Recycling methods for the bottom cell in perovskite tandem solar cells

Abstract

This application relates to the field of solar cell technology and discloses a method for recycling the bottom cell in a perovskite tandem solar cell. The perovskite tandem solar cell includes a top cell, an inorganic functional layer, and the bottom cell stacked sequentially. The top cell includes a perovskite light-absorbing layer disposed on the side of the inorganic functional layer facing away from the bottom cell. The inorganic functional layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer have different coefficients of thermal expansion. The recycling method includes the following steps: cooling the perovskite tandem solar cell; and heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell to peel the perovskite light-absorbing layer off from the inorganic functional layer. Using the recycling method provided in this application, the performance of the bottom cell can be effectively preserved, ensuring its stability during secondary use.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and more particularly to a method for recycling the bottom cell in a perovskite tandem solar cell. Background Technology

[0002] The recycling of the bottom cell in perovskite tandem solar cells is of great significance because the recycled bottom cell can be reused through reprocessing, thereby significantly reducing the total production cost.

[0003] It is worth noting that the overall performance of perovskite tandem solar cells is determined by both the top and bottom cells, and their compatibility directly affects the device efficiency. Therefore, how to effectively preserve the performance of the bottom cell during recycling and ensure its stability during secondary use has become an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This application discloses embodiments. The recycling method provided in this application can effectively preserve the performance of the battery and ensure its stability during secondary use.

[0005] This application discloses a method for recycling the bottom cell of a perovskite tandem solar cell. The perovskite tandem solar cell includes a top cell, an inorganic functional layer, and the bottom cell stacked sequentially. The top cell includes a perovskite light-absorbing layer, which is disposed on the side of the inorganic functional layer away from the bottom cell. The inorganic functional layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer have different coefficients of thermal expansion.

[0006] The recycling method includes the following steps:

[0007] The perovskite tandem solar cell is subjected to a cooling process;

[0008] The cooled perovskite tandem solar cell is heated to peel the perovskite light-absorbing layer off the inorganic functional layer.

[0009] Furthermore, in the step of cooling the perovskite tandem solar cell, the temperature of the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell is 0°C to 10°C.

[0010] Furthermore, the step of cooling the perovskite tandem solar cell is as follows: immersing the perovskite tandem solar cell in a temperature transfer medium for cooling, wherein the temperature of the temperature transfer medium is 0℃~10℃ and the cooling time is 3min~10min.

[0011] Furthermore, the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell includes placing the perovskite tandem solar cell, which is immersed in a heat transfer medium, in a heating furnace for heating.

[0012] Further, the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell includes: heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell to 100°C to 150°C; and / or,

[0013] The heating rate is 5℃ / min to 30℃ / min.

[0014] Furthermore, after the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell, the recycling method further includes: purging the surface of the stripped inorganic functional layer and applying a cleaning agent to the surface of the inorganic functional layer to remove impurities on the inorganic functional layer.

[0015] Furthermore, the cleaning agent includes at least one of ethanol and isopropanol; and / or

[0016] The step of blowing away the surface of the inorganic functional layer after peeling includes: blowing away the surface of the inorganic functional layer after peeling with hot air.

[0017] Furthermore, the thermal expansion coefficients of the main material of the bottom battery, the inorganic functional layer, and the perovskite light-absorbing layer show an increasing trend. The difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the inorganic functional layer and the main material of the bottom battery is a first difference, and the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the inorganic functional layer is a second difference. The first difference is smaller than the second difference.

[0018] Furthermore, the inorganic functional layer is a first carrier transport layer, and the top cell also includes a second carrier transport layer disposed on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer opposite to the first carrier transport layer. One of the first carrier transport layer and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer.

[0019] Furthermore, the inorganic functional layer is the electron transport layer, and after the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell, the recycling method further includes: removing the electron transport layer on the bottom cell.

[0020] Furthermore, the inorganic functional layer is an intermediate connecting layer, and the top cell also includes a first carrier transport layer, the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second carrier transport layer, which are sequentially stacked on the side of the intermediate connecting layer away from the bottom cell. The first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, which is a self-assembled monolayer, and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer.

[0021] Furthermore, the bottom battery is a silicon-based battery, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the silicon-based battery is 2.5 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~3.5×10-6 K -1 ; and / or,

[0022] The coefficient of thermal expansion of the intermediate connecting layer is 6.0 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~7.0×10 -6 K -1 ; and / or,

[0023] The coefficient of thermal expansion of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is 20 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~40×10 -6 K -1 ; and / or,

[0024] The thickness of the intermediate connecting layer is 10nm to 20nm; and / or,

[0025] The thickness of the hole transport layer is 2nm to 4nm; and / or,

[0026] The intermediate connecting layer is made of at least one of a silicon metal compound, indium tin oxide, and zinc tin oxide; and / or,

[0027] The self-assembled monolayer is made of materials including (2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (2-(3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (2-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (2-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, and (4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-) At least one of the following: (4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(7H-dibenzocarbazole-7-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(2,7-dibromo-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, sodium 4-phenylbutyrate, (2-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-1-cyanovinyl)phosphonic acid, and (2-(3,7-dibromo-10H-phenthiazin-10-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid; and / or,

[0028] The perovskite material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer has the chemical formula ABX3, where A includes at least one selected from methylamine ion, dimethylamine ion, formamidinium ion, acetamidine ion, cesium ion, rubidium ion, and guanidine ion; B includes at least one selected from lead ion, tin ion, and germanium ion; and X includes at least one selected from bromide ion, iodide ion, chloride ion, thiocyanate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, and hexafluoroborate ion; and / or,

[0029] The base cell is a silicon-based cell, which includes one of a passivated contact solar cell and a heterojunction solar cell; and / or,

[0030] The thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is 500 nm to 1500 nm.

[0031] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this application are as follows: This application provides a method for recycling the bottom cell in a perovskite tandem solar cell. The recycling method provided by this application can effectively preserve the performance of the bottom cell and ensure its stability during secondary use.

[0032] Specifically, in a perovskite tandem solar cell, the bottom cell is connected to the perovskite light-absorbing layer of the top cell via an inorganic functional layer. Due to the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the inorganic functional layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer, their sensitivities to temperature differ. Therefore, during the cooling process of the perovskite tandem solar cell, the different temperature sensitivities result in different forces acting on the inorganic functional layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer, leading to inconsistent shrinkage. This causes the weaker interfacial bonding to peel off, while the stronger interfacial bonding weakens. Furthermore, during the heating process of the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell, the combined effect of the forces generated by expansion and cooling further weakens the mechanical properties between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the inorganic functional layer. This results in a sharp decrease in the interfacial adhesion between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the inorganic functional layer, facilitating the peeling of the perovskite light-absorbing layer from the inorganic functional layer, thereby enabling the recycling of the bottom cell. Attached Figure Description

[0033] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0034] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the first perovskite tandem solar cell provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0035] Figure 2This is a process flow diagram of the recycling method of the bottom cell of the first perovskite tandem solar cell provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0036] Figure 3 This is a process flow diagram of the recycling method for the bottom cell of the second type of perovskite tandem solar cell provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0037] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the second type of perovskite tandem solar cell provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0038] Figure 5 This is a process flow diagram of the recycling method for the bottom cell of the third type of perovskite tandem solar cell provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0039] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the third type of perovskite tandem solar cell provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0040] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the fourth type of perovskite tandem solar cell provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0041] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a bottom battery provided in an embodiment of this application.

[0042] Icons: 1. Top cell; 11. Perovskite light-absorbing layer; 12. First transparent conductive layer; 13. Passivation layer; 14. Buffer layer; 2. Inorganic functional layer; 21. First carrier transport layer; 22. Second carrier transport layer; 23. Intermediate connection layer; 3. Bottom cell; 31. Silicon substrate; 32. First passivation layer; 33. First doped silicon layer; 34. Second transparent conductive layer; 35. Second passivation layer; 36. Second doped silicon layer; 37. Third transparent conductive layer; 4. First electrode; 5. Second electrode. Detailed Implementation

[0043] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0044] In this invention, the terms "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "front," "rear," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "middle," "vertical," "horizontal," "lateral," and "longitudinal" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. These terms are primarily for the purpose of better describing the invention and its embodiments, and are not intended to limit the indicated devices, elements, or components to having a specific orientation, or to be constructed and operated in a specific orientation.

[0045] Furthermore, in addition to indicating direction or positional relationship, some of the aforementioned terms may also have other meanings. For example, the term "above" may also be used in certain situations to indicate a dependency or connection. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of these terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0046] Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," etc., are primarily used to distinguish different devices, elements, or components (which may be the same or different in specific type and construction), and are not intended to indicate or imply the relative importance or quantity of the indicated devices, elements, or components. Unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more.

[0047] The technical solutions provided by the present invention will be further described below with reference to the embodiments and accompanying drawings.

[0048] Perovskite tandem solar cells typically consist of a wide-bandgap perovskite top cell and a narrow-bandgap bottom cell. This unique structure allows perovskite tandem solar cells to effectively absorb light of different wavelengths, greatly expanding the utilization rate of solar photons. The perovskite top cell can shield ultraviolet light and reduce the total light intensity by half, thus effectively extending the lifespan of the bottom cell. This means that even after the perovskite top cell reaches the end of its lifespan, the bottom cell still has the potential for reuse. Therefore, it is essential to recycle and reuse the bottom cell in perovskite tandem solar cells.

[0049] While the top cell can be separated and peeled off using solvent dissolution, leaving the bottom cell for recycling, this method has several limitations. Firstly, the method is highly restrictive in its solvent selection; solvents that are toxic, volatile, flammable, or explosive pose risks to operator health and may cause environmental pollution. Furthermore, subsequent solvent recovery and harmless treatment require additional costs. Secondly, insufficient solvent dissolution efficiency may harm the bottom cell's performance. Due to the slow dissolution rate, repeated processing is necessary for complete top cell removal. If the top cell is not completely removed, residual impurities may adhere to the bottom cell surface, affecting its performance. Additionally, trace amounts of solvent may seep into the bottom cell, damaging its performance and diminishing its reusability after recycling.

[0050] Based on an in-depth analysis of the above problems, this application provides a method for recycling the bottom cell of a perovskite tandem solar cell. The recycling method provided by this application can effectively preserve the performance of the bottom cell and ensure its stability during secondary use.

[0051] This application discloses a method for recycling the bottom cell of a perovskite tandem solar cell, such as... Figure 1 As shown, the perovskite tandem solar cell includes a top cell 1, an inorganic functional layer 2, and a bottom cell 3 stacked sequentially from top to bottom. The top cell 1 includes a perovskite light-absorbing layer 11, which is disposed on the side of the inorganic functional layer 2 away from the bottom cell 3. The inorganic functional layer 2 and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 have different coefficients of thermal expansion.

[0052] like Figure 2 As shown, the recycling method for the bottom cell in the above-mentioned perovskite tandem solar cell includes the following steps:

[0053] Cooling treatment is applied to perovskite tandem solar cells;

[0054] The cooled perovskite tandem solar cell is heated to peel the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 off from the inorganic functional layer 2.

[0055] Among them, the inorganic functional layer 2 refers to the film layer prepared using inorganic materials, while the material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is an organic material. Furthermore, the thermal expansion coefficients of inorganic and organic materials are quite different, which makes the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the inorganic functional layer 2 have a higher difference in temperature sensitivity, thus making it more conducive to the recycling of the bottom cell 3.

[0056] In a perovskite tandem solar cell, the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 of the top cell 1 is connected to the bottom cell 3 via an inorganic functional layer 2. This embodiment utilizes the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the inorganic functional layer 2 and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11, resulting in different temperature sensitivities. By first cooling the perovskite tandem cell and then heating it, the effective stripping of the bottom cell can be achieved while maintaining its structural performance.

[0057] During the cooling process of the perovskite tandem solar cell, the inorganic functional layer 2 and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 have different sensitivities to temperature. Therefore, the forces acting on them during cooling are different, resulting in inconsistent shrinkage. This causes the weaker interfacial bonding to peel off, while the stronger bonding weakens. Furthermore, during the heating process after cooling, the combined forces from expansion and cooling further weaken the mechanical properties between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the inorganic functional layer 2. This leads to a sharp decrease in interfacial adhesion between them, facilitating the peeling of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 from the inorganic functional layer 2, thus enabling the recycling of the bottom cell 3.

[0058] In addition, compared with the direct high-temperature stripping method, this application adopts a stripping method of first cooling and then heating. The interface bonding ability between the inorganic functional layer 2 and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is weakened by low-temperature treatment, and then the stripping effect is achieved by heating treatment. This method helps to reduce the degree of damage to the film layer of inorganic functional layer 2 during the stripping process, so that the area of ​​the bottom cell 3 obtained by recycling is closer to the area before recycling. The porosity of each film layer in the bottom cell 3 is appropriate, which ensures the stripping effect to a high degree, that is, to a high degree, the structural performance of the bottom cell is guaranteed, and it is more conducive to ensuring the recycling value of the bottom cell 3.

[0059] Furthermore, compared with the solvent dissolution method for recycling bottom batteries, the recycling method of this application embodiment can not only effectively avoid damage to the bottom battery 3 and ensure the recycling value of the bottom battery 3, but also improve the recycling efficiency, reduce the recycling cost, and has the advantages of being environmentally friendly.

[0060] Furthermore, in the step of cooling the perovskite tandem solar cell, the temperature of the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell is 0℃ to 10℃. When the temperature of the perovskite tandem solar cell is reduced to the above-mentioned temperature, the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the two materials results in a significant difference in their degree of shrinkage, which further reduces the interfacial adhesion between the top cell 1 and the inorganic functional layer 2, thereby helping to ensure the peeling effect during subsequent heat treatment. For example, the temperature of the perovskite tandem solar cell is 0℃, 2℃, 4℃, 6℃, 8℃, 10℃, etc.

[0061] Furthermore, the cooling process for the perovskite tandem solar cell involves immersing it in a heat transfer medium at a temperature of 0°C to 10°C for 3 to 10 minutes. Placing the perovskite tandem solar cell in the heat transfer medium and controlling the cooling parameters within the aforementioned range effectively ensures the uniformity of cooling between the inorganic functional layer 2 and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11, thereby helping to further ensure that the adhesion of the film in different regions is effectively reduced. For example, the temperature of the heat transfer medium can be 0°C, 2°C, 4°C, 6°C, 8°C, or 10°C, etc.; and the cooling time can be 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 7 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, etc.

[0062] In one optional embodiment, the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell includes: directly placing the perovskite tandem solar cell in a heating furnace for heating; in another optional embodiment, the heating step involves placing the perovskite tandem solar cell immersed in a heat transfer medium in a heating furnace for heating. The latter heating method employs both a heat transfer medium and a heating furnace simultaneously. In this method, when the heating furnace heats up, the heat transfer medium absorbs heat, thereby providing heat to the perovskite tandem solar cell immersed in the heat transfer medium. This ensures uniform temperature heating in different areas of the perovskite tandem solar cell, thus contributing to a higher degree of improvement in the exfoliation effect.

[0063] The heat transfer medium includes at least one of chlorobenzene, anisole, ethanol, isopropanol, toluene, ethyl acetate, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.

[0064] Furthermore, the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell includes heating it to 100°C to 150°C. When the heating temperature is within this range, on the one hand, the temperature has a lower impact on the bottom cell 3, allowing it to maintain good performance; on the other hand, the force generated at this temperature has a higher synergy with the force generated during the cooling process, resulting in a greater difference in the degree of expansion between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the inorganic functional layer 2, thereby helping to further enhance the recycling value of the bottom cell 3. For example, the heating temperature is 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C, 140°C, or 150°C, etc.

[0065] Furthermore, the heating rate is 5°C / min to 30°C / min. When the heating rate is within the above range, the high-temperature energy can be applied instantaneously to the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the inorganic functional layer 2, causing the film layer with a high coefficient of thermal expansion to expand rapidly, while the film layer with a low coefficient of thermal expansion expands with a lag. This helps to further increase the difference in expansion rates between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the inorganic functional layer 2, thereby facilitating the peeling of the perovskite light-absorbing layer from the inorganic functional layer 2. In addition, the above-mentioned heating rate also helps to avoid adverse effects on the bottom cell 3, further ensuring the performance of the bottom cell 3. For example, the heating rate is 5°C / min, 10°C / min, 15°C / min, 20°C / min, or 30°C / min, etc.

[0066] Furthermore, such as Figure 3 As shown, after the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell, the recycling method further includes: purging the surface of the stripped inorganic functional layer 2 and applying a cleaning agent to the surface of the inorganic functional layer 2 to remove impurities on the inorganic functional layer 2.

[0067] Impurities refer to the incomplete removal of certain film layers in the top cell 1, such as residual perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 or self-assembled monolayers. Optionally, a spin coater can be used to apply the cleaning agent to the surface of the inorganic functional layer 2. This method allows the cleaning agent to act directly on the surface of the inorganic functional layer 2, thereby helping to avoid the cleaning agent's influence on other film layers.

[0068] The above preparation method can effectively remove other residual film layers on the inorganic functional layer 2, thereby helping to avoid the influence of impurities on the performance of the bottom battery 3, resulting in a better performance of the recycled bottom battery 3.

[0069] In addition, the cleaning agent includes at least one of ethanol and isopropanol. When the above-mentioned reagent is used as the cleaning agent, the cleaning agent has little impact on the inorganic functional layer 2 during cleaning and can dissolve impurities, thereby removing impurities to a high degree and further ensuring the performance of the bottom cell 3.

[0070] Furthermore, the step of purging the surface of the peeled inorganic functional layer 2 includes: purging the surface of the peeled inorganic functional layer 2 with hot air. Purging with hot air can further reduce the adhesion between impurities and the inorganic functional layer 2, thereby effectively ensuring the cleanliness of the purged inorganic functional layer 2.

[0071] Furthermore, the thermal expansion coefficients of the main material of the bottom cell 3, the inorganic functional layer 2, and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 show an increasing trend. The difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the inorganic functional layer 2 and the main material of the bottom cell 3 is the first difference, and the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the inorganic functional layer 2 is the second difference. The first difference is smaller than the second difference.

[0072] The main material of the bottom cell 3 refers to the main material components that form the bottom cell 3. For example, for a silicon-based cell, the main material component constituting the solar cell is silicon, and in this case, the main material of the bottom cell 3 refers to silicon.

[0073] The thermal expansion coefficients of the main material of the bottom cell 3, the inorganic functional layer 2, and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 in this application show an increasing trend. Furthermore, by further setting the first difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the inorganic functional layer 2 and the main material of the bottom cell 3 to be smaller than the second difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the inorganic functional layer 2, the thermal expansion coefficients of the bottom cell 3 are further set to be smaller than the second difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the inorganic functional layer 2. Therefore, the temperature sensitivity of the bottom cell 3 and the inorganic functional layer 2 is similar, while the temperature sensitivity of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is higher than that of the inorganic functional layer 2. Consequently, during the process of cooling followed by heating of the perovskite tandem cell, the interfacial bonding force between the bottom cell 3 and the inorganic functional layer 2 is less affected. This results in a better bonding effect between the inorganic functional layer 2 and the bottom cell 3, ensuring a high degree of tightness in their bonding. At the same time, the interfacial bonding force between the inorganic functional layer 2 and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is more affected, which helps to further reduce the difficulty of peeling the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 from the inorganic functional layer 2, further ensuring the recycling effect of the bottom cell 3.

[0074] In other words, the above-mentioned setup not only effectively removes the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 from the inorganic functional layer 2, but also helps to avoid affecting the tightness of the bonding between the inorganic functional layer 2 and the bottom cell 3, thereby ensuring the performance of the bottom cell 3 during secondary use.

[0075] In the first alternative implementation, such as Figure 4 As shown, the inorganic functional layer 2 is the first carrier transport layer 21, and the top cell 1 also includes a second carrier transport layer 22 disposed on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 away from the first carrier transport layer 21. The first carrier transport layer 21 is an electron transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer 22 is a hole transport layer.

[0076] When the inorganic functional layer 2 is an electron transport layer, and the material of this electron transport layer includes inorganic materials such as metal oxides and fullerenes, the metal oxides include tin oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, etc.; the fullerenes include C 60 .

[0077] In perovskite tandem solar cells, the electron transport layer is highly susceptible to environmental influences, leading to significant contamination and a sharp decline in performance. In particular, when the electron transport layer is made of metal oxides, the high surface energy and abundant hydroxyl groups on the metal oxide surface make it more prone to adsorbing impurities such as water molecules from the air, resulting in a rapid degradation of the electron transport layer's performance after use.

[0078] Therefore, as Figure 5 As shown, after the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell, the recycling method further includes removing the electron transport layer on the bottom cell 3. That is, when the first carrier transport layer 21 is an electron transport layer, the electron transport layer on the bottom cell 3 can be removed, and then a new film layer can be fabricated on the bottom cell 3, thereby better ensuring the performance of the newly fabricated tandem solar cell. Furthermore, the "new tandem solar cell" here refers to the new cell fabricated after depositing the relevant film layer of the perovskite solar cell on the recycled bottom cell 3.

[0079] In the second alternative implementation, see back Figure 4 The inorganic functional layer 2 is the first carrier transport layer 21, which is a hole transport layer, and the second carrier transport layer 22 is an electron transport layer.

[0080] When the inorganic functional layer 2 is a hole transport layer, the material of the hole transport layer includes inorganic materials such as metal oxides, and the metal oxides include nickel oxide, copper oxide, etc.

[0081] In addition, when the inorganic functional layer 2 is a hole transport layer, since the hole transport layer has high stability and is less affected by the external environment during use, after the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is peeled off from the hole transport layer, there is no need to further remove the hole transport layer. Other film structures can be directly prepared on the hole transport layer to obtain a new stacked battery.

[0082] In a third alternative implementation, such as Figure 6As shown, the inorganic functional layer 2 is an intermediate connecting layer 23. The top cell 1 also includes a first carrier transport layer 21, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 11, and a second carrier transport layer 22, which are stacked sequentially on the side of the intermediate connecting layer 23 away from the bottom cell 3. The first carrier transport layer 21 is a hole transport layer, which is a self-assembled monolayer. The second carrier transport layer 22 is an electron transport layer.

[0083] When the inorganic functional layer 2 is the intermediate connection layer 23, the material of the intermediate connection layer 23 includes at least one of metal silicon compound, indium tin oxide, and zinc tin oxide, and the material of the metal silicon compound includes NiSi, etc.; and the function of the intermediate connection layer 23 is to realize the connection between the bottom cell 3 and the top cell 1, thereby forming a perovskite tandem cell.

[0084] Materials that self-assemble monolayers include (2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz), (2-(3,6-diphenyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Me-2PACz), (2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz), (2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz), (2 (3,6-Dichloro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Cl-2PACz), (2-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (F-2PACz), (4-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (4PACz), (4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl ... (4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Br-4PACz), (4-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Cl-4PACz), (4-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (F-4PACz), (4-(7H-dibenzocarbazole-7-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (4PADC) B), at least one of (4-(2,7-dibromo-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (2Br-4DMAcPA), sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), (2-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-1-cyanovinyl)phosphonic acid (MPA-CPA), and (2-(3,7-dibromo-10H-phenthiazin-10-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (Br-2EPT).

[0085] The chemical formula of the perovskite material in the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is ABX3, where A includes at least one of methylamine ion, dimethylamine ion, formamidine ion, acetamidine ion, cesium ion, rubidium ion, and guanidine ion; B includes at least one of lead ion, tin ion, and germanium ion; and X includes at least one of bromide ion, iodide ion, chloride ion, thiocyanate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, and hexafluoroborate ion.

[0086] Among them, the bottom battery 3 is a silicon-based battery, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of silicon-based batteries is 2.5 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~3.5×10 -6 K -1 The coefficient of thermal expansion of the intermediate connecting layer is 6.0 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~7.0×10 -6 K -1 The coefficient of thermal expansion of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is 20 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~40×10 -6 K -1 When the coefficients of thermal expansion of the silicon-based cell, the inorganic functional layer 2, and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 are within the above-mentioned range, the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the inorganic functional layer 2 is relatively large, while the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the inorganic functional layer 2 and the silicon-based cell is relatively small. Therefore, during the process of cooling followed by heating, the effectiveness of peeling the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 from the inorganic functional layer 2 is further ensured, while also helping to further ensure the tightness of the bonding between the inorganic functional layer 2 and the silicon-based cell, thus ensuring the performance of the recycled bottom cell 3 to a high degree.

[0087] Furthermore, the thickness of the intermediate interconnect layer is 10nm to 20nm. When the thickness of the intermediate interconnect layer is within the above range, it helps to reduce damage to the bottom cell 3 during the peeling process, thereby ensuring the performance of the bottom cell 3 to a greater extent. For example, the thickness of the intermediate interconnect layer is 10nm, 12nm, 14nm, 16nm, 20nm, etc.

[0088] Furthermore, the thickness of the hole transport layer is 2nm to 4nm. Since the thickness of the hole transport layer is within this range, the stripping effect can be effectively ensured, thereby significantly improving the performance of the recycled bottom cell 3. For example, the thickness of the hole transport layer is 2nm, 2.5nm, 3nm, 3.5nm, 4nm, etc.

[0089] Furthermore, the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is 500 nm to 1500 nm. When the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is within the above range, it is easier for it to detach from the inorganic functional layer 2 during temperature changes, which helps to further ensure the performance of the recycled bottom cell 3. For example, the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 is 500 nm, 750 nm, 1000 nm, 1250 nm, 1500 nm, etc.

[0090] Furthermore, see the return Figure 6 For perovskite tandem solar cells, it also includes a first transparent conductive layer 12 disposed on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 away from the bottom cell 3, a first electrode 4 in ohmic contact with the first transparent conductive layer 12, and a second electrode 5 in ohmic contact with the bottom cell 3.

[0091] Furthermore, such as Figure 7 As shown, the perovskite tandem solar cell may also include a passivation layer 13 disposed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the second carrier transport layer 22. The passivation layer 13 can effectively passivate the defects of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11, improve the energy level matching degree between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 and the second carrier transport layer 22, thereby improving the carrier transport capability.

[0092] The perovskite tandem solar cell also includes a buffer layer 14 disposed between the first transparent conductive layer 12 and the second carrier transport layer 22. The buffer layer 14 can play a protective role, thereby avoiding adverse effects on the perovskite light-absorbing layer 11 when the first transparent conductive layer 12 is prepared. The material of the buffer layer 14 includes tin dioxide.

[0093] Furthermore, when the bottom cell 3 is a silicon-based cell, the silicon-based cell includes one of a passivated contact solar cell or a heterojunction solar cell. Additionally, when the bottom cell 3 is a silicon-based cell, due to the high cost of silicon materials and the complex manufacturing process, the recycling method described in this application is used for recycling, which effectively ensures the performance of the silicon-based cell and achieves full utilization of resources.

[0094] In one optional embodiment, when the silicon-based cell is a passivated contact solar cell, the passivated contact solar cell includes a silicon substrate, a diffusion layer and a first functional layer sequentially stacked on a first surface of the silicon substrate, and a dielectric layer, a doped silicon layer and a second functional layer sequentially stacked on a second surface of the silicon substrate.

[0095] In another alternative implementation, such as Figure 8As shown, when the silicon-based cell is a heterojunction solar cell, the heterojunction solar cell includes a silicon substrate 31, a first passivation layer 32, a first doped silicon layer 33, and a second transparent conductive layer 34 sequentially stacked on the first surface of the silicon substrate 31, and a second passivation layer 35, a second doped silicon layer 36, and a third transparent conductive layer 37 sequentially stacked on the second surface of the silicon substrate 31; wherein, one of the first doped silicon layer 33 and the second doped silicon layer 36 is an N-type doped layer and the other is a P-type doped layer, and one of the first surface and the second surface is a light-receiving surface and the other is a backlighting surface.

[0096] This application discloses a bottom battery, which is recovered by the above-described recycling method.

[0097] This application discloses a stacked battery, which includes the aforementioned bottom battery.

[0098] This application discloses a photovoltaic module, including at least one battery string, wherein the battery string includes at least two of the above-described stacked batteries.

[0099] The technical solution of this application will be further explained below with reference to more specific embodiments and experimental test results.

[0100] Example 1:

[0101] This embodiment provides a method for recycling perovskite tandem solar cells:

[0102] The perovskite tandem solar cell comprises a perovskite top cell, an inorganic functional layer, and a bottom cell stacked sequentially. The bottom cell is a heterojunction cell, which includes an N-type doped silicon layer, an intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer, a silicon substrate, an intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer, a P-type doped silicon layer, and an indium tin oxide layer, sequentially disposed on the side of the inorganic functional layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer. The top cell includes a hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, an electron transport layer, a buffer layer, and a transparent conductive layer, sequentially disposed on the side of the inorganic functional layer away from the bottom cell. The hole transport layer is a 4 nm thick self-assembled monolayer, the inorganic functional layer is a 15 nm thick indium tin oxide intermediate connecting layer, and the perovskite light-absorbing layer is 1 μm thick. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the silicon-based solar cell is 3 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 The coefficient of thermal expansion of the intermediate connecting layer is 6.0 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~7.0×10 -6 K -1 The coefficient of thermal expansion of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is 30 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ;

[0103] The recycling method includes the following steps:

[0104] The perovskite tandem solar cell was cooled by placing it in a cooling container filled with ethanol and then cooling it at 5°C for 5 minutes.

[0105] The cooled perovskite tandem solar cell was heated by placing the perovskite tandem solar cell immersed in ethanol in a heating furnace and heating it to 100°C at a rate of 5°C / min.

[0106] The surface of the inorganic functional layer after peeling is swept with hot air, and then a cleaning agent is applied to the surface of the inorganic functional layer using a spin coater to remove impurities on the inorganic functional layer. The cleaning agent is ethanol.

[0107] Example 2:

[0108] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in the heat treatment step, the temperature is increased to 120°C at a rate of 10°C / min.

[0109] Example 3:

[0110] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in the heat treatment step, the temperature is increased to 130°C at a rate of 15°C / min.

[0111] Example 4:

[0112] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in the heat treatment step, the temperature is increased to 140°C at a rate of 20°C / min.

[0113] Example 5:

[0114] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in the heat treatment step, the temperature is increased to 150°C at a rate of 30°C / min.

[0115] Example 6:

[0116] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in the heat treatment step, the temperature is increased to 180°C at a rate of 50°C / min.

[0117] Example 7:

[0118] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in the heat treatment step, the temperature is increased to 80°C at a rate of 5°C / min, and then increased to 100°C at a rate of 5°C / min.

[0119] Example 8:

[0120] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in the cooling process, the perovskite tandem solar cell is cooled to 10°C.

[0121] Example 9:

[0122] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that, in the cooling process, the perovskite tandem solar cell is cooled to 12°C.

[0123] Example 10:

[0124] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that the inorganic functional layer is a tin oxide electron transport layer. After the perovskite light-absorbing layer is peeled off from the inorganic functional layer, the electron transport layer on the bottom cell is removed. The structure of the top cell includes a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, a hole transport layer, a buffer layer, and a transparent conductive layer sequentially disposed on the tin oxide electron transport layer. At this time, the heterojunction cell includes a P-type doped silicon layer, an intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer, a silicon substrate, an intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer, an N-type doped silicon layer, and an indium tin oxide layer sequentially disposed on the side of the inorganic functional layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0125] Comparative Example 1:

[0126] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that this comparative example uses a solvent dissolution method to recover the bottom battery. The recovery method is as follows:

[0127] The perovskite tandem cell was immersed in chlorobenzene for 60 minutes to dissolve the electron transport layer of the perovskite top cell, resulting in a first intermediate tandem cell with the electron transport layer removed. The first intermediate tandem cell was then immersed in N,N dimethylformamide for 60 minutes to dissolve the perovskite light-absorbing layer, resulting in a second intermediate tandem cell with the perovskite light-absorbing layer removed. The second intermediate tandem cell was then immersed in ethanol for 60 minutes to remove the hole transport layer, and the bottom cell was recovered.

[0128] Comparative Example 2:

[0129] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that only the perovskite tandem solar cell is subjected to heat treatment.

[0130] Performance testing

[0131] The solar cells prepared in Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2 were subjected to the following related tests:

[0132] This application describes the performance testing of a solar cell using a GIV-60 testing machine manufactured by Zhongsen Electric Technology Co., Ltd., covering aspects such as open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor. The tested solar cell has a silicon wafer size of 210mm × 105mm, and the calibrated light intensity is AM1.5. The experimental test results are as follows.

[0133] Table 1 Performance test results of solar cells

[0134]

[0135] Analysis of the data from Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2 shows that the degradation rate of the bottom cell in Example 1 is better than that in Comparative Example 1. This indicates that using a cooling-then-heating method to recycle the bottom cell, compared to chemical dissolution, effectively reduces damage and helps ensure a higher degree of recyclability. Furthermore, in Comparative Example 2, heating alone is insufficient to peel the perovskite light-absorbing layer from the inorganic functional layer; further parameter adjustments during peeling may damage the bottom cell's performance, rendering it unusable for recycling.

[0136] Analysis of the data from Examples 1 to 6 shows that the degradation rate of the bottom cell performance in Examples 1 to 5 is better than that in Example 6. This indicates that there is a higher degree of matching between the heating temperature and heating rate in Examples 1 and 5. This higher degree of matching is more conducive to peeling the perovskite light-absorbing layer from the inorganic functional layer, avoiding damage to the bottom cell, and thus helping to further ensure the recyclability of the bottom cell.

[0137] Analysis of the data from Examples 1 to 5 and Example 7 shows that the degradation rate of the bottom cell performance in Examples 1 to 5 is better than that in Example 7. This indicates that Examples 1 and 5 have higher heating temperatures and heating rates. These higher parameters allow the perovskite light-absorbing layer to be removed from the inorganic functional layer in a single heat treatment, helping to avoid damage to the bottom cell during peeling and thus further ensuring the recyclability of the bottom cell.

[0138] Analysis of the data from Examples 1, 8, and 9 shows that the degradation rate of the bottom cell in Examples 1 and 8 is better than that in Example 9. This indicates that the cooling temperatures in Examples 1 and 8 are more suitable. A more suitable temperature helps to reduce the interfacial adhesion between the inorganic functional layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer to a greater extent, and further helps to reduce damage to the bottom cell during peeling, thereby helping to further ensure the recyclability of the bottom cell.

[0139] Analysis of the data from Example 10 shows that when the inorganic functional layer is an electron transport layer, the difference in expansion and contraction properties of different types of film layers can be effectively utilized, thereby effectively peeling the perovskite light-absorbing layer from the inorganic functional layer and achieving effective recycling of the bottom cell.

[0140] The above provides a detailed description of the method for recycling the bottom cell in a perovskite tandem solar cell disclosed in the embodiments of this application. Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this application. The description of the above embodiments is only for the purpose of helping to understand the method for recycling the bottom cell in a perovskite tandem solar cell. At the same time, for those skilled in the art, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scope based on the ideas of this invention. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of this invention.

Claims

1. A method for recycling the bottom cell of a perovskite tandem solar cell, characterized in that, The perovskite tandem solar cell includes a top cell, an inorganic functional layer, and a bottom cell stacked sequentially. The top cell includes a perovskite light-absorbing layer, which is disposed on the side of the inorganic functional layer away from the bottom cell. The inorganic functional layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer have different coefficients of thermal expansion. The recycling method includes the following steps: The perovskite tandem solar cell is subjected to a cooling process; The cooled perovskite tandem solar cell is heated to peel the perovskite light-absorbing layer off the inorganic functional layer. The thermal expansion coefficients of the main material of the bottom battery, the inorganic functional layer, and the perovskite light-absorbing layer show an increasing trend. The difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the inorganic functional layer and the main material of the bottom battery is a first difference, and the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the inorganic functional layer is a second difference. The first difference is smaller than the second difference.

2. The recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that, In the step of cooling the perovskite tandem solar cell, the temperature of the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell is 0℃~10℃.

3. The recycling method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The step of cooling the perovskite tandem solar cell is as follows: the perovskite tandem solar cell is immersed in a heat transfer medium for cooling, the temperature of the heat transfer medium is 0℃~10℃, and the cooling time is 3 min~10 min.

4. The recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell includes placing the perovskite tandem solar cell, which is immersed in a heat transfer medium, in a heating furnace for heating.

5. The recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell includes: heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell to 100°C~150°C; and / or, The heating rate is 5 ℃ / min to 30 ℃ / min.

6. The recycling method according to claim 1, characterized in that, After the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell, the recycling method further includes: purging the surface of the stripped inorganic functional layer and applying a cleaning agent to the surface of the inorganic functional layer to remove impurities on the inorganic functional layer.

7. The recycling method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The cleaning agent includes at least one of ethanol and isopropanol; and / or The step of blowing away the surface of the inorganic functional layer after peeling includes: blowing away the surface of the inorganic functional layer after peeling with hot air.

8. The recycling method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The inorganic functional layer is a first carrier transport layer. The top cell also includes a second carrier transport layer disposed on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer opposite to the first carrier transport layer. One of the first carrier transport layer and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer and the other is a hole transport layer.

9. The recycling method according to claim 8, characterized in that, The inorganic functional layer is the electron transport layer. After the step of heating the cooled perovskite tandem solar cell, the recycling method further includes: removing the electron transport layer on the bottom cell.

10. The recycling method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The inorganic functional layer is an intermediate connecting layer. The top cell also includes a first carrier transport layer, the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second carrier transport layer, which are stacked sequentially on the side of the intermediate connecting layer away from the bottom cell. The first carrier transport layer is a hole transport layer, which is a self-assembled monolayer, and the second carrier transport layer is an electron transport layer.

11. The recycling method according to claim 10, characterized in that, The bottom battery is a silicon-based battery, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the silicon-based battery is 2.5 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~3.5×10 -6 K -1 ; and / or, The coefficient of thermal expansion of the intermediate connecting layer is 6.0 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~7.0×10 -6 K -1 ; and / or, The coefficient of thermal expansion of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is 20 × 10⁻⁶. -6 K -1 ~40×10 -6 K -1 ; and / or, The thickness of the intermediate connecting layer is 10 nm to 20 nm; and / or, The thickness of the hole transport layer is 2 nm to 4 nm; and / or, The intermediate connecting layer is made of at least one of a silicon metal compound, indium tin oxide, and zinc tin oxide; and / or, The material of the self-assembled monolayer includes (2) (9H carbazole 9 (2)ethylphosphonic acid, (2) (3,6 Diphenyl 9H carbazole 9 (2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (2-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (2-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, (4-( ... (3,6 dimethyl 9H carbazole 9 (4) Butyl)phosphonic acid, (4) (3,6 Dimethoxy 9H carbazole 9 (4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(3,6-dibromo ...chloro-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid, (4-(3,6-difluoro-9H-carbazole-9 (7H dibenzocarbazole 7 (4) Butyl)phosphonic acid, (4) (2,7 dibromo 9,9 dimethylacridine 10(9H) At least one of (2-(4-(bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-1-cyanovinyl)phosphonic acid, (2-(3,7-dibromo-10H-phenthiazin-10-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid; and / or, The perovskite material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer has the chemical formula ABX3, where A includes at least one selected from methylamine ion, dimethylamine ion, formamidinium ion, acetamidine ion, cesium ion, rubidium ion, and guanidine ion; B includes at least one selected from lead ion, tin ion, and germanium ion; and X includes at least one selected from bromide ion, iodide ion, chloride ion, thiocyanate ion, tetrafluoroborate ion, and hexafluoroborate ion; and / or, The base cell is a silicon-based cell, which includes one of a passivated contact solar cell and a heterojunction solar cell; and / or, The thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is 500 nm to 1500 nm.

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