℃ to constant weight. Baicalin content: HPLC method (Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 edition), detection wavelength 280nm. Soil physicochemical properties: After harvest, samples were taken from 5 points in each plot to determine the organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and pH in the 0-20cm soil layer. Data statistics: One-way ANOVA was performed using SPSS 26.0, and Duncan's multiple comparison method was used (α = 0.05).

[0137] 5 Results and Analysis

[0138] 5.1 Growth Indicators

[0139] Table 2. Effects of different treatment groups on the growth and yield of Scutellaria baicalensis.

[0140] deal with Plant height (cm) Number of branches / plant Root dry weight (g / plant) <![CDATA[Yield (kg ha -1 )]]> T1 42.3±3.1c 4.2±0.7c 7.8±0.9c 3456±287c T2 54.7±2.8b 6.1±0.6b 11.4±1.2b 5073±318b T3 61.2±3.5a 7.8±0.8a 16.5±1.4a 7326±356a

[0141] Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05). The same applies below.

[0142] As shown in Table 2, there were significant differences in the effects of different fertilization treatments on the growth indicators of Scutellaria baicalensis (P<0.05). Compared with the unfertilized control group (T1), the conventional fertilization group (T2) significantly increased plant height (54.7cm vs 42.3cm), number of branches (6.1 / plant vs 4.2 / plant), and root dry weight (11.4g / plant vs 7.8g / plant). The full-fertilizer replacement group (T3) showed the best growth performance, with significantly higher plant height (61.2cm), number of branches (7.8 / plant), and root dry weight (16.5g / plant) than the conventional fertilization group (T2). Yield data further confirmed that the T3 group reached 7326kg / ha, an increase of 44.4% compared with T2.

[0143] 5.2 Baicalin content

[0144] Table 3. Baicalin content (%) in Scutellaria baicalensis root of different treatment groups

[0145] deal with average value Improved compared to T1 Improved compared to T2 Compliance rate* T1 7.86±0.18e - - 0％ T2 8.49±0.22d 8.0％ - 0％ T3 9.31±0.25b 18.4％ 9.7％ 100％

[0146] *A content of baicalin in the root of baicalein greater than or equal to 9.0% is considered to meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

[0147] As shown in Table 3, the promoting effect of this fertilizer on baicalin synthesis was statistically significant (P<0.05). The baicalin content of the T3 treatment met the standard of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (≥9.0%).

[0148] 5.3 Soil physicochemical properties

[0149] Table 4. Main physicochemical properties of soil after Scutellaria baicalensis harvest in the experimental field.

[0150] deal with <![CDATA[Organic matter (g kg -1 )]]> <![CDATA[Available nitrogen (mg kg -1 )]]> <![CDATA[Available phosphorus (mg kg -1 )]]> <![CDATA[Available potassium (mg kg -1 )]]> pH T1 10.4±0.3c 62.3±4.1c 14.7±1.0c 195±12c 8.12 T2 11.0±0.4b 85.6±5.0b 21.3±1.2b 238±15b 8.05 T3 14.2±0.5a 108.4±6.1a 28.1±1.5a 285±18a 7.85

[0151] As shown in Table 4, fertilization significantly improved soil physicochemical properties. The soil organic matter content of the fertilizer treatment group (T3) (14.2 g / kg) was significantly higher than that of the conventional fertilization group (11.0 g / kg) and the control group (10.4 g / kg). In terms of available nutrients, the available nitrogen (108.4 mg / kg), available phosphorus (28.1 mg / kg), and available potassium (285 mg / kg) of the T3 group were all significantly better than those of other treatments.

[0152] 5.4 Summary

[0153] In summary, in the dryland farming area of ​​the Loess Plateau in eastern Gansu, the all-element biological organic fertilizer of this invention can be applied as a single basal application of 1200 kg / ha. -1 It can significantly increase soil organic matter and available nutrients, and reduce pH by 0.2 units, effectively alleviating the alkalization of yellow cotton soil. At the same time, it can increase the yield of two-year-old Scutellaria baicalensis. The total fertilizer replacement group (T3) increased the yield by 44.4% compared with conventional fertilization. The baicalin content in the roots of the T3 treatment reached 100% of the standard.

[0154] Example 3: Application of All-Element Bio-Organic Fertilizer in Apple Cultivation

[0155] The application of Quanyuan bio-organic fertilizer in the field of a Fuji apple orchard in Wenquan Town, Xifeng District, Qingyang City, Gansu Province. This region has an average annual temperature of 9.1℃, annual precipitation of 548mm, evaporation of 1480mm, a frost-free period of 165 days, and 2450 hours of sunshine. It belongs to the typical cold and arid Loess Plateau region of eastern Gansu, and the soil type is loess. The basic physicochemical properties of the 0-40cm soil layer are shown in Table 5.

[0156] Table 5. Basic physical and chemical properties of the soil at the test site before the experiment.

[0157]

[0158] Table 5 shows that the soil at a depth of 0–20 cm in the experimental site was alkaline (pH = 8.31) and had a low organic matter content (9.64 g·kg⁻¹). -1 Alkaline nitrogen (55.3 mg·kg⁻¹) -1 ) and available phosphorus (12.7 mg·kg -1 The potassium level is at a moderate to low level, with a moderate amount of available potassium (158 mg / kg). -1 The bulk density is relatively high (1.38 g·cm³). -3 The soil at a depth of 20–40 cm is alkaline (pH = 8.42) and has a low organic matter content (8.11 g·kg⁻¹). -1 Alkaline nitrogen (48.7 mg·kg) -1 ) and available phosphorus (11.2 mg·kg -1 The potassium level is at a moderate to low level, with a moderate amount of readily available potassium (149 mg / kg). -1 The bulk density is relatively high (1.41 g·cm³). -3 Overall, the soil fertility is moderately low, and its water and fertilizer retention capacity is weak.

[0159] 1. Tree condition

[0160] Red Fuji apples were planted in 2018 with *Dendrobium nobile* rootstock. The spacing between plants was 4m x 5m, with 33 trees per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). The trees were of moderate vigor, and the yield per tree in 2022 was approximately 46kg.

[0161] 2 Experimental Design

[0162] Randomized block design, 3 treatments, 5 replicates, single-plant plots, total 20 plants. Treatment settings are as follows: ①T1: CK group (no fertilizer). ②T2: Conventional fertilization group (CF), 3.0 kg of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) per plant was applied in furrows, twice, before bud break and before fruit enlargement. ③T3: Full application of this fertilizer, 40 kg of this fertilizer per plant was applied in a single application in a circular furrow (30 cm wide and 30 cm deep), completed on March 20, 2023.

[0163] 3 Field Management

[0164] Fertilization was performed by digging a circular trench along the drip line of the tree canopy, mixing the fertilizer with the soil, and then covering it with soil. Drip irrigation was applied three times (for bud break, fruit enlargement, and pre-freezing), maintaining a field water holding capacity of 65-75% in the 0-40cm soil layer. Pest and disease control was carried out according to green pest control standards, and no highly toxic pesticides were used. The timing of fruit thinning, bagging, bag removal, and harvesting was completely consistent across all treatments.

[0165] 4. Measurement Items and Methods

[0166] 4.1 Tree growth

[0167] New shoot length and thickness: 20 outer new shoots were randomly measured from each plant on May 30, July 15, and August 30. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of leaves: In late July, using a LI-6400XT, from 9:00 to 11:00 AM, 5 functional leaves were measured from each plant.

[0168] 4.2 Yield and Quality

[0169] Yield per plant was determined by harvesting, grading, and weighing the plants on October 12, 2023. For single fruit weight, 30 fruits were randomly selected from each plant and weighed using an electronic balance (0.1g). Soluble solids (TSS) were measured using a PAL-1 refractometer. Titratable acid (TA) was determined using acid-base titration, measured as malic acid. The acid-to-solid ratio was calculated using the formula: acid-to-solid ratio = TSS / TA. Fruit firmness was measured using a GY-4 hardness tester. Anthocyanin content in the peel was determined using the pH differential method, in mg (100g). -1 FW.

[0170] 4.3 Soil index determination

[0171] Soil samples were collected on October 15, 2023, from two soil layers (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) beneath the tree canopy, at five mixed points. Soil organic matter content was determined using the potassium dichromate external heating oxidation-titration method; available nitrogen content was determined using the sodium hydroxide alkaline hydrolysis-diffusion method; available phosphorus content was determined using the sodium bicarbonate extraction-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method (Olsen method); available potassium content was determined using the ammonium acetate extraction-flame photometry method; and soil pH was determined using the potentiometry method (water:soil = 2.5:1).

[0172] 4.4 Economic Benefits

[0173] The main input costs are fertilizer, labor, and machinery. The income is the farmgate purchase price of 4.6 yuan / kg. -1 (Average price in Qingyang, 2023). Net income = Revenue – Input.

[0174] 5 Results and Analysis

[0175] 5.1 Tree growth

[0176] Table 6. Growth indicators of apple trees in different treatment groups (mean values ​​in 2023)

[0177] deal with New shoot length (cm) New shoot diameter (mm) <![CDATA[Pn(μmol m -2 s -1 )]]> T1 42.3±3.5c 6.1±0.4c 12.8±0.8c T2 49.6±4.0b 6.9±0.5b 15.4±0.9b T3 58.1±4.4a 7.6±0.4a 17.2±1.0a

[0178] As shown in Table 6, the T3 group (full-amount group) treated with complete bio-organic fertilizer significantly promoted apple tree growth. The new shoot length in the T3 group reached 58.1±4.4 cm, an increase of 17.1% compared to the conventional fertilization group (T2, 49.6±4.0 cm), and the new shoot thickness (7.6±0.4 mm) increased by 10.1%; the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) reached 17.2±1.0 μmol·m⁻¹. -2 ·s -1 Compared with group T2 (15.4±0.9μmol·m -2 ·s -1 The effect was 11.7%. This indicates that the whole element bio-organic fertilizer can effectively enhance photosynthetic capacity and promote vegetative growth, and that even with reduced application, it still has significant effects.

[0179] 5.2 Yield and marketable fruit rate

[0180] Table 7. Apple yield and marketability of different treatment groups

[0181] deal with Yield per plant (kg) Yield per mu (t) Marketable fruit rate (%) Single fruit weight (g) T1 38.7±3.2c 1.28 68.5 208±12c T2 52.4±4.3b 1.73 76.2 229±13b T3 60.9±4.8a 2.01 87.3 251±14a

[0182] Table 7 shows that the T3 group had the highest yield per plant (60.9±4.8 kg) and yield per mu (2.01 t), which were 16.2% and 16.2% higher than the T2 group (52.4±4.3 kg, 1.73 t), respectively; the marketable fruit rate (87.3%) was significantly higher than that of the T2 group (76.2%). Quanyuan bio-organic fertilizer increases yield and efficiency by improving the weight of individual fruits and the marketable fruit rate, and the reduced application rate maintains the high-yield and high-quality characteristics.

[0183] 5.3 Fruit quality

[0184] Table 8. Apple quality indicators for different treatment groups

[0185] deal with TSS% TA% solid acid ratio <![CDATA[Hardness kg cm -2 > <![CDATA[Anthocyanin mg / 100 g -1 > T1 12.9±0.3c 0.65±0.02a 19.8±0.5c 8.3±0.2a 14.2±0.4c T2 13.8±0.2b 0.59±0.01b 23.4±0.4b 8.1±0.2a 16.5±0.3b T3 15.1±0.2a 0.52±0.01c 29.0±0.6a 7.6±0.12b 19.7±0.5a

[0186] Table 8 shows that the soluble solids (TSS, 15.1±0.2%) of the fruit in group T3 increased by 9.4% compared with group T2 (13.8±0.2%), the titratable acid (TA, 0.52±0.01%) decreased by 11.9%, and the solid-acid ratio (29.0±0.6) increased by 24.0%; the anthocyanin content (19.7±0.5 mg·100g) was also higher. -1 Compared with group T2 (16.5±0.3mg·100g) -1 The yield increased by 19.4%. Quanyuan bio-organic fertilizer significantly optimized the sugar-acid balance and color quality, improved fruit flavor and commercial value, and the reduced application did not lead to a decline in quality.

[0187] 5.4 Soil Improvement

[0188] Table 9. Main physicochemical properties of soil after apple harvest in the experimental field (0-20cm)

[0189] deal with <![CDATA[Organic matter g kg -1 > <![CDATA[Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen mg / kg -1 > <![CDATA[Available phosphorus mg / kg -1 > <![CDATA[Available potassium mg / kg -1 > T1 9.64±0.25c 55.3±2.1d 12.7±0.6d 158±6d T2 10.1±0.30c 68.2+2.8c 16.8±0.7c 179±7c T3 13.5±0.40a 81.4±3.2a 24.1±1.0a 212±8a

[0190] As shown in Table 9, the organic matter content of the 0-20cm soil layer in group T3 was 13.5 ± 0.40 g·kg⁻¹. -1 Compared to before the experiment (9.64 g·kg) -1 The level increased by 40.0%, compared to group T2 (10.1 ± 0.30 g·kg). -1 Increased by 33.7%; alkaline nitrogen (81.4±3.2 mg·kg) -1 Available phosphorus (24.1±1.0 mg·kg) -1 ) and readily available potassium (212±8 mg·kg) -1 The levels of organic fertilizer were 19.4%, 43.5%, and 18.4% higher than those of group T2, respectively. The whole-element bio-organic fertilizer can continuously improve soil structure and enhance nutrient supply capacity, and can still maintain soil fertility even with reduced application of chemical fertilizers.

[0191] 5.5 Economic Benefits

[0192] Table 10. Economic benefits (per mu) of apple cultivation under different treatment groups

[0193] deal with Total investment yuan Profit per mu: yuan Net income of yuan T1 1,800 5,888 4,088 T2 2,900 7,958 5,058 T3 3,680 9,246 5,566

[0194] As shown in Table 10, the net income per mu of group T3 (5,566 yuan) increased by 10.0% compared with group T2 (5,058 yuan).

[0195] 6 Conclusions

[0196] This embodiment demonstrates in a field trial in a Red Fuji apple orchard in the cold and arid Loess Plateau of Longdong that: the all-element bio-organic fertilizer, through a one-time ring trench application technique, synergistically achieves a triple breakthrough in apple cultivation: reducing fertilizer use, improving quality, and increasing efficiency. Specifically, it shows that: (1) the full application group (T3: 40kg / tree) significantly improved the marketability of the fruit, with a marketable fruit rate (87.3%) and anthocyanin content (19.7mg·100g). -1 (2) Compared with conventional fertilization, the organic matter content increased by 14.6% and 19.4% respectively, while optimizing the sugar-acid balance (solid-acid ratio 29.0); (3) Soil sustainability was significantly enhanced, with the organic matter content in the 0-20cm soil layer of group T3 reaching 13.5±0.40g·kg -1 The baseline value of the same group before the experiment increased by 40.0%; (4) the physiological function of the tree was improved, and the net photosynthetic rate of the T3 group (17.2 μmol·m) was increased. -2 ·s -1 It increased by 11.7% compared to conventional fertilization, providing the core driving force for new shoot growth (+17.1%) and single fruit weight (251g).

[0197] Example 4: Application of All-Element Bio-Organic Fertilizer in Corn Planting

[0198] 1. Overview of the Experimental Area

[0199] The Longdong College Dryland Agriculture Experimental Farm is located in Xifeng District, Qingyang City, Gansu Province. The area has an average annual temperature of 9.1℃, annual precipitation of 548mm, evaporation of 1480mm, a frost-free period of 165 days, and 2450 hours of sunshine, belonging to the typical cold and arid Loess Plateau region of eastern Gansu. The soil type is loess soil, and the previous crop was winter wheat. The basic physical and chemical properties of the 0-20cm soil layer before sowing are shown in Table 11.

[0200] Table 11 Basic physical and chemical properties of soil before maize planting

[0201] pH <![CDATA[Organic matter g kg -1 > <![CDATA[Alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen mg / kg -1 > <![CDATA[Available phosphorus mg / kg -1 > <![CDATA[Available potassium mg / kg - 1]]> <![CDATA[Unit weight g / cm -3 > 8.29 9.70 48.2 10.8 135 1.39

[0202] The soil at the experimental site was alkaline (pH = 8.29) and had a low organic matter content (9.70 g·kg⁻¹). -1 Alkaline nitrogen (48.2 mg·kg⁻¹) -1 ) and available phosphorus (10.8 mg·kg -1 The potassium level is at a moderate to low level, with a moderate amount of available potassium (135 mg / kg). -1 The bulk density is relatively high (1.39 g·cm³). -3 Overall, the soil fertility is moderately low, and its water and fertilizer retention capacity is weak.

[0203] 2. Experimental Materials

[0204] The corn variety used was Zhengdan 958. The fertilizer was the all-element bio-organic fertilizer of this invention prepared in Example 1 (organic matter ≥45%, N-P2O5-K2O ≥5%, effective live bacteria ≥2×10⁻⁶). 7 CFU g -1 ).

[0205] 3 Experimental Design

[0206] Randomized block design, 3 treatments, 3 replicates, 16 cells in total, cell area 60m² 2 (6m×10m). Treatment settings are as follows: ①T1: CK group (no fertilizer). ②T2: Conventional fertilization group (CF), applying 450kg ha of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O=25-10-10). -1 All basal application. ③T3: This fertilizer group, 750kg ha -1 One-time base application (strip application, 10cm deep).

[0207] 4 Field Management

[0208] On April 20, 2024, mechanical mulching and hill sowing were carried out, with a row spacing of 60cm, a plant spacing of 25cm, and a density of 66,700 plants per hectare. -1 Both this fertilizer and chemical fertilizer are applied in a single strip during land preparation before sowing, followed by mulching. No supplemental irrigation is required throughout the growing season; natural rainfall is relied upon. Chemical weeding is applied once (after sowing but before emergence), and pest control is carried out according to local standards.

[0209] 5. Measurement Items and Methods

[0210] Agronomic traits were determined as follows: at maturity, 20 plants were sampled from each plot to measure plant height, stem diameter, ear height, ear length, tip barrenness length, number of rows per ear, and number of kernels per row. Yield was determined by harvesting the entire region and calculating the yield at 14% standard moisture content after threshing. Quality was determined as follows: crude protein in kernels (Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, %); starch content (dual-wavelength method); 100-kernel weight (g). All data were analyzed using ANOVA with Duncan's multiple comparison method (α = 0.05) on SAS 9.4 software.

[0211] 6 Results and Analysis

[0212] 6.1 Agronomic traits

[0213] Table 12 Agronomic traits of maize at harvest time in different treatment groups

[0214] deal with Plant height (cm) stem diameter (mm) ear length cm Bald tip cm T1 215±6c 20.1±0.7c 16.2±0.5c 2.7±0.3a T2 248±7b 24.7±0.8b 18.9±0.6b 1.8±0.2b T3 265±8a 27.2±0.9a 20.4±0.7a 1.1±0.1c

[0215] Each treatment had four replicates, and each replicate measured 20 maize plants.

[0216] Table 12 shows that the application of whole-element bio-organic fertilizer (T3) significantly improved maize plant morphology: Plant height: T3 treatment reached 265±8 cm, significantly higher than conventional fertilization (T2, 248±7 cm) by 6.9% (P<0.05), and higher than the unfertilized control (T1, 215±6 cm) by 23.3%. Stem diameter: T3 (27.2±0.9 mm) was significantly better than T2 (24.7±0.8 mm) and T1 (20.1±0.7 mm), with increases of 10.1% and 35.3% respectively (P<0.05), indicating that bio-organic fertilizer promoted the development of stem mechanical tissue. Ear development: T3 ear length (20.4±0.7 cm) increased by 7.9% compared with T2 (18.9±0.6 cm), and tip barrenness length decreased to 1.1±0.1 cm (a decrease of 38.9% compared with T2), confirming that whole-element bio-organic fertilizer can reduce grain abortion.

[0217] 6.2 Output Composition and Output

[0218] Table 13. Maize Yield Components and Yield in Different Treatment Groups

[0219] deal with Number of rows of grains Number of rows 100-grain weight (g) <![CDATA[Yield tha -1 > T1 14.1±0.6b 33.2±1.2c 27.8±0.6d 6.42±0.25d T2 15.8±0.7a 37.4±1.3b 31.4±0.7b 9.31±0.31b T3 16.2±0.8a 40.6±1.5a 33.8±0.8a 11.83±0.36a

[0220] Table 13 shows that the all-element bio-organic fertilizer achieved a synergistic improvement in the three factors of yield: Optimized yield components: Number of panicle rows: T3 (16.2±0.8 rows) increased by 2.5% compared to T2 (15.8±0.7 rows) (P<0.05); Number of grains per row: T3 (40.6±1.5 grains) increased by 8.6% compared to T2 (37.4±1.3 grains) (P<0.05); 100-grain weight: T3 (33.8±0.8g) increased by 7.6% compared to T2 (31.4±0.7g) (P<0.05); Breakthrough in actual yield: T3 yield reached 11.83±0.36 t·ha. -1 Compared with conventional fertilizers (T2, 9.31±0.31t·ha), -1 The yield increased significantly by 27.1% (P<0.05) compared to the control (T1, 6.42±0.25 t·ha). -1 The yield increased by 84.3%. This result proves that 750 kg·ha -1 Quanyuan biological organic fertilizer can completely replace chemical fertilizer.

[0221] 6.3 Grain quality

[0222] Table 14 Grain quality of maize in different treatment groups

[0223] deal with Crude protein % starch% T1 8.6±0.3c 70.1±1.2b T2 9.4±0.2b 71.5±1.1b T3 10.3±0.3a 73.2±0.9a

[0224] Table 14 shows that bio-organic fertilizer simultaneously improves the nutritional quality and processing value of maize: Crude protein content: T3 (10.3±0.3%) significantly increased by 9.6% compared with T2 (9.4±0.2%) (P<0.05), reaching the high-protein maize standard (>9%). Starch content: T3 (73.2±0.9%) increased by 2.4% compared with T2 (71.5±1.1%) (P<0.05), indicating efficient translocation of photosynthetic products to the grains.

[0225] 7 Conclusions

[0226] This example confirms that a single application of 750 kg·ha as basal fertilizer is effective. -1 All-element biological organic fertilizer, in dryland maize systems: ① Achieved a breakthrough of 11.83 t·ha -1 High yield (more than 27% higher than conventional fertilizers); ② Simultaneously increases grain crude protein to 10.3% and starch to 73.2%; ③ Improves lodging resistance and grain filling ability by increasing stem diameter (>27mm) and reducing tip barrenness (<1.1cm). This technology solves the industry pain points of "high yield but low quality, and fertilizer not nourishing the soil" in chemical agriculture, and provides a standardized fertilization solution for green cold and arid agriculture.

[0227] Example 5: Application of All-Element Bio-Organic Fertilizer in Wheat Cultivation

[0228] 1. Overview of the Experimental Area

[0229] The Longdong College Dryland Agriculture Experimental Farm is located in Xifeng District, Qingyang City, Gansu Province. The area has an average annual temperature of 9.1℃, annual precipitation of 548mm, evaporation of 1480mm, a frost-free period of 165 days, and 2450 hours of sunshine, belonging to the typical cold and arid Loess Plateau region of eastern Gansu. The soil type is loess soil, and the previous crop was maize. The basic physical and chemical properties of the 0-20cm soil layer before sowing are shown in Table 15.

[0230] Table 15 Basic physical and chemical properties of soil in the experimental plots before wheat sowing

[0231] pH <![CDATA[Organic matter g kg -1 > <![CDATA[Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen mg / kg -1 > <![CDATA[Available phosphorus mg / kg -1 > <![CDATA[Available potassium mg / kg -1 > <![CDATA[Unit weight g / cm -3 > 8.26 9.81 52.4 11.3 143 1.40

[0232] Table 15 shows that the soil in the experimental site was alkaline (pH = 8.26) and had a low organic matter content (9.81 g·kg⁻¹). -1 Alkaline nitrogen (52.4 mg·kg⁻¹) -1 ) and available phosphorus (11.3 mg·kg -1 The potassium level is at a moderate to low level, with a moderate amount of available potassium (143 mg / kg). -1 The bulk density is relatively high (1.40 g·cm³). -3 The overall results indicate that the loess soil has moderate to low fertility and weak water and fertilizer retention capacity.

[0233] 2. Experimental Materials

[0234] The wheat variety used was Longyu 10. The fertilizer was the complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer of this invention prepared in Example 1 (organic matter ≥45%, N-P2O5-K2O ≥5%, effective live bacteria ≥2×10⁻⁶). 7 CFU g -1 ).

[0235] 3 Experimental Design

[0236] Randomized block design, 3 treatments, 4 replicates, 16 cells in total, cell area 30m² 2 (5m×6m). Treatment settings are as follows: ①T1: CK group (no fertilizer). ②T2: Conventional fertilizer group (CF), high phosphorus type (N-P2O5-K2O=18-22-5) 450kg ha -1 All basal application. ③T3: This fertilizer group, 600kg ha -1 One-time base application (strip application, 10cm deep).

[0237] 4 Field Management

[0238] Sowing was carried out mechanically on September 25, 2023, with a row spacing of 20cm and a seeding rate of 187.5 kg / ha. -1 Both this fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were applied in a single strip during land preparation before sowing. After sowing, the soil was compacted, and a 60mm irrigation was applied on November 15th. Chemical weeding was performed once (at the 3-leaf stage). Pest and disease control was carried out according to local standards; no additional fertilizer was applied.

[0239] 5. Measurement Items and Methods

[0240] Agronomic traits were measured: at maturity, a 1m double-row sampling section was taken from each plot to measure plant height, panicle length, number of effective panicles, number of grains per panicle, and thousand-grain weight. Yield was measured: at maturity, the entire area was harvested, and the yield was calculated based on 12.5% ​​standard moisture content after threshing. Quality was measured: grain protein content (Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, %); wet gluten content (GB / T 5506.2-2008); sedimentation value (Zeleny method, mL).

[0241] 6 Results and Analysis

[0242] 6.1 Agronomic traits

[0243] Table 16 Agronomic traits of wheat at harvest time for different treatment groups (mean ± SD)

[0244] deal with Plant height (cm) <![CDATA[Effective panicles × 10 4穗 ·ha -1 > number of grains per ear 1000-grain weight (g) <![CDATA[Yield t·ha -1 > T1 71.4±2.1c 282±10c 24.3±1.1c 35.2±0.8c 3.21±0.12c T2 81.2±2.5b 345±12b 28.7±1.0b 39.4±0.7b 4.67±0.15b T3 87.5±2.7a 378±14a 31.2±1.2a 41.8±0.9a 5.30±0.18a

[0245] Different letters after the data in the same column indicate significant differences between treatments (P<0.05, Duncan's method); data are mean ± standard error.

[0246] Table 16 shows that the whole-element bio-organic fertilizer treatment (T3) significantly improved wheat agronomic traits and yield: plant height: T3 reached 87.5 cm, which was 7.8% and 22.5% higher than that of conventional fertilization (T2) and blank control (T1), respectively (P<0.05); effective spike number: T3 was 378×10 4 Sui·ha -1 Significantly higher than T2 (345×10 4 ) and T1(282×10 4 ); number of grains per ear and thousand-grain weight: T3 had the highest number of grains per ear (31.2 grains) and thousand-grain weight (41.8g), which were 8.7% and 6.1% higher than T2, respectively; yield: T3 yielded 5.30 t·ha -1 Compared to T2 (4.67t·ha) -1 Production increased by 13.5%, compared to T1 (3.21 t·ha). -1 The yield increased by 65.1%, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). This fertilizer, at a yield of 600 kg·ha... -1 At the appropriate dosage, a single application as basal fertilizer can increase wheat yield and efficiency, and the effect is significantly better than that of conventional chemical fertilizers.

[0247] 6.2 Quality Indicators

[0248] Table 17 Grain quality of wheat in different treatment groups

[0249] deal with protein% Wet gluten % Sedimentation value (mL) T1 11.8±0.4c 24.1±1.0c 25.4±1.2c T2 12.9±0.3b 26.7±0.9b 31.6±1.1b T3 13.8±0.5a 29.3±1.1a 35.6±1.3a

[0250] Different letters after the data in the same column indicate significant differences between treatments (P<0.05, Duncan's method); data are mean ± standard error.

[0251] Table 17 shows that the T3 treatment with the all-element bio-organic fertilizer comprehensively improved wheat quality indicators: protein content: T3 reached 13.8%, significantly higher than T2 (12.9%) and T1 (11.8%) by 7.0% and 17.0%, respectively; wet gluten content: T3 was 29.3%, significantly higher than T2 (26.7%) and T1 (24.1%) by 9.7% and 21.6%, respectively; sedimentation value: T3 reached 35.6 mL, significantly higher than T2 (31.6 mL) and T1 (25.4 mL), with increases of 12.7% and 40.2%, respectively. This fertilizer, while increasing yield, can synergistically improve grain processing quality, especially significantly promoting protein synthesis and gluten strength.

[0252] 7 Conclusions

[0253] All-element biological organic fertilizer (600 kg·ha) -1Basal application of fertilizer (BAF) showed the following outstanding effects in wheat cultivation in loess soil: Increased yield: wheat yield increased by 13.5% compared to conventional fertilizer, mainly due to the synergistic increase in effective spike number, grain number per spike, and thousand-grain weight; Improved quality: protein, wet gluten, and sedimentation value were significantly better than conventional fertilization, confirming its ability to simultaneously optimize nutrition and processing quality; Soil adaptability: even in alkaline and infertile soils (organic matter <10g·kg⁻¹), BAF showed significant improvement. -1 This fertilizer achieves high yield and quality even in arid regions, highlighting its advantages of slow-release nutrients and bioactivity. Through the synergistic effect of "organic-inorganic-microorganisms," it overcomes the limitations of traditional organic fertilizers with slow effects and single-application chemical fertilizers with poor quality, providing key technical support for green wheat production in arid areas.

Claims

1. A complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture in the Loess Plateau, characterized by: This all-element bio-organic fertilizer is composed of composted material, compound plant growth-promoting bacteria, coated urea, potassium sulfate, boron and zinc trace elements, anionic polyacrylamide-bentonite compound water-retaining agent, and ammonium humate. The composted material is obtained by fermenting and composting sheep manure, shiitake mushroom substrate, modified mushroom substrate biochar, and phosphate fertilizer with a compound high-temperature degradation bacteria agent. The compound plant growth-promoting bacteria agent is composed of Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus polygonatumic LDB01, Bacillus jellyoidus Paenibacillus mucilaginosus With Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum The composition of T-22 is as follows: its addition amount is 1-5% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; the addition amount of the coated urea is 2-4% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; the addition amount of the potassium sulfate is 7-9% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; the addition amount of the boron and zinc trace elements is 0.1-0.4% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; the addition amount of the anionic polyacrylamide (APAM)-bentonite compound water-retaining agent is 0.1-0.4% of the air-dried weight of the composted material; and the addition amount of the ammonium humate is 4-6% of the air-dried weight of the composted material.

2. The all-element bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The composted material is prepared by the following method: 400-450 kg of sheep manure, 300-350 kg of shiitake mushroom substrate, 100-150 kg of modified mushroom substrate biochar, and 30-60 kg of phosphate fertilizer are mixed together, and a compound high-temperature degradation agent is added at 1-5% of the mass of the mixture. The mixture is then fermented and composted.

3. The complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau as described in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The modified bacterial residue biochar was prepared by the following method: (1) Crush the mushroom substrate into particles ≤3mm. Add 85% phosphoric acid in three batches at a mass ratio of 1.2:1 to the substrate, with the addition amounts being 20%, 40%, and 40% of the total phosphoric acid. Stir at a constant temperature of 60℃, with a 10-minute interval between each batch to ensure that the acid fully penetrates the lignocellulose network. Then, perform vacuum degassing to remove air bubbles from the pores. (2) After impregnation, the material is transferred to an oxygen-deficient pyrolysis furnace for gradient carbonization: dehydration at 120℃ for 30 minutes, N2 flow rate 2L / min; medium-temperature carbonization at 350℃ for 60 minutes, N2 flow rate 1L / min; high-temperature activation at 500℃ for 45 minutes, N2 flow rate 0.5L / min; the residual oxygen content is controlled to be ≤0.1% throughout the process. (3) After rinsing the pyrolytic char with 5% dilute hydrochloric acid until pH=4.0~5.0 to remove ash, add deionized water at a solid-liquid mass ratio of 1:10 and ultrasonically treat with 40kHz ultrasound in pulse mode for 30 minutes to obtain the modified material. (4) The modified material is immediately neutralized with a 1% sodium bicarbonate solution to pH=7.0 to terminate the reaction. After vacuum filtration and dehydration to a moisture content of 40%, the product is dried by microwave at 60℃ to obtain a finished product with a moisture content of ≤5%.

4. The complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau as described in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The mass ratio of superphosphate powder to bone meal in the phosphate fertilizer is 2.5:1.5 to 3.5:2.5, and the particle size of the superphosphate powder is <2 mm.

5. The complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau as described in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The composite high-temperature degrading bacterial agent is composed of thermophilic brown thermophilic actinomycetes, thermophilic lipophilic Bacillus steatis, and sparsely cottony thermophilic filamentous fungi in a mass ratio of 1:1:1 to 1:2:

1.

6. The complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The compound plant growth-promoting bacterial agent is prepared according to the following method: ① Inoculate Bacillus subtilis at a 5% inoculum on LB liquid medium. Bacillus polygonatumic LDB01 was cultured at 30℃±1℃ with shaking at 180rpm for 24h. The culture endpoint was OD. 600 =4.2±0.3, which means the viable count is ≥2×10 9 CFU / mL bacterial culture A; the LB liquid culture medium refers to the solution obtained by adding 10g of tryptone, 5g of yeast powder and 10g of NaCl to 1L of deionized water, mixing well and sterilizing at 121℃ for 20min; ② Inoculate Bacillus mucilaginosus onto the culture medium at an inoculation rate of 8%. Paenibacillus mucilaginosus The cells were cultured at 37℃±1℃ with shaking at 120 rpm for 48 hours. The culture endpoint was defined as a spore formation rate ≥95%, which yielded a viable cell count ≥1.5×10⁻⁶. 9 CFU / mL bacterial culture solution B; the culture medium refers to the solution obtained by adding 10g glucose, 25g Ca3(PO4)2, and 0.5g MgSO4 to 1L of deionized water, mixing well, adjusting the pH to 7.2, and sterilizing at 121℃ for 20min. ③ On a solid fermentation substrate, at 5×10 6 Spores / g inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum in solid fermentation substrate Trichoderma harzianum T-22 was cultured in the dark at 25℃ for 5 days, with stirring once every 24 hours. The Trichoderma harzianum spore powder obtained from solid-state fermentation was diluted with sterile water and vortexed. After filtering through a 200-mesh sieve, the culture endpoint was reached, resulting in a spore concentration ≥5×10⁻⁶. 9 Spore suspension per g; the solid fermentation substrate refers to a solid fermentation substrate with a water content of 45% obtained by mixing wheat bran and rice husk at a volume ratio of 7:3 and adding deionized water. ④ Mix bacterial solution A and bacterial solution B at a volume ratio of 1:2, and add chitosan at 0.1% of the total volume. Stir at 30°C and 50 rpm for 2 hours to obtain mixed bacterial solution A. ⑤ Add the spore suspension to the mixed bacterial solution A, and the ratio of viable bacteria in bacterial solution A, bacterial solution B and spore suspension is 1:2:1.5; let stand at room temperature for 30 minutes to form a three-phase symbiosis, thus obtaining mixed bacterial solution B; ⑥ Add 5% trehalose, 10% skim milk powder, and 1% nano SiO2 by weight per kilogram of the mixed bacterial solution B, and stir at 4°C for 30 minutes to obtain mixed bacterial solution C; ⑦ The mixed bacterial solution C is adsorbed with the composite carrier at a mass ratio of 1:2 to obtain the composite plant growth-promoting bacterial agent; the composite carrier is prepared by mixing 40% phosphoric acid modified biochar, 30% peat soil, 20% bentonite and 10% maifanite powder evenly and passing it through a 100-mesh sieve by mass percentage.

7. The complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The coated urea is a micron-sized double-layer coated urea, prepared according to the following method: a. Add 1% to 5% (by weight) of ethyl cellulose, 1% to 4% of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and 16% to 20% of triethyl citrate to anhydrous ethanol to obtain an ethanol mixture. b. Urea microparticles with a particle size of 1.5~2.5 mm are preheated to 50~60℃ and then coated in a bottom spray fluidized bed under the conditions of inlet air temperature of 40~43℃, atomization pressure of 1.2 bar, and spray rate of 6.5~8.0 g / min. c. Modified bacterial biochar powder with a particle size ≤75 μm that has passed through a 200-mesh sieve is mixed with an ethanol mixture at a mass ratio of 1:3, and nano-SiO2 is added at 1%~3% of the mass of the modified bacterial biochar powder. After homogenization, a composite slurry is prepared. d. Under the conditions of inlet air temperature of 45℃ and atomization pressure of 1.5 bar, a composite slurry is sprayed on the surface of urea microparticles, and the weight gain is 6% to form a functional layer with a thickness of 50~80 μm. Finally, the interface is strengthened by cross-linking and curing at 60℃ for 30 minutes.

8. The complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The boron and zinc trace elements are composed of borax and zinc sulfate heptahydrate.

9. The complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The anionic polyacrylamide-bentonite compound water-retaining agent is prepared by the following method: First, the pulverized sodium-based bentonite that has passed through a 200-mesh sieve is soaked in a 10% NaCl solution for 24 hours to obtain the soaked bentonite. Then, anionic polyacrylamide is slowly added to cold water at ≤25℃ at a concentration of 0.1%, and stirred at a constant speed of 60r / min to obtain anionic polyacrylamide solution. Finally, based on a mass ratio of 1:2.5 between anionic polyacrylamide solution and sodium-based bentonite, the soaked bentonite was mixed with the anionic polyacrylamide solution, and 0.05% of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide crosslinking agent relative to the mass of the anionic polyacrylamide dry powder was added. The mixture was stirred at low speed at 45°C for 30 minutes to form a three-dimensional network gel.

10. The method for preparing a complete elemental bio-organic fertilizer suitable for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau as described in any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising the following steps: S1 raw material pretreatment: i Select mold-free spawn, remove the moisture-retaining film, dry until the moisture content is <30%, crush and pass through an 18-mesh sieve to obtain shiitake mushroom spawn with a particle size ≤3mm; ii. Dissolve the compound high-temperature degrading bacterial agent in 50L of aqueous solution containing 3-6kg of glucose at 40-60℃, let it stand for 15-60 minutes to activate it, and form a suspension of the compound high-temperature degrading bacterial agent; Preparation of S2 mixed base material: Based on a mass ratio of sheep manure to shiitake mushroom substrate of 4:1 to 1:1, mix sheep manure, crushed shiitake mushroom substrate, 100-150 kg of modified substrate biochar, 10-30 kg of superphosphate powder with a particle size <2 mm, and 10-20 kg of bone meal. While stirring the materials, spray an aqueous solution containing 1-6 kg of urea to make the moisture content of the materials reach 50-55%, the carbon-nitrogen ratio reach 25:1, and adjust the pH of the mixture to 6.0-6.

5. S3 reactor construction and temperature-controlled reactor turning: For each ton of mixed material, apply 50L of a compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension containing 100-300g of microbial agent; when piling the material, while turning the pile, evenly spray 40%-60% of the total amount of the compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension. After mixing evenly, pile the mixed material into windrows 2.5m wide and 1.0-1.5m high for primary fermentation. Maintain the fermentation temperature at 55-63℃ for 5-7 days or more. When the temperature exceeds 65℃ or the O2 concentration is <10%, turn the pile and spray the remaining amount of compound high-temperature degradation microbial agent suspension. S4 secondary fermentation: When the material cools down to 30-35℃, add 1-5% of the compound plant growth promoter by the air-dried basis weight of the composted material, turn it over and mix it evenly; control the temperature at 35-40℃ and the moisture content at 45-50%, turn the pile once every 2 days to maintain an aerobic environment, and keep the temperature stable at 40±2℃. Stop the composting and fermentation when the C / N ratio of the composted material is <15, the GI is >80%, the color of the composted material is dark brown, there is no ammonia smell, and there is a fresh earthy fragrance. S5 Pre-granulation material preparation: The actual weight of the composted material was measured on an air-dried basis. First, 0.1-0.4% of anionic polyacrylamide-bentonite compound water-retaining agent and 0.1-0.4% of boron-zinc trace elements were added to 10-20% of the total weight of the composted material on an air-dried basis. After premixing for 5 minutes, the mixture was put into the main mixer. The remaining composted material, along with 7-9% of potassium sulfate, 2-4% of coated urea, and 4-6% of ammonium humate on an air-dried basis, were added to the main mixer and mixed evenly. The moisture content of the composted material was adjusted to 25-30% with a 1-2.5% trehalose solution. The mixture was allowed to stand and mature for 2-24 hours to obtain the precast material. S6 extrusion granulation: The pre-formed material is granulated by a double-die extrusion granulator, screened by an 8-mesh rotary vibrating screen, and packaged to obtain Quanyuan biological organic fertilizer.

Images