Pear garden cultivation method based on integration of water and fertilizer and green prevention and control

Abstract

The invention discloses a pear garden cultivation method based on water and fertilizer integration and green prevention and control, which comprises the following steps: a, water and fertilizer integration management: based on a water and fertilizer demand rule of a pear variety mainly cultivated in a pear garden, adopting a drip irrigation system and combining soil moisture content monitoring data to dynamically regulate and control the irrigation amount and the fertilization amount in different growth stages; b, green prevention and control: a combined system of agricultural management, physical trapping and killing, biological prevention and control and emergency chemical prevention and control is constructed, the agricultural management comprises garden cleaning in winter and branch thinning in summer, the physical trapping and killing comprises arrangement of insecticidal lamps and yellow plates, and the biological prevention and control comprises release of parasitic wasps and spraying of microbial preparations; low-toxicity pesticides are applied in the high-incidence period of specific diseases in the emergency chemical prevention and treatment; and c, synergistically implementing: in a fruit expansion period, synchronously executing the water and fertilizer regulation in the step a and the biological control operation in the step b.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural cultivation technology, specifically to a pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control. Background Technology

[0002] Early-maturing pear varieties such as Crisp Crown and Round Yellow are limited by terrain (slope of 5-15°), planting habits, and technical adaptability. Traditional cultivation methods have long faced three core problems, and the causes of these problems are interconnected, forming a bottleneck for development. These problems are specifically manifested as follows: (1) Extensive water and fertilizer management: More than 90% of pear orchards in the hilly and mountainous areas of Southwest China adopt the "flood irrigation + experience-based fertilization" model. Due to the lack of precise equipment at the irrigation end, water is lost due to runoff caused by the slope, and the utilization rate is only 40% to 50%. The average annual irrigation volume per mu is 400 to 600 cubic meters. 3 The amount of fertilizer applied far exceeds actual needs. Farmers, relying on experience, apply 30-40 kg / mu of nitrogen fertilizer during the budding stage, failing to adjust according to the need for phosphorus and potassium during flowering and high potassium during fruit enlargement. This results in a 20-30% nitrogen loss rate and a fertilizer utilization rate of less than 40%. In terms of cost, traditional water and fertilizer inputs account for 25-30% of total production inputs, with an average annual cost of 1000-1200 yuan per mu. Regarding quality, the imbalance between water and fertilizer results in fruit weights of only 120-150g (far below the standard of 180-200g for high-quality fruit) and a sugar content of 10-11°Brix (target 12-13°Brix). The rate of high-quality fruit is less than 50%, while the price difference between high-quality and ordinary fruit is 0.8-1.2 yuan / jin, directly reducing farmers' profits.

[0003] (2) Inefficient pest and disease control: The main pests and diseases in pear orchards are pear fruit moth, aphids, and pear scab. Traditional control methods mainly rely on chemical pesticides such as imidacloprid and carbendazim, with control costs accounting for 25% to 30% of the total cost, and an average annual expenditure of 300 to 400 yuan per mu. Long-term use of single pesticides has led to a pesticide-resistant population of over 60% of the pear fruit moth, reducing the control effect from 90% to 70% to 80%. Fruit farmers are forced to increase the frequency and dosage of pesticide use, further increasing costs. At the same time, some fruits have excessive pesticide residues, failing to meet the GB2763-2021 standard, affecting market circulation. More importantly, the traditional model lacks a prevention-oriented mindset, failing to reduce the pest and disease population through orchard sanitation and pruning, and only passively responding to pest occurrences, resulting in low control efficiency and high fruit damage rate.

[0004] Existing technologies only focus on water and fertilizer regulation, without considering the needs of pest and disease control in mountain orchards. Fruit farmers need to invest additional costs in prevention and control, and cannot achieve synergistic improvement in water and fertilizer, prevention and control, and quality. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a set of regionally adaptable, low-cost, and easy-to-operate synergistic cultivation methods. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention aims to provide a pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control. Through the synergistic cultivation method of integrated water and fertilizer management and low-cost green pest control, and by balancing precise input and high-efficiency output, it solves the problems of water and fertilizer waste, high pesticide dependence and poor fruit quality in traditional planting.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, this application provides the following technical solution: A pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control includes: a. Integrated water and fertilizer management: Based on the water and fertilizer requirements of the main pear varieties in the pear orchard, a drip irrigation system is adopted, and the irrigation and fertilizer application are dynamically adjusted according to the growth stage in combination with soil moisture monitoring data. b. Green control: Construct a combined system of agricultural management, physical trapping, biological control, and emergency chemical control. The agricultural management includes winter orchard sanitation and summer pruning. The physical trapping includes setting up insecticidal lamps and yellow sticky traps. The biological control includes releasing parasitic wasps and spraying microbial agents. The emergency chemical control involves applying low-toxicity pesticides during the outbreak of black spot disease. c. Synergistic Implementation: During the fruit enlargement period, water and fertilizer regulation in step a and biological control operations in step b are carried out simultaneously.

[0007] Working principle and beneficial effects of the present invention: Through the coordinated implementation of integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control, water and fertilizer management is based on the water and fertilizer requirements of different varieties to achieve precise supply. Green pest control adopts a multi-level technology combination to form a full-process pest and disease control network, realizing the organic combination of efficient use of water and fertilizer resources and green pest and disease control. This breaks the traditional management model of separating water and fertilizer management from plant protection measures, solves the comprehensive problems of resource waste, pollution risk and low quality in pear orchards in hilly and mountainous areas, and provides a systematic solution for high-quality and efficient pear cultivation.

[0008] Preferably, in step a, Germination stage: Irrigation volume 80-100m³ 3 Apply 20-25 kg / mu of nitrogen-based compound fertilizer. Flowering period: Irrigation volume 60-80m³ 3 Apply 15-20 kg / mu of balanced phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer. Enlargement stage: Irrigation volume 120-150m³ 3 Apply 5-10 kg / mu of potassium-rich compound fertilizer.

[0009] Preferably, the dripper flow rate of the drip irrigation system is 1.5-2.0 L / h, and the drip tape spacing is 0.8-1.0 m; the soil moisture monitoring adopts a sensor, the threshold of which is set at 60%-70% of field capacity, and the irrigation frequency is 5-7 days / time.

[0010] Preferably, in step b, the agricultural management includes a winter orchard sanitation rate of ≥80% for diseased and pest-infested branches and a summer pruning rate of ≥30% for orchard light transmittance; physical trapping includes deploying 1-3 frequency-vibration insecticidal lamps and 30-40 yellow sticky traps per acre; biological control includes releasing 20,000-25,000 Trichogramma wasps per acre during the peak hatching period of codling moth eggs and spraying microbial agents 2-3 times during the growing season.

[0011] Preferably, the pear orchard is a hilly orchard, more preferably a hilly orchard in the southwest, with a slope of 5-20°, yellow or red soil, pH value of 5.5-6.5, and organic matter content of 1.0%-2.0%.

[0012] Preferably, the density of the yellow sticky traps and the amount of parasitic wasps released in step b are increased accordingly; when the soil is yellow soil, the amount of potassium fertilizer applied during the fruit enlargement period in step a is reduced accordingly. Red soil areas are more acidic and have a higher aphid population; increasing the density of yellow sticky traps and the amount of parasitic wasps enhances the targeted control. Yellow soil areas have lower potassium availability; therefore, reducing the amount of potassium fertilizer during the fruit enlargement period meets the sugar synthesis requirements of pears.

[0013] Preferably, emergency chemical control is limited to the use of low-toxicity pesticides for black spot disease, with a dosage of ≤50g / mu. Detailed Implementation

[0014] The following detailed description illustrates the specific implementation method: Example 1: Co-cultivation of Crisp Crown Pear (5 mu of small-scale orchard in Gaofang Village, Shenxi Town, Honghuagang District, Zunyi City) Experimental conditions: Crispy crown pears were planted in March 2024 (2m × 3m spacing), the soil was yellow soil (pH 6.2, organic matter 1.8%), the altitude was about 1000m, and the average annual temperature was 16.5℃.

[0015] Water and fertilizer management: A simple drip irrigation system is adopted, with an average installation cost of 900 yuan per mu (approximately 667 square meters). The dripper flow rate is 1.8 L / h, and the drip tape spacing is 0.9 m. The system is implemented according to the plan in Table 1. Table 1

[0016] Germination stage (March 20): Irrigate 85m 3 (Traditional 150 m) 3 Apply 22 kg of 20-20-20 compound fertilizer (traditionally 35 kg); Flowering period (April 25): Irrigate 70 m³ 3 (Traditional 100 m) 3 Apply 18 kg of 15-20-15 compound fertilizer (traditionally 25 kg). Enlargement period (June 10 - July 15): Irrigate 130 m³ 3(Traditional 200 m) 3 Apply 10 kg of 10-15-30 compound fertilizer (traditionally 20 kg).

[0017] Water use efficiency is 88% (sensor monitoring), and fertilizer use efficiency is 72% (compared to approximately 40% in traditional methods).

[0018] Green prevention and control: Winter orchard cleanup (December 2023): 120 kg of diseased and insect-infested branches were pruned (removal rate 85%). Summer pruning (June 2024): Remove overly dense branches, achieving 35% light transmittance; Physical trapping: Hanging frequency-vibrating lights 5 mu × 2 lights / mu = 10 lights (total cost 300 yuan, annual amortization ≤ 20 yuan), yellow sticky traps 5 mu × 30 sheets / mu = 150 sheets (total cost 45 yuan, annual amortization ≤ 20 yuan). Biological control: On June 15th (peak hatching period of pear fruit moth eggs), release 100,000 Trichogramma wasps (20,000 wasps / mu × 5 mu), with an average cost of 70 yuan per mu; spray Bacillus thuringiensis 3 times (500 mL / mu each time, concentration 10). 7 CFU / mL, total cost 120 yuan); Emergency control: Spray 50g / mu of difenoconazole on July 20 (cost 30 yuan). Data Results: Harvested in July 2024, the single fruit weight of the Crispy Crown pear was 165±8g (control 145±10g, an increase of 14%), the sugar content was 12.5±0.3°Brix (control 11.4±0.2°Brix, an increase of 1.1°Brix), the pest and disease control effect was 88% (control 75%), the total control cost was 260 yuan / mu (traditional cost 400 yuan / mu), and water was saved by 165 cubic meters. 3 / mu (traditional 450 m 3 / mu), saving 30kg / mu of fertilizer (traditional 80kg / mu).

[0019] Fruit growers reported that compared to traditional techniques, the method saves about 400 yuan per mu in water and fertilizer, increases the selling price of fruit by 0.6 yuan per jin (the proportion of high-quality fruit increases from 50% to 70%), and increases income by about 1,450 yuan per mu.

[0020] Example 2: Co-cultivation of Round Yellow Pear (Mountain Pear Orchard, Xiangkou Town, Honghuagang District, Zunyi City, 10 mu Cooperative Orchard) Experimental conditions: Round yellow pears were planted in March 2024 (2m × 3m spacing), the soil was red soil (pH 5.8, organic matter 1.5%), the altitude was about 900m, and the average annual temperature was 16℃.

[0021] Water and fertilizer management: The average cost of laying the drip irrigation system is 850 yuan per mu. The high potassium compound fertilizer during the fruit enlargement period is adjusted to 12 kg / mu (to adapt to the potassium adsorption characteristics of red soil). The other stages are the same as the Crispy Crown Pear program.

[0022] Green control: Increase the density of yellow sticky traps to 35 per mu (in response to the high incidence of aphids in red soil areas), release 21,000 Trichogramma wasps per mu (for slightly higher insect population density), and other measures are the same as in Example 1.

[0023] Data results: The average weight of a single round yellow pear was 158±10g (compared to 138±12g for the control, an increase of 14%), the sugar content was 12.2±0.4°Brix (compared to 11.1±0.3°Brix for the control, an increase of 1.1°Brix), the pest and disease control effect was 86% (compared to 78% for the control), and water was saved by 165 m³. 3 / mu, saving 28kg of fertilizer / mu. This invention, through a synergistic design of "precise water and fertilizer management + low-cost green pest control," closely integrates with the actual production conditions (climate, soil, variety, and economic capacity of small-scale farmers) of pear orchards in the hilly areas of Honghuagang District, Zunyi City. While ensuring a reasonable improvement in fruit quality (an increase of 12%-15% in single fruit weight and a 1.0-1.3°Brix increase in sugar content), it reduces the average comprehensive cost per mu (unit of land area) by 18%-22%, achieving an input-output ratio of 1:4.0-4.5. It combines scientific rigor, practicality, and reasonable cost-effectiveness. The solution is simple to operate (easy for farmers to master), equipment investment can be shared, and pest control technology is localized, making it suitable for promotion in pear orchards in the hilly areas of Southwest China, providing reliable technical support for green and efficient agriculture.

[0024] It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the technical solution of this invention. These modifications and improvements should also be considered within the scope of protection of this invention, and will not affect the effectiveness of the invention or the practicality of the patent. The scope of protection claimed in this application shall be determined by the content of its claims, and the specific embodiments described in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: a. Integrated water and fertilizer management: Based on the water and fertilizer requirements of the main pear varieties in the pear orchard, a drip irrigation system is adopted, and the irrigation and fertilizer application are dynamically adjusted according to the growth stage in combination with soil moisture monitoring data. b. Green control: Construct a combined system of agricultural management, physical trapping, biological control, and emergency chemical control. The agricultural management includes winter orchard sanitation and summer pruning. The physical trapping includes setting up insecticidal lamps and yellow sticky traps. The biological control includes releasing parasitic wasps and spraying microbial agents containing Bacillus thuringiensis. The emergency chemical control involves applying low-toxicity pesticides during the outbreak of black spot disease. c. Synergistic Implementation: During the fruit enlargement period, water and fertilizer regulation in step a and biological control operations in step b are carried out simultaneously.

2. The pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step a, Germination stage: Irrigation volume 80-100m³ 3 Apply 20-25 kg / mu of nitrogen-based compound fertilizer. Flowering period: Irrigation volume 60-80m³ 3 Apply 15-20 kg / mu of balanced phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer. Enlargement stage: Irrigation volume 120-150m³ 3 Apply 5-10 kg / mu of potassium-rich compound fertilizer.

3. The pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control according to claim 2, characterized in that: The drip irrigation system has a drip head flow rate of 1.5-2.0 L / h and a drip tape spacing of 0.8-1.0 m; the soil moisture monitoring uses a sensor with a threshold set at 60%-70% of field capacity and an irrigation frequency of 5-7 days / time.

4. The pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control according to claim 3, characterized in that: In step b, the agricultural management includes a winter orchard sanitation rate of ≥80% for diseased and pest-infested branches and a summer pruning rate of ≥30% for orchard light transmittance. The physical trapping includes setting up 1-3 frequency-vibration insecticidal lamps and 30-40 yellow sticky traps per acre. The biological control includes releasing 20,000-25,000 Trichogramma wasps per acre during the peak hatching period of codling moth eggs and spraying microbial agents 2-3 times during the growing season.

5. The pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control according to claim 4, characterized in that: The pear orchard is a hilly orchard, preferably a hilly orchard in the southwest. The slope of the hilly orchard is 5-20°, the soil is yellow soil or red soil, the pH value is 5.5-6.5, and the organic matter content is 1.0%-2.0%.

6. The pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control according to claim 5, characterized in that: The density of the yellow sticky traps and the amount of parasitic wasps released in step b are increased accordingly; when the soil is yellow soil, the amount of potassium fertilizer applied during the bulking period in step a is reduced accordingly.

7. The pear orchard cultivation method based on integrated water and fertilizer management and green pest control according to claim 6, characterized in that: Emergency chemical control is limited to the use of low-toxicity pesticides during the outbreak of black spot disease, with a dosage of ≤50g / mu.

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