Method for producing metal oxide nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, ink composition including metal oxide nanoparticles, light-emitting element, electronic device, and electronic device

Abstract

Provided is a method for manufacturing a metal oxide nanoparticle represented by Chemical Formula 1, the method comprising: a step of forming a first composition comprising a nickel-containing precursor and an M-containing precursor, and a step of heat-treating the first composition, in which the M-containing precursor comprises at least one halogen element: Chemical Formula 1 Ni1-xMxO, in Chemical Formula 1, 0 lt; xlt; 1, and M comprises at least one metal element.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] One or more embodiments relate to a method of manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, an ink composition including the metal oxide nanoparticles, a light-emitting element, an electronic device, and an electronic apparatus. Background Art

[0002] In a light-emitting element, a self-emitting element has a wide viewing angle, high contrast, short response time, and excellent characteristics in terms of luminance, driving voltage, and response speed.

[0003] In a light-emitting element, a first electrode is located on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers (such as holes and electrons) are recombined in the emission layer to generate excitons. These excitons transition from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Technical Problem

[0005] One or more embodiments include a method of manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, an ink composition including the metal oxide nanoparticles, a light-emitting element, an electronic device, and an electronic apparatus.

[0006] Solution to the Problem

[0007] According to one or more embodiments,

[0008] A method of manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles represented by Chemical Formula 1 includes:

[0009] forming a first composition including a nickel precursor and an M precursor, and <000​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

[0016] According to one or more embodiments, the ink composition includes metal oxide nanoparticles and at least one solvent.

[0017] According to one or more implementation methods

[0018] The light-emitting elements include:

[0019] First electrode,

[0020] The second electrode facing the first electrode, and

[0021] A sandwich layer, disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein:

[0022] The interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the emitter layer and the second electrode, and

[0023] Hole transport regions may include metal oxide nanoparticles.

[0024] According to one or more embodiments, a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element includes: preparing an ink composition comprising metal oxide nanoparticles and at least one solvent, and

[0025] Hole transport regions comprising metal oxide nanoparticles are formed by spin-coating ink compositions.

[0026] According to one or more embodiments, the electronic device includes a light-emitting element.

[0027] According to one or more embodiments, the electronic device includes a light-emitting element.

[0028] Beneficial effects of the invention

[0029] By manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles according to the method for manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles, not only can metal oxide nanoparticles be manufactured at low temperatures, but the formation of byproducts other than metal oxide nanoparticles can also be prevented. Furthermore, metal oxide nanoparticles possess an increased band gap and a deeper valence band, thus increasing their hole conductivity and hole transport properties. Therefore, by using metal oxide nanoparticles, it is possible to manufacture light-emitting elements with increased luminous efficiency and maximum brightness, as well as high-quality electronic devices including light-emitting elements. Attached Figure Description

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a light-emitting element according to an embodiment.

[0031] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device according to an embodiment.

[0032] Figure 3This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device according to another embodiment.

[0033] Figure 4 , Figure 5 , Figure 6A , Figure 6B and Figure 6C Each is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electronic device according to an embodiment.

[0034] Figure 7 A graph showing the absorbance of the metal oxide nanoparticles prepared according to Preparation Example 1 and Comparative Preparation Example 2.

[0035] Figure 8 A graph showing the band gap of Preparation Example 1, Preparation Example 2, and Comparative Preparation Example 1.

[0036] Figure 9 and Figure 10 The diagram shows the energy levels of the valence band of Preparation Example 1, Preparation Example 2, and Comparative Preparation Example 1.

[0037] Figure 11 The diagram shows the hole conductivity of Preparation Example 1, Preparation Example 2, and Comparative Preparation Example 1.

[0038] Figure 12 A graph showing the hole conductivity of Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 is provided.

[0039] Figure 13 The graphs illustrate the measurements of conduction voltage and brightness in Examples 1, 2, and 1.

[0040] Figure 14 The diagram illustrates the measurement of the maximum external quantum efficiency of Example 1, Example 2 and Comparative Example 1.

[0041] Figure 15 The diagram illustrates the absorption and emission spectra of the quantum dots included in Example 1. Detailed Implementation

[0042] Because this disclosure can be implemented in various modified forms, embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the detailed description. The effects and features of this disclosure, as well as the methods for achieving these effects and features, will become apparent when the embodiments are described with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the disclosure can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein.

[0043] It will be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,” etc., used herein may be used to describe various components, these components should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one component from another.

[0044] Singular expressions include plural expressions unless they have a distinct meaning in the context.

[0045] As used herein, the term "consisting of" refers to the presence of only the corresponding components, while excluding the possibility of adding other components. For example, the phrase "consisting of A, B, and C" refers to the presence of only A, B, and C.

[0046] In this specification, the term "comprising or having" refers to the presence of the corresponding components and does not exclude the possibility of adding one or more other components. Unless otherwise defined, the term "comprising or having" may refer to both the case of consisting of the corresponding components and the case of further including other components.

[0047] It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to in this specification as being "on" or "onto" another layer, region, or component, it may be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or component. That is, for example, there may be intervening layers, regions, or components.

[0048] For ease of explanation, the dimensions of elements in the drawings may be enlarged. In other words, since the dimensions and thicknesses of components are arbitrarily illustrated in the drawings for ease of explanation, the following embodiments are not limited thereto. <​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​For example, x can be greater than approximately 0 and less than approximately 0.5, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.45, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.4, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.3, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.2, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.1, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.09, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.08, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.07, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.06, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.05, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.04, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.03, greater than approximately 0 and not greater than approximately 0.02, not less than approximately 0.01 and less than approximately 0.5, and not less than approximately 0.01. And not greater than approximately 0.45, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.4, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.3, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.2, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.1, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.09, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.08, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.07, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.06, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.05, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.04, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.03, not less than approximately 0.01 and not greater than approximately 0.0. 2. Not less than about 0.02 and less than about 0.5; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.45; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.4; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.3; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.2; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.1; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.09; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.08; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.07; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.06; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.05; not less than about 0.02 and not greater than about 0.04; not less than about 0.02 And not greater than about 0.03, not less than about 0.03 and less than about 0.5, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.45, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.4, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.3, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.2, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.1, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.09, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.08, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.07, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.06, not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.05, or not less than about 0.03 and not greater than about 0.04.

[0059] According to an embodiment, the heat treatment step of the first composition can be carried out in a temperature range of not less than about 100°C and less than about 300°C.

[0060] For example, the temperature range may be no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 300°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 290°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 280°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 270°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 260°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 250°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 240°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 230°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 220°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 210°C, no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 200°C, and no less than approximately 100°C and no more than approximately 300°C. Approximately 190°C, not less than approximately 100°C and not more than approximately 180°C, not less than approximately 100°C and not more than approximately 170°C, not less than approximately 100°C and not more than approximately 160°C, not less than approximately 110°C and not more than approximately 290°C, not less than approximately 110°C and not more than approximately 270°C, not less than approximately 110°C and not more than approximately 250°C, not less than approximately 110°C and not more than approximately 230°C, not less than approximately 110°C and not more than approximately 210°C, not less than approximately 110°C and not more than approximately 190°C, not less than approximately 110°C and not more than approximately 170°C, not less than approximately 110°C and not more than approximately 160°C, not less than approximately 130°C and not more than approximately 2 90°C, not less than approximately 130°C and not more than approximately 280°C, not less than approximately 130°C and not more than approximately 260°C, not less than approximately 130°C and not more than approximately 240°C, not less than approximately 130°C and not more than approximately 220°C, not less than approximately 130°C and not more than approximately 200°C, not less than approximately 130°C and not more than approximately 180°C, not less than approximately 130°C and not more than approximately 160°C, not less than approximately 140°C and not more than approximately 290°C, not less than approximately 140°C and not more than approximately 270°C, not less than approximately 140°C and not more than approximately 250°C, not less than approximately 140°C and not more than approximately 230°C, not less than approximately 140°C and not more than approximately 210°C ℃, not less than about 140℃ and not more than about 190℃, not less than about 140℃ and not more than about 170℃, not less than about 140℃ and not more than about 160℃, not less than about 150℃ and not more than about 290℃, not less than about 150℃ and not more than about 280℃, not less than about 150℃ and not more than about 260℃, not less than about 150℃ and not more than about 240℃, not less than about 150℃ and not more than about 220℃, not less than about 150℃ and not more than about 200℃, not less than about 150℃ and not more than about 180℃, not less than about 150℃ and not more than about 170℃, or not less than about 150℃ and not more than about 160℃.

[0061] According to the implementation method, M may include Zn, Mg, Cu, Pb, Al, In, Sr, Pd, Cd, Ag or combinations thereof.

[0062] For example, M may include Zn, Mg, or combinations thereof.

[0063] For example, M can be Zn.

[0064] According to the implementation method, the precursor containing M can be represented by chemical formula 2:

[0065] Chemical formula 2

[0066] MX y

[0067] In chemical formula 2,

[0068] X can be selected from Cl, Br, and I, and 0 <y≤3。

[0069] For example, X can be an anion. Therefore, the phrase "X is selected from Cl, Br, and I" indicates the phrase "X is selected from Cl". - ,Br - and I - ".

[0070] For example, X can be Cl or Cl - .

[0071] According to the implementation method, the M-containing precursor may be MCl2, MBr2 or MI2.

[0072] For example, the precursor containing M can be ZnCl2.

[0073] According to embodiments, nickel-containing precursors may include nickel nitrate hydrate, nickel acetate hydrate, nickel acetylacetonate, nickel formate hydrate, nickel chloride hydrate, or combinations thereof.

[0074] For example, nickel-containing precursors may include nickel nitrate hydrate, nickel acetate hydrate, nickel chloride hydrate, or combinations thereof.

[0075] For example, a nickel-containing precursor can be nickel nitrate hydrate.

[0076] For example, a nickel-containing precursor can be Ni(NO3)2·6H2O.

[0077] According to an embodiment, the first composition may further include a solvent.

[0078] For example, the solvent may include organic solvents.

[0079] For example, the solvent may include dimethyl sulfoxide.

[0080] Additionally, the solvent may include solvents applied to the ink composition as described below.

[0081] By manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles according to the method for manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles, not only can metal oxide nanoparticles be manufactured at low temperatures, but the formation of byproducts other than metal oxide nanoparticles can also be prevented.

[0082] In particular, since the method for manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles according to the present disclosure uses an M precursor containing a halogen element, generation of by-products other than the metal oxide nanoparticles can be prevented, and the metal oxide nanoparticles can be formed smoothly.

[0083] In addition, when a high temperature is applied during the manufacture of the metal oxide nanoparticles, the type of the bottom substrate of the light-emitting element is limited, or the bottom substrate may be damaged. However, the method for manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles according to the present disclosure can provide the metal oxide nanoparticles at a low temperature and can prevent problems from occurring.

[0084] In addition, by manufacturing the metal oxide nanoparticles according to the method for manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles according to the present disclosure, the size of the metal oxide nanoparticles can be reduced, and the formation of nickel vacancies can be improved, thereby bringing about an improvement in hole transport performance.

[0085] In particular, the metal oxide nanoparticles according to the present disclosure can reduce the energy level difference with the emission layer by increasing the absolute value of the valence band, ensuring smooth transport and injection of holes.

[0086] On the other hand, there is provided a metal oxide nanoparticle which is manufactured according to the method for manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles as described above and is represented by Chemical Formula 1:

[0087] Chemical Formula 1

[0088] Ni 1-x M x O

[0089] In Chemical Formula 1, 0 < x < 1, and M may include at least one metal element.

[0090] The detailed description of Chemical Formula 1 is the same as the description in the specification.

[0091] According to an embodiment, the metal oxide nanoparticle may have an alloy structure including Ni, M, and O. That is, the metal oxide nanoparticle has a structure in which Ni, M, and O are uniformly distributed. In an embodiment, the metal oxide nanoparticle may have a structure in which Ni and O form a core and M is bonded or distributed on the surface of the core.

[0092] Since the metal oxide nanoparticle is manufactured by the above method for manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles, the size of the metal oxide nanoparticle is reduced, and the formation of nickel vacancies is improved, thereby improving the hole transport performance.

[0093] Therefore, based on the improved hole transport performance, a light-emitting element including the metal oxide nanoparticle can have excellent luminous efficiency and brightness.

[0094] On the other hand, an ink composition is provided, which includes metal oxide nanoparticles as described above and at least one solvent.

[0095] According to the embodiments, the solvent may be an alcohol solvent, an ether solvent, an aromatic solvent, or a combination thereof.

[0096] For example, solvents may include methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, cyclohexylbenzene, 1,3-dipropoxybenzene, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde-dimethyl-acetal, 4,4'-difluorodiphenylmethane, diphenyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene, 2-phenoxytoluene (MDPE), diphenylmethane, 2-phenylpyridine, dimethyl dibenzyl ether (DMDPE), 3-phenoxytoluene, 3-phenylpyridine, 2-phenylanisole, 2-phenoxytetrahydrofuran, 1-propyl-4-phenylbenzene (NPBP), 2-phenoxy-1 (25DMDPE), 4-dimethylbenzene (boiling point 280°C), ethyl-2-naphthyl-ether, and dodecylbenzene. 2,2,5-Trimethyldiphenyl ether (225TMDPE), dibenzyl ether, 2,3,5-Trimethyldiphenyl ether (235TMDPE), N-methyldiphenylamine, 4-isopropylbiphenyl, α,α-dichlorodiphenylmethane, 4-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine, benzyl benzoate, 1,1-bis(3,4-dimethylphenyl)ethane, diethylene glycol butyl methyl ether (DEGBME), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME), diethylene glycol ethyl methyl ether (DEGEME), diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (DEGDBE), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TGME), diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGBE), or combinations thereof.

[0097] According to an embodiment, the ink composition may further include a dispersant. The dispersant may include anionic polymers, cationic polymers, and nonionic polymers.

[0098] According to the embodiments, the content of metal oxide nanoparticles may be no more than 10 wt% based on the total weight of the ink composition. For example, the content of metal oxide nanoparticles may be less than 10 wt% based on the total weight of the ink composition.

[0099] For example, based on the total weight of the ink composition, the content of metal oxide nanoparticles may be from about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt%. For example, based on the total weight of the ink composition, the content of metal oxide nanoparticles may be from about 0.05 wt% to about 10 wt%. For example, based on the total weight of the ink composition, the content of metal oxide nanoparticles may be from about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt%.

[0100] Because the ink composition exhibits excellent inkjet ejection stability, inkjet printing processes can be used. Accordingly, any layer comprising metal oxide nanoparticles can be formed by inkjet printing the ink composition. For example, light-emitting elements in which the hole transport region (e.g., hole transport layer) comprises metal oxide nanoparticles can be manufactured by inkjet printing the ink composition.

[0101] Additionally, for the ink composition, blade coating, photolithography, nozzle printing, spray printing, or slit printing are also applicable. Accordingly, any layer comprising metal oxide nanoparticles can be formed by using black coating, photolithography, nozzle printing, spray printing, or slit printing ink compositions. For example, light-emitting elements in which the hole transport region (e.g., hole transport layer) comprises metal oxide nanoparticles can be manufactured by blade coating, photolithography, nozzle printing, spray printing, or slit printing of the ink composition.

[0102] In this embodiment, the ink composition can be spin-coated. Accordingly, any layer comprising metal oxide nanoparticles can be formed by spin-coating the ink composition. For example, a light-emitting element in which the hole transport region (e.g., hole transport layer) comprises metal oxide nanoparticles can be manufactured by spin-coating the ink composition.

[0103] In this case, inkjet printing or spin coating processes can be performed using known methods, as can be clearly understood from the examples described later.

[0104] On the other hand, a light-emitting element is provided, which includes metal oxide nanoparticles as described above.

[0105] The light-emitting elements include:

[0106] First electrode;

[0107] The second electrode facing the first electrode; and

[0108] A sandwich layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an emission layer.

[0109] According to an embodiment, the interlayer may further include a hole transport region disposed between the first electrode and the emitter layer, and the hole transport region may include metal oxide nanoparticles.

[0110] In this implementation, the first electrode may be the anode.

[0111] The second electrode can be a cathode.

[0112] The interlayer may further include an electron transport region located between the emitter layer and the second electrode.

[0113] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assist layer, an electron blocking layer, or a combination thereof, and

[0114] The electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

[0115] According to an embodiment, metal oxide nanoparticles may be included in at least one of a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer.

[0116] According to an embodiment, the hole transport layer may include metal oxide nanoparticles.

[0117] According to an embodiment, the hole injection layer may include metal oxide nanoparticles.

[0118] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include quantum dots.

[0119] According to embodiments, quantum dots may include group III-V semiconductor compounds, group II-VI semiconductor compounds, group III-VI semiconductor compounds, group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds, group IV-VI semiconductor compounds, group IV elements or compounds, or any combination thereof.

[0120] For example, quantum dots may include group III-V semiconductor compounds, group II-VI semiconductor compounds, or combinations thereof.

[0121] For example, quantum dots can include InP, ZnSe, and ZnS.

[0122] In one implementation, the emitting layer can emit red light.

[0123] For example, quantum dots in the emission layer can emit red light.

[0124] According to the implementation method, the emitting layer can emit light with a maximum emission wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm.

[0125] For example, the emitting layer can emit light with a maximum emission wavelength of about 600 nm to about 700 nm, about 610 nm to about 690 nm, about 610 nm to about 680 nm, about 610 nm to about 670 nm, about 610 nm to about 660 nm, about 610 nm to about 650 nm, about 610 nm to about 640 nm, or about 610 nm to about 630 nm.

[0126] According to the implementation method, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) value of the light-emitting element may be not less than 80%.

[0127] For example, the PLQY value of the light-emitting element may be no less than 80%, no less than 82%, no less than 84%, or no less than 86%.

[0128] In an embodiment, the light-emitting element may further include a capping layer disposed outside the first electrode and / or outside the second electrode.

[0129] In an embodiment, the light-emitting element may further include at least one of a first capping layer located outside the first electrode and a second capping layer located outside the second electrode, and metal oxide nanoparticles represented by Formula 1 may be included in at least one of the first and second capping layers. Further details regarding the first and / or second capping layers are the same as those described herein.

[0130] In an embodiment, the light-emitting element may further include:

[0131] A first capping layer is disposed outside the first electrode and includes metal oxide nanoparticles represented by chemical formula 1.

[0132] A second capping layer is disposed outside the second electrode and includes a nanocomposite comprising metal oxide nanoparticles represented by Formula 1; or

[0133] First capping layer and second capping layer.

[0134] As used herein, the expression “(the interlayer and / or capping layer) comprises metal oxide nanoparticles represented by Formula 1” can be understood as “(the interlayer and / or capping layer) may comprise one metal oxide nanoparticle represented by Formula 1 or two or more different metal oxide nanoparticles each represented by Formula 1”.

[0135] For example, the interlayer and / or capping layer may consist solely of first metal oxide nanoparticles as metal oxide nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the first metal oxide nanoparticles may be present in the hole transport region of the light-emitting element. In another embodiment, the interlayer may include both first and second metal oxide nanoparticles as metal oxide nanoparticles. In yet another embodiment, the first and second metal oxide nanoparticles may exist in the same layer (e.g., both in the hole transport region) or in different layers (e.g., the first metal oxide nanoparticles may be present in the hole transport region, and the second metal oxide nanoparticles may be present in the electron transport region).

[0136] As used herein, the term "sandwich" refers to a single layer and / or all of the multiple layers disposed between the first and second electrodes of the light-emitting element.

[0137] For a more detailed description of the light-emitting element, please refer to the publicly available information in this document.

[0138] On the other hand, a method for manufacturing the light-emitting element is provided.

[0139] Methods for manufacturing light-emitting elements may include:

[0140] Preparation of ink compositions comprising metal oxide nanoparticles and at least one solvent; and

[0141] Hole transport regions comprising metal oxide nanoparticles are formed by spin-coating ink compositions.

[0142] The solvent and ink composition are the same as those described in this specification.

[0143] According to an embodiment, when forming a hole transport region comprising metal oxide nanoparticles by spin coating an ink composition, spin coating can be performed at a rate of about 2000 rpm to about 4000 rpm.

[0144] For example, in a method of manufacturing a light-emitting element, spin coating can be performed at a rate of about 2000 rpm to about 4000 rpm, about 2000 rpm to about 3500 rpm, about 2000 rpm to about 3300 rpm, about 2000 rpm to about 3100 rpm, about 2500 rpm to about 4000 rpm, about 2500 rpm to about 3800 rpm, about 2500 rpm to about 3500 rpm, about 2500 rpm to about 3300 rpm, or about 2500 rpm to about 3100 rpm.

[0145] According to an embodiment, the spin-coated ink composition is applied for about 10 seconds to about 180 seconds.

[0146] For example, spin coating can be performed for approximately 10 seconds to approximately 180 seconds, approximately 20 seconds to approximately 180 seconds, approximately 30 seconds to approximately 180 seconds, approximately 40 seconds to approximately 180 seconds, approximately 50 seconds to approximately 180 seconds, approximately 60 seconds to approximately 180 seconds, approximately 10 seconds to approximately 170 seconds, approximately 20 seconds to approximately 170 seconds, approximately 30 seconds to approximately 170 seconds, approximately 40 seconds to approximately 170 seconds, approximately 50 seconds to approximately 170 seconds, approximately 60 seconds to approximately 170 seconds, approximately 10 seconds to approximately 160 seconds, approximately 20 seconds to approximately 160 seconds. 0 seconds, approximately 30 seconds to approximately 160 seconds, approximately 40 seconds to approximately 160 seconds, approximately 50 seconds to approximately 160 seconds, approximately 60 seconds to approximately 160 seconds, approximately 10 seconds to approximately 150 seconds, approximately 20 seconds to approximately 150 seconds, approximately 30 seconds to approximately 150 seconds, approximately 40 seconds to approximately 150 seconds, approximately 50 seconds to approximately 150 seconds, approximately 60 seconds to approximately 150 seconds, approximately 10 seconds to approximately 140 seconds, approximately 20 seconds to approximately 140 seconds, approximately 30 seconds to approximately 140 seconds, approximately 40 seconds to approximately 140 seconds, approximately 5 0 seconds to about 140 seconds, about 60 seconds to about 140 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 130 seconds, about 20 seconds to about 130 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 130 seconds, about 40 seconds to about 130 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 130 seconds, about 60 seconds to about 130 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 20 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 40 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 60 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 1 00 seconds, about 20 seconds to about 100 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 100 seconds, about 40 seconds to about 100 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 100 seconds, about 60 seconds to about 100 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 80 seconds, about 20 seconds to about 80 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 80 seconds, about 40 seconds to about 80 seconds, about 50 seconds to about 80 seconds, about 60 seconds to about 80 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 60 seconds, about 20 seconds to about 60 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 60 seconds, or about 10 seconds to about 40 seconds.

[0147] According to an embodiment, the method of manufacturing a light-emitting element may further include heat-treating the ink composition after spin-coating the ink composition.

[0148] According to the embodiment, the heat treatment can be carried out in a temperature range of about 80°C to about 200°C.

[0149] For example, heat treatment can be performed at approximately 80°C to approximately 200°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 190°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 180°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 170°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 160°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 150°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 140°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 130°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 120°C, approximately 80°C to approximately 110°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 200°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 190°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 180°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 170°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 160°C, and approximately 90°C to... The temperature range is approximately 150°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 140°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 130°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 120°C, approximately 90°C to approximately 110°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 200°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 190°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 180°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 170°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 160°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 150°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 140°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 130°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 120°C, approximately 95°C to approximately 110°C, or approximately 95°C to approximately 105°C.

[0150] On the other hand, an electronic device is provided, which includes a light-emitting element. The electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor comprising a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein a first electrode of the light-emitting element is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In embodiments, the electronic device may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touchscreen layer, a polarizing layer, or a combination thereof.

[0151] Further details about the electronic devices are the same as those described in this article.

[0152] On the other hand, an electronic device is provided, which includes a light-emitting element.

[0153] For example, the electronic device may be one of the following: flat panel display, curved display, computer monitor, medical monitor, television, billboard, indoor or outdoor light and / or signal light, head-up display, fully or partially transparent display, flexible display, rollable display, foldable display, retractable display, laser printer, telephone, portable telephone, tablet PC, tablet computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wearable device, laptop computer, digital camera, camcorder, viewfinder, microdisplay, three-dimensional (3D) display, virtual reality or augmented reality display, vehicle, video wall with multiple displays spliced ​​together, theater or stadium screen, light therapy device, and signage.

[0154] Further details about the electronic device are the same as those described in this article.

[0155] [ Figure 1 [Description]

[0156] Figure 1 This is a schematic cross-sectional view of the light-emitting element 10 according to an embodiment. The light-emitting element 10 includes a first electrode 110, a sandwich layer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0157] The following text will refer to Figure 1 The structure of the light-emitting element 10 according to the embodiments and the method of manufacturing the light-emitting element 10 are described.

[0158] [First Electrode 110]

[0159] exist Figure 1 In this embodiment, the substrate may be additionally disposed below the first electrode 110 or on the second electrode 150. In this embodiment, a glass substrate or a plastic substrate may be used as the substrate. In this embodiment, the substrate may be a flexible substrate and may include plastics with excellent heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or combinations thereof.

[0160] The first electrode 110 can be formed, for example, by depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on a substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 can be a high work function material that facilitates hole injection.

[0161] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transparent electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In an embodiment, when the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, the material used to form the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transparent electrode or a reflective electrode, the material used to form the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al-Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg-In), magnesium-silver (Mg-Ag), or combinations thereof.

[0162] The first electrode 110 may have a single-layer structure consisting of a single layer or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layer structure of ITO / Ag / ITO.

[0163] [Mezzanine 130]

[0164] The interlayer 130 is disposed on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emitter layer.

[0165] The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region disposed between the first electrode 110 and the emitter layer and an electron transport region disposed between the emitter layer and the second electrode 150.

[0166] In addition to various organic materials, the interlayer 130 may further include inorganic materials, such as metal-containing compounds and quantum dots.

[0167] In an embodiment, the interlayer 130 may include i) two or more emitting units stacked sequentially between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and ii) a charge generation layer between the two or more emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes two or more emitting units and a charge generation layer, the light-emitting element 10 may be a series light-emitting element.

[0168] [Hole transport region in interlayer 130]

[0169] The hole transport region may include metal oxide nanoparticles represented by chemical formula 1 and / or nanocomposites including metal oxide nanoparticles.

[0170] The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layer structure consisting of a single layer made of a single material; ii) a single-layer structure consisting of a single layer made of multiple different materials; or iii) a multi-layer structure comprising multiple layers made of multiple different materials.

[0171] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assist layer, an electron blocking layer, or a combination thereof.

[0172] For example, the hole transport region may have a multilayer structure including a hole injection layer / hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer / emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer / emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer / hole transport layer / electron blocking layer structure, wherein the constituent layers of each structure are stacked sequentially starting from the first electrode 110.

[0173] The hole transport region may include a compound represented by chemical formula 201, a compound represented by chemical formula 202, or a combination thereof:

[0174] Chemical formula 201

[0175]

[0176] Chemical formula 202

[0177]

[0178] In chemical formulas 201 and 202,

[0179] L 201 To L 204 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or has at least one R group.10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0180] L 205 It can be *-O-*', *-S-*', or *-N(Q) 201 )-*', unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 20 Alkylene, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C2-C 20 alkenyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or has at least one R group. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0181] xa1 to xa4 can each be an integer from 0 to 5 independently.

[0182] xa5 can be an integer from 1 to 10.

[0183] R 201 To R 204 and Q 201 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or has at least one R group. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0184] R 201 and R 202 Optionally via a single bond, unsubstituted, or by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C5 alkylene groups or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a The substituted C2-C5 alkenyl groups are linked together to form an unsubstituted or substituted compound with at least one R group. 10a Replacement C8-C 60 Polycyclic groups (e.g., carbazole group, etc.) (e.g., see compound HT16),

[0185] R 203 and R 204 Optionally via a single bond, unsubstituted, or by at least one R 10a Substituted C1-C5 alkylene groups or unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a The substituted C2-C5 alkenyl groups are linked together to form an unsubstituted or substituted compound with at least one R group. 10a Replacement C8-C 60 Polycyclic groups, and

[0186] na1 can be an integer from 1 to 4.

[0187] For example, each of chemical formulas 201 and 202 may include at least one of the groups represented by chemical formulas CY201 to CY217:

[0188]

[0189] In chemical formulas CY201 to CY217, R 10b and R 10c Each can be compared with reference R. 10a The descriptions are the same, CY ring 201 To CY 204 Each can be independently C3-C 20 Carbocyclic or C1-C 20 Heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen atom in the chemical formulas CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or R-substituted. 10a replace.

[0190] In one or more embodiments, the cyclic CY in chemical formulas CY201 to CY217 201 To CY 204 Each can be independently phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracene.

[0191] In one or more embodiments, each of chemical formulas 201 and 202 may include at least one of the groups represented by chemical formulas CY201 to CY203.

[0192] In one or more embodiments, chemical formula 201 may include at least one of the groups represented by chemical formulas CY201 to CY203 and at least one of the groups represented by chemical formulas CY204 to CY217.

[0193] In one or more embodiments, in chemical formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R 201 It can be one of the groups represented by chemical formulas CY201 to CY203, xa2 can be 0, and R 202 It can be one of the groups represented by chemical formulas CY204 to CY207.

[0194] In one or more embodiments, each of chemical formulas 201 and 202 may not include groups represented by chemical formulas CY201 to CY203.

[0195] In one or more embodiments, each of chemical formulas 201 and 202 may not include groups represented by chemical formulas CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one of groups represented by chemical formulas CY204 to CY217.

[0196] In one or more embodiments, each of chemical formulas 201 and 202 may not include groups represented by chemical formulas CY201 to CY217.

[0197] For example, the hole transport region may include: one of compounds HT1 to HT46; m-MTDATA; TDATA; 2-TNATA; NPB (NPD); β-NPB; TPD; spiroTPD; spiroNPB; methylated NPB; TAPC; HMTPD; 4,4,4-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA); polyaniline / dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI / DBSA); poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT / PSS); polyaniline / camphorsulfonic acid (PANI / CSA); polyaniline / poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI / PSS); or combinations thereof:

[0198]

[0199]

[0200]

[0201]

[0202]

[0203] The thickness of the hole transport region can be approximately to approximately (For example, about to approximately Within the range of ), when the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or a combination thereof, the thickness of the hole injection layer can be approximately to approximately (For example, about to approximately Within the range of ), and the thickness of the hole transport layer can be approximately to approximately (For example, about to approximately Within these ranges, satisfactory hole transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage when the thicknesses of the hole transport region, hole injection layer, and hole transport layer are within these ranges.

[0204] The emission assist layer can increase luminous efficiency by compensating for the optical resonant distance according to the wavelength of the light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer can block electron leakage from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in both the emission assist layer and the electron blocking layer.

[0205] [p-dopant]

[0206] In addition to these materials, the hole transport region may further include charge-generating materials for improving conduction properties. The charge-generating materials may be (e.g., in the form of a single layer composed of charge-generating materials) uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region.

[0207] The charge-generating material can be, for example, a p-doped agent.

[0208] For example, p-doped agents can have a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of no more than about -3.5 eV.

[0209] In embodiments, p-dopersive agents may include quinone derivatives, cyano-containing compounds, compounds comprising elements EL1 and EL2, or combinations thereof.

[0210] Examples of quinone derivatives include TCNQ and F4-TCNQ.

[0211] Examples of cyano-containing compounds include HAT-CN and compounds represented by chemical formula 221.

[0212]

[0213] Chemical formula 221

[0214]

[0215] In chemical formula 221,

[0216] R 221 To R 223 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or has at least one R group. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, and

[0217] R 221 To R 223 At least one of them can be independently replaced by C3-C respectively. 60 Carbocyclic or C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups: cyano; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; C1-C substituted with cyano, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I or combinations thereof20 Alkyl groups; or combinations thereof.

[0218] In a compound that includes elements EL1 and EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, or a combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a nonmetal, a metalloid, or a combination thereof.

[0219] Examples of metals include: alkali metals (e.g., lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); alkaline earth metals (e.g., beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); transition metals (e.g., titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (C), etc. (e.g., o), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.; later transition metals (e.g., zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); and lanthanides (e.g., lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.).

[0220] Examples of metalloids include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te).

[0221] Examples of nonmetals are oxygen (O) and halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I, etc.).

[0222] For example, compounds including elements EL1 and EL2 may include metal oxides, metal halides (e.g., metal fluorides, metal chlorides, metal bromides, metal iodides, etc.), quasi-metal halides (e.g., quasi-metal fluorides, quasi-metal chlorides, quasi-metal bromides, quasi-metal iodides, etc.), metal tellurides, or combinations thereof.

[0223] Examples of metal oxides include tungsten oxides (e.g., WO, W2O3, WO2, WO3, W2O5, etc.), vanadium oxides (e.g., VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, etc.), molybdenum oxides (e.g., MoO, Mo2O3, MoO2, MoO3, Mo2O5, etc.) and rhenium oxides (e.g., ReO3, etc.).

[0224] Examples of metal halides include alkali metal halides, alkaline earth metal halides, transition metal halides, post-transition metal halides, and lanthanide metal halides.

[0225] Examples of alkali metal halides include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, and CsI.

[0226] Examples of alkaline earth metal halides include BeF2, MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, BeCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2, BaCl2, BeBr2, MgBr2, CaBr2, SrBr2, BaBr2, BeI2, MgI2, CaI2, SrI2, and BaI2.

[0227] Examples of transition metal halides include titanium halides (e.g., TiF4, TiCl4, TiBr4, TiI4, etc.), zirconium halides (e.g., ZrF4, ZrCl4, ZrBr4, ZrI4, etc.), hafnium halides (e.g., HfF4, HfCl4, HfBr4, HfI4, etc.), vanadium halides (e.g., VF3, VCl3, VBr3, VI3, etc.), niobium halides (e.g., NbF3, NbCl3, NbBr3, NbI3, etc.), and tantalum halides (e.g., TaF3, TaCl3, TaBr3, etc.). 3. (e.g., TaI3, etc.) chromium halides (e.g., CrF3, CrCl3, CrBr3, CrI3, etc.), molybdenum halides (e.g., MoF3, MoCl3, MoBr3, MoI3, etc.), tungsten halides (e.g., WF3, WCl3, WBr3, WI3, etc.), manganese halides (e.g., MnF2, MnCl2, MnBr2, MnI2, etc.), technetium halides (e.g., TcF2, TcCl2, TcBr2, TcI2, etc.), rhenium halides (e.g., ReF2, ReCl2, ReBr2, etc.) ReI2, etc.), iron halides (e.g., FeF2, FeCl2, FeBr2, FeI2, etc.), ruthenium halides (e.g., RuF2, RuCl2, RuBr2, RuI2, etc.), osmium halides (e.g., OsF2, OsCl2, OsBr2, OsI2, etc.), cobalt halides (e.g., CoF2, CoCl2, CoBr2, CoI2, etc.), rhodium halides (e.g., RhF2, RhCl2, RhBr2, RhI2, etc.), iridium halides (e.g., IrF2, IrCl2, IrBr2, etc.). 2. IrI2, etc.), nickel halides (e.g., NiF2, NiCl2, NiBr2, NiI2, etc.), palladium halides (e.g., PdF2, PdCl2, PdBr2, PdI2, etc.), platinum halides (e.g., PtF2, PtCl2, PtBr2, PtI2, etc.), copper halides (e.g., CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, etc.), silver halides (e.g., AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), and gold halides (e.g., AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, etc.).

[0228] Examples of post-transition metal halides include zinc halides (e.g., ZnF2, ZnCl2, ZnBr2, ZnI2, etc.), indium halides (e.g., InI3, etc.), and tin halides (e.g., SnI2, etc.).

[0229] Examples of lanthanide metal halides include YbF, YbF2, YbF3, SmF3, YbCl, YbCl2, YbCl3, SmCl3, YbBr, YbBr2, YbBr3, SmBr3, YbI, YbI2, YbI3, and SmI3.

[0230] Examples of quasi-metal halides are antimony halides (e.g., SbCl5, etc.).

[0231] Examples of metal tellurides include alkali metal tellurides (e.g., Li₂Te, Na₂Te, K₂Te, Rb₂Te, Cs₂Te, etc.), alkaline earth metal tellurides (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), and transition metal tellurides (e.g., TiTe₂, ZrTe₂, HfTe₂, V₂Te₃, Nb₂Te₃, Ta₂Te₃, Cr₂Te₃, Mo₂Te₃, W₂Te₃, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeT). (e.g., RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu2Te, CuTe, Ag2Te, AgTe, Au2Te, etc.), post-transition metal tellurides (e.g., ZnTe, etc.) and lanthanide metal tellurides (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.).

[0232] [Emitting layer in interlayer 130]

[0233] When the light-emitting element 10 is a full-color light-emitting element, the emitting layer can be patterned as a red emitting layer, a green emitting layer, and / or a blue emitting layer according to the sub-pixels. In an embodiment, the emitting layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from red, green, and blue emitting layers, wherein the two or more layers are in contact with or separated from each other to emit white light. In one or more embodiments, the emitting layer may include two or more materials selected from red, green, and blue emitting materials, wherein the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

[0234] In one embodiment, the emitter layer may include a host and a dopant (or emitter). In another embodiment, in addition to the host and the dopant (or emitter), the emitter layer may further include an auxiliary dopant that facilitates energy transfer to the dopant (or emitter). When the emitter layer includes a dopant (or emitter) and an auxiliary dopant, the dopant (or emitter) and the auxiliary dopant are different from each other.

[0235] Based on 100 parts by weight of the substrate, the content (by weight) of dopant (or emitter) in the emitter layer can range from about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight.

[0236] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include quantum dots.

[0237] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in the emission layer 120.

[0238] The thickness of the emission layer can be approximately to approximately (For example, about to approximately Within these ranges, excellent light-emitting properties can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage when the thickness of the emitting layer is within these ranges.

[0239] [main body]

[0240] In an implementation, the main component may include a compound represented by chemical formula 301:

[0241] Chemical formula 301

[0242] [Ar 301 ] xb11 -[(L 301 ) xb1 -R 301 ] xb21

[0243] In chemical formula 301,

[0244] Ar 301 and L 301 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or has at least one R group. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0245] xb11 can be 1, 2, or 3.

[0246] xb1 can be an integer from 0 to 5.

[0247] R 301 It can be hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted, or with at least one R. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C2-C 60 alkenyl, unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C2-C 60 Alkyne group, unsubstituted or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60Carbocyclic, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, -Si(Q) 301 (Q) 302 (Q) 303 -N(Q) 301 (Q) 302 -B(Q) 301 (Q) 302 -C(=O)(Q) 301 -S(=O)2(Q) 301 ) or -P(=O)(Q 301 (Q) 302 ),

[0248] xb21 can be an integer from 1 to 5, and

[0249] Q 301 To Q 303 Each can be the same as described in reference Q1.

[0250] For example, when xb11 in chemical formula 301 is not less than 2, two or more Ar 301 They can be connected to each other via a single key.

[0251] In one or more embodiments, the main body may include a compound represented by chemical formula 301-1, a compound represented by chemical formula 301-2, or a combination thereof:

[0252] Chemical formula 301-1

[0253]

[0254] Chemical formula 301-2

[0255]

[0256] In chemical formulas 301-1 and 301-2,

[0257] Ring A 301 To Ring A 304 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or has at least one R group. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0258] X 301 Can be O, S, N-[(L 304 ) xb4 -R 304 ]、C(R 304 (R)305 ) or Si(R 304 (R) 305 ),

[0259] xb22 and xb23 can each be 0, 1, or 2 independently.

[0260] L 301 xb1 and R 301 Each can be the same as described in this article.

[0261] L 302 To L 304 Each can be independently compared with reference L 301 The descriptions are the same.

[0262] xb2 to xb4 can each be independently identical to the description of xb1, and

[0263] R 302 To R 305 and R 311 To R 314 Each can be compared with reference R. 301 The descriptions are the same.

[0264] In one or more embodiments, the body may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or a combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the body may include a Be complex (e.g., compound H55), a Mg complex, a Zn complex, or a combination thereof.

[0265] In one or more embodiments, the main body may include: one of compounds H1 to H128; 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN); 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthyl-2-yl)anthracene (MADN); 9,10-bis(2-naphthyl)-2-tert-butyl-anthracene (TBADN); 4,4-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1-biphenyl (CBP); 1,3-bis-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP); 1,3,5-tris(carbazolyl-9-yl)benzene (TCP); or any combination thereof:

[0266]

[0267]

[0268]

[0269]

[0270]

[0271]

[0272]

[0273] In one or more embodiments, the body may include a silicon-containing compound, a phosphine oxide-containing compound, or a combination thereof.

[0274] The subject can have various modifications. For example, the subject may include only one compound, or it may include two or more different compounds.

[0275] [Phosphorescent dopant]

[0276] The emitting layer may include phosphorescent dopants.

[0277] Phosphorescent dopants may include at least one transition metal as the center metal.

[0278] Phosphorescent dopants may include monodentate ligands, dipentate ligands, tridentate ligands, tetradentate ligands, pentadentate ligands, hexadentate ligands, or combinations thereof.

[0279] Phosphorescent dopants can be electrically neutral.

[0280] For example, phosphorescent dopants may include organometallic compounds represented by chemical formula 401:

[0281] Chemical formula 401

[0282] M(L 401 ) xc1 (L 402 ) xc2

[0283] Chemical formula 402

[0284]

[0285] Among them, in chemical formula 401 and chemical formula 402,

[0286] M can be a transition metal (e.g., iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)).

[0287] L 401 It can be a ligand represented by chemical formula 402, and xc1 can be 1, 2, or 3, wherein when xc1 is not less than 2, two or more L 401 They can be the same or different from each other.

[0288] L 402 It can be an organic ligand, and xc2 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein when xc2 is not less than 2, two or more L 402 They can be the same or different from each other.

[0289] X 401 and X 402 Each can be N or C independently.

[0290] Ring A 401 And Ring A 402 Each can be independently C3-C 60 Carbocyclic or C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0291] T 401 It can be a single bond, *-O-*', *-S-*', *-C(=O)-*', *-N(Q) 411 )-*'、*-C(Q 411 (Q) 412 )-*'、*-C(Q 411 )=C(Q 412 )-*'、*-C(Q 411 ) = *' or * = C(Q 411 )=*',

[0292] X 403 and X 404 Each can be an independent chemical bond (e.g., covalent or coordinate), O, S, N (Q) 413 ), B(Q) 413 ), P(Q 413 ), C(Q 413 (Q) 414 ) or Si(Q 413 (Q) 414 ),

[0293] Q 411 To Q 414 Each can be the same as described in reference Q1.

[0294] R 401 and R 402 Each can be independently hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, unsubstituted, or substituted with at least one R. 10a Replacement C1-C 20 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 20 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, -Si(Q) 401 (Q) 402 (Q) 403 -N(Q) 401(Q) 402 -B(Q) 401 (Q) 402 -C(=O)(Q) 401 -S(=O)2(Q) 401 ) or -P(=O)(Q 401 (Q) 402 ),

[0295] Q 401 To Q 403 Each can be the same as described in reference Q1.

[0296] xc11 and xc12 can each be an integer from 0 to 10 independently, and

[0297] In chemical formula 402, * and *' each indicate the bonding site with M in chemical formula 401.

[0298] For example, in chemical formula 402, i)X 401 It can be nitrogen and X 402 It can be carbon, or ii)X 401 and X 402 Each of them can be nitrogen.

[0299] In the implementation method, when xc1 in chemical formula 401 is not less than 2, two or more L 401 The two rings A in 401 T can be used as a linking group 402 Optionally connected to each other, and two or more L 401 The two rings A in 402 T can be used as a linking group 403 Optionally connected to each other (see compounds PD1 through PD4 and PD7). T 402 and T 403 Each can be compared with reference T. 401 The descriptions are the same.

[0300] L in chemical formula 401 402 It can be an organic ligand. For example, L... 402 It may include halogen groups, diketone groups (e.g., acetylacetonate groups), carboxylic acid groups (e.g., pyridine carboxyl groups), -C (=O), isonitrile groups, -CN groups, phosphorus groups (e.g., phosphin groups, phosphite groups, etc.) or combinations thereof.

[0301] Phosphorescent dopants may include, for example, one or a combination of compounds PD1 to PD39:

[0302]

[0303]

[0304]

[0305] [Fluorescent dopant]

[0306] The emission layer may include fluorescent dopants and / or auxiliary dopants.

[0307] For example, fluorescent dopants and / or auxiliary dopants may each independently comprise compounds represented by chemical formula 501:

[0308] Chemical formula 501

[0309]

[0310] In chemical formula 501,

[0311] Ar 501 L 501 To L 503 R 501 and R 502 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or has at least one R group. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0312] xd1 to xd3 can each be independently 0, 1, 2, or 3, and

[0313] xd4 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

[0314] For example, Ar in chemical formula 501 501 It can be a fused ring group in which three or more monocyclic groups are fused together (e.g., anthracene, 1,2-benzophenanthrene, pyrene, etc.).

[0315] In the implementation method, xd4 in chemical formula 501 can be 2.

[0316] For example, the fluorescent dopant and the auxiliary dopant may each include one of compounds FD1 to FD37, DPVBi, DPAVBi, or a combination thereof:

[0317]

[0318]

[0319]

[0320] [Delayed fluorescence materials]

[0321] The emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material.

[0322] The delayed fluorescence materials used in this paper can be selected from compounds that can emit delayed fluorescence based on the delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0323] Depending on the type of other materials included in the emission layer, the delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer can act as either a host or a dopant.

[0324] In this embodiment, the energy difference between the triplet level (eV) and the singlet level (eV) of the delayed fluorescent material is not less than 0 eV and not greater than 0.5 eV. When the energy difference between the triplet level (eV) and the singlet level (eV) of the delayed fluorescent material satisfies the above range, an upconversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescent material can occur effectively, and therefore, the light-emitting element 10 can have improved luminous efficiency.

[0325] For example, delayed fluorescence materials may include: i) including at least one electron donor (e.g., π-electron-rich C3-C 60 Cyclic groups, such as carbazole groups, and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., sulfoxide, cyano, or π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C groups). 60 Materials containing cyclic groups, etc., and ii) including C8-C 60 Materials with polycyclic groups, wherein two or more cyclic groups are fused together while sharing boron (B).

[0326] Examples of delayed fluorescent materials may include at least one of compounds DF1 to DF14:

[0327]

[0328]

[0329] [Quantum dot]

[0330] The emission layer may include quantum dots.

[0331] As used herein, the term "quantum dot" refers to a crystal of a semiconductor compound and may include any material capable of emitting light of various wavelengths depending on the size of the crystal. By adjusting the elemental proportions in a quantum dot compound, quantum dots can emit light of various wavelengths.

[0332] The diameter of quantum dots can be, for example, in the range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.

[0333] Quantum dots can be synthesized through wet chemical processes, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, or any similar process.

[0334] Wet chemistry processes involve mixing precursor materials with organic solvents and then growing quantum dot crystals. During crystal growth, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystals and controls the crystal growth, allowing for easier and more cost-effective control of quantum dot particle growth compared to vapor deposition methods such as metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).

[0335] Quantum dots may include: group II-VI semiconductor compounds; group III-V semiconductor compounds; group III-VI semiconductor compounds; group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds; group IV-VI semiconductor compounds; group IV elements or compounds; or combinations thereof.

[0336] Examples of group II-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds, such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, etc.; ternary compounds, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, C dZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, etc.; quaternary compounds, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, etc.; or combinations thereof.

[0337] Examples of Group III-V semiconductor compounds include: binary compounds such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, or InSb; ternary compounds such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, or GaAlNP; quaternary compounds such as GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, or InAlPSb; or combinations thereof. Furthermore, Group III-V semiconductor compounds may further include Group II elements. Examples of group III-V semiconductor compounds that further include group II elements may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, etc.

[0338] Examples of group III-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds, such as GaS, GaSe, Ga2Se3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In2S3, In2Se3, InTe, etc.; ternary compounds, such as InGaS3, InGaSe3, etc.; or combinations thereof.

[0339] Examples of group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds include: ternary compounds, such as AgInS, AgInS2, AgInSe2, AgGaS, AgGaS2, AgGaSe2, CuInS, CuInS2, CuInSe2, CuGaS2, CuGaSe2, CuGaO2, AgGaO2, and AgAlO2; quaternary compounds, such as AgInGaS2 and AgInGaSe2; or combinations thereof.

[0340] Examples of group IV-VI semiconductor compounds may include: binary compounds, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe; ternary compounds, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, etc.; quaternary compounds, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, etc.; or combinations thereof.

[0341] Group IV elements or compounds may include: single-element compounds, such as Si and Ge; binary compounds, such as SiC and SiGe; or combinations thereof.

[0342] In multi-component compounds (such as binary, ternary, and quaternary compounds), each element can exist in the particles at a homogeneous or non-homogeneous concentration. That is, the chemical formula indicates the types of elements included in the compound, and the proportions of elements in the compound can vary. For example, AgInGaS2 can refer to AgIn. x Ga 1-x S2 (where x is a real number between 0 and 1).

[0343] At the same time, quantum dots can have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dot is uniform, or a core-shell dual structure. For example, the materials included in the core and the materials included in the shell can be different from each other.

[0344] The shell of a quantum dot can act as a protective layer to prevent chemical denaturation of the nucleus and maintain its semiconductor properties, and / or as a charging layer to impart electrophoretic properties to the quantum dot. The shell can be a single layer or multiple layers. The interface between the nucleus and the shell can have a concentration gradient, where the concentration of elements present in the shell decreases towards the center of the nucleus.

[0345] Examples of shells for quantum dots may include: oxides of metals, oxides of quasi-metals or oxides of nonmetals, semiconductor compounds, or combinations thereof. Examples of oxides of metals, oxides of quasi-metals or oxides of nonmetals may include: binary compounds, such as SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZnO, MnO, Mn2O3, Mn3O4, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, NiO, etc.; ternary compounds, such as MgAl2O4, CoFe2O4, NiFe2O4, CoMn2O4, etc.; and combinations thereof. Examples of semiconductor compounds may include: group II-VI semiconductor compounds as described above; group III-V semiconductor compounds; group III-VI semiconductor compounds; group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds; group IV-VI semiconductor compounds; or combinations thereof. For example, semiconductor compounds may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or combinations thereof.

[0346] In a multi-component compound (such as a binary or ternary compound), each element may exist in the particles at a uniform or non-uniform concentration. That is, the chemical formula indicates the types of elements included in the compound, and the proportions of elements in the compound can vary.

[0347] The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the emission wavelength spectrum of quantum dots can be no greater than about 45 nm, for example, no greater than about 40 nm, and for example, no greater than about 30 nm, which can improve the color purity or color reproducibility of quantum dots. In addition, because light emitted through quantum dots is emitted in all directions, a wide viewing angle can be improved.

[0348] In addition, quantum dots can take the form of spherical particles, cone particles, multi-armed particles, cubic nanoparticles; nanotube particles; nanowire particles; nanofiber particles or nanoplate particles, etc.

[0349] Because the band gap can be adjusted by controlling the size of quantum dots, light with various wavelength bands can be obtained from an emission layer containing quantum dots. Accordingly, by using quantum dots of different sizes, light-emitting elements that emit light of various wavelengths can be implemented. In embodiments, the size of the quantum dots or the proportion of elements within the quantum dot compound can be selectively controlled to emit red, green, and / or blue light. Furthermore, quantum dots can be configured to emit white light by combining various colors of light.

[0350] [Electron transport region in interlayer 130]

[0351] The electron transport region may include metal oxide nanoparticles represented by chemical formula 1 and / or nanocomposites including metal oxide nanoparticles.

[0352] The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layer structure consisting of a single layer made of a single material; ii) a single-layer structure consisting of a single layer made of multiple different materials; or iii) a multi-layer structure comprising multiple layers made of multiple different materials.

[0353] The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or a combination thereof.

[0354] For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer structure, etc., wherein the layers of each structure are stacked sequentially from the emission layer.

[0355] Electron transport regions (e.g., buffer layers, hole blocking layers, electron control layers, or electron transport layers within electron transport regions) may include metal-free compounds comprising at least one π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C. 60 Heterocyclic group.

[0356] For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by chemical formula 601:

[0357] Chemical formula 601

[0358] [Ar 601 ] xe11 -[(L 601 ) xe1 -R 601 ] xe21 .

[0359] In chemical formula 601,

[0360] Ar 601 and L 601 Each can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or has at least one R group. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group,

[0361] xe11 can be 1, 2, or 3.

[0362] xe1 can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[0363] R 601 It can be unsubstituted or by at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 Carbocyclic, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, -Si(Q) 601 (Q) 602 (Q) 603 -C(=O)(Q) 601 -S(=O)2(Q) 601 ) or -P(=O)(Q 601 (Q) 602 ),

[0364] Q 601 To Q 603 Each can be the same as described in reference Q1.

[0365] xe21 can be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

[0366] Ar 601 L 601 and R 601 At least one of them can be independently unsubstituted or by at least one R. 10a Substituted π-electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group.

[0367] In the implementation, when xe11 in chemical formula 601 is not less than 2, two or more Ar 601They can be connected to each other via a single key.

[0368] In the implementation method, Ar in chemical formula 601 601 It can be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.

[0369] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by chemical formula 601-1:

[0370] Chemical formula 601-1

[0371]

[0372] In chemical formula 601-1,

[0373] X 614 It can be N or C(R) 614 ), X 615 It can be N or C(R) 615 ), X 616 It can be N or C(R) 616 ), and X 614 To X 616 At least one of them can be N,

[0374] L 611 To L 613 Each can be compared with reference L. 601 The descriptions are the same.

[0375] xe611 to xe613 may each be identical to the description with reference to xe1.

[0376] R 611 To R 613 Each can be compared with reference R. 601 The descriptions are the same, and

[0377] R 614 To R 616 Each can be independently hydrogen, deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C 20 Alkyl, C1-C 20 Alkyl, unsubstituted, or with at least one R 10a Replacement C3-C 60 The carbocyclic group is either unsubstituted or has at least one R group. 10a Replacement C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group.

[0378] For example, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in chemical formula 601 and chemical formula 601-1 can each be 0, 1 or 2 independently.

[0379] The electron transport region may include: one of compounds ET1 to ET45; 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP); 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen); Alq3; BAlq; TAZ; NTAZ; or combinations thereof:

[0380]

[0381]

[0382]

[0383]

[0384] The thickness of the electron transport region can be approximately to approximately (For example, about to approximately Within the range of ), when the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or a combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, hole blocking layer, or electron control layer can each be independently within approximately [a certain range]. to approximately (For example, about to approximately Within the range of ), and the thickness of the electron transport layer can be approximately to approximately (For example, about to approximately Within these ranges, satisfactory electron transport characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage when the thickness of the buffer layer, hole blocking layer, electron control layer, electron transport layer, and / or electron transport region is within these ranges.

[0385] In addition to the aforementioned materials, the electron transport region (e.g., the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include a metallic material.

[0386] Metal-containing materials may include alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, or combinations thereof. The metal ions in alkali metal complexes may be Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs ions, and the metal ions in alkaline earth metal complexes may be Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba ions. Ligands coordinating with the metal ions of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal complexes may include hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthrene, cyclopentadiene, or combinations thereof.

[0387] For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, compound ET-D1(LiQ) or compound ET-D2:

[0388]

[0389] The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 150.

[0390] The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layer structure composed of a single layer made of a single material; ii) a single-layer structure composed of a single layer made of multiple different materials; or iii) a multi-layer structure including multiple layers that include multiple different materials.

[0391] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof.

[0392] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or a combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or a combination thereof.

[0393] The alkali metal compound, alkaline earth metal compound, and rare earth metal compound may be oxides, halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and rare earth metals, or a combination thereof.

[0394] The alkali metal compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li2O, Cs2O, K2O, etc.; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, etc.; or a combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal compound may include alkaline earth metal compounds, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba x Sr 1-x O (where x is a real number satisfying 0 < x < 1) and Ba x Ca 1-xO (where x is a real number satisfying 0 < x < 1), etc. The rare earth metal compound may include YbF3, ScF3, Sc2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, GdF3, TbF3, YbI3, ScI3, TbI3, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may include lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of lanthanide metal telluride are LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La2Te3, Ce2Te3, Pr2Te3, Nd2Te3, Pm2Te3, Sm2Te3, Eu2Te3, Gd2Te3, Tb2Te3, Dy2Te3, Ho2Te3, Er2Te3, Tm2Te3, Yb2Te3, and Lu2Te3, etc.

[0395] The alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, and rare earth metal complex may include i) one of the metal ions of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and rare earth metal, and ii) as ligands bonded to the metal ions, for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyl oxazole, hydroxyphenyl thiazole, hydroxyphenyl oxadiazole, hydroxyphenyl thiadiazole, hydroxyphenyl pyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or a combination thereof.

[0396] In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may be composed of the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, alkali metal compound, alkaline earth metal compound, rare earth metal compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof as described above. In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Chemical Formula 601).

[0397] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may be composed of: i) an alkali metal compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), or ii) a) an alkali metal compound (for example, an alkali metal halide) and b) an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, or a combination thereof. For example, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, a RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, etc.

[0398] When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, rare earth metal, alkali metal compound, alkaline earth metal compound, rare earth metal compound, alkali metal complex, alkaline earth metal complex, rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

[0399] The thickness of the electron injection layer may be about to about Within that range, and for example in approximately to approximately Within these ranges, satisfactory electron injection characteristics can be obtained without significantly increasing the driving voltage when the thickness of the electron injection layer is within these ranges.

[0400] [Second electrode 150]

[0401] The second electrode 150 is disposed on the interlayer 130 having the aforementioned structure. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode serving as an electron injection electrode, and may be a metal, alloy, conductive compound, or combination thereof, each having a low work function, as the material for forming the second electrode 150.

[0402] The second electrode 150 may include Li, Ag, Mg, Al, Al-Li, Ca, Mg-In, Mg-Ag, Yb, Ag-Yb, ITO, IZO, or combinations thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmission electrode, a semi-transmission electrode, or a reflection electrode.

[0403] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure including multiple layers.

[0404] [Capping layer]

[0405] The first capping layer may be disposed outside the first electrode 110, and / or the second capping layer may be disposed outside the second electrode 150. Specifically, the light-emitting element 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are stacked sequentially in the described order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked sequentially in the described order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked sequentially in the described order.

[0406] Light generated in the emitting layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting element 10 can be extracted outward through the first electrode 110, which serves as a semi-transparent electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer. Light generated in the emitting layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting element 10 can be extracted outward through the second electrode 150, which serves as a semi-transparent electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer.

[0407] The first and second capping layers can increase the external emission efficiency based on the principle of constructive interference. Correspondingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting element 10 is increased, thereby improving the luminous efficiency of the light-emitting element 10.

[0408] Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of not less than 1.6 (at 589 nm).

[0409] The first capping layer and the second capping layer can each be independently an organic capping layer including organic materials, an inorganic capping layer including inorganic materials, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including both organic and inorganic materials.

[0410] At least one of the first and second capping layers may independently comprise a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amino-containing compound, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthylphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or a combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, heterocyclic compound, and amino-containing compound may optionally be substituted with substituents including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, at least one of the first and second capping layers may independently comprise an amino-containing compound.

[0411] In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by chemical formula 201, a compound represented by chemical formula 202, or a combination thereof.

[0412] In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently comprise one of compounds HT28 to HT33, one of compounds CP1 to CP6, β-NPB, or a combination thereof:

[0413]

[0414] [membrane]

[0415] Heterocyclic compounds represented by Formula 1 can be included in various films. Accordingly, on the other hand, films comprising heterocyclic compounds represented by Formula 1 are provided. The film can be, for example, an optical component (or light control device) (e.g., a color filter, a color conversion component, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorption layer, a polarizing layer, or a quantum dot layer, etc.), a light blocking component (e.g., a light reflecting layer or a light absorbing layer, etc.), or a protective component (e.g., an insulating layer or a dielectric layer, etc.).

[0416] [Electronic Devices]

[0417] Light-emitting elements can be included in various electronic devices. For example, electronic devices that include light-emitting elements can be light-emitting devices and authentication devices.

[0418] In addition to the light-emitting element, the electronic device (e.g., a light-emitting device) may further include i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and / or color conversion layer may be arranged in at least one direction of travel of the light emitted from the light-emitting element. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting element may be blue, green, or white light. Details regarding the light-emitting element may be the same as described herein. In embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots.

[0419] An electronic device may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of sub-pixel regions, a color filter may include a plurality of color filter regions corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions, and a color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion regions corresponding to the plurality of sub-pixel regions.

[0420] A pixel-defining film can be arranged between multiple sub-pixel regions to define each of the multiple sub-pixel regions.

[0421] The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and a light-blocking pattern arranged between the plurality of color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion areas and a light-blocking pattern arranged between the plurality of color conversion areas.

[0422] Multiple color filter regions (or multiple color conversion regions) may include a first region emitting a first color light, a second region emitting a second color light, and / or a third region emitting a third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and / or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from each other. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, the multiple color filter regions (or multiple color conversion regions) may include quantum dots. In particular, the first region may include red quantum dots, the second region may include green quantum dots, and the third region may not include quantum dots. Details regarding quantum dots can be found in the description provided herein. The first region, the second region, and / or the third region may each further include a scatterer.

[0423] For example, the light-emitting element can emit a first light, a first region can absorb the first light to emit a first-first-color light, a second region can absorb the first light to emit a second-first-color light, and a third region can absorb the first light to emit a third-first-color light. Here, the first-first-color light, the second-first-color light, and the third-first-color light can have different maximum emission wavelengths. In particular, the first light can be blue light, the first-first-color light can be red light, the second-first-color light can be green light, and the third-first-color light can be blue light.

[0424] In addition to the light-emitting element as described above, the electronic device may further include a thin-film transistor. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein either the source electrode or the drain electrode may be electrically connected to either the first electrode or the second electrode of the light-emitting element.

[0425] Thin-film transistors may further include gate electrodes and gate insulating films, etc.

[0426] The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, organic semiconductors, and oxide semiconductors, etc.

[0427] The electronic device may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting element. The sealing portion may be disposed between the color filter and / or color conversion layer and the light-emitting element. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting element to be extracted to the outside while simultaneously preventing ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting element. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate comprising a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer comprising at least one organic layer and / or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic device may be flexible.

[0428] In addition to color filters and / or color conversion layers, various functional layers may be arranged on the sealed portion, depending on the application of the electronic device. Examples of functional layers may include a touchscreen layer and a polarization layer. The touchscreen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touchscreen layer, a capacitive touchscreen layer, or an infrared touchscreen layer. The authentication device may be, for example, a biometric authentication device that authenticates an individual using biometric information from a living body (e.g., fingertip, pupil, etc.).

[0429] In addition to the light-emitting element described above, the authentication device may further include a biometric information collector.

[0430] Electronic devices can be applied to a variety of displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (e.g., mobile personal computers), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic notebooks, electronic dictionaries, video game consoles, medical tools (e.g., electronic thermometers, blood pressure monitors, blood glucose meters, pulse measuring devices, pulse wave measuring devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasound diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various measuring tools, instruments (e.g., instruments for vehicles, aircraft, and ships), and projectors, etc.

[0431] [Electronic Devices]

[0432] Light-emitting elements can be included in a variety of electronic devices.

[0433] For example, electronic devices including light-emitting elements can be flat panel displays, curved displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for indoor or outdoor lighting and / or signals, head-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, rollable displays, foldable displays, stretchable displays, laser printers, telephones, mobile phones, tablet computers, phablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wearable devices, laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, microdisplays, 3D displays, virtual or augmented reality displays, vehicles, video walls including multiple displays spliced ​​together, theater or stadium screens, light therapy devices, and signs.

[0434] Because light-emitting elements have excellent performance in terms of luminous efficiency and long lifespan, electronic devices that include light-emitting elements can have the characteristics of high brightness, high resolution and low power consumption.

[0435] [ Figure 2 and Figure 3 [Description]

[0436] Figure 2 A cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device, which is an example of an electronic device according to an embodiment.

[0437] Figure 2 The light-emitting device includes a substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting element, and a package portion 300 for sealing the light-emitting element.

[0438] The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be disposed on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 can prevent the penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and can provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0439] The TFT can be disposed on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0440] The active layer 220 may include inorganic semiconductors (such as silicon or polysilicon), organic semiconductors or oxide semiconductors, and may include source region, drain region and channel region.

[0441] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be disposed on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be disposed on the gate insulating film 230.

[0442] The interlayer insulating film 250 may be disposed on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be disposed between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate them from each other.

[0443] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be disposed on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be disposed to contact the exposed portions of the source region and drain region of the active layer 220.

[0444] The TFT can be electrically connected to a light-emitting element to drive the light-emitting element, and can be covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or a combination thereof. The light-emitting element may be provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting element may include a first electrode 110, a sandwich layer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0445] The first electrode 110 may be disposed on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may be disposed to expose a portion of the drain electrode 270, not completely covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be disposed to connect to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

[0446] A pixel defining layer 290, including insulating material, may be disposed on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a specific area of ​​the first electrode 110, and an interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed area of ​​the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide-based organic film or a polyacrylic acid-based organic film. Although not explicitly stated... Figure 2 As shown, however, at least some of the layers in the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper part of the pixel-defining layer 290 to be arranged as a common layer.

[0447] The second electrode 150 may be disposed on the interlayer 130, and the second capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The second capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

[0448] The encapsulation portion 300 may be disposed on the second capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be disposed on the light-emitting element to protect the light-emitting element from moisture or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film, including silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxide (SiOx), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or combinations thereof; an organic film, including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, acrylic resins (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate or polyacrylic acid), epoxy resins (e.g., aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), etc.) or combinations thereof; or a combination of inorganic and organic films.

[0449] Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device, which is an example of an electronic device according to another embodiment.

[0450] Figure 3 Light-emitting devices and Figure 2 The light-emitting device is the same, except that the light-shielding pattern 500 and the functional area 400 are additionally arranged on the encapsulation portion 300. The functional area 400 may be i) a color filter area, ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of a color filter area and a color conversion area. In the embodiment, Figure 3 The light-emitting device may include light-emitting elements connected in series.

[0451] [ Figure 4 [Description]

[0452] Figure 4 This is a schematic perspective view of an electronic device 1 including a light-emitting element according to an embodiment. The electronic device 1 is a device for displaying moving or still images and can be a portable electronic device, such as a mobile phone, smartphone, tablet PC, mobile communication terminal, electronic notebook computer, e-book reader, portable multimedia player (PMP), navigation or ultra-mobile PC (UMPC), and various products such as televisions, laptop computers, monitors, billboards, or the Internet of Things (IoT) or a portion thereof. Additionally, the electronic device 1 can be a wearable device, such as a smartwatch, watch phone, glasses display, or head-mounted display (HMD), or a part of a wearable device. However, the embodiments of this disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, the electronic device 1 can be a vehicle's dashboard, a center console or dashboard center information display (CID), an interior mirror display replacing the vehicle's side mirrors, an entertainment display arranged on the rear seat of a vehicle or arranged on the back of the front seat, a head-up display (HUD) mounted on the front of the vehicle or projected onto the windshield, or a computer-generated holographic augmented reality head-up display (CGH AR HUD). For ease of explanation, Figure 4 The case where electronic device 1 is a smartphone is explained.

[0453] The electronic device 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. The display device can implement an image by means of an array of multiple pixels arranged in two dimensions in the display area DA.

[0454] The non-display area NDA is an area where no image is displayed and may completely surround the display area DA. Drivers for providing electrical signals or power to display devices arranged in the display area DA may be placed in the non-display area NDA. Pads may also be placed in the non-display area NDA as areas for electrically connecting electronic components or printed circuit boards.

[0455] In electronic device 1, the length in the x-axis direction and the length in the y-axis direction can be different from each other. In an embodiment, such as... Figure 4As shown, the length in the x-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be the same as the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be longer than the length in the y-axis direction.

[0456] [ Figure 5 and Figures 6A to 6C [Description]

[0457] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the exterior of a vehicle 1000, which is an electronic device including a light-emitting element according to an embodiment. Figures 6A to 6C Each of the above is a schematic diagram of the interior of a vehicle 1000 according to one or more embodiments.

[0458] refer to Figure 5 and Figures 6A to 6C Vehicle 1000 can refer to various devices used to move objects (such as people, objects, or animals) from a point of origin to a point of destination. Vehicle 1000 can include vehicles that travel on roads or tracks, ships that move on oceans or rivers, and aircraft that fly in the air using the action of air.

[0459] Vehicle 1000 can travel on roads or tracks. Vehicle 1000 can move in a predetermined direction by the rotation of at least one wheel. For example, vehicle 1000 may include three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicles, construction machinery, two-wheeled vehicles, prime movers, bicycles, and trains traveling on tracks.

[0460] Vehicle 1000 may include an interior and exterior body and a chassis, the chassis being other components besides the body in which driving-related mechanical equipment is mounted. The exterior of the body may include a front panel, hood, roof panel, rear panel, trunk, and pillars provided at the boundaries between the doors. The chassis of vehicle 1000 may include a power generation unit, power transmission unit, drive unit, steering unit, braking unit, suspension unit, transmission unit, fuel system, front and rear wheels, and left and right wheels.

[0461] Vehicle 1000 may include side window glass 1100, front window glass 1200, side mirror 1300, instrument panel 1400, center console 1500, passenger seat instrument panel 1600 and display device 2.

[0462] The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 can be separated by a pillar arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.

[0463] Side window 1100 may be mounted on the side of vehicle 1000. In one embodiment, side window 1100 may be mounted on a door of vehicle 1000. Multiple side windows 1100 may be provided, and the multiple side windows 1100 may face each other. In one embodiment, side window 1100 may include a first side window 1110 and a second side window 1120. In one embodiment, the first side window 1110 may be arranged adjacent to instrument panel 1400. The second side window 1120 may be arranged adjacent to passenger seat dashboard 1600.

[0464] In this embodiment, the side window panes 1100 may be spaced apart from each other in the x-direction or the -x-direction. For example, the first side window pane 1110 and the second side window pane 1120 may be spaced apart from each other in the x-direction or the -x-direction. In other words, the imaginary straight line L connecting the side window panes 1100 may extend in the x-direction or the -x-direction. For example, the imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window pane 1110 and the second side window pane 1120 may extend in the x-direction or the -x-direction.

[0465] The front windshield 1200 can be installed at the front of the vehicle 1000. The front windshield 1200 can be arranged between the side windows 1100 facing each other.

[0466] The side mirror 1300 provides a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side mirror 1300 can be mounted on the exterior of the vehicle body. In one embodiment, a plurality of side mirrors 1300 may be provided. Any one of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window 1110. Another of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window 1120.

[0467] The instrument panel 1400 may be positioned in front of the steering wheel. The instrument panel 1400 may include a tachometer, speedometer, coolant temperature gauge, fuel gauge, turn signal indicator, high beam indicator, warning lights, seat belt warning lights, odometer, trip meter, automatic transmission selector indicator, door opening warning light, oil warning light, and / or low fuel warning light.

[0468] The center console 1500 may include a control panel on which multiple buttons for adjusting audio devices, air conditioning devices, and seat heaters are provided. The center console 1500 may be located to one side of the instrument panel 1400.

[0469] The passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be spaced apart from the instrument cluster 1400, with the center console 1500 disposed therebetween. In one embodiment, the instrument cluster 1400 may be arranged corresponding to the driver's seat (not shown), and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be configured to correspond to the passenger seat (not shown). In one embodiment, the instrument cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window 1110, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window 1120.

[0470] In one embodiment, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display images. The display device 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In another embodiment, the display device 2 may be arranged between side windows 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be arranged on at least one of the instrument panel 1400, the center console 1500, and the passenger seat instrument panel 1600.

[0471] Display device 2 may include organic light-emitting display devices, inorganic electroluminescent display devices, and quantum dot display devices, etc. Hereinafter, as an example of display device 2 according to an embodiment, an organic light-emitting display device including the aforementioned light-emitting elements will be described; however, various types of the aforementioned display devices may be used in the embodiments.

[0472] refer to Figure 6A The display device 2 can be mounted on the center console 1500. In one embodiment, the display device 2 can display navigation information. In another embodiment, the display device 2 can display audio settings, video settings, or information related to vehicle settings.

[0473] refer to Figure 6B The display device 2 can be mounted on the instrument panel 1400. When the display device 2 is mounted on the instrument panel 1400, the instrument panel 1400 can display driving information, etc., through the display device 2. That is, the instrument panel 1400 can be implemented digitally. The digital instrument panel 1400 can display vehicle information and driving information as images. For example, the tachometer pointer and gauges, as well as various warning light icons, can be displayed through digital signals.

[0474] refer to Figure 6C The display device 2 may be arranged on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. The display device 2 may be embedded in or arranged on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600. In one embodiment, the display device 2 arranged on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display images related to the information displayed on the instrument panel 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 arranged on the passenger seat instrument panel 1600 may display information different from the information displayed on the instrument panel 1400 and / or the information displayed on the center console 1500.

[0475] [Manufacturing Method]

[0476] The layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the electron transport region can be formed in specific regions using various methods (such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Brookett (LB) deposition, inkjet printing, laser printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging).

[0477] When the layers comprising the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition can be carried out at a deposition temperature of approximately 100°C to approximately 500°C, depending on the materials and structure of the layers to be formed. -8 To about 10 -3 The vacuum degree and about / seconds to approximately The deposition was carried out at a rate of / second.

[0478] [Terminology limitations]

[0479] As used in this article, the term "C3-C" 60 "Carbocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group consisting of 3 to 60 carbon atoms, with carbon as the only cyclic atom, and as used herein by the term "C1-C". 60 A "heterocyclic group" refers to a cyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and further including heteroatoms as cyclic atoms in addition to carbon. (C3-C) 60 Carbocyclic groups and C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups can be monocyclic groups consisting of a single ring or polycyclic groups in which two or more rings are fused together. For example, C1-C 60 The number of cyclic atoms in a heterocyclic group can range from 3 to 61.

[0480] As used herein, "cyclic group" may include C3-C 60 Carbocyclic groups and C1-C 60 Both heterocyclic groups.

[0481] As used in this article, “π-electron-rich C3-C” 60 "Cyclic group" refers to a cyclic group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and excluding *-N=*' as a cyclic moiety, and as used herein, "a nitrogen-containing C1-C group lacking π electrons". 60 "Heterocyclic group" refers to a heterocyclic group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms and including *-N=*' as a cyclic moiety.

[0482] For example,

[0483] C3-C 60The carbocyclic group can be i) a T1 group or ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more T1 groups are fused together (e.g., cyclopentadienyl, adamantyl, norbornel, phenyl, pentaenyl, naphthyl, azuleyl, indaryl, acenaphthel, phenanthyl, anthraceneyl, fluoranyl, triphenylene, pyrene, 1,2-benzophenantyl, peryl, penfenyl, heptaenyl, tetraphenyl, framyl, hexaphenyl, pentaphenyl, rubidyl, keratyl, ovoleyl, indole, fluorenyl, spirodifluorenyl, benzofluorenyl, indophenantyl, or indoanthrayl).

[0484] C1-C 60 The heterocyclic group may be i) a T2 group, ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more T2 groups are fused together, or iii) a fused-ring group in which at least one T2 group and at least one T1 group are fused together (e.g., pyrrole, thiophene, furanyl, indole, benzoindole, naphthoindole, isoindole, benzoisoindole, naphthoisoindole, benzothiophene, benzofuranyl, carbazole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuranyl, indocarbazole, indolecarbazole, benzofuranocarbazole, benzothiophenecarbazole, benzothiophenecarbazole, benzoindocarbazole, benzocarbazole, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzonaphthophene, benzonaphthothiophene, benzofuranodibenzofuranyl, benzo... Furanodibenzothiophene, benzothiophene, pyrazolyl, imidazole, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzoisooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl Benzoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinyl, cenolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthidyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazoyl, azafluorenyl, azadibenzothiophenyl, azadibenzofuranyl, etc.

[0485] C3-C rich in π electrons 60 The cyclic group may be i) a T1 group, ii) a fused ring group in which two or more T1 groups are fused together, iii) a T3 group, iv) a fused ring group in which two or more T3 groups are fused together, or v) a fused ring group in which at least one T3 group and at least one T1 group are fused together (e.g., C3-C). 60Carbocyclic, 1H-pyrrole, thiorrole, borocyclopentadienyl, 2H-pyrrole, 3H-pyrrole, thiophene, furanyl, indole, benzoindole, naphthoindole, isoindole, benzoisoindole, naphthoisoindole, benzothiorrole, benzothiophene, benzofuranyl, carbazole, dibenzothiorrole, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuranyl, indole-carbazole, indole-carbazole, benzofuran-carbazole, benzothiophene-carbazole, benzothiorrole-carbazole, benzoindole-carbazole, benzocarbazole, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzonaphthophene, benzonaphthorrole, benzofuran-dibenzofuranyl, benzofuran-dibenzothiophene or benzothiophene-dibenzothiophene, etc.

[0486] Nitrogen-containing C1-C lacking π electrons 60 The heterocyclic group may be i) a T4 group, ii) a fused-ring group in which two or more T4 groups are fused together, iii) a fused-ring group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T1 group are fused together, iv) a fused-ring group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T3 group are fused together, or v) a fused-ring group in which at least one T4 group, at least one T1 group and at least one T3 group are fused together (e.g., pyrazolyl, imidazole, triazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, benzopyrazolyl). Benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzoquinolinyl, benzoisoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoquinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, phenanthrolinel, cinolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthidyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, azacarbazolyl, azafluorenyl, azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzothiophene, azadibenzofuranyl, etc.

[0487] The T1 group can be cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, norbornyl (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane), norbornyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, or phenyl.

[0488] The T2 group can be furanyl, thiophene, 1H-pyrrolyl, thiophene, borocyclopentadienyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, azathiazolyl, azaboracyclopentadienyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetraazinyl, pyrrolylalkyl, imidazolyl, dihydropyrrolyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, dihydropyridinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazinyl, tetrahydropyrazinyl, or dihydropyrazinyl.

[0489] The T3 group can be furanyl, thiophene, 1H-pyrrole, thiophene, or borocyclopentadienyl, and

[0490] The T4 group can be 2H-pyrrole, 3H-pyrrole, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, azirthiolyl, aziboranecyclopentadienyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, or tetraazinyl.

[0491] As used in this article, the terms "cyclic group, C3-C" are similar to those used in other documents. 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic groups, π-electron-rich C3-C 60 Cyclic groups or nitrogen-containing C1-C groups lacking π electrons 60 "Heterocyclic group" can refer to a group whose structure, according to the chemical formula using the corresponding term, is fused with any cyclic group, monovalent group, or polyvalent group (e.g., divalent group, trivalent group, tetravalent group, etc.). For example, "phenyl" can be benzo[a], phenyl, or phenylene, etc., and these groups can be readily understood by those skilled in the art from the structures of chemical formulas including "phenyl".

[0492] Unit price C3-C 60 Carbon cyclo groups and monovalent C1-C 60 Examples of heterocyclic groups may include C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkyl, C3-C 10 Cycloalkenyl, C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkenyl, C6-C 60 Aryl, C1-C 60 Heteroaryl groups, monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic groups, and monovalent non-aromatic fused heterocyclic groups. Divalent C3-C 60 Carbocyclic groups and monovalent C1-C 60 Examples of heterocyclic groups are C3-C 10 Cycloalkylene, C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkyl, C3-C 10Cycloalkylene, C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkenyl, C6-C 60 aryl, C1-C 60 Heteroaryl groups, divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic groups, and substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic fused heterocyclic groups.

[0493] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 60 "Alkyl" refers to a monovalent group of a straight-chain or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and specific examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, sec-hexyl, tert-hexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, sec-heptyl, tert-heptyl, n-octyl, isooctyl, sec-octyl, tert-octyl, n-nonyl, isononyl, sec-nonyl, tert-nonyl, n-decyl, isodel, sec-decyl, and tert-decyl. The term "C1-C" as used herein is also relevant. 60 "alkylene" refers to C1-C 60 Alkyl groups have the same structure as divalent groups.

[0494] As used in this article, the term "C2-C" 60 "Alkenyl" refers to the group formed at C2-C. 60 The alkyl group has at least one carbon-carbon double bond at its middle or end, and examples include vinyl, propenyl, and butenyl groups. As used herein, the term "C2-C" is used... 60 "Alkenyl" refers to C2-C 60 Alkenes are divalent groups with the same structure.

[0495] As used in this article, the term "C2-C" 60 "Alkyne group" refers to the group at C2-C 60 Alkyl groups have at least one monovalent hydrocarbon group with a carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the end, and examples include ethynyl and propynyl groups, etc. As used herein, the term "C2-C" is used... 60 "Immyneyl" refers to C2-C 60 Alkynes are divalent groups with the same structure.

[0496] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 60 "Alkoxy" refers to the compound formed by -OA 101 (where A) 101 For C1-C 60 Alkyl groups are monovalent groups, and examples of them are methoxy, ethoxy, and isopropoxy.

[0497] As used in this article, the term "C3-C" 10"Cycloalkyl" refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples may include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, norbornelyl (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl), bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, etc. The term "C3-C" as used herein... 10 "Cycloalkylene" refers to C3-C 10 Cycloalkyl groups have the same divalent structure.

[0498] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 10 "Heterocyclic alkyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further comprising at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to the carbon atoms, and examples of such groups are 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrophenylthioyl, etc. The term "C1-C" as used herein is also used. 10 "Heterocyclic alkyl" refers to C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkyl groups have the same divalent structure.

[0499] As used in this article, the term "C3-C" 10 "Cycloalkenyl" refers to a monovalent cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its ring and lacking aromaticity, and examples include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl. As used herein, the term "C3-C" is also relevant. 10 "Biopylene" refers to C3-C 10 Cycloalkenyl groups are divalent groups with the same structure.

[0500] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 10 "Heterocyclic alkenyl" refers to a group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to carbon atoms, and having at least one monovalent cyclic group in its ring structure. C1-C 10 Examples of heterocyclic alkenyl groups are 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxarizolyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, and 2,3-dihydrophenylthioyl, etc., as used herein in the terminology “C1-C”. 10 "Heterocyclic alkenyl" refers to C1-C 10 Heterocyclic alkenyl groups are divalent groups with the same structure.

[0501] As used in this article, the term "C6-C" 60 "Aryl" refers to a monovalent group in a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and as used herein in the term "C6-C". 60 "Arylene" refers to a divalent group in a carbocyclic aromatic system with 6 to 60 carbon atoms. (C6-C) 60Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, pentanenyl, naphthyl, azulel, indole, acenaphthel, phenanthyl, phenanthryl, anthracene, fluoranthyl, triphenylene, pyrene, 1,2-benzophenanthryl, perylene, pentanenyl, heptanenyl, tetraphenyl, framyl, hexaphenyl, pentaphenyl, rubiginyl, myristyl, and ovoleyl, etc. When C6-C... 60 Aryl and C6-C 60 When each of the aryl groups comprises two or more rings, the rings can fused together.

[0502] As used in this article, the term "C1-C" 60 "Heteroaryl" refers to a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further comprising at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to the carbon atom, and is a monovalent group. The term "C1-C" is used herein. 60 "Hypo-heteroaryl" refers to a heterocyclic aromatic system having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further comprising at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to the carbon atom, and is a divalent group. C1-C 60 Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, quinolinyl, benzo[a]quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzo[a]isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, benzo[a]quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, benzo[a]quinazolinyl, cyclolinyl, phenanthrolinel, phthalazinyl, and naphthidyl. When C1-C 60 heteroaryl and C1-C 60 When each heteroaryl group comprises two or more rings, the rings can fused together.

[0503] As used herein, the term "monovalent nonaromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused together, with only carbon atoms as cyclic atoms, and lacking aromaticity throughout its molecular structure (e.g., having 8 to 60 carbon atoms). Examples of monovalent nonaromatic fused polycyclic groups are indenyl, fluorenyl, spirodifluorenyl, benzo[a]fluorenyl, indo[a]phenanthryl, and indo[a]anthrayl, etc. As used herein, the term "divalent nonaromatic fused polycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent nonaromatic fused polycyclic groups described above.

[0504] As used herein, the term "monovalent nonaromatic fused heterocyclic group" refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused together, further including at least one heteroatom as a cyclic atom in addition to carbon atoms, and being nonaromatic (e.g., having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) throughout its molecular structure. Examples of monovalent non-aromatic fused heterocyclic groups include pyrrole, phenylthio, furanyl, indole, benzoindole, naphthoindole, isoindole, benzoisoindole, naphthoisoindole, benzothiol, benzobenzenethio, benzofuranyl, carbazole, dibenzothiol, dibenzobenzenethio, dibenzofuranyl, azacarbazole, azafluorenyl, azadibenzothiol, azadibenzobenzenethio, azadibenzofuranyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. The following groups are included: benzopyrazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzooxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridyl, imidazopyrimidinyl, imidazotriazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, indolecarbazoleyl, indolocarbazoleyl, benzofuranocarbazoleyl, benzothiophenecarbazoleyl, benzothiophenecarbazoleyl, benzoindolocarbazoleyl, benzocarbazoleyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzonaphthophenylthio, benzonaphthophenylthio, benzofuranodibenzofuranyl, benzofuranodibenzophenylthio, and benzothiophene dibenzophenylthio. As used herein, the term "divalent non-aromatic heterofused polycyclic group" refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the aforementioned monovalent non-aromatic heterofused polycyclic groups.

[0505] As used in this article, the term "C6-C" 60 "Aryloxy" indicator - OA 102 (where A) 102 For C6-C 60 Aryl), and as used herein by the term "C6-C" 60 "Aromatic thiol" indicator - SA 103 (where A) 103 For C6-C 60 Aryl).

[0506] As used in this article, the term "C7-C" 60 "Aryl group" refers to -A 104 A 105 (where A) 104 For C1-C 54 Alkylene, and A 105 For C6-C 59 Aryl), and as used herein by the term "C2-C 60 "Heteroarylene" refers to -A 106 A 107 (where A) 106 For C1-C59 Alkylene, and A 107 For C1-C 59 (Miscellaneous aromatics).

[0507] As used in this article, the term "R" 10a "Can be:

[0508] Deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano or nitro;

[0509] Each of the following C1-C that is not substituted or is substituted: 60 Alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl or C1-C 60 Alkoxy groups: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group, C6-C 60 Arylthio, C7-C 60 Aryl alkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaryl, -Si(Q) 11 (Q) 12 (Q) 13 -N(Q) 11 (Q) 12 -B(Q) 11 (Q) 12 -C(=O)(Q) 11 -S(=O)2(Q) 11 -P(=O)(Q) 11 (Q) 12 ) or combinations thereof;

[0510] Each of the following C3-Cs that are not substituted or are substituted: 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group, C6-C 60 Arylthio, C7-C 60 Aryl or C2-C 60 Heteroalkyl groups: deuterium, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C 60 Alkyl, C2-C 60 alkenyl, C2-C 60 alkynyl group, C1-C 60 Alkoxy, C3-C 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C6-C 60 Aryloxy group, C6-C 60Arylthio, C7-C 60 Aryl alkyl, C2-C 60 heteroaryl, -Si(Q) 21 (Q) 22 (Q) 23 -N(Q) 21 (Q) 22 -B(Q) 21 (Q) 22 -C(=O)(Q) 21 -S(=O)2(Q) 21 -P(=O)(Q) 21 (Q) 22 ) or a combination thereof; or

[0511] -Si(Q 31 (Q) 32 (Q) 33 -N(Q) 31 (Q) 32 -B(Q) 31 (Q) 32 -C(=O)(Q) 31 -S(=O)2(Q) 31 ) or -P(=O)(Q 31 (Q) 32 ).

[0512] The Q1 to Q3 and Q used in this article 11 To Q 13 Q 21 To Q 23 and Q 31 To Q 33 Each can be independently represented as: hydrogen; deuterium; -F; -Cl; -Br; -I; hydroxyl; cyano; nitro; C1-C 60 Alkyl; C2-C 60 Alkenyl; C2-C 60 Alkyne group; C1-C 60 Alkoxy groups; or each of the following unsubstituted or deuterated, -F, cyano, C1-C 60 Alkyl, C1-C 60 C3-C substituted with alkoxy, phenyl, biphenyl or a combination thereof 60 Carbocyclic group, C1-C 60 Heterocyclic group, C7-C 60 Aryl alkyl, or C2-C 60 Heteroalkyl groups.

[0513] As used herein, the term "heteroatom" refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Examples of heteroatoms are O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and combinations thereof.

[0514] As used in this article, the term "third-row transition metals" includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), and gold (Au), among others.

[0515] As used herein, “Ph” refers to phenyl, “Me” refers to methyl, “Et” refers to ethyl, and “ter-Bu” or “Bu” refers to ethyl. t "Refers to tert-butyl, and as used herein, "OMe" refers to methyl methacrylate (MMA).

[0516] As used herein, the term "biphenyl" refers to a phenyl group that has been substituted with a phenyl group. In other words, "biphenyl" can be a phenyl group having a C6-C2 bond. 60 Aryl groups are substituted phenyl groups.

[0517] As used herein, the term "terphenyl" refers to a "phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group." In other words, "terphenyl" can be a phenyl group having a C6-C substituted biphenyl group. 60 Aryl-substituted C6-C 60 Aryl groups are substituted phenyl groups.

[0518] Unless otherwise specified, as used herein, * and *' each refer to a bonding site with an adjacent atom in the corresponding chemical formula or part.

[0519] In this specification, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are not limited to the three axes in an orthogonal coordinate system, and can be interpreted in a broad sense that includes these axes. For example, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis may refer to axes that are orthogonal to each other, or they may refer to axes that are not orthogonal to each other in different directions.

[0520] The compounds and light-emitting elements according to the embodiments will be described in detail below with reference to the following synthesis examples and embodiments. The phrase "using B instead of A" used in describing the synthesis examples means using the same molar equivalent of B instead of A.

[0521] [Example]

[0522] Preparation example: Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles

[0523] The first composition was prepared by mixing the compounds in the proportions shown in Table 1 below with 60 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent, and then reacting it under heat treatment conditions to form metal oxide nanoparticles. Here, Ac may refer to acetic acid.

[0524] Table 1

[0525]

[0526]

[0527] Evaluation Example 1

[0528] The absorbance of the metal oxide nanoparticles prepared according to Preparation Example 1 and Comparative Preparation Example 2 was analyzed and measured using a Shimadzu UV-2600i UV-Vis spectrometer, i.e., the absorption spectra were obtained and shown. Figure 7 middle.

[0529] refer to Figure 7 It was confirmed that, unlike in Preparation Example 1, in Comparative Preparation Example 2, only metal oxide nanoparticles of ZnO and NiO were formed, instead of the metal oxide nanoparticles according to this disclosure.

[0530] Therefore, it is confirmed that the metal oxide nanoparticles of this disclosure can be effectively manufactured according to Preparation Example 1 of this disclosure.

[0531] Evaluation Example 2

[0532] To calculate the band gap for each of Preparation Example 1, Preparation Example 2, and Comparative Preparation Example 1, the wavelength was converted to energy (x-axis) based on the absorption spectrum obtained by the Shimadzu UV-2600i UV-Vis spectrometer, and the absorption coefficient (α), Planck constant (h), and the square of Hammu (ν) ((αhν)) were calculated. 2 Convert to the y-axis to obtain a Tauc plot (see...). Figure 7 In the Tauc plot, a tangent line is drawn from the top of the curve to the x-axis along the trend line. Then, the x-value of the trend line when y=0 is calculated and derived as the band gap, and shown in... Figure 8 And in Table 2 below. Furthermore, the energy levels of the valence bands of Preparation Example 1, Preparation Example 2, and Comparative Preparation Example 1 are derived from the band gap calculation results, and are shown in... Figure 9 and Figure 10 And in Table 2 below.

[0533] Table 2

[0534] Metal oxide nanoparticles Band gap (eV) Valence band edge energy level (eV) Preparation Example 1 3.92 -5.42 Preparation Example 2 3.97 -5.48 Comparative Preparation Example 1 3.80 -5.13

[0535] refer to Figures 8 to 10 Table 2 confirms that the band gap of the metal oxide nanoparticles prepared according to Preparation Example 1 and Preparation Example 2 increases, and the absolute value of the energy level at the valence band edge also increases. Therefore, it is confirmed that with the increase of the band gap, not only is the energy loss of the emitter layer minimized, but the hole transport performance can also be further improved by increasing the absolute value of the valence band energy level to reduce the energy difference with the emitter layer.

[0536] Evaluation Example 3

[0537] To confirm the hole conductivity performance of each of Preparation Example 1, Preparation Example 2, and Comparative Preparation Example 1, the relationship between current density and voltage was measured using an optical power meter (Ocean Optics) connected to a Keithley 2612B source meter and a photodiode (diode structure: ITO / metal oxide / Al). The results are shown in... Figure 11 In this condition, due to the large energy injection barrier, the flow of electrons is restricted, and only holes can move. Accordingly, this condition ensures the measurement of hole mobility.

[0538] refer to Figure 11 It can be seen that the voltage-current density relationship of each of Preparation Example 1 and Preparation Example 2 is better than that of Comparative Preparation Example 1. Therefore, the hole conductivity of each of Preparation Example 1 and Preparation Example 2 is increased compared with that of Comparative Preparation Example 1.

[0539] Example 1

[0540] As the anode, Corning's deposition of 15Ω / cm 2 The ITO glass substrate is cut to a size of 50mm × 50mm × 0.7mm, ultrasonicated with isopropanol and pure water for 5 minutes each, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet light and ozone for 30 minutes. The substrate is then fed into a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0541] Then, the metal oxide nanoparticles prepared by Preparation Example 1 were mixed with 8 ml of ethanol as a solvent to form an ink composition. The ink composition was then spin-coated (3,000 rpm, 60 seconds) onto a substrate and subjected to heat treatment and annealing at 100°C to form an ink with... A hole transport layer of a certain thickness.

[0542] InP / ZnSe / ZnS quantum dots were spin-coated (4,000 rpm, 30 seconds) onto the hole transport layer to form a structure with... The thickness of the emission layer.

[0543] ZnMgO was spin-coated (2,000 rpm, 60 seconds) onto the emitter layer to form a structure with... An electron transport layer of a certain thickness.

[0544] Thermal deposition of Al on the electron transport layer to form a layer with A cathode of a certain thickness is used to complete the fabrication of organic light-emitting elements.

[0545] Example 2 and Comparative Example 1

[0546] The organic light-emitting element was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized according to Preparation Example 2 and Comparative Preparation Example 1 were used as the metal oxide nanoparticles included in the hole transport layer.

[0547] Evaluation Example 4

[0548] Hole conductivity, luminance, on-state voltage, and maximum external quantum efficiency of organic light-emitting elements manufactured according to Examples 1, 2, and Comparative Example 1 were measured, and the results are shown in... Figures 12 to 14 And in Table 3. The emission and absorption spectra of the quantum dots included in the emitting layer of the organic light-emitting element are shown in... Figure 15 As shown in Table 3. For hole conductivity, the relationship between current density and voltage was measured using an optical power meter (Ocean Optics) connected to a Keithley 2612B source meter and a photodiode (diode structure: ITO / metal oxide / Al); the turn-on voltage and luminance were measured using a CS-1000 spectroradiometer; and the maximum external quantum efficiency was measured using a CS-1000 spectroradiometer. Additionally, the emission and absorption spectra of the quantum dots were confirmed using a Shimadzu UV-2600i UV-Vis spectrometer and a Horiba FluoroMax Plus-C fluorescence spectrophotometer.

[0549] Table 3

[0550]

[0551]

[0552] refer to Figures 12 to 15 As shown in Table 3, compared with the organic light-emitting element of Comparative Example 1, the organic light-emitting elements of Examples 1 and 2 each have a reduced on-state voltage, an increased maximum brightness, and an increased maximum external quantum efficiency.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing metal oxide nanoparticles represented by Chemical Formula 1, the method comprising: forming a first composition comprising a nickel precursor and an M precursor; and performing a heat treatment on the first composition, wherein: the M precursor comprises at least one halogen element; Chemical Formula 1 In 1-x M x SHE In Chemical Formula 1, 0 < x < 1, and M comprises at least one metal element.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the step of performing the heat treatment on the first composition is carried out within a temperature range of not less than 100 °C and less than 300 °C.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein: M comprises Zn, Mg, Cu, Pb, Al, In, Sr, Pd, Cd, Ag, or a combination thereof.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the M precursor is represented by Chemical Formula 2: Chemical Formula 2 MX y wherein, in Chemical Formula 2, X is selected from Cl, Br, and I, and 0 < y ≤ 3. 5.The method according to claim 1, wherein: the nickel precursor comprises nickel nitrate hydrate, nickel acetate hydrate, nickel acetylacetonate, nickel formate hydrate, nickel chloride hydrate, or a combination thereof.

6. A metal oxide nanoparticle prepared by the method according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide nanoparticle is represented by Chemical Formula 1: Chemical Formula 1 In 1-x M x SHE in, In Chemical Formula 1, x satisfies the condition of 0 < x < 1, and M comprises at least one metal element.

7. An ink composition comprising: The metal oxide nanoparticle according to claim 6; and at least one solvent.

8. The ink composition according to claim 7, wherein: the at least one solvent is an alcohol solvent, an ether solvent, an aromatic solvent, or a combination thereof.

9. A light-emitting element, comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and a sandwich layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer, wherein: the sandwich layer further comprises a hole transport region located between the first electrode and the emission layer, and the hole transport region comprises the metal oxide nanoparticle according to claim 6.

10. The light-emitting element according to claim 9, wherein: the first electrode is an anode, the second electrode is a cathode, the sandwich layer further comprises an electron transport region located between the emission layer and the second electrode, the hole transport region comprises a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission assist layer, an electron blocking layer, or a combination thereof, and the electron transport region comprises a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, an electron blocking layer, or a combination thereof.

11. The light-emitting element according to claim 10, wherein: the metal oxide nanoparticle is included in at least one of the hole transport layer or the hole injection layer.

12. The light-emitting element according to claim 9, wherein: the emission layer comprises quantum dots.

13. The light-emitting element according to claim 12, wherein: The quantum dots include group III-V semiconductor compounds, group II-VI semiconductor compounds, group III-VI semiconductor compounds, group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds, group IV-VI semiconductor compounds, group IV elements or compounds, or combinations thereof.

14. A method for manufacturing a light-emitting element according to claim 9, the method comprising: Prepare an ink composition comprising the metal oxide nanoparticles and at least one solvent; as well as The hole transport region comprising the metal oxide nanoparticles is formed by spin-coating the ink composition.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: The ink composition is heat-treated after spin coating.

16. An electronic device comprising a light-emitting element according to claim 9.

17. The electronic device of claim 16, further comprising: Thin-film transistor, wherein: The thin-film transistor includes a source electrode and a drain electrode, and The first electrode of the light-emitting element is electrically connected to at least one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

18. The electronic device of claim 17, further comprising: Color filters, color conversion layers, touch screen layers, polarizing layers, or combinations thereof.

19. An electronic device comprising a light-emitting element according to claim 9.

20. The electronic device according to claim 19, wherein: The electronic device is one of the following: flat panel display, curved display, computer monitor, medical monitor, television, billboard, indoor or outdoor light and / or signal light, head-up display, fully or partially transparent display, flexible display, rollable display, foldable display, retractable display, laser printer, telephone, portable telephone, tablet PC, tablet computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wearable device, laptop computer, digital camera, camcorder, viewfinder, microdisplay, three-dimensional (3D) display, virtual reality or augmented reality display, vehicle, video wall with multiple displays spliced ​​together, theater or stadium screen, light therapy device, and signage.

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