Data transaction method, device, equipment, medium and program product

Abstract

The invention provides a data transaction method and device, equipment, a medium and a program product, relates to the technical field of block chains, and aims to solve the problem of relatively poor efficiency of data transaction in related technologies. The method comprises the following steps: based on data demand information, creating a demand task pool by using an intelligent contract, and broadcasting the data demand information to each node in a block chain system; receiving at least one data abstract and guarantee fund submitted by the at least one data owner node through the smart contract, and writing the at least one data abstract into a demand task pool; under the condition that the first data demander node determines m first data owner nodes, price negotiation is carried out based on m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract, and a transaction result is determined; and under the condition that the first data demander node pays the resource corresponding to the transaction price, distributing the first target data to the first data demander node. According to the invention, the data transaction efficiency can be improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of blockchain technology, and in particular to a data transaction method, apparatus, device, medium, and program product. Background Technology

[0002] In today's digital age, data has become a critical resource, widely used in finance, healthcare, logistics, and other fields. Negotiation of data transaction prices often involves multiple rounds of negotiations, especially when there is information asymmetry between buyers and sellers, which can easily lead to prolonged negotiations, increasing transaction costs and delays. While blockchain technology can be used to build data trading platforms to meet certain requirements for openness and fairness in data transactions, the relevant price negotiation mechanisms mainly rely on fixed bidding or bargaining strategies. This static model may cause transaction delays, with some transactions failing due to a lack of consensus, resulting in poor efficiency in data transactions. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This application provides a data transaction method, apparatus, device, medium, and program product to solve the problem of poor efficiency in data transactions in related technologies.

[0004] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, this application is implemented as follows: In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a data transaction method applied to a blockchain system. The blockchain system includes a data ownership confirmation index chain, a data transfer certificate chain, a data transaction chain, at least one data owner node, and at least one data requester node. The data ownership confirmation index chain stores metadata of the original data corresponding to the at least one data owner node. The data transfer certificate chain stores data transfer certificates and access authorization records. The data transaction chain stores the storage address of the original data and data transaction information. The method includes: Upon receiving a data request from a first data requester node, a demand task pool is created using a smart contract based on the data demand information, and the data demand information is broadcast to each node in the blockchain system. The first data requester node is one of the at least one data requester nodes, and the data request includes the data demand information, which is used to indicate the first target data. The system receives at least one data digest and a security deposit submitted by at least one data owner node through the smart contract, and writes the at least one data digest into the demand task pool. The at least one data owner node corresponds one-to-one with the at least one data digest, and the data digest is used to describe the original data corresponding to the data owner node. When the first data demander node determines m first data owner nodes based on the data demand information and the at least one data digest, the transaction result is determined by negotiating the price based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract. The transaction result is used to indicate the transaction price and the target data owner node. The price parameters are used to characterize the transaction price range of the at least one first data owner node, where m is a positive integer. When the first data demander node pays the resource corresponding to the transaction price, the first target data is allocated to the first data demander node.

[0005] Secondly, this application provides a data transaction device applied to a blockchain system. The blockchain system includes a data ownership confirmation index chain, a data transfer certificate chain, a data transaction chain, at least one data owner node, and at least one data requester node. The data ownership confirmation index chain stores metadata of the original data corresponding to the at least one data owner node. The data transfer certificate chain stores data transfer certificates and access authorization records. The data transaction chain stores the storage address of the original data and data transaction information. The device includes: The first processing module is configured to, upon receiving a data request from a first data requester node, create a demand task pool based on data demand information using a smart contract, and broadcast the data demand information to each node in the blockchain system, wherein the first data requester node is one of the at least one data requester nodes, and the data request includes the data demand information, which is used to indicate the first target data. The second processing module is used to receive at least one data digest and a security deposit submitted by the at least one data owner node through the smart contract, and to write the at least one data digest into the demand task pool, wherein the at least one data owner node corresponds one-to-one with the at least one data digest, and the data digest is used to describe the original data corresponding to the data owner node; The determination module is used to determine the transaction result when the first data demander node determines m first data owner nodes based on the data demand information and the at least one data digest, and to conduct price negotiation based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract. The transaction result is used to indicate the transaction price and the target data owner node, and the price parameters are used to characterize the transaction price range of the at least one first data owner node, where m is a positive integer. The allocation module is used to allocate the first target data to the first data demander node when the first data demander node pays the resource corresponding to the transaction price.

[0006] Thirdly, embodiments of this application provide an electronic device, including: a processor, a memory, and a program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein when the program is executed by the processor, it implements the steps of the data transaction method as described in the first aspect above.

[0007] Fourthly, embodiments of this application provide a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the data transaction method described in the first aspect above.

[0008] Fifthly, embodiments of this application provide a computer program product, including computer instructions, which, when executed by a processor, implement the steps of the data transaction method as described in the first aspect above.

[0009] In this embodiment, when the first data demander node determines m first data owner nodes based on data demand information and at least one data digest, price negotiation is conducted based on m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and a smart contract to determine the transaction result. Then, when the first data demander node pays the resources corresponding to the transaction price, the first target data is allocated to the first data demander node. This allows a single data demander to simultaneously conduct dynamic price negotiation with multiple data owners and enables automatic verification and execution of data transactions, thereby improving the fairness and efficiency of data transactions and ultimately increasing the efficiency of data transactions. Attached Figure Description

[0010] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments of this application will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0011] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a data transaction method provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 This is a timeline flowchart of data demand matching and dynamic pricing negotiation provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 3 This is an application flowchart of price negotiation provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 4This is a timeline flowchart of a data transaction payment and dispute arbitration process provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 5 This is a sequence flowchart of a dispute resolution mechanism for data owners providing false data, provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 6 This is a timeline flowchart of an arbitration process provided by an embodiment of this application, where a data requester fails to pay. Figure 7 This is an interactive diagram of a data transaction provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 8 This is a timing flowchart of user registration and data storage provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 9 This is an interactive diagram illustrating data flow and access control provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 10 This is a flowchart illustrating a data ownership confirmation process provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 11 This is a flowchart illustrating a data identifier generation method provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the structural design of a data ownership confirmation index chain provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 13 This is an interactive schematic diagram of a controllable data flow provided in an embodiment of this application; Figure 14 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a data transaction device provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0012] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0013] For ease of understanding, the following describes some aspects of the embodiments of this application: In today's digital age, data has become a crucial resource, widely used in finance, healthcare, logistics, and other fields. The government has also issued a series of policy documents to cultivate and develop the data element market, providing clear policy guidance for its market-oriented development. Against this backdrop, various industries are focusing on promoting innovative practices in data openness and sharing, data trading and circulation. Although some progress has been made in the construction of the data element market, overall development still faces many challenges: unclear data ownership, lack of effective supervision during the circulation process, and an imperfect transaction pricing mechanism remain prominent issues. These problems severely restrict the full release of the value of data elements. Therefore, it is urgent to build a safer and more efficient data element circulation system through a combination of technological innovation and institutional improvement, providing solid support for the development of the digital economy.

[0014] The relevant technical solutions mainly revolve around the following aspects: 1. Data Ownership Confirmation: Traditional data ownership confirmation methods typically involve submitting ownership certificates or relying on third-party institutions. The mainstream solution leverages the immutability and transparency of blockchain to record data ownership information on the chain. The blockchain records data ownership evidence and binds this information to on-chain transaction records, ensuring the reliability and traceability of ownership evidence and avoiding the inefficiencies, information leaks, and lack of credibility inherent in traditional methods. For example, a data ownership confirmation method and system based on blockchain and homomorphic encryption is proposed. This method uses blockchain-stored ownership information for transaction supervision and enhances data credibility through authoritative timestamps and digital signatures.

[0015] 2. Data Flow Control: Data flow ensures that data is properly managed during its transfer, and that data owners can effectively control their data usage and access rights. Traditional access control schemes rely on centralized authorization servers to generate and manage data access permissions. This approach typically faces problems such as single points of failure, vulnerability to attacks, and reliance on centralized administrators. Furthermore, in large-scale distributed environments, it cannot efficiently adapt to changing access needs. Current blockchain-based access control schemes store authorization information on a blockchain ledger and further combine blockchain technology with the Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) model to provide more flexible and dynamic control over data access. However, this approach still cannot adapt to more complex and diverse data flow needs. Related technologies propose a method that uses blockchain technology and distributed access credentials to achieve autonomous control of data flow.

[0016] 3. Data Transaction Price Negotiation: Current price negotiations typically involve multiple rounds, especially when there is information asymmetry between buyers and sellers, which can easily lead to prolonged game-playing, increasing transaction costs and delays. Furthermore, the price negotiation mechanisms of related technologies mainly rely on fixed bidding or bargaining strategies, lacking the ability to adapt to dynamic changes in market supply and demand and data value. This static model may lead to transaction delays, with some transactions failing due to a lack of consensus. In addition, in high-frequency trading or multi-party game scenarios, the price negotiation methods of related technologies struggle to balance transaction fairness and negotiation efficiency, affecting data liquidity. For example, if a proposed transaction process relies primarily on a fixed pricing mechanism and lacks a dynamic price negotiation mechanism, it cannot adapt to the dynamic fluctuations in data value and struggles to match supply and demand in complex market environments, impacting the fairness and market competitiveness of data transactions.

[0017] Currently, the relevant technologies have the following main drawbacks: 1. While current blockchain-based data ownership confirmation schemes have addressed many problems of traditional methods, such as ambiguity of ownership, information leakage, and tampering, they still have limitations in practical applications. They struggle to adapt to real-world data circulation scenarios, especially when dealing with complex cross-domain data flows. When interoperability between different systems is involved, they cannot provide a unified, standardized protocol. Furthermore, most related solutions fail to effectively track and manage changes in ownership information during data flow, and cannot flexibly address dynamic ownership adjustments and frequent permission changes, resulting in insufficient flexibility and adaptability in practical applications. This ultimately affects the controllability and traceability of data flow.

[0018] 2. While current blockchain-based data access control offers advantages in ensuring security, it still faces challenges in flexibility and self-control. Furthermore, although the ABAC model allows for flexible definition of attribute-based access control policies, attribute definition and management become extremely complex in large-scale systems, hindering system scalability and management efficiency. Moreover, blockchain-based access control relies on smart contracts and token mechanisms. When handling a large number of concurrent requests, the transaction verification speed of the blockchain and the execution speed of smart contracts can lead to increased latency, impacting the system's real-time responsiveness. Additionally, when data permissions change frequently, the token mechanism lacks a flexible dynamic update mechanism, resulting in delayed permission adjustments and a high risk of conflicts.

[0019] 3. Current peer-to-peer data trading models, especially those relying on centralized platforms, have several drawbacks. First, the transaction process lacks transparency. Data prices and transaction terms are often controlled by the platform, leading to price manipulation and opacity, and causing a lack of trust between the data trading parties in the pricing process. Second, the negotiation process usually requires significant investment from both parties, and due to information asymmetry, unfairness and price fraud are prone to occur. Furthermore, data transactions under centralized technology rely on third-party arbitration institutions to handle disputes, a process characterized by inefficiency and information asymmetry, increasing transaction uncertainty. In addition, while relying solely on on-chain evidence storage can improve data immutability, it is insufficient to effectively cover off-chain storage, data verification, and the collection of evidence of genuine transaction activities, thus affecting the fair arbitration and reliable enforcement of data transaction disputes.

[0020] In this application embodiment, a data transaction method, apparatus, device, medium, and program product are proposed to solve the problem of poor efficiency in data transactions in related technologies.

[0021] See Figure 1 , Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a data transaction method provided in an embodiment of this application, applied to a blockchain system. The blockchain system includes a data ownership index chain, a data transfer certificate chain, a data transaction chain, at least one data owner node, and at least one data requester node. The data ownership index chain is used to store metadata of the original data corresponding to the at least one data owner node. The data transfer certificate chain is used to store: data transfer certificates and access authorization records. The data transaction chain is used to store: the storage address of the original data and data transaction information.

[0022] Specifically, the aforementioned data ownership confirmation index chain and data transfer certificate chain can be two independent and collaborative blockchains. The data ownership confirmation index chain is used to store and record the metadata of the original data of the data owner, i.e., the data to be confirmed. The metadata may include information such as the basic attributes, ownership, and usage rights of the original data. The data transfer certificate chain is responsible for managing data transfer certificates, storing access authorization records and transaction process information, and ensuring that the data transfer path is traceable and the authorization process is transparent and controllable.

[0023] Understandably, the dual-chain structure comprised of the aforementioned data ownership index chain and data transfer certificate chain can achieve data integrity verification through distributed storage and consensus mechanisms. Combined with smart contracts, it ensures granular management of data access permissions and cross-platform interoperability. Furthermore, the dual-chain structure effectively reduces latency in on-chain and off-chain data interaction, ensuring the real-time nature and transparency of information during data transfer. Through this blockchain system, the entire data transfer process can be tracked and controlled, thereby effectively improving the security, compliance, and efficiency of data transfer and ensuring the fairness and reliability of data transactions.

[0024] The aforementioned data transaction chain is responsible for the data transaction process. It is a separate blockchain from the dual-chain structure formed by the data ownership confirmation index chain and the data transfer certificate chain. It can be understood that the data ownership confirmation index chain, the data transfer certificate chain, and the data transaction chain are independent of each other, but they work closely together through smart contracts and business logic to form a complete data element circulation ecosystem.

[0025] The aforementioned at least one data owner node can be a node in the blockchain system that possesses the original data, and the aforementioned at least one data requester node can be a node in the blockchain system that requests data.

[0026] like Figure 1 As shown, the method includes the following steps: Step 101: Upon receiving a data request from the first data requester node, based on the data request information, a demand task pool is created using a smart contract, and the data request information is broadcast to each node in the blockchain system. The first data requester node is one of the at least one data requester nodes, and the data request includes the data request information, which is used to indicate the first target data.

[0027] In this step, the aforementioned data requirement information can be a description of the required data specified by the first data requester node, i.e., the first target data, such as data function, type, and content. Specifically, it can be standardized and expressed using a structured data model. For example, the data requirement information can be represented by a triple: ,in, Indicate the type of data required. Explain the application scenarios and uses of the data. To set a time limit for the required tasks.

[0028] Specifically, upon receiving a data request, the smart contract automatically parses the request content and initializes the task terms, then stores the task metadata on the blockchain. Simultaneously, the smart contract triggers a network-wide broadcast mechanism, pushing the request information to all potential data providers so they can efficiently query and respond to matching data requests.

[0029] The aforementioned smart contract can be a piece of code deployed on a blockchain system and its executed state, or it can be a pre-defined, automatically executed script on the blockchain system used to define transaction rules. The aforementioned task pool can be used to temporarily store and manage all data requests, for the primary data requester node to view.

[0030] Step 102: Receive at least one data digest and a security deposit submitted by the at least one data owner node through the smart contract, and write the at least one data digest into the demand task pool, wherein the at least one data owner node corresponds one-to-one with the at least one data digest, and the data digest is used to describe the original data corresponding to the data owner node.

[0031] In this step, the aforementioned data digest can be a brief description of the original data of the at least one data owner node, such as data type, content, and function, and does not actually contain the original data. For example, the data digest can be derived from standardized triples. It means that, among them, For the functional description of the data, A unique identifier for the data. This is the hash value of the data content.

[0032] The aforementioned security deposit can be a deposit for transactions in the blockchain system, or it can be a token, etc., used to ensure the integrity of the data owner. If the transaction fails due to the data owner's unilateral problem, it will be deducted; if it succeeds, it will be refunded.

[0033] Understandably, after submitting a data summary, the data owner needs to deposit a certain amount of transaction deposit with the smart contract to constrain their behavior and prevent malicious submission of false data or refusal to fulfill transaction obligations. The smart contract will store the data summary information on the blockchain and ensure the traceability of all records and on-chain verification capabilities.

[0034] Optionally, before receiving at least one data digest and guarantee submitted by the at least one data owner node through the smart contract, to ensure the legitimacy of the data owner and the authenticity of the data digest information, the method may further include on-chain verification of the data owner's identity to ensure that they meet preset access conditions. These preset access conditions may be related to three elements: identity legitimacy, qualification compliance, and credit status. After successful identity verification, the data owner can query published demand tasks on the blockchain and select transaction requests that match their data resources.

[0035] Step 103: If the first data demander node determines m first data owner nodes based on the data demand information and the at least one data digest, then the transaction result is determined by negotiating the price based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract. The transaction result is used to indicate the transaction price and the target data owner node. The price parameters are used to characterize the transaction price range of the at least one first data owner node, where m is a positive integer.

[0036] In this step, the aforementioned m first data owner nodes can be m data owner nodes selected by the first data demander node from the at least one data owner node as potential transaction partners. That is, after completing the data transaction matching, the first data demander node needs to screen potential transaction partners that meet the conditions from the demand task pool managed by the smart contract and conduct price negotiations with multiple data owners.

[0037] The aforementioned price negotiation can employ a dynamic negotiation method for multi-party data transactions based on game theory, combined with blockchain smart contracts to achieve an automated price negotiation mechanism. This ensures that transaction prices are reasonable, fair, and in line with market rules, thereby improving negotiation efficiency and ensuring the fairness and transparency of the pricing process.

[0038] The aforementioned price parameters can be historical transaction data submitted by the data owner, market supply and demand conditions, and cost parameters, which can be used to determine the negotiated price range for the data owner.

[0039] The above transaction result can be the final result after negotiation, including the transaction price and the target data owner, which is also the transaction object of the first data demander node.

[0040] For example, Figure 2 This is a sequence flowchart of data demand matching and dynamic pricing negotiation provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 2As shown, data requesters publish their data requests through smart contracts. The smart contracts automatically encapsulate the request information into blockchain transactions and broadcast them to all nodes on the blockchain network. Data owners listen to the request information in real time through the blockchain network and filter and match the requests. After a successful match, the data requester and the data owner conduct multiple rounds of automated negotiation to determine the final transaction partner and price.

[0041] Step 104: If the first data demander node pays the resource corresponding to the transaction price, the first target data is allocated to the first data demander node.

[0042] In this step, the aforementioned resources can be tokens or cryptocurrencies used for payments in blockchain system transactions, such as system tokens, serving as the counterparty to the transaction price. Allocating the first target data to the first data-demanding node can be achieved by sending the storage address of the first target data to the first data-demanding node, or by granting the first data-demanding node access and download permissions for the first target data.

[0043] In this embodiment, when the first data demander node determines m first data owner nodes based on data demand information and at least one data digest, price negotiation is conducted based on m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and a smart contract to determine the transaction result. Then, when the first data demander node pays the resources corresponding to the transaction price, the first target data is allocated to the first data demander node. This allows a single data demander to simultaneously conduct dynamic price negotiation with multiple data owners and enables automatic verification and execution of data transactions, thereby improving the fairness and efficiency of data transactions and ultimately increasing the efficiency of data transactions.

[0044] Optionally, after allocating the first target data to the first data requester node, the method further includes: When the first data requester node obtains the first target data, the first data requester node verifies the first target data based on the data ownership index chain, and if the verification is successful, transfers funds to the account of the target data owner node based on the smart contract.

[0045] Specifically, the above-mentioned verification of the first target data can be to verify the completeness and authenticity of the first target data.

[0046] In some implementations, upon successful verification, the deposit is refunded to the account of the first data requester node based on the smart contract. For example, if verification is successful, the smart contract automatically releases the transaction funds to the data owner's account and simultaneously refunds the deposit.

[0047] In some implementations, if verification fails, the deposit is transferred to the account of the target data owner node based on the smart contract.

[0048] Understandably, data requesters need to pre-deposit transaction funds and a deposit via a smart contract. To ensure fund security, the smart contract will lock the funds before the data is officially delivered, preventing default during the transaction. During transaction execution, the data requester downloads the initial target data from the cloud server and verifies the data's integrity and authenticity.

[0049] In this implementation, the first data requester node verifies the first target data based on the data ownership index chain, and if the verification is successful, the funds are transferred to the account of the target data owner node based on a smart contract. This ensures the interests of both parties in the event of a breach of contract during the transaction process, thereby further improving the security of data transactions.

[0050] Optionally, the step of negotiating the price based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract to determine the transaction result includes: The price parameters of the m first data owner nodes are calculated using the smart contract and the preset pricing model to obtain m price ranges corresponding to the m first data owner nodes. Using the smart contract, h data owner nodes are selected based on the lowest bid in the m price ranges, where h is less than or equal to m; If the first data demander node accepts the first quote, the transaction result is determined. The transaction result is used to indicate the first quote and the data owner node corresponding to the first quote. The first quote is any one of h preliminary quotes. The h preliminary quotes are h preliminary quotes issued by the h data owner nodes based on the m price ranges.

[0051] Specifically, the aforementioned pre-set pricing model can be the Rubinstein bargaining model or other pre-trained pricing models.

[0052] In this implementation, m price ranges corresponding to m first data owner nodes are calculated one-to-one through smart contracts and a preset pricing model. Based on the lowest bid in the m price ranges, h data owner nodes are selected, and further transaction negotiations are conducted among the h data owner nodes. This allows the calculation of the negotiation range for data transaction prices and the selection of trading parties that meet the pricing constraints, thereby improving the targeting of negotiations and thus enhancing the efficiency and fairness of data transactions.

[0053] Optionally, after using the smart contract to filter out h data owner nodes based on the lowest bids across the m price ranges, the method further includes: The smart contract is used to filter out w data owner nodes based on the h preliminary quotes, and w recommended transaction prices corresponding to the w data owner nodes are calculated, where w is less than or equal to h; If the first data demander node accepts the second offer, the transaction result is determined. The transaction result is used to indicate the second offer and the data owner node corresponding to the second offer. The second offer is any one of w secondary offers. The w secondary offers are w secondary offers issued by the w data owner nodes based on the w recommended transaction prices.

[0054] Specifically, the above calculations, which correspond one-to-one with the w recommended transaction prices of the w data owner nodes, can be determined using a pre-trained dynamic negotiation model. For example, a dynamic negotiation model can be constructed using Rubinstein's bargaining theory, and then the w data owner nodes can use the recommended transaction prices as a benchmark reference value to determine secondary quotations.

[0055] For example, in the initial negotiation phase, the smart contract calculates the negotiation range for the data price based on historical transaction data submitted by the data owner, market supply and demand, pricing models, and cost parameters. It then selects trading parties that meet the pricing constraints to improve the targeting of the negotiation. In the pricing game phase, the data owner submits their own offer based on the reference price recommended by the smart contract in the first phase. The smart contract calculates the optimal transaction price using the Rubinstein bargaining model and dynamically adjusts its trading strategy to achieve rapid price convergence. During this process, the data requester's offer must meet the constraints of the negotiation range. If the offer meets the data owner's expectations and conforms to market game equilibrium, the transaction is automatically completed, the smart contract locks the transaction price, and the payment process begins. If no consensus is reached, the transaction fails, and the data requester can re-match with other data providers.

[0056] In this implementation, the smart contract is used to select w data owner nodes based on the h preliminary quotes, and a recommended transaction price is generated for each of the w data owner nodes. This can further shorten the transaction decision time in the secondary quote stage, thereby improving the efficiency and success rate of data transactions.

[0057] Understandably, compared to centralized pricing models, this application employs a smart contract-based dynamic price negotiation process to ensure that both parties can reach a consensus within a reasonable price range, thereby increasing the success rate of transactions. During the price negotiation process for data transactions, the smart contract, based on a smart dynamic pricing model, automatically calculates the price negotiation range based on multiple factors such as the data owner's historical transaction records, data quality scores, and market supply and demand equilibrium prices, ensuring the rationality and fairness of the negotiation process. Since the patience of both parties decreases over time, the price negotiation process must balance efficiency and fairness.

[0058] For example, suppose the data trading market consists of a single data demander. and multiple data requesters , ,… Composition, in which each data owner Each has an independent time discount factor. This indicates their sensitivity to the time it takes to complete a transaction; the longer the waiting time, the lower the expected return on the data. Similarly, data users... It also has a time discount factor of This is used to measure a person's patience in price negotiations during a transaction. Figure 3 This is an application flowchart of price negotiation provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 3 As shown, the transaction negotiation process specifically includes the following steps: (1) During the transaction initialization phase, m data owners need to submit the key parameters required for price calculation to the smart contract. The smart contract automatically calculates the price range for each data provider based on the preset pricing model, denoted as . After the calculation is complete, the smart contract sorts the submitted prices and selects the lowest price. The system then selects the h data owners with the lowest prices to proceed to the next round of price negotiations, ensuring market competitiveness in the pricing process.

[0059] ①Lowest price calculation (based on cost method): The cost-based pricing method is a pricing approach that bases on the production and management costs of data, ensuring that the data price is not lower than the provider's base cost and avoiding losses. Smart contracts calculate the minimum transaction price for the data based on the cost-based pricing model. :

[0060] in, Indicates the production cost of the data. To protect data quality and privacy, measures the degree of data value depreciation. For expected profit margin and ≥0.

[0061] ② Calculation of the highest price (based on the income approach): The income approach calculates the reasonable maximum market price of data by predicting its expected returns over future periods and combining this with a discount rate. The smart contract calculates the maximum market price of the data using the following formula:

[0062] in, The highest transaction price, For the first Expected annual returns. The market discount rate, For the benefit assessment period, Residual value at the end of the period, The period for evaluating benefits.

[0063] (2) In the initial stage of data price negotiation, h data owners simultaneously submit their initial offers through a smart contract, denoted as h. The smart contract receives and verifies price quotes in real time. If the data requester accepts a quote, the transaction is immediately concluded and the negotiation process ends. When the parties fail to reach an agreement, the smart contract automatically executes the following process: First, it sorts all received quotes and selects the lowest quote using a preset sorting algorithm. Secondly, a corresponding set of data owners is generated based on this lowest bid. Finally, to further optimize negotiation efficiency, Rubinstein's bargaining theory was introduced to construct a dynamic negotiation model, through which the recommended price was calculated. This price will be used as a benchmark for the second phase of negotiations to standardize and optimize the negotiation process.

[0064] (3) In the second stage of data price negotiation, the data demanders and the data providers who passed the first stage screening are grouped together. Establish a peer-to-peer negotiation channel. During the negotiation process, a distributed negotiation algorithm will be used to determine the recommended price generated by the first-phase smart contract. As a benchmark reference value, the data requester bases... To set Each data provider sends a negotiation request. If the data requester's offer is lower than the minimum acceptable offer, the transaction terminates and is declared a failure. Otherwise, the data owner decides whether to accept the data requester's offer. Since this negotiation process involves only two extreme choices, if the data owner rejects the data requester's offer in the second phase, the transaction will completely fail, and none of the participants will gain any benefit. In a multi-faceted game of interests, generally at least one data owner will determine that the offer can cover their data investment costs and generate a corresponding profit, thus establishing a consensus on the data transaction.

[0065] In this implementation, based on the Rubinstein bargaining game model, a smart contract automatically solves for the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium, enabling dynamic price adjustments between data demanders and multiple data owners. The system converges rapidly at the optimal solution, thereby reducing price negotiation costs, avoiding transaction friction caused by prolonged negotiations, and increasing the success rate of data transactions. Furthermore, by incorporating historical transaction data, it overcomes the shortcomings of traditional pricing models, such as their inability to adapt to dynamic fluctuations in data value, lack of market feedback mechanisms, and inability to adapt to multi-party competition scenarios, ensuring that data transaction prices align with optimal market expectations.

[0066] Furthermore, the game theory-based multi-party data transaction price dynamic negotiation and matching algorithm enables market-driven intelligent pricing, ensuring that all parties define prices reasonably based on market demand and supply. This avoids issues such as price manipulation, lack of transparency, and high negotiation costs, and optimizes the transaction process through a fair, transparent, and efficient price negotiation mechanism. Simultaneously, combined with an on-chain and off-chain collaborative evidence collection dispute arbitration mechanism, it achieves an automated arbitration process based on smart contracts and a distributed adjudication mechanism involving multiple parties. This overcomes the problems of low negotiation efficiency and long dispute resolution cycles in traditional data trading platforms, achieving automation, transparency, and efficiency in the data transaction process, and providing a solution for building a trustworthy data trading ecosystem.

[0067] Optionally, the blockchain system further includes an arbitration node. After determining the transaction result through price negotiation based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract, the method further includes: If the first data demander node fails to pay the resources corresponding to the transaction price within a preset time period, or if the first data demander node fails to verify the first target data, the arbitration result corresponding to the arbitration request sent by the arbitration node to the first data demander node is received, and the arbitration request is used to request punishment of the target data owner node. The target data owner node or the first data requester node will be penalized based on the arbitration result.

[0068] Understandably, if the data requester fails to complete the payment within the time window set by the smart contract, or if the data verification fails and a transaction dispute arises, the smart contract will trigger an arbitration mechanism.

[0069] Specifically, the aforementioned arbitration nodes can be dedicated nodes in a blockchain system, such as independent arbitration institutions, responsible for receiving arbitration requests, reviewing evidence, and generating arbitration results to ensure the fair resolution of disputes.

[0070] It should be noted that the above arbitration result can be determined by the arbitration node accessing the blockchain network and querying evidence such as on-chain transaction records, data access logs, and fund flow information to determine liability for breach of contract.

[0071] During data transactions, smart contracts can automatically trigger dispute resolution processes based on whether there are problems in the data transaction process. By combining on-chain records and off-chain evidence, real transaction evidence can be quickly obtained, reducing human intervention and disputes, and ensuring the integrity of the behavior of both parties and transaction evidence on the blockchain.

[0072] For example, Figure 4 This is a timeline flowchart of a data transaction payment and dispute arbitration process provided in an embodiment of this application, as shown below. Figure 4 As shown, in the event that a data requester fails to pay on time, the smart contract automatically executes the default handling logic, transferring the data requester's deposit and locked transaction funds to the data owner.

[0073] If a data requester questions the data quality and submits an arbitration request, the smart contract will combine on-chain evidence with supplementary off-chain evidence to assist the arbitration body in making a fair ruling and, based on the arbitration result, enforce the corresponding attribution of responsibility and transfer of funds. For example, Figure 5 This is a sequence flowchart of a dispute resolution mechanism for data owners providing false data, as provided in an embodiment of this application. Figure 5 As shown, when a data requester discovers data verification failure, they can initiate a dispute resolution process with an arbitration institution through a smart contract. The arbitration institution first queries the data summary information through the blockchain and conducts a detailed verification in conjunction with off-chain verification mechanisms to ensure data consistency and authenticity. If it is confirmed that the target data owner has engaged in fraudulent activities, the smart contract automatically deducts their credit deposit and returns it to the data requester; if the data requester has engaged in malicious false accusations, their deposit is confiscated and returned to the target data owner. Furthermore, the arbitration result updates the credit rating to the blockchain in real time to adjust the credit rating of data traders, ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of all parties involved in the transaction and the fairness of the credit system. Understandably, when a data requester publishes a data request, the smart contract will prioritize recommending data owners with high credit ratings when matching data owners.

[0074] In the process of data transactions, if the data requester fails to fulfill its payment obligations within the established payment period, the data owner will, in accordance with the law, initiate dispute resolution proceedings with an arbitration institution. For example, Figure 6 This is a sequence flowchart provided in an embodiment of this application regarding arbitration for a data requester who has not paid. Figure 6 As shown, after accepting the application, the arbitration body will use the distributed ledger built with blockchain technology to accurately trace the data requester's act of posting the data request task. Simultaneously, the arbitration body will use smart contract auditing tools to query detailed information on fund transfers between the two parties, including transaction initiation time and amount, and will conduct in-depth analysis based on this to make a final arbitration judgment. If the arbitration result confirms that the data requester has posted the data request task and payment has timed out, and no fund transfer information is found on the blockchain, the smart contract will automatically trigger and perform the following operations: automatically execute the fund transfer and rights compensation process according to the arbitration result, transferring part of the data requester's funds to the data owner and refunding the data owner's deposit. If the arbitration result is false, meaning the data requester did not maliciously breach the contract or there is evidence showing that the data owner acted improperly, the data owner must pay a corresponding penalty amount to compensate for the losses caused by the improper arbitration request.

[0075] In this implementation, by connecting the arbitration institution to the blockchain node and relying on the immutable data summary information on the blockchain and the evidence collected off-chain, efficient, fair and transparent dispute resolution is carried out. This ensures that the dispute resolution process is free from human interference, improves the fairness and transparency of data transactions, and ensures the consistency and efficiency of dispute resolution by automatically executing the ruling rules through smart contracts.

[0076] For example, Figure 7 This is an interactive diagram of a data transaction provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 7 As shown, the data transaction process mainly includes the following steps: (1) Data preparation: Before the data transaction, the data owner uses an encryption algorithm to encrypt the original data and combines it with a hash algorithm to generate a unique data fingerprint. The encrypted data is uploaded to the cloud server through a secure transmission protocol. At the same time, the data metadata is registered to the blockchain network through a smart contract and stored in the data ownership index chain. (2) Transaction Demand Publication: The data requester first invokes the smart contract to publish the data demand information on the data ownership index chain. After receiving the request, the smart contract automatically creates a demand task pool and binds the task pool to the data requester's account address. Subsequently, the data demand information is broadcast to all blockchain network nodes using a distributed peer-to-peer network protocol.

[0077] (3) Task response and verification: After receiving the task request, the data owner submits a data metadata summary and a credit guarantee through a smart contract, and uses a corresponding verification mechanism to review the submitted information. After the review is passed, the relevant information is written into the task request pool of the blockchain.

[0078] (4) Smart negotiation: Data demanders and multiple data owners conduct multiple rounds of automatic price negotiation through smart contracts, and then reach a price consensus to determine the final transaction price and the preferred transaction partner.

[0079] (5) Transaction Execution and Fund Custody: After the transaction agreement is reached, the smart contract starts a timer mechanism, requiring the data requester to complete the payment within the specified time. The payment funds are temporarily held in custody by the smart contract until the data verification is completed.

[0080] (6) Data verification stage: Data users need to verify the integrity and authenticity of the downloaded encrypted data. The downloaded data is hashed through hash verification, and the resulting hash value is compared with the original data fingerprint stored in the blockchain for identity verification. After the verification is successful, the smart contract automatically triggers the fund settlement logic and releases the escrow funds to the data owner's blockchain account.

[0081] (7) Dispute Resolution and Penalties: In the event of payment timeout or data verification failure, the system will automatically initiate a distributed arbitration mechanism. The arbitration institution will make a smart ruling by querying blockchain transaction records and combining them with the off-chain evidence library. The smart contract will automatically execute the corresponding penalty measures based on the ruling, including but not limited to credit score deduction and forfeiture of credit deposit.

[0082] In this implementation, the blockchain-based distributed trusted data trading solution provides users with end-to-end data trading services. Through the automated execution mechanism of smart contracts, it achieves fully automated data trading management, including automatic matching of demand postings, intelligent decision-making in price negotiation, automatic execution of payment settlement, and intelligent adjudication of disputes. This eliminates reliance on third-party intermediary platforms, reduces data trading costs, and ensures the fairness and security of data transactions. Furthermore, this automated execution mechanism addresses issues in traditional peer-to-peer data trading models, such as lack of transparency, low negotiation efficiency, opaque negotiation processes, and potential price manipulation risks. It also addresses the problem that in traditional models, both parties often rely on third-party intermediaries for price negotiation and dispute arbitration, leading to increased transaction costs and the introduction of additional trust risks.

[0083] In some implementations, before creating a demand task pool using smart contracts based on data demand information and broadcasting the data demand information to various nodes in the blockchain system, the method further includes the at least one data owner node and at least one data demander node registering and storing data.

[0084] For example, Figure 8 This is a timing flowchart of user registration and data storage provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 8 As shown, during the initialization phase, all participating entities (including data suppliers and consumers and arbitration institutions) must register on the blockchain network and submit digital identity credentials. The blockchain network performs distributed consensus verification on the submitted identity credentials. After verification, a unique public key, private key and blockchain account address are assigned to each participant, and the key information is encrypted and transmitted to the cloud server. At the same time, the smart contract records the data storage address and other transaction-related metadata on the data transaction chain to ensure the traceability and security of the data.

[0085] Optionally, the method further includes: When the second data requester node determines the second target data based on the data ownership index chain and preset search conditions, the first access request of the second data requester node is broadcast to each node in the blockchain system. The first access request is used to request access to the second target data of the second data owner node. The second data requester node is one of the at least one data requester nodes, and the second data owner node is one of the at least one data owner nodes. The encrypted access credential is obtained by the second data owner node signing the data access credential of the second target data, and the encrypted access credential is written into the data flow credential chain; When the second data requester node sends a second access request to the data storage server, the encrypted access credential is verified based on the data storage server and the data flow credential chain. If the verification is successful, the second target data is sent to the second data requester node. The second access request includes the encrypted access credential.

[0086] Specifically, the aforementioned preset search conditions can be query rules set by the second data requester node, used to filter the second target data on the data ownership index chain. The aforementioned data access credentials can be temporary permission files generated by the second data owner node, which may specifically contain access rules.

[0087] In this embodiment, by receiving the encrypted access credential obtained by the second data owner node signing the data access credential of the second target data, and writing the encrypted access credential into the data flow credential chain, the encrypted access credential can be verified based on the data storage server and the data flow credential chain, preventing the forgery of credentials or the use of expired credentials, thereby improving the security of data access.

[0088] Optionally, the data storage server is used to store the second target data uploaded by the second data owner node, and send the target storage address corresponding to the second target data to the second data owner node; The data access credentials include encrypted information of the second target data, which is obtained by encrypting the target storage address corresponding to the second target data using the public key of the second data requester node. The second data requester node is used to obtain the encrypted access credential, decrypt the encrypted information in the encrypted access credential to obtain the target storage address, and send a second access request to the data storage server based on the target storage address. The second access request also includes the target storage address. The data storage server is also used to verify the target storage address.

[0089] Specifically, the aforementioned data storage server can store the second target data by performing data fragmentation on the second target data and storing it in multiple different addresses to achieve distributed storage.

[0090] The aforementioned verification of the target storage address can be performed by comparing the network address provided by the requester with the authorized address information recorded in the credentials to ensure the consistency of the physical location of the access request.

[0091] In this embodiment, by using the public key of the second data requester node to encrypt the target storage address corresponding to the second target data, it can be ensured that the data is only accessed by authorized nodes, avoiding data theft or misuse. Furthermore, by verifying the target storage address, access permissions can be bound to a specific physical or network location, preventing access credentials from being hijacked and used elsewhere, thereby further improving the security of data access.

[0092] For example, Figure 9 This is an interactive diagram illustrating data flow and access control management provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 9 As shown, the specific process for the second data requester node to request access to the second target data is as follows: (1) The data owner uploads the original data to be stored to the distributed storage cluster through the encrypted transmission channel. When the storage server receives the data, it first performs integrity verification on the original data. After the verification is passed, the original data is split into multiple independent data blocks according to the preset data sharding strategy. Each data block is encoded and a unique data storage address identifier is generated. The storage server will return the data to the data owner through the corresponding secure channel and update the address mapping table of the system in a synchronous manner for subsequent data retrieval and access operations.

[0093] (2) The data requester first invokes a smart contract on the data ownership index chain to execute a query operation. The smart contract filters the ownership data stored on the chain according to preset search conditions and returns the metadata index information of the target dataset that meets the requirements. The query results include key information such as the metadata summary of the target data, access permission requirements, and the identity of the data owner. After the target data is determined, the data requester will initiate an access request and encapsulate the access request into a blockchain transaction through a peer-to-peer network, and broadcast it to all nodes in the network for consensus verification, ensuring that the data owner can receive the request in a timely manner and perform subsequent processing.

[0094] (3) Upon receiving an access request, the data owner first authenticates the data requester through the blockchain network's identity verification module. After successful verification, the system automatically generates a structured data access credential, which includes metadata such as the access validity period, scope of operation permissions, and usage constraints. To protect the confidentiality of the data storage address, the system employs an asymmetric encryption algorithm, using the data requester's public key to encrypt the original storage address, ensuring that only authorized users can decrypt and obtain the actual storage location. Subsequently, the data owner digitally signs the access credential using their private key, generating a unique identifier to ensure the integrity and tamper-proof nature of the credential. After signing, the system writes the encrypted access credential into the data flow credential chain and performs distributed storage through the blockchain network's consensus mechanism. Finally, the access credential is broadcast to the data requester through a secure channel, while simultaneously recording a complete authorization log to ensure the security and transparency of the data access process.

[0095] (4) After receiving the access credential broadcast by the blockchain network, the data requester first obtains the complete encrypted credential information through the verification interface of the data flow credential chain. Then, the data requester uses their private key to decrypt the encrypted data storage address field in the credential to obtain the actual storage location information of the target data. After successful decryption, a data access request will be automatically constructed, and the data requester will send the access request to the data storage server through a secure transmission protocol, while triggering the access log recording function.

[0096] (5) Upon receiving an access request, the data storage server first performs address matching verification. By comparing the network address provided by the requester with the authorized address information recorded in the credentials, it ensures the consistency of the physical location of the access request. Subsequently, the server extracts the unique identifier of the access credentials and initiates a distributed verification request to the data flow credential chain. After successful verification, the data storage server performs the corresponding data processing operations according to the service level agreement defined in the credentials.

[0097] In this implementation, distributed data access credentials are constructed that are closely bound to data ownership information. These data access credentials cover key information such as data ownership and access permissions. They rely on blockchain technology to achieve trusted storage and tamper-proof protection. Furthermore, the access credentials can be automatically verified by smart contracts when a data user requests access, ensuring that only legally authorized users can access the target data, thereby achieving control over the data access flow process.

[0098] Furthermore, by flexibly generating, storing, and verifying data access credentials, it solves the problems of untimely token mechanism updates and permission conflicts in traditional systems. It also eliminates reliance on centralized management platforms, addressing the risks of information leakage and tampering during data authorization and verification in traditional centralized platform models, which fail to provide sufficient security. The encrypted signature and blockchain confirmation mechanism of the credentials ensure more transparent and secure permission management during data flow, and also possesses high dynamism, reflecting permission changes in real time, thereby enhancing the controllability and security of data flow.

[0099] Optionally, the method further includes: The original data corresponding to the third data owner node is parsed using a preset template to obtain ownership confirmation metadata. The ownership confirmation metadata is used to describe the original data corresponding to the third data owner node, and the third data owner node is one of the at least one data owner nodes. The ownership confirmation metadata is hashed using a preset encryption algorithm to obtain data identification information, which is used to identify the original data corresponding to the third data owner node. The data identification information and the ownership information of the original data corresponding to the third data owner node are bound together and stored in the data ownership index chain.

[0100] Specifically, the aforementioned preset encryption algorithm can be the national commercial cryptographic algorithm SM3, or other encryption algorithms; this application does not impose specific limitations on this. The aforementioned ownership confirmation metadata may include key information of the original data such as data name, type, and permission information.

[0101] Understandably, data ownership confirmation is a key technology for clarifying data ownership and usage rights. Especially during the data transfer process, unclear data ownership can lead to various problems such as information asymmetry and disputes.

[0102] For example, Figure 10 This is a flowchart of a data ownership confirmation method provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 10 As shown, the process of establishing data ownership for the original data corresponding to the third data owner node can be divided into the following three stages: Phase 1: Metadata parsing and generation of ownership information: By creating a metadata template, the raw data is parsed to extract key information such as data name, type, and owner. Then, the structured data template is used to efficiently generate data ownership metadata, providing an accurate description of the data and avoiding the storage and transmission pressure caused by directly using large-scale raw data.

[0103] Phase Two: Generate Unique Data Identifiers: Figure 11 This is a flowchart of a data identifier generation method provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 11 As shown, by applying the SM3 digest algorithm, the ownership metadata information associated with the original data is hashed, ensuring that each piece of data has a unique identifier and avoiding the risk of data duplication or tampering. As a national standard encryption algorithm, the SM3 algorithm ensures that the generated identifier has high security and uniqueness, and prevents data identifiers from being tampered with or forged during transmission.

[0104] Phase Three: Binding of Ownership Information and Consensus Confirmation on the Blockchain: Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the structural design of a data ownership confirmation index chain provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 12 As shown, in order to ensure that the ownership and use rights of data are confirmed in a public and transparent manner, this application designs a data ownership confirmation index chain and adopts a smart contract-driven data ownership confirmation on-chain algorithm to bind the data ownership confirmation identifier and its associated ownership information and record them on the data ownership confirmation index chain, forming a traceable and tamper-proof ownership confirmation history. This makes the data ownership information verifiable throughout the entire data lifecycle and uses an on-chain consensus mechanism to complete the verification and storage of data ownership confirmation, avoiding the data tampering and trust issues that exist in traditional centralized ownership confirmation methods, and providing a reliable guarantee for the legal use and circulation of data.

[0105] In this implementation, the original data is parsed using a preset metadata template to extract key information such as data name, type, and permission information, which is then converted into structured metadata information. The metadata is then hashed using the national commercial cryptographic algorithm SM3 to generate an immutable and unique data ownership identifier. This identifier is highly bound to the data content, and any tampering or forgery will cause the hash value to become invalid, thereby ensuring the security of the data ownership information.

[0106] In addition, a smart contract-driven data ownership confirmation algorithm is adopted to bind the data ownership identifier and its associated ownership information. During the data ownership confirmation process, the ownership confirmation metadata is recorded to the data ownership confirmation index chain through smart contracts, and a distributed consensus mechanism is adopted to ensure that all ownership confirmation transactions are verified and confirmed by multiple nodes in the network, so that the ownership information of the data in each stage of the flow can be verified and traced.

[0107] For example, Figure 13 This is an interactive schematic diagram of a controllable data flow provided in an embodiment of this application, such as... Figure 13 As shown, the specific data management process based on the data ownership confirmation index chain and the data transfer certificate chain is as follows: (1) User Registration and Authentication: In this blockchain system, user registration and authentication are crucial for ensuring the security and transparency of data transactions. First, data owners and data requesters need to register their identities on the data ownership index chain. The model uses an on-chain identity authentication mechanism to encrypt and verify user identity information, ensuring the integrity of identity data. After successful authentication, the model automatically generates a unique on-chain account address, serving as the user's identity identifier during data ownership confirmation and transfer. This identity authentication mechanism eliminates the single point of failure risk of traditional centralized identity management models, ensuring user identity privacy protection, non-forgeability, and cross-chain interoperability, thereby providing a clear and reliable identity authentication foundation for subsequent data transactions, access authorization, and data transfer.

[0108] (2) Encrypted Data Storage and Ownership Confirmation: The data owner encrypts their original data to prevent unauthorized access and ensure the authenticity and integrity of the data. Based on this, the data owner extracts key attribute information from the data, constructs ownership confirmation metadata, and uses a hash algorithm to calculate the unique identifier of the data. Subsequently, through smart contract execution of ownership binding, the ownership confirmation metadata is bound to the data owner's identity and the encrypted data storage address, generating a verifiable ownership confirmation record, which is stored in the data ownership confirmation index chain, realizing full-process evidence preservation of data ownership. Furthermore, through a consensus mechanism, the data owner can complete ownership confirmation on the data ownership confirmation index chain, preventing ownership disputes caused by data tampering or forgery.

[0109] (3) Data Request Application and Identity Verification: Before requesting data, data requesters must go through a request application and identity verification process. First, data requesters access the data ownership index chain, execute query operations based on smart contracts, and retrieve data resources that meet their needs according to preset filtering conditions. After receiving the application, the data owner will use the on-chain identity authentication mechanism to verify the legitimacy of the data requester's identity.

[0110] (4) Access credential generation and flow authorization control: After successful authentication, the data owner generates an access credential for the data based on the aforementioned distributed access credential method and records the credential in the data flow credential chain. The credential will serve as a unique authorization identifier to ensure that only authorized legitimate users can access the relevant data during the subsequent data flow process, thereby preventing unauthorized access and abuse.

[0111] (5) Data Storage Server Access Verification and Intelligent Service Scheduling: When a data user requests access to stored data, they will query the access credential bound to their identity through the data flow credential chain on the blockchain. Subsequently, based on this credential, the server, in conjunction with the identity authentication mechanism and on-chain access control policies, performs smart contract-driven automated verification of the requester's identity and access permissions. After successful verification, the data storage server provides the corresponding data download service to the data user according to the permission level and access policy specified in the credential.

[0112] Understandably, the data ownership index chain and data transfer certificate chain based on the aforementioned blockchain system can overcome the dependence on third-party servers in the traditional data transfer model. Changes in ownership information during the data transfer process can be traced throughout the entire process and can be dynamically adjusted, effectively preventing unauthorized access and data abuse, reducing dependence on third-party intermediaries, lowering transaction costs, and improving the security and transparency of data ownership confirmation, access control, and transfer.

[0113] This application constructs a dual-chain collaborative architecture—a data ownership confirmation index chain and a data transfer certificate chain—separating the management of the ownership confirmation index and the transfer certificate. This addresses issues such as single points of failure and data tampering inherent in traditional centralized models. Furthermore, it designs an ownership confirmation framework based on metadata templates and employs the SM3 digest algorithm to achieve dynamic adjustment of permissions during the transfer process. Unlike related blockchain ownership confirmation schemes, this application solves the problem of the lack of specific definitions and descriptions of data ownership confirmation information. Particularly in cross-domain data transfer, this application provides a unified standardized protocol, promoting interoperability across platforms and domains.

[0114] See Figure 14 , Figure 14This is a schematic diagram of a data transaction device provided in an embodiment of this application, applied to a blockchain system. The blockchain system includes a data ownership index chain, a data transfer certificate chain, a data transaction chain, at least one data owner node, and at least one data requester node. The data ownership index chain stores metadata of the original data corresponding to the at least one data owner node. The data transfer certificate chain stores data transfer certificates and access authorization records. The data transaction chain stores the storage address of the original data and data transaction information. Figure 14 As shown, the data transaction device 1400 includes: The first processing module 1401 is configured to, upon receiving a data request from a first data requester node, create a demand task pool based on data demand information using a smart contract, and broadcast the data demand information to each node in the blockchain system, wherein the first data requester node is one of the at least one data requester nodes, and the data request includes the data demand information, which is used to indicate the first target data. The second processing module 1402 is used to receive at least one data digest and a security deposit submitted by the at least one data owner node through the smart contract, and to write the at least one data digest into the demand task pool, wherein the at least one data owner node corresponds one-to-one with the at least one data digest, and the data digest is used to describe the original data corresponding to the data owner node; The determining module 1403 is used to determine a transaction result when the first data demander node determines m first data owner nodes based on the data demand information and the at least one data digest, and to conduct price negotiation based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract. The transaction result is used to indicate the transaction price and the target data owner node, and the price parameters are used to characterize the transaction price range of the at least one first data owner node, where m is a positive integer. The allocation module 1404 is used to allocate the first target data to the first data demander node when the first data demander node pays the resource corresponding to the transaction price.

[0115] Optionally, the data transaction device further includes: The first verification module is used to verify the first target data based on the data ownership index chain when the first data requester node obtains the first target data, and to transfer funds to the account of the target data owner node based on the smart contract if the verification is successful.

[0116] Optionally, the determining module includes: The calculation unit is used to calculate the price parameters of the m first data owner nodes using the smart contract and the preset pricing model, so as to obtain m price ranges corresponding to the m first data owner nodes. The first filtering unit is used to use the smart contract to filter out h data owner nodes based on the lowest bid in the m price ranges, where h is less than or equal to m; The first determining unit is used to determine the transaction result when the first data demander node accepts the first quote. The transaction result is used to indicate the first quote and the data owner node corresponding to the first quote. The first quote is any one of h preliminary quotes, and the h preliminary quotes are h preliminary quotes issued by the h data owner nodes based on the m price ranges.

[0117] Optionally, the determining module further includes: The second screening unit is used to use the smart contract to screen out w data owner nodes based on the h preliminary quotes, and to calculate w recommended transaction prices corresponding one-to-one with the w data owner nodes, where w is less than or equal to h; The second determining unit is used to determine the transaction result when the first data demander node accepts the second quote. The transaction result is used to indicate the second quote and the data owner node corresponding to the second quote. The second quote is any one of w secondary quotes, and the w secondary quotes are w secondary quotes issued by the w data owner nodes based on the w recommended transaction prices.

[0118] Optionally, the blockchain system further includes an arbitration node, and the data transaction device further includes: The first receiving module is configured to receive the arbitration result corresponding to the arbitration request sent by the arbitration node to the first data demander node when the first data demander node fails to pay the resources corresponding to the transaction price within a preset specified time, or when the first data demander node fails to verify the first target data. The arbitration request is used to request punishment of the target data owner node. The penalty module is used to penalize the target data owner node or the first data requester node based on the arbitration result.

[0119] Optionally, the data transaction device further includes: The broadcast module is used to broadcast the first access request of the second data requester node to each node in the blockchain system when the second data requester node determines the second target data based on the data ownership index chain and preset search conditions. The first access request is used to request access to the second target data of the second data owner node. The second data requester node is one of the at least one data requester nodes, and the second data owner node is one of the at least one data owner nodes. The second receiving module is used to receive the encrypted access credential obtained by the second data owner node signing the data access credential of the second target data, and write the encrypted access credential into the data flow credential chain. The second verification module is used to verify the encrypted access credential based on the data storage server and the data flow credential chain when the second data requester node sends a second access request to the data storage server, and to send the second target data to the second data requester node if the verification is successful, wherein the second access request includes the encrypted access credential.

[0120] Optionally, the data storage server is used to store the second target data uploaded by the second data owner node, and send the target storage address corresponding to the second target data to the second data owner node; The data access credentials include encrypted information of the second target data, which is obtained by encrypting the target storage address corresponding to the second target data using the public key of the second data requester node. The second data requester node is used to obtain the encrypted access credential, decrypt the encrypted information in the encrypted access credential to obtain the target storage address, and send a second access request to the data storage server based on the target storage address. The second access request also includes the target storage address. The data storage server is also used to verify the target storage address.

[0121] Optionally, the data transaction device further includes: The parsing module is used to parse the original data corresponding to the third data owner node using a preset template to obtain ownership confirmation metadata. The ownership confirmation metadata is used to describe the original data corresponding to the third data owner node, and the third data owner node is one of the at least one data owner nodes. The third processing module is used to perform hash processing on the ownership confirmation metadata using a preset encryption algorithm to obtain data identification information, which is used to identify the original data corresponding to the third data owner node. The storage module is used to bind the data identification information and the ownership information of the original data corresponding to the third data owner node, and store them in the data ownership index chain.

[0122] It should be noted that the data trading device provided in this application embodiment is a device capable of executing the above-described data trading method. Therefore, all implementation methods in the above-described data trading method embodiments are applicable to this device and can achieve the same or similar beneficial effects. To avoid repetition, this embodiment will not elaborate further.

[0123] The data transaction device in this application embodiment can be an electronic device or a component within an electronic device, such as an integrated circuit or a chip. The electronic device can be a terminal or other devices besides a terminal. For example, the electronic device can be a mobile phone, tablet computer, laptop computer, PDA, in-vehicle electronic device, mobile internet device (MID), augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) device, robot, wearable device, ultra-mobile personal computer (UMPC), netbook, or personal digital assistant (PDA), etc. Non-mobile electronic devices can also be servers, network attached storage (NAS), personal computers (PCs), televisions (TVs), ATMs, or self-service machines, etc. This application embodiment does not impose specific limitations.

[0124] This application also provides an electronic device, including: a processor, a memory, and a program stored in the memory and executable on the processor. When the program is executed by the processor, it implements the various processes of the above-described data transaction method embodiments and achieves the same technical effect. To avoid repetition, it will not be described again here.

[0125] This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program. When executed by a processor, this computer program implements the various processes of the above-described data transaction method embodiments and achieves the same technical effects. To avoid repetition, it will not be described again here. The computer-readable storage medium may be a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disk, etc.

[0126] This application also provides a computer program product, including computer instructions. When executed by a processor, the computer instructions implement the various processes of the above-described data transaction method embodiments and achieve the same technical effects. To avoid repetition, they will not be described again here.

[0127] It should be noted that, in this document, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Unless otherwise specified, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes that element.

[0128] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that the methods of the above embodiments can be implemented by means of software plus necessary general-purpose hardware platforms. Of course, they can also be implemented by hardware, but in many cases the former is a better implementation method. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of this application, in essence, or the part that contributes to the prior art, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium (such as ROM / RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk) and includes several instructions to cause a terminal (which may be a mobile phone, computer, server, air conditioner, or network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the various embodiments of this application.

[0129] The embodiments of this application have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, this application is not limited to the specific embodiments described above. The specific embodiments described above are merely illustrative and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art can make many other forms under the guidance of this application without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims, and all of these forms are within the protection scope of this application.

Claims

1. A data transaction method, characterized in that, This is applied to a blockchain system, which includes a data ownership index chain, a data transfer certificate chain, a data transaction chain, at least one data owner node, and at least one data requester node. The data ownership index chain is used to store metadata of the original data corresponding to the at least one data owner node, and the data transfer certificate chain is used to store data transfer certificates and access authorization records. The data transaction chain is used to store: the storage address of the original data and data transaction information; the method includes: Upon receiving a data request from a first data requester node, a demand task pool is created using a smart contract based on the data demand information, and the data demand information is broadcast to each node in the blockchain system. The first data requester node is one of the at least one data requester nodes, and the data request includes the data demand information, which is used to indicate the first target data. The system receives at least one data digest and a security deposit submitted by at least one data owner node through the smart contract, and writes the at least one data digest into the demand task pool. The at least one data owner node corresponds one-to-one with the at least one data digest, and the data digest is used to describe the original data corresponding to the data owner node. When the first data demander node determines m first data owner nodes based on the data demand information and the at least one data digest, the transaction result is determined by negotiating the price based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract. The transaction result is used to indicate the transaction price and the target data owner node. The price parameters are used to characterize the transaction price range of the at least one first data owner node, where m is a positive integer. When the first data demander node pays the resource corresponding to the transaction price, the first target data is allocated to the first data demander node.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, After allocating the first target data to the first data requester node, the method further includes: When the first data requester node obtains the first target data, the first data requester node verifies the first target data based on the data ownership index chain, and if the verification is successful, transfers funds to the account of the target data owner node based on the smart contract.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The process of negotiating prices based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract to determine the transaction result includes: The price parameters of the m first data owner nodes are calculated using the smart contract and the preset pricing model to obtain m price ranges corresponding to the m first data owner nodes. Using the smart contract, h data owner nodes are selected based on the lowest bid in the m price ranges, where h is less than or equal to m; If the first data demander node accepts the first quote, the transaction result is determined. The transaction result is used to indicate the first quote and the data owner node corresponding to the first quote. The first quote is any one of h preliminary quotes. The h preliminary quotes are h preliminary quotes issued by the h data owner nodes based on the m price ranges.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, After using the smart contract to filter out h data owner nodes based on the lowest bid in the m price ranges, the method further includes: The smart contract is used to filter out w data owner nodes based on the h preliminary quotes, and w recommended transaction prices corresponding to the w data owner nodes are calculated, where w is less than or equal to h; If the first data demander node accepts the second offer, the transaction result is determined. The transaction result is used to indicate the second offer and the data owner node corresponding to the second offer. The second offer is any one of w secondary offers. The w secondary offers are w secondary offers issued by the w data owner nodes based on the w recommended transaction prices.

5. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The blockchain system also includes arbitration nodes. After determining the transaction result through price negotiation based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract, the method further includes: If the first data demander node fails to pay the resources corresponding to the transaction price within a preset time period, or if the first data demander node fails to verify the first target data, the arbitration result corresponding to the arbitration request sent by the arbitration node to the first data demander node is received, and the arbitration request is used to request punishment of the target data owner node. The target data owner node or the first data requester node will be penalized based on the arbitration result.

6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further includes: When the second data requester node determines the second target data based on the data ownership index chain and preset search conditions, the first access request of the second data requester node is broadcast to each node in the blockchain system. The first access request is used to request access to the second target data of the second data owner node. The second data requester node is one of the at least one data requester nodes, and the second data owner node is one of the at least one data owner nodes. The encrypted access credential is obtained by the second data owner node signing the data access credential of the second target data, and the encrypted access credential is written into the data flow credential chain; When the second data requester node sends a second access request to the data storage server, the encrypted access credential is verified based on the data storage server and the data flow credential chain. If the verification is successful, the second target data is sent to the second data requester node. The second access request includes the encrypted access credential.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The data storage server is used to store the second target data uploaded by the second data owner node, and to send the target storage address corresponding to the second target data to the second data owner node; The data access credentials include encrypted information of the second target data, which is obtained by encrypting the target storage address corresponding to the second target data using the public key of the second data requester node. The second data requester node is used to obtain the encrypted access credential, decrypt the encrypted information in the encrypted access credential to obtain the target storage address, and send a second access request to the data storage server based on the target storage address. The second access request also includes the target storage address. The data storage server is also used to verify the target storage address.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further includes: The original data corresponding to the third data owner node is parsed using a preset template to obtain ownership confirmation metadata. The ownership confirmation metadata is used to describe the original data corresponding to the third data owner node, and the third data owner node is one of the at least one data owner nodes. The ownership confirmation metadata is hashed using a preset encryption algorithm to obtain data identification information, which is used to identify the original data corresponding to the third data owner node. The data identification information and the ownership information of the original data corresponding to the third data owner node are bound together and stored in the data ownership index chain.

9. A data transaction device, characterized in that, This is applied to a blockchain system, which includes a data ownership index chain, a data transfer certificate chain, a data transaction chain, at least one data owner node, and at least one data requester node. The data ownership index chain is used to store metadata of the original data corresponding to the at least one data owner node, and the data transfer certificate chain is used to store data transfer certificates and access authorization records. The data transaction chain is used to store: the storage address of the original data and data transaction information; the device includes: The first processing module is configured to, upon receiving a data request from a first data requester node, create a demand task pool based on data demand information using a smart contract, and broadcast the data demand information to each node in the blockchain system, wherein the first data requester node is one of the at least one data requester nodes, and the data request includes the data demand information, which is used to indicate the first target data. The second processing module is used to receive at least one data digest and a security deposit submitted by the at least one data owner node through the smart contract, and to write the at least one data digest into the demand task pool, wherein the at least one data owner node corresponds one-to-one with the at least one data digest, and the data digest is used to describe the original data corresponding to the data owner node; The determination module is used to determine the transaction result when the first data demander node determines m first data owner nodes based on the data demand information and the at least one data digest, and to conduct price negotiation based on the m price parameters submitted by the m first data owner nodes and the smart contract. The transaction result is used to indicate the transaction price and the target data owner node, and the price parameters are used to characterize the transaction price range of the at least one first data owner node, where m is a positive integer. The allocation module is used to allocate the first target data to the first data demander node when the first data demander node pays the resource corresponding to the transaction price.

10. An electronic device, characterized in that, include: A processor, a memory, and a program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the program, when executed by the processor, implements the steps of the data transaction method as described in any one of claims 1 to 8.

11. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the data transaction method as described in any one of claims 1 to 8.

12. A computer program product, characterized in that, It includes computer instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement the steps of the data transaction method as described in any one of claims 1 to 8.

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